home Folk remedies Abstract: The influence of personal qualities on communication. Personal qualities necessary for communication. Development of sociability in children

Abstract: The influence of personal qualities on communication. Personal qualities necessary for communication. Development of sociability in children

Introduction

1. The concept of communication and interpersonal relationships

1.1. Communication

1.2. Perception

1.3. Reflection

2. Personal qualities that influence communication processes

2.1. Psychological appearance of a person

2.2. Features of personality types

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In psychology, communication is understood as the establishment and maintenance of purposeful, direct or indirect contact between people who are somehow connected to each other psychologically.

Essential in this definition is the assertion of the social nature of communication. The process of establishing and maintaining contact between people is created by all its participants. Their activity and interest in the success of the contact may be different, but each participant in the communication is its subject. The productivity of communication, therefore, depends not only on its initiator. “Communication is not the addition, not the superimposition of parallel developing activities on one another, but rather the interaction of subjects entering into it as partners”2.

The phenomenon of communication exists in its entirety, is determined by the values and qualities of the subjects of communication and has a normative nature. The basis of this principle is the “law of three-dimensionality of human existence,” the essence of which is characterized by the unity, interconnection and interdependence of axiological, anthropological and normative dimensions.

In communication between these spheres, there are relations of harmonious correspondence, the essence of which lies in the internal (within the elements of the sphere) and in the external (between the elements of the spheres) their consonance.

The factor that unites all spheres of communication is the moral one: it is this factor that determines the degree of harmony in their correspondence.

The moral choice of communication values presupposes that the subjects of communication have appropriate moral qualities and adherence to such norms that could not contradict this choice.

The level of culture and ethics of communication are characterized by the degree of perfection and harmony of the spheres and their constituent elements.

If there is no harmony between the values, norms and qualities of the subjects of communication, then there is the potential for conflict situations to arise.

1. Concept of communication and interpersonal relationships

1.1. Communication

Communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities and including the exchange of information, the development of a unified interaction strategy, perception and understanding of another person (Brief Psychological Dictionary. M., 1985). From the definition of communication it follows that this is a complex process that includes three components:

· the communicative side of communication consists of the exchange of information between people;

· interactive consists in organizing interaction between people (for example, you need to coordinate actions, distribute functions or influence the mood, behavior, beliefs of the interlocutor);

· the perceptual side of communication consists in the process of communication partners perceiving each other and establishing mutual understanding on this basis.

Communication is the process of two-way exchange of information leading to mutual understanding. Communication in Latin means “common shared with all.” If mutual understanding is not reached, communication has not taken place. To succeed in communication, you need to have feedback (how people understood you, how they perceive you, how they relate to the problem).

Communicative competence is the ability to establish and maintain necessary contacts with other people. Effective communication is characterized by: achieving mutual understanding between partners, a better understanding of the situation and the subject of communication (achieving greater certainty in understanding the situation helps resolve problems, ensures the achievement of goals with optimal use of resources). Communicative competence is considered as a system of internal resources necessary for building effective communication in a certain range of situations of interpersonal interaction.

Poor communication can be caused by:

· stereotypes – simplified opinions about individuals or situations; as a result, there is no objective analysis and understanding of people, situations, problems;

· “preconceived ideas” – the tendency to reject everything that contradicts one’s own views, everything that is new, unusual (“We believe what we want to believe”). We rarely realize that another person's interpretation of events is as valid as our own;

· bad relationships between people, because if a person’s attitude is hostile, it is difficult to convince him of the validity of our view;

· lack of attention and interest of the interlocutor, and interest arises when a person realizes the significance of the information for himself: with the help of this information one can obtain the desired development or prevent an undesirable development of events;

· neglect of facts, that is, the habit of drawing conclusions in the absence of a sufficient number of facts;

· errors in constructing statements: incorrect choice of words, difficulty in communication, poor persuasiveness, illogicality;

· incorrect choice of communication strategy and tactics.

The transmission of any information is possible through various sign systems. Usually, a distinction is made between verbal (speech is used as a sign system) and nonverbal (various non-speech sign systems) communication.

The structure of verbal communication includes:

· the meaning and meaning of words and phrases (“A person’s intelligence is manifested in the clarity of his speech”). The accuracy of the use of the word, its expressiveness and accessibility, the correct construction of the phrase and its intelligibility, the correct pronunciation of sounds and words, the expressiveness and meaning of intonation play an important role;

· speech sound phenomena: speech rate (fast, medium, slow), voice pitch modulation (smooth, sharp), voice pitch (high and low), rhythm (uniform, intermittent), timbre (rolling, hoarse, creaky), intonation, diction of speech. Observations show that the most attractive in communication is a smooth, calm, measured manner of speech;

· characteristic specific sounds that arise during communication: laughter, crying, whispering, sighs, as well as separation sounds (coughing); zero sounds - pauses.

Research shows that in the daily act of human communication, words make up 7%, intonation sounds 38%, non-speech interaction 53%.

