home Folk remedies Diseases of the respiratory system: types and features. Diseases and injuries of the respiratory system. Tasks of the therapist at the stages of medical evacuation.

Diseases of the respiratory system: types and features. Diseases and injuries of the respiratory system. Tasks of the therapist at the stages of medical evacuation.

To diseases organs breathing, the most common among athletes are: bronchitis, pneumonia, dry and exudative pleurisy, bronchial asthma and spontaneous pneumothorax.

Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial mucosa - is divided into acute and chronic. The causes of bronchitis are the same as the causes of respiratory system diseases in general. They are based on the presence of infection. A huge role is played by inhalation of various irritants (thermal, mechanical - dust, etc., chemical - nicotine, etc.), cooling and scoliosis, which contribute to the development of infection in the respiratory tract and lungs, as well as stagnation of blood in the lungs, reducing the resistance of the bronchi to infection .

Acute bronchitis, usually combined with tracheitis, manifests itself in cough with or without sputum, shortness of breath, and fever. If appropriate measures are not taken, acute bronchitis will become chronic. Chronic bronchitis may be a consequence of the above reasons, but they act for a long time. Bronchitis can be dry, when sputum is not produced, purulent, putrid, etc., depending on the nature of the sputum. In the absence of appropriate measures, bronchitis can lead to complications - pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema (expansion of the lung with rupture of the interalveolar septa), etc. Although athletes suffer from bronchitis half as often as people who do not engage in sports, and tolerate it more easily, this disease requires careful treatment . Pneumonia, which is an acute inflammation of the lung tissue, is a common disease. It can be an independent disease or complicating other diseases, the postoperative period, etc. The severity of pneumonia depends on the nature of the pathogen, the extent of the lesion and the state of the body - its resistance.

Insufficiently thoroughly treated acute pneumonia, training and physical exercise with incomplete recovery can cause complications, including chronic pneumonia, which causes irreversible changes in the lungs (pulmonary emphysema, etc.), sharply reducing a person’s overall performance.

Pneumonia requires careful treatment. With this disease, the athlete can be allowed to train only after complete recovery and recuperation.

Pleurisy is an inflammatory lesion of the pleura. Most often, this is a secondary disease, i.e., a manifestation of some other disease (for example, tuberculosis, rheumatism). There are traumatic pleurisy that occur due to chest injuries. A distinction is made between dry pleurisy, in which there are only inflammatory changes in the pleura itself without exudate in its cavity, and exudative, in which exudate appears due to inflammatory changes in the pleura in its cavity. This exudate can be serous, hemorrhagic and purulent.

Dry pleurisy manifests itself in periodically occurring chest pain when breathing, depending on the friction of the inflamed pleural layers against each other. In the absence of exacerbation of dry pleurisy, these pains do not exist. If the underlying disease that caused dry pleurisy does not require treatment, its presence does not interfere with sports activities.

Exudative pleurisy is a serious disease that requires long-term, sometimes surgical (for purulent exudate) treatment.

Bronchial asthma is a disease that manifests itself in attacks of suffocation that occur during spasm of the small bronchi. This spasm is a manifestation of an allergic reaction to any allergen. However, bronchial asthma may have an infectious-allergic origin. In this case, it is based on inflammatory diseases of the bronchi and lungs. In the intervals between attacks, no signs of the disease are usually detected, unless there are complications of asthma (chronic pneumonia, emphysema, etc.).

Rational exercise prevents the development of bronchial asthma, since physical activity produces substances that promote dilation of the bronchi. But sometimes physical activity is the reason that causes attacks of bronchial asthma. In this case, physical exercise is prohibited and therapeutic physical education is recommended.

Spontaneous pneumothorax is a serious complication of certain lung diseases that can occur hidden. These include tuberculosis, emphysema, etc.

Sometimes spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in healthy people, more often in men, with straining and other types of physical stress, especially with a closed glottis.

The essence of this disease is the sudden penetration of air into the pleural cavity, resulting in acute compression of the lung. This can occur due to tearing of the pleura during straining, rupture of pleural adhesions (during a sharp upward movement of the hand, a sharp inhalation or coughing), rupture of swollen alveoli located near the pleura itself, under the same conditions.