In turn, nonverbal communication also has several forms: kinetics (optical-kinetic system, including gestures, facial expressions, pantomime); paralinguistics (system of voice vocalization, pauses, coughing, etc.); proxemics (norms for organizing space and time in communication); visual communication (eye contact system).

Information about what a person is experiencing can be provided by facial expressions - the movement of facial muscles, reflecting the internal emotional state. Facial expressions carry more than 70% of the information, that is, a person’s eyes, gaze, and face can say more than spoken words. Thus, it has been observed that a person tries to hide his information (or lies) if his eyes meet his partner’s eyes for less than 1/3 of the conversation time.

Gestures carry a lot of information when communicating; in sign language, as in speech, there are words and sentences.

The interactive side of communication is a term that denotes the characteristics of those components of communication that are associated with the interaction of people, with the direct organization of their joint activities. It is extremely important for its participants not only to exchange information, but also to organize the exchange of actions and plan them. Communication is organized during joint activities.

The most common is the division of all interactions into two opposite types: cooperation and competition. The stern of cooperation and competition also speaks of consent and conflict, opportunism and opposition, association and dissociation. Behind all these concepts, the principle of identifying different types of interaction is clearly visible. In the first case, such manifestations are analyzed that contribute to the organization of joint activities and are “positive” from this point of view. The second group includes interactions that in one way or another “shatter” joint activities and represent a certain kind of obstacle.

1.2. Perception

The process of perception by one person of another acts as an obligatory component of communication and constitutes what is called perception. Since a person always enters into communication as a person, he is perceived by another person - a communication partner - also as a person. Based on the external side of behavior, we seem to “read” another person, decipher the meaning of his external data. The impressions that arise in this case play an important regulatory role in the process of communication: firstly, because, by learning about another, the knowing individual himself is formed; secondly, because the success of organizing coordinated actions with him depends on the degree of accuracy of “reading” another person.

The idea of another person is closely related to the level of one’s own self-awareness: the more fully the other person is revealed (in more and deeper characteristics), the more complete the idea of oneself becomes. In the course of getting to know another person, several processes are carried out simultaneously: an emotional assessment of this other person, an attempt to understand the structure of his actions, and the construction of a strategy for one’s behavior.

However, at least two people are involved in these processes, and each of them is an active subject. Consequently, comparison of oneself with others is carried out, as it were, from two sides: each of the partners likens itself to the other. This means that when building an interaction strategy, everyone has to take into account not only the needs, motives, and attitudes of the other, but also how this other understands my needs, motives, and attitudes. All this leads to the fact that the analysis of awareness of oneself through another includes two sides: identification and reflection.

The main mechanisms of mutual understanding in the communication process are identification, empathy and reflection.

The term “identification” has several meanings in social psychology. In communication issues, identification is the mental process of assimilating oneself to a communication partner in order to cognize and understand his thoughts and ideas.

Empathy also refers to the mental process of likening oneself to another person, but with the goal of “understanding” the experiences and feelings of the person being cognized. The word “understanding” is used here in a metaphorical sense—empathy is “affective understanding.”

As can be seen from the definitions, identification and empathy are very close in content and often in the psychological literature the term “empathy” has a broad interpretation - it includes the processes of understanding both the thoughts and feelings of a communication partner. At the same time, when talking about the process of empathy, one must keep in mind, of course, a positive attitude towards the individual.

This means two things: a) accepting a person’s personality as a whole; b) own emotional neutrality, absence of value judgments about what is perceived.

1.3. Reflection

Reflection in the problem of understanding each other is an individual’s understanding of how he is perceived and understood by his communication partner. In the course of mutual reflection of the participants in communication, reflection is a kind of feedback that contributes to the formation and strategy of behavior of the subjects of communication, correction of their understanding of the characteristics of each other’s inner world.

As noted earlier, the content of interpersonal perception depends on the characteristics of both the subject and the object of perception because any perception is also a certain interaction between two participants in this process, and an interaction that has two sides: evaluating each other and changing some characteristics of each other thanks to the very fact of his presence. In the first case, interaction can be stated by the fact that each of the participants, evaluating the other, strives to build a certain system of behavior. If every person always had complete information about the people with whom he enters into communication, then he could build tactics for interacting with them quite accurately. However, in everyday life, an individual, as a rule, does not have such accurate information, which forces him to attribute to others the reasons for their actions and actions. A causal explanation of the actions of another person by “attributing” to him feelings, intentions, thoughts and motives of behavior is called causal attribution (from the Latin “causa” - cause, “attribution” - attribution). “Attribution” is carried out on the basis of the similarity of behavior with some other patterns that existed in the past experience of the subject of perception, or on the basis of an analysis of one’s own motives assumed in a similar situation (in this case, the identification mechanism may operate).

2. Personality qualities influencing communication processes

2.3. Psychological appearance of a person

Communication processes are impossible without human participation, since it is the person who is the main and main subject of communication. And this factor significantly determines the form and content of communication. How nature made a person, and what he himself did with this nature - all this, one might say, determines the “human” dimensions of communication. A lot depends on the type of person who enters into communication: the motives for communication, the perception of the partner, the choice of communication style, etc.

The communication process is regulated, first of all, by moral values, ideals, principles and norms. Legal regulation cannot cover all the subtleties, all the nuances, all the diversity, all the depth of this mysterious “world of communication”. Undoubtedly, communication is determined and regulated not only by moral imperatives, but also by psychological, social, aesthetic and even physiological and medical factors. However, as experience shows, it is moral principles that ultimately determine the direction, spiritual coloring, and value orientation of all real aspects in the sphere of communication: it is impossible to imagine a single phenomenon of communication without a “moral component.”

The psychological appearance of a person is very diverse and is determined both by innate properties and acquired in the process of upbringing, training, and mastering the material and spiritual culture of society. Through individuality, the uniqueness of a person, his abilities, and his preferred field of activity are revealed.

In the individuality of a person, basic properties are distinguished - his self-esteem, personality type, temperament, and human abilities. It is the basic properties, which represent a fusion of her innate and acquired traits in the process of education and socialization, that form a certain style of behavior and activity of the individual.

A personality has individual traits and qualities - intellectual, moral, emotional, volitional, formed under the influence of society as a whole, as well as in the process of family, labor, social, and cultural life of a person. In communication, knowledge and consideration of the most typical traits of people’s behavior, their character traits and moral qualities are of great importance. Business communication should be built on the basis of such moral qualities of the individual and categories of ethics as honesty, truthfulness, modesty, generosity, duty, conscience, dignity, honor, which give business relations a moral character.

2.4. Features of personality types

Almost any of the known personality typologies also includes such features of personality types that manifest themselves in communication.

Thus, people differ from each other in the strength of their response to environmental influences, including the appeals of other people to them, in the energy they display, in the pace and speed of mental processes. Such mental differences, which appear under other equal conditions, form an individually unique, biologically determined set of dynamic and emotional manifestations of the psyche, which is called temperament.

Temperament serves as a marker of all human mental activity. It is the biological foundation of our personality, because it is based on the properties of the human nervous system, which should be assessed as the internal reserves of its activity and the required adaptation. Manifests itself in thinking, emotional sphere, behavior, demeanor.

Traditionally, there are four types of temperament: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

A sanguine person is cheerful, energetic, proactive, receptive to new things, and quickly gets along with people. Easily controls his emotions and switches from one type of activity to another.

The phlegmatic person is balanced, slow, and has difficulty adapting to new activities and new environments. He thinks about a new task for a long time, but once he starts it, he usually finishes it. The mood is usually even and calm.

A choleric person is active, enterprising, has a great capacity for work, and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, but is subject to sudden mood swings, emotional breakdowns, and depression. In communication he can be harsh and not restrained in his expressions.

A melancholic person is impressionable, highly emotional, and more susceptible to negative emotions. In difficult situations, he tends to become confused and lose his composure. Little predisposed to active communication. In a favorable environment, he can cope well with his responsibilities.

In the 20-30s of the 20th century, the doctrine of the types of the nervous system received more complete justification. I. P. Pavlov identified three main properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of excitatory and inhibitory processes. The strength of the nervous system is the most important indicator of the type: the performance of the cells of the cerebral cortex and their endurance depend on this property. Mobility is the rate at which one nervous process changes to another. Balance – the degree of balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes. Each type includes components that I. P. Pavlov gave the following characteristics.

Strong. A person maintains a high level of performance during long and intense work and quickly restores strength. In a difficult, unexpected situation, he keeps himself under control and does not lose his vigor or emotional tone. Does not pay attention to small, distracting influences, is not vulnerable.

Balanced. This person behaves calmly and collectedly in the most stimulating environments. Easily suppresses unnecessary and inadequate desires and expels extraneous thoughts. Works smoothly, without random ups and downs.

Mobile. A person has the ability to quickly and adequately respond to changes in a situation, easily abandons developed but no longer useful stereotypes and quickly acquires new skills and habits for new conditions and people. Moves easily from rest to activity and from one activity to another. Emotions arise quickly and are clearly manifested. Capable of instant memorization, accelerated tempo of activity and speech.

The combination of these personality traits serves as an explanation for the classification of temperaments that has been known since ancient times. Namely: the sanguine temperament corresponds to a strong, balanced, fast type of nervous system; phlegmatic temperament – strong, balanced, slow type; choleric temperament – strong, unbalanced, active type; melancholic temperament – a weak type of nervous system.

Swiss psychologist Carl Jung divided personalities into extroverts and introverts. The extraventive type of people is characterized by a focus on interaction with the outside world, a craving for new experiences, impulsiveness, and sociability. Introverts, on the contrary, are focused on their inner world and are prone to introspection, isolation, and are characterized by retardation of movements and speech.