The disease occurs suddenly during physical exertion and manifests itself in severe chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, etc. In these conditions, urgent medical care is required in a hospital setting.

Depending on the general condition and cause of spontaneous pneumothorax, the question of the possibility of admission to training after recovery is decided. If an athlete is cleared to train, careful medical supervision should be carried out and physical activity should be increased very gradually.

Physical activity plays a huge role in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. Exercise should be used for both treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Respiratory damage include injuries to the pleura and lungs. They occur with bruises of the chest (falling, hitting water), with compression, fractures of the ribs and sternum, with wounds from fencing weapons and athletics spears.

Closed pleural injuries (no open wound) are usually caused by the sharp end of a broken rib. If the vessels of the chest are simultaneously injured, then blood flows into the pleural cavity (hemothorax). With a small amount of blood shed, significant disturbances in respiratory function do not occur. With significant hemothorax (up to 1000-1500 ml), the mediastinum shifts, breathing and blood circulation become difficult. If, in addition to the pleura, the tissue and vessels of the lung are damaged, then hemoptysis appears, and if a large vessel is damaged, pulmonary hemorrhage occurs. With a penetrating wound to the chest (with a fencing weapon, a spear), air accumulates in the pleural cavity - a pneumothorax is formed. If, after removing the wounding weapon, outside air continues to penetrate into the pleural cavity, then an open pneumothorax occurs; if not, a closed pneumothorax occurs. With an open pneumothorax, the lung is compressed and respiratory function is significantly impaired.

When the lungs are injured, air can enter the subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous emphysema) or the mediastinal tissue (mediastinal emphysema). Subcutaneous emphysema is recognized by the accumulation of air in the neck and upper chest and by the crunching sound that appears when pressing on the skin in places where air accumulates. Mediastinal emphysema, compressing the mediastinal organs, leads to significant impairment of respiratory and circulatory function.

First aid for chest injuries consists of applying a wound-sealing bandage, followed by immediate hospitalization.

Perhaps the main indicator of human vitality is the continuous exchange of gases between the body and its environment, that is, breathing. Diseases of the respiratory system lead to a decrease in the excitability of the respiratory center with the further appearance of breathing problems (pain when inhaling, exhaling, shortness of breath, cough, etc.).

The structure of the human respiratory system (RS) consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract:

Air-conducting organs - nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi;
The lungs, in the alveoli of which gas exchange takes place.

It follows from this that pathogenic factors that cause diseases of the human respiratory system can multiply not only in the respiratory part - the lungs, but also in the nasopharynx.

The individuality of the structure and state of the protective system of the respiratory system, age-related characteristics and a large number of etiological factors characterize the variety of clinical and morphological manifestations, which in turn determine respiratory diseases.

Causes

Factors that determine the nature of the pathological process include:

Pathogens of infectious diseases;
Chemical and physical agents.

In the first group, the leading role is given to such pathogens as pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza viruses, a group of morphologically and clinically similar acute inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system.

Diseases and injuries to the respiratory system can occur from contact with household allergens and plant pollen. Injuries can be caused by occupational factors, for example, electric welding - nickel salts, steel fumes; entry of a foreign body.

In general, diseases of the respiratory system are classified into groups, depending on the cause of their occurrence:

Infectious. Once in the body, a pathogenic factor causes an inflammatory process (pneumonia, bronchitis);
Allergic. The body's reaction to contact with an allergen (bronchial asthma);
Autoimmune. Often refer to hereditary destruction of organs and tissues under the influence of one’s own immune system (cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis).

Considering the causes of diseases of the human respiratory system, one cannot help but note the current lifestyle: smoking, alcohol abuse, workaholism. Most spend their working days in unventilated, crowded rooms and breathe air from air conditioners. An improperly organized daily routine helps to reduce the body’s protective functions, provoking the development of allergic, infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system.

Respiratory diseases in children

Respiratory diseases occupy a leading place among pathologies developing in childhood. The body of a child, just like an adult, can encounter infectious pathogens that multiply in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, causing various types of ailments. Let's look at the main respiratory diseases in children.

Rhinitis is an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of the nasal sinuses. There are three forms of the disease:

acute;
chronic;
allergic.

Allergic rhinitis is a violation of vascular tone in the nasal mucosa, caused by irritation of reflexogenic zones under the influence of allergens of various natures.