Personal typology, developed by O. Kreger and M. Tewson in line with socionics, considers the following types.

Introvert. Thinks through what he wants to say and expects it from others, likes to be left to his own devices, is considered a “good listener,” does not like to interrupt others or be interrupted in conversation, tends to be alone, etc.

Sensory. Prefers precise answers and precise questions, concentrates on the moment, likes to deal with numbers and facts and clear instructions, perceives details more easily than the big picture, takes everything very literally, etc.

Intuitive. Has a habit of thinking about several things at once and may be considered absent-minded; neglects details, preferring the big picture, fantasizes, the motive for many actions is pure curiosity.

Thoughtful. Does not lose composure in difficult situations, seeks the truth in a dispute, is proud of his objectivity, and remembers numbers and numbers more easily than faces and names.

Sensing. He considers a good decision to be one that takes into account the feelings of other people, is inclined to help others even to his own detriment, does not tolerate conflicts and strives to resolve them.

Decisive. He is careful and is never late, plans his day and expects this from others, does not like surprises and makes this clear to others, and is sure to complete his work.

Perceiver. He is absent-minded, can easily get lost, does not set tasks for himself and waits for everything to become clear, prefers spontaneity and creativity to accuracy, does not like to be obliged, has nothing against uncertainty.

The most common form of business communication is dialogue communication, i.e. such verbal communication in which the moral qualities of the individual and character traits by which this or that individual is correlated with a certain type of temperament are most fully manifested.

The behavior of representatives of any of the above types in the process of communication, if typological traits have an extreme form of expression, can lead to difficulties in mutual understanding. When communicating, you need to take into account not only the strengths of each type, but also strive to balance its extreme manifestations, looking closely at the qualities of your antipodes and demonstrating the opposite type of behavior.

Conclusion

There are no two absolutely identical people. This is true for both physical and psychological characteristics. Some people are calm, others are hot-tempered, some are able to work long and hard to achieve results, others put all their strength into one “jerk”. Psychological differences between people are objective - they are explained by the physiological characteristics of the functioning of the nervous system. The character of the individual, his success or failure in a specific professional activity, the style of interpersonal communication, and interaction with other people in the professional and personal spheres depend on these characteristics to a large extent (although not completely - the most important role is played by the upbringing of the individual).

Knowledge of individual personal characteristics, hidden from external observation, of teachers, managers, consultants, is of great importance for the success of training, education and professional activities.

Depending on the type of temperament, the nature of the course of nervous processes, character accentuations, the level of anxiety and psycho-emotional stability, the practice of communication or the organization of work should be built in different, sometimes opposite, methods.

It is equally important to take into account individual personal characteristics to optimize professional activity. Knowledge of individual personality traits has a great influence on the effectiveness of business communication and communication in general.

Bibliography

1. Andreeva I.V. Ethics of business relations. – St. Petersburg: Vector, 2006. – 160 p.

2. Asmolov A.G. Personality as a subject of psychological research, M., 1984.

3. Kronik A.A. Interpersonal assessment in groups. Kyiv, 1982.

4. Maslyaev O. Psychology of personality. – Donetsk, 1997.

5. General psychology / ed. V.V. Bogoslovsky, A.G. Kovalev, A.A. Stepanov. – M., 1981.

Introduction

Communication is an integral part of our life. Communication begins at birth and continues until death. We communicate with parents, with friends, with work colleagues, and we have a wide variety of communication methods: conversations, correspondence, gestures. Let's look at what communication is.

Communication refers to the establishment and maintenance of purposeful, direct or indirect contact between people who are somehow connected to each other psychologically. The process of establishing and maintaining contact between people is created by all its participants. Their activity and interest in the success of the contact may be different, but each participant in the communication is its subject. The productivity of communication, therefore, depends not only on its initiator. The moral choice of communication values presupposes that its subjects have appropriate moral qualities and adherence to such norms that could not contradict this choice.

The moral attitudes of an individual have a decisive influence on the entire process of organizing speech interaction.

Moral attitude is the willingness of an individual to act in accordance with certain moral norms, principles, ideas about good and evil, social responsibility, justice, and duty.

The moral attitude of an individual is formed in the process of socialization, that is, upbringing in the family, while receiving education, and mastering the relevant professional non-corporate codes of morality.

It should be noted that, since ancient times, theorists and practitioners of oratory, communication specialists have attached and attach great importance to the moral position of the speaker. For example, in “Russian Rhetoric,” published in 1824, it is emphasized that the speaker must have good morals and honest inclinations, that “his word should no less be a sign of his virtue, as well as enlightenment” (Sp. lit. No. 4).

But each person is individual. He has his own habits and methods of communication, laid down since childhood as a temperament and character. And each person needs his own individual approach.

In the profession of a pharmacist, this is reflected most accurately. This profession is very important and responsible, but at the same time requires a lot of communication. A wide variety of people, of completely different ages, status and position in society, turn to pharmacists. The pharmacist is obliged to serve each of them and give advice to each.

Therefore, the pharmacist, like any other interlocutor, must, in the process of communication, activate good principles that promote harmonious cooperation and block negative tendencies.

Therefore, from childhood it is necessary to develop good principles in a person: openness of soul, responsiveness, honesty. A person’s upbringing will greatly affect a person’s character, his attitude towards life and towards the people around him. And the character in the future will influence the process of communication with this person. You should also take into account such a concept as human temperament. It, like character, is formed from childhood. Therefore, each person has his own personal qualities that are unique to him.

Thus, the purpose of this essay is to explain and prove that personality traits, such as temperament, character, influence the communication process. The objectives of this essay are to analyze the various types of temperament and personal characteristics of a person, their arrangement and formulation of their influence on communication. The choice of this essay topic was based on the reflection that each person has to communicate with other people, “join” their society, find a common language, therefore, when communicating with a person, it is necessary to take into account the traits and characteristics of his character, individual qualities.

The material for writing the abstract was the scientific works of M.V. Koltunova “Language and business communication: Norms, rhetoric, etiquette”, A.G. Asmolov “Personality as a subject of psychological research” and other scientists, articles from the Internet, other sources of literature. The abstract presents several chapters that discuss different types of temperament and ways of expressing character. In conclusion, the main conclusions about the processes of communication with different people and the measures of an individual approach to each of them are formulated. There are also appendices containing examples from fiction and quotes from famous people.

1. Character and its manifestations

The concept of character means a set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication, determining the typical modes of behavior for that person.

Knowing a person’s character makes it possible, with a significant degree of probability, to anticipate and thereby correct expected actions and actions. It is often said about a person with character: “He had to do exactly this, he could not have done otherwise - that’s his character.”

However, not all human features can be considered characteristic, but only significant and stable ones. If a person, for example, is not polite enough in a stressful situation, this does not mean that rudeness and intemperance are a property of his character. Sometimes, even very cheerful people can feel sad, but this will not make them whiners and pessimists.

Acting as a person’s lifetime education, character is determined and formed throughout life. A big role here is played by social conditions and specific life circumstances in which a person’s life path takes place, based on his natural properties and as a result of his actions and actions. However, the actual formation of character occurs in groups of different levels of development (family, friendly company, class, sports team, work team, etc.). Depending on which group is the reference group for the individual and what values it supports and cultivates in its environment, the corresponding character traits will develop in its members. Character traits will also depend on the individual's position in the group. In a team, as a group of a high level of development, the most favorable opportunities are created for the development of the best character traits. This process is mutual, and thanks to the development of the individual, the team itself develops.

The content of character, reflecting social influences, constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. her material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the individual determines the goals, life plan of a person, and the degree of his life activity. The character of a person presupposes the presence of something significant for him in the world, in life, something on which the motives of his actions, the goals of his actions, the tasks that he sets for himself depend.

Character can only be understood as a certain unity of direction and course of action. People with similar orientations can take completely different paths to achieving goals, using their own special techniques and methods to achieve this. This dissimilarity also determines the specific character of the individual. Character traits, having a certain motivating force, are clearly manifested in the situation of choosing actions or methods of behavior. From this point of view, the degree of expression of an individual's achievement motivation - his need to achieve success - can be considered as a character trait. Depending on this, some people are characterized by a choice of actions that ensure success (showing initiative, competitive activity, risk-taking, etc.), while others are more likely to simply avoid failures (deviation from risk and responsibility, avoidance manifestations of activity, initiative, etc.). (Annex 1)

The study of character - characterology has a long history of development. The most important problems of characterology for centuries have been the establishment of character types and their definition by their manifestations in order to predict human behavior in various situations. Since character is the lifetime formation of a personality, most of its existing classifications are based on grounds that are external, indirect factors in personality development.

One of the most ancient attempts to predict human behavior is to explain his character by his date of birth. Various ways of predicting the fate and character of a person are called horoscopes.

No less popular are attempts to connect a person’s character with his name.

A significant influence on the development of characterology was exerted by physiognomy - the doctrine of the connection between a person’s external appearance and his belonging to a certain type of personality, thanks to which the psychological characteristics of this type can be established by external signs.

Palmistry has an equally famous and rich history. Palmistry is a system for predicting a person’s character traits and his fate based on the skin texture of the palms.

Graphology can be considered more valuable in diagnostic terms - a science that considers handwriting as a type of expressive movements that reflect the psychological properties of the writer.

At the same time, unity and versatility of character do not exclude the fact that in different situations the same person exhibits different and even opposite properties. A person can be at the same time very gentle and very demanding, soft and compliant and at the same time firm to the point of inflexibility. And the unity of his character can not only be preserved, despite this, but it is precisely in this that it can be manifested.