The acute form usually manifests itself against the background of respiratory infections (ARVI, measles, diphtheria, etc.). The cause of the chronic form is long-term or periodically occurring acute rhinitis.

Respiratory diseases in children include tracheitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, which often have a cause-and-effect relationship with each other. If tracheitis is combined with laryngitis or bronchitis, it is laryngotracheitis and tracheobronchitis, respectively.

Only a pediatrician can make a diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment.

If not treated promptly, acute respiratory viral infections always cause complications associated with damage to the respiratory system, and pneumonia in a child is also not uncommon.

Young children are exposed to the so-called childhood diseases, accompanied by disruptions in the respiratory system: whooping cough, diphtheria, croup.

It should be noted that the respiratory tract in a child is smaller and has narrower passages than in adults, therefore it is more susceptible to various factors that contribute to the development of respiratory diseases and their prevention must be timely.

Prevention of respiratory diseases

The respiratory system is a set of organs that supply oxygen to the body and have their own defense mechanisms that prevent malfunctions in the functioning of system processes.

Prevention of respiratory diseases is the necessary support that physiological processes require for normal functioning.

Preventive actions primarily consist of hardening the body, and it does not matter whether it is an adult or a child. It includes a number of procedures aimed at increasing the body’s resistance to sudden temperature changes (hypothermia, overheating).

Activities related to the mobilization of a person’s internal forces increase immunity and develop resistance to the influence of adverse environmental factors.

Prevention of respiratory diseases consists of simple general actions:

organization of a correct lifestyle;
adherence to diet;
playing sports;
hardening procedures;
breathing exercises.

If signs of a cold have been noticed, in order to avoid exacerbations, inhalations will be a good prevention of diseases of the respiratory system. And it’s not at all necessary to sit for hours over a pan of boiled potatoes, breathing in their vapors. Modern inhalers (nebulizers) are small in size and provide spraying of the drug in small fractions into the most remote areas of the respiratory tract, where the best results are achieved.

The variety of models allows you to select the necessary device, which can become an indispensable assistant for the prevention of bronchial asthma, treatment of bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis, etc. Medicines prescribed by a doctor or ordinary saline are used as medicine.

Prevention of respiratory diseases in children consists of timely and correct treatment of colds. That is, you should not neglect the first symptoms of acute respiratory infections/ARVI; you need to provide proper care for the child, ventilate the room, and follow the recommendations of the pediatrician. If there is no high temperature, be sure to take a walk in the fresh air and organize a drinking regimen.

Treatment of respiratory diseases

Diseases to which the human respiratory system is exposed have different origins. The source of inflammation and its extent extend to the areas of the airways, lungs and pleura.

Despite the similarity of the symptoms of each disease, its correct interpretation will ensure an accurate diagnosis with the subsequent prescription of comprehensive treatment for respiratory diseases:

etiotropic therapy is aimed at eliminating the main cause of the disease;
symptomatic treatment (reduction of the manifestations of the main symptoms);
maintenance therapy (restoration of individual body functions disturbed during the pathological process).

Depending on the nature of the occurrence, the nature of the course, the scale of the lesion and the age of the patient, the following types of medications are prescribed:

In addition, the complex of measures aimed at recovery includes breathing exercises and massage for respiratory diseases.

Exercises are divided into three main groups:

dynamic;
static;
special.

The goal is to provide a tonic effect with further normalization of respiratory functions.

Massaging the nose and nasolabial triangle stimulates a reflex that promotes deeper breathing. Chest massage strengthens the respiratory muscle, increasing its elasticity and eliminating congestion.

Physiotherapy for respiratory diseases is prescribed depending on their type and stage of progression.

Main goals:

activation of metabolic processes;
stimulation of blood and lymph circulation;
elimination of bronchospasms;
preventing the progression of the disease.

Activities of this kind also have their contraindications, in particular purulent processes, complex course, pulmonary heart failure. In any case, an experienced doctor prescribes an integrated approach to recovery.

Respiratory diseases table

The respiratory complex of organs includes the airways and the respiratory section. Depending on the location of the pathological process, three main groups of ailments are distinguished.