In the most general form, all character traits can be divided into basic, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main ones. Thus, if we consider such traits as indecisiveness, timidity and altruism, then with the predominance of the former, a person, first of all, is constantly afraid “that something might not work out” and all attempts to help his neighbor usually end in internal experiences and searches for justification. If the leading trait is the second one - altruism, then the person does not outwardly show any hesitation, immediately goes to help, controlling his behavior with his intellect, but at the same time he may sometimes have doubts about the correctness of the actions taken. (Appendix 2)

In the character structure, one can identify traits common to a certain group of people. Even in the most original person you can find some trait, the possession of which allows you to classify him into a group of people with similar behavior. N.D. Levitov believes that a character type is a specific expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people. (Appendix 3). Indeed, as noted, character is not innate - it is formed in the life and activity of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, a person’s character is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups.

Thus, we can conclude that character and ways of its manifestation have been of interest to humanity for a long time. For many years now, scientists have been offering many ways to connect a person’s individual qualities with his various characteristics (date of birth, handwriting, palm relief, and others). And today, scientists are interested in this issue and continue to look for ways to recognize character through other human traits.

2. Temperament

Almost any of the known personality typologies also includes such features of personality types that manifest themselves in communication.

Temperament serves as a marker of all human mental activity. It is the biological foundation of our personality, because is based on the properties of the human nervous system, which should be assessed as the internal reserves of its activity and the required adaptation. Manifests itself in thinking, emotional sphere, behavior, demeanor.

3. The relationship between character and temperament

Character is often compared with temperament, and in some cases these concepts are replaced with each other.

In science, among the dominant views on the relationship between character and temperament, four main ones can be distinguished:

Identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer, A. Ruzhitsky);

Contrasting character and temperament, emphasizing the antagonism between them (P. Viktorov, V. Virenius);

Recognition of temperament as an element of character, its core, an unchangeable part (S.L. Rubinstein, S. Gorodetsky);

Recognition of temperament as the natural basis of character (L.S. Vygotsky, B.G. Ananyev).

It should be noted that what character and temperament have in common is their dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, and above all on the type of nervous system. The formation of character significantly depends on the properties of temperament, which is more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines character traits such as balanced or unbalanced behavior, ease or difficulty of entering a new situation, mobility or inertness of reaction, etc. However, temperament does not determine character. People with the same temperamental properties can have completely different characters. Features of temperament can promote or counteract the formation of certain character traits. Thus, it is more difficult for a melancholic person to develop courage and determination than for a choleric person. It is more difficult for a choleric person to develop restraint than for a phlegmatic person; a phlegmatic person needs to spend more effort to become sociable than a sanguine person, etc.

However, as B.G. believed. Ananyev, if education consisted only in improving and strengthening natural properties, then this would lead to a monstrous homogeneity of development. (Appendix 4). The properties of temperament may, to some extent, even come into conflict with character. (Appendix 5.) In a person with a formed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain speed of mental processes and personality manifestations, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and actions.

Here it should be noted the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a steadily repeating system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in various repeated situations is influenced by his attitude to the situation, as a result of which excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system can change. It is also necessary to note the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signaling system, through which social influences are carried out.

Ultimately, we can conclude that the traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a single, holistic appearance of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - a characteristic of his individuality.

4. Features of personality types

Traditionally, there are four types of temperament: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

A sanguine person is cheerful, energetic, proactive, receptive to new things, and quickly gets along with people. Easily controls his emotions and switches from one type of activity to another.

In the 20-30s of the 20th century, the doctrine of the types of the nervous system received more complete justification. I.P. Pavlov identified three main properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of excitatory and inhibitory processes (Appendix 6). The strength of the nervous system is the most important indicator of type: the performance of the cells of the cerebral cortex and their endurance depend on this property. Mobility is the rate of change from one nervous process to another. Balance is the degree of balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes. Each type includes components that I.P. Pavlov gave the following characteristics.

The combination of these personality traits serves as an explanation for the classification of temperaments that has been known since ancient times. Namely: the sanguine temperament corresponds to a strong, balanced, fast type of nervous system; phlegmatic temperament - strong, balanced, slow type; choleric temperament - strong, unbalanced, active type; melancholic temperament - a weak type of nervous system.

Personal typology developed by O. Kroeger and M. Tewson considers the following types.

Introvert. Thinks through what he wants to say and expects it from others, likes to be left to his own devices, is considered a “good listener”, does not like to interrupt others or be interrupted in conversation, tends to be alone.

Sensory. Prefers precise answers and precise questions, concentrates on the moment, likes to deal with numbers, facts and clear instructions, perceives details more easily than the big picture, takes everything very literally.

Thoughtful. Does not lose composure in difficult situations, seeks the truth in a dispute, is proud of his objectivity, and remembers numbers and numbers more easily than faces and names.

Decisive. He is careful and is never late, plans his day and expects this from others, does not like surprises and makes this clear to others, and is sure to complete his work.

Thus, the behavior of representatives of any of the above types in the process of communication can lead to difficulties in mutual understanding. When communicating, you need to take into account not only the strengths of each type, but also strive to balance its extreme manifestations, looking closely at the qualities of your antipodes and demonstrating the behavior of the opposite type.