Classification of respiratory system diseases:

1. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract

Throat diseases:

Diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses:

Rhinitis;
Sinusitis (sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis, sphenoiditis);

2. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract

Bronchitis;
Bronchial asthma;
Bronchiectasis;

3. Lung diseases

Pneumonia;
Pleurisy;
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Diseases of the respiratory system - table.

Questions at the beginning of the paragraph.

Question 1. How is the condition of the respiratory system determined?

When you inhale and exhale, the chest rises and falls, and therefore its girth changes. In the state of inhalation it is greater, in the state of exhalation it is less. The change in chest circumference during inhalation and exhalation is called chest excursion. The larger it is, the more the chest cavity can be enlarged, and the lungs can take in more air.

Question 2. What does the vital capacity of the lungs indicate?

Question 3. How can tuberculosis and lung cancer be detected at an early stage of the disease?

Tuberculosis and lung cancer in the early stages can be detected using fluorography. Every person should undergo fluorography at least once every two years. Persons whose work involves people, as well as students, must undergo fluorography annually.

Question 4. What should be done if the victim has trouble breathing?

Suffocation can occur when the throat is compressed or the tongue retracts. The latter often happens with fainting, when a person suddenly loses consciousness. Therefore, first of all, you need to listen to his breathing. If it is accompanied by wheezing or stops altogether, it is necessary to open the victim’s mouth and pull his tongue forward or change the position of his head, throwing it back. It is useful to give ammonia a sniff. This stimulates the respiratory center and helps restore breathing.

Questions at the end of the paragraph.

Question 1. What is the vital capacity of the lungs? What does this indicator mean?

The vital capacity of the lungs is the largest amount of air that a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath. It is approximately equal to 3500 cm3. The vital capacity of the lungs is greater in athletes than in untrained people, and depends on the degree of development of the chest, gender and age. Under the influence of smoking, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases. Even after the maximum exhalation, there is always some air left in the lungs, which is called residual volume (about 1000 cm3).

Question 2. What lung diseases can be detected using fluorography?

Using fluorography, it is possible to detect tuberculosis and lung cancer.

Question 3. How does pulmonary tuberculosis manifest? How is Koch's bacillus, the causative agent of tuberculosis, spread?

When the causative agent of tuberculosis, Koch's bacillus, enters the lungs, a primary focus of inflammation develops, which is expressed in the appearance of symptoms of normal inflammation. But unlike a banal infection, the inflammatory process in tuberculosis develops very slowly (this is a chronic infection that lasts for years) and is prone to necrosis of the primary focus of inflammation. The complaints of patients are very diverse. Conventionally, they can be divided into nonspecific: malaise, weakness, fever, poor appetite, weight loss, pale skin and others; and specific (mainly characteristic of tuberculosis): sweating at night and in the morning (as manifestations of intoxication that debilitate the patient), temperature ranges between morning and evening by no more than 0.5 degrees, obsessive prolonged cough, etc. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Koch bacillus) is transmitted mainly by airborne droplets, entering the respiratory system from a sick person to a healthy one.

Question 4: What factors contribute to lung cancer? What is this disease expressed in?

The most important factor contributing to the occurrence of lung cancer is smoking. Tobacco smoke contains a large amount of carcinogenic substances. Smoking causes lung cancer in approximately 90% of cases. Long-term exposure to carcinogens during long-term smoking leads to disruption of the structure and function of the bronchial epithelium, transformation of columnar epithelium into multilayered squamous epithelium and contributes to the occurrence of a malignant tumor. The tumor grows, which leads not only to obvious negative local effects, but also to a depressing effect on the functioning of the body as a whole, leading to its extreme exhaustion and can be fatal.

Question 5. What are the first aid techniques for rescuing a drowning person?

After removing a drowning person from the water, his respiratory tract must be cleared of water. To do this, the victim is placed with his stomach on his knee and his stomach and chest are squeezed with sharp movements. Then, if necessary, apply artificial respiration.

Question 6. What consequences can occur if the victim is covered with earth? What first aid should he receive?

Victims who are buried under earth may experience suffocation when their throats are compressed and soil enters their nose and mouth. After removing a person from the rubble, it is necessary to restore his breathing: clear his mouth and nose of dirt, perform artificial respiration, and indirect cardiac massage. It is important to warm the patient by rubbing the skin, wrapping him in warm clothes, and drinking hot drinks.