Conclusion

character communication temperament personal

There are no two absolutely identical people. This is true for both physical and psychological characteristics. Some people are calm, others are hot-tempered, some are able to work long and hard to achieve results, others put all their strength into one “jerk”. These differences between people are objective - they are explained by the physiological characteristics of the functioning of the nervous system. The character of the individual, his success or failure in a specific professional activity, the style of interpersonal communication, and interaction with other people in the professional and personal spheres largely depend on the characteristics of the individual.

Knowledge of individual personality characteristics, hidden from external observation, teachers, consultants, is of great importance for the success of training, education and professional activities. Therefore, in the abstracts we analyzed the various types of temperament and personal characteristics of a person, compiled them and formulated their influence on the communication process.

Consequently, depending on the type of temperament, the nature of the course of nervous processes, the level of anxiety and psycho-emotional stability, the practice of communication or the organization of work should be built in different, sometimes opposite, methods.

Bibliography

1.Koltunova M.V. Language and business communication: Norms, rhetoric, etiquette. Textbook for universities. - M.: “Economic Literature”, 2002. - 288. Page. 189-192

2.Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and speech culture for engineers. Series "Higher Education". Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House, 2004. - 384. Page. 45-48

.Asmolov A.G. Personality as a subject of psychological research, M., 1984. (#"justify">. Annushkin V.I. Russian rhetoric in the light of Russian history. (http://www.portal-slovo.ru/philology/45655.php) 04/14/2013

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A person, as a subject of communication, is characterized by communicative and speech activity. The concept of “communicative-speech activity” is a property of a person, his active state, characterized by the desire for various speech activities at the level of those communicative capabilities for which he is ready 8 aspect of language proficiency. In communicative-speech activity, the volitional efforts of the individual are manifested, at the same time this is her internal readiness to act optimally in a specific communicative and speech situation.

The following types of communicative and speech activity are distinguished:

a) depending on the volitional efforts of the individual:

Potential;

Implemented;

b) depending on the nature of the activity performed:

Reproductive;

Reconstructive;

Creative;

c) depending on the stability of the manifestation:

Situational;

Integral.

Potential activity is externally perceived as passivity. Activity and passivity are opposites and exist in unity. Passivity is a moment of activity and obligatory attitude of someone towards something objective. What was previously active can be passive and, conversely, what is active can turn into relatively passive. To implement communicative speech activity, the presence of passivity is necessary in the sense that something must remain (perceived, thought) unchanged as the basis for change. Potential communicative and speech activity is consonant with the law of the rhythm of communication, which provides for the necessary “norm” of silence in daily communication. The realized communicative and speech activity of the individual constantly generates new potential types of activity.

Each type of communicative-speech activity is divided by level and degree of manifestation: high, medium, low (for example, high potential, but low realized communicative-speech activity, high reproductive, but low creative).

To characterize the types of communicative and speech activity, the following aspects should be taken into account:

Effective, that is, those real achievements that are the result of a certain speech activity;

Dynamic, which gives a formal description of the activity performed by a person according to its following qualities: ease of awakening communicative and speech activity, intensity, duration, distribution over time.

Communicative-speech activity requires a person, as a subject of communication, to work daily on himself, on his ability to be moderately active, without suppressing the activity of his interlocutors and opponents.

COMMUNICATION AS PERCEPTION OF PEOPLE FROM EACH OTHER The process of perception by one person of another acts as an obligatory component of communication and constitutes what is called perception. A person always enters into communication as a person; she is also perceived by another person - a communication partner - as a person. Based on the external manifestation of behavior, according to S. Rubinstein, we “read” another person, decipher the meaning of his external data. The impressions that arise in this case play an important regulatory role in the communication process. Firstly, because by getting to know another, the individual himself is formed. Secondly, because the success of organizing coordinated actions with him depends on the level of accuracy of “reading” another person.

So, at least two people participate in the communication process, and each of them is an active subject. Comparing oneself with another is carried out from two sides: each partner likens himself to the other. So, when building an interaction strategy, everyone has to take into account not only the needs, motives, and attitudes of the other, but also how this other understands my needs, motives, and attitudes. All this leads to the fact that the analysis of awareness of oneself through another includes two aspects: identification and reflection.

One of the easiest ways to understand another person is to liken yourself to him - identification . This is not the only way, but in real interaction situations people use this example, when an assumption about the internal state of a partner is based on an attempt to put oneself in his place.

A close connection has been established between identification and another phenomenon that is similar in content - empathy. Empathy is also defined as a special way of perceiving another person. Only here we do not mean a rational understanding of the problems of another person, as in mutual understanding, but the desire to respond emotionally to his problems.

The process of understanding each other is “complicated” by the phenomenon reflections , that is, the awareness of the individual acting of how his partner perceives him. This is no longer just knowledge or understanding of the other, but knowledge of how the other understands me, a peculiarly doubled process of reflecting each other, a deep, consistent mutual understanding, the content of which is the reproduction of the partner’s inner world, and in this inner world, in turn, the inner world is reflected the world of each partner.

In psychology, influence is the process and result of an individual changing the behavior of another person. Siya attitudes, ideas, opinions, assessments) when interacting with it.

For those who strive for a high culture of business communication, it is advisable to know what information increases influence on other people, and what, on the contrary, reduces it. Inadequate self-esteem necessarily manifests itself during business communication. If self-esteem is too high, it is very difficult to come to an agreement with such a colleague; he will always be dissatisfied with the assessment of his activities. If self-esteem is reduced, clients are unlikely to trust such an employee. After all, it is known that those who do not respect themselves are not respected by other people either. Each participant in communication should know his own worth and not humiliate his abilities, talents or achievements.

So, adequate self-esteem is the key to mutual understanding in communication.

The competent use by a person of various types of psychological influence in business communication is an important component of its culture. It is the correct selection of means and mechanisms of influence that contributes to the achievement of optimal results, interaction, personal development, the formation of high moral qualities, the realization of her creative abilities and opportunities for self-improvement.

The listed qualities will in no way help communication. Who would want to communicate with an envious person, to whom it is impossible to talk about positive events in their life? And it’s not pleasant to communicate with an arrogant and narcissistic person. He is fixated on himself, his beloved, and cares little about the interests of his interlocutor. Such a person is ready to talk only about himself, about his interests, interrupting others, turning the conversation all the time to himself and his problems. Any normal person wants communication to be pleasant, positive, and interesting. Communication is helped by such qualities as: sociability, openness, positive emotionality, a broad outlook of the interlocutor, the ability to find an interesting topic, the ability to listen to another, a wide vocabulary.

Let's consider how envy, arrogance, narcissism, greed, boasting, arrogance, injustice affect communication and what qualities help communication.

Communication

This concept refers to the processes of establishing and developing contacts between individuals and entire population groups. Such processes are the result of the needs for joint activities.

Communication processes include the following features:

information exchange;
exchange of actions;
understanding and perception of the partner.

Qualities such as arrogance, arrogance, envy, narcissism, boasting, greed and injustice cause negative emotions and a negative opinion about a person in others.

Of course, it is also impossible to say one hundred percent that these qualities in some way do not contribute to communication, because people can unite based on these characteristics. Communication is an exchange of energies, which means any actions that affect others - positively or negatively, already contribute to a certain communication. Maybe not healthy, but still communication.

Another question is how these qualities influence communication in the long term and what results groups of people lead to. It is human nature to exhibit different character traits, and it is thanks to the negative qualities of some that one can highlight the positive qualities of others against this background.

What qualities help communication

If we are talking about high-quality and productive communication, which is aimed at creation, at satisfying real everyday needs, then we can highlight the following:

Such qualities add energy to groups, motivate people to do more per unit of time, while enjoying the process itself.

When positive qualities are activated, another mechanism is activated - positive, which in the long term gives all group members certain bonuses. And communication based on negative qualities has a destructive effect on other groups.

Picture 10 from the presentation “Child” for social studies lessons on the topic “Family and Children”

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Family and Children

“The rights of the child” - My proposals. Responsibilities. Questioning. What is the main difference between a person and an animal? Each of us is obliged to disseminate documents establishing the rights of the child in society. They don't know the rights. What rights do children have? Documents on children's rights. Studying international documents on children's rights. Analysis of international documents on children's rights.

“Love, family and child” - Father - leader, teacher, protector. List the qualities of a father and his functions in the family. Some parents violate the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”. Functions of parents. Family traditions of Russia. The large family. Physical intimacy. Love of spouses. List the qualities of a mother and her functions in the family. Family traditions.

“Minor” - Question about the employment of parents of convicts. Age of parents: 2. 5. “Legal status of minors.” 1. Survey of convicts of the Kamyshin correctional colony, February 2008. Study of the family composition of the colony inmates. 6. Do you have a passport? 1st person has no parents.

“Family Laws” - Concept and sources of family law. Possibility of judicial protection of the rights of family members. The presence of the bride and groom when registering the marriage is mandatory. What are the conditions for marriage? Ensuring the unhindered exercise by family members of their rights. What are family relations? Spouses are issued a marriage certificate.

“Rights of the child and the citizen” - Rights of the child. Intellectual property is protected by law. Tell us about the Convention on the Rights of the Child. No one can be arbitrarily deprived of their home. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Everyone has the right to life. The Convention on the Rights of the Child includes six groups of rights. Censorship is prohibited. Legal capacity is expressed in the ability of a subject to have rights and obligations.

"Love and Happiness" - Determined. Tolerant person. There are blue dreams in blue balls, so that you can still dream. We came to class today and brought balloons with us as a gift. Patient. Brave. Smart. Loyal. Attentive. Compliments. Fair. Honest. The earthly ball is spinning and spinning, The years, like birds, fly in succession.

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