Question 7. Why are lightning and technical electric shock combined into one concept - “electrical injury”?

Lightning and technical electric shock are combined into one concept - “electrical injury”, since they have the same nature and cause similar disturbances.

Question 8. What is the difference between biological and clinical death?

Biological death is associated with brain death and is irreversible, while clinical death is reversible, since in it the human brain is still functioning, even if breathing stops and the patient’s heart stops.

Question 9. How is artificial respiration performed using mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose methods?

Artificial respiration using the mouth-to-mouth method. The victim is placed face up on a hard surface, with a cushion placed under the neck. It is necessary to kneel near the victim’s head, holding it in the maximum tilted back position with one hand, and pull the lower jaw with the thumb of the other hand. The one who provides assistance takes a deep breath, then directly or through gauze tightly covers the victim’s mouth with his lips and exhales sharply. The victim's nose is covered with the fingers of the hand on the forehead. Exhalation is performed by passively reducing the volume of the victim’s chest. The duration of inhalation should be 2 times less than the time required for exhalation. The frequency of oxygen injection into the victim’s lungs is 12–14 times per minute.

Artificial respiration using the mouth-to-nose method. This method is used when the victim’s jaws are tightly clenched or the required expansion of the chest does not occur when using the mouth-to-mouth method. The victim’s head is also tilted back as much as possible and is held with one hand, which lies on the crown of the victim; the other hand should cover the mouth. The person providing assistance takes a deep breath and covers the victim’s nose with his lips and blows. If the chest does not fall enough when exhaling, then it is necessary to open the victim’s mouth slightly.

Indicators of the effectiveness of artificial respiration are expansion of the chest and the appearance of a pink tint to the skin.

Question 10. How is indirect cardiac massage performed?

The victim is placed on a hard surface - the floor, the ground, a table. The person providing assistance is positioned to the side of the victim. Places his palms (overlaid on one another) on the lower part of the victim’s chest (two fingers above the xiphoid process of the sternum). Your arms should be straight at the elbows. Due to the weight of his body, he presses on the victim’s chest, trying to bend it towards the spine by 4–5 cm. Then he leans back and repeats the push-like pressure again. Pressing frequency is 50–70 times per minute.

damage to the respiratory system caused by inhalation of hot air, steam, smoke. Manifested by respiratory disorders and symptoms of general intoxication. Often combined with skin burns. Often accompanied by impaired consciousness. The basis for diagnosis is the history, examination, and bronchoscopy. Additionally, an X-ray examination of the chest organs and laboratory tests are performed. When the fact and nature of the injury are confirmed, intensive therapy is carried out, including respiratory and nutritional support, bronchosanitation, inhalation and parenteral administration of drugs.

ICD-10

T27.0 T27.1 T27.2 T27.3

General information

Pathomorphological changes are multiorgan in nature. From the respiratory system, inflammation of the mucous membrane and submucosa of the trachea and bronchi, massive desquamation of the epithelium is detected. In the lung tissue, multiple atelectasis and distelectasis, emphysema are detected. Later, purulent exudate appears in the bronchi, and pneumonic foci are found in the lungs.

Classification

The volume and degree of organ damage is of great importance for determining patient management tactics and predicting the course of the pathological process in traumatology and combustiology. Based on location, inhalation injury is divided into damage to the upper respiratory tract and damage to the entire respiratory system. The severity of pathological changes in the tracheobronchial tree is detected using fiberoptic bronchoscopy and classified as follows:

Idegree. The bronchoscope passes freely to the small subsegmental bronchi. Swelling and redness of the mucous membranes is detected. Traces of soot are visible in places on the walls of the respiratory tract, which are easily washed off during sanitation. A small amount of viscous mucus is detected in the lumen of the airways.
II cdarkness. The bronchoscope reaches the segmental bronchi. In addition to edema and hyperemia, acute erosions are detected on the mucous membranes of the trachea and large bronchi. The soot is partially washed away. There is some mucous secretion.
III cdarkness. The tracheobronchial tree is traversable to the large lobar bronchi. The walls of the respiratory tract are completely covered with fixed soot. When you try to remove the plaque, a dry, pale surface is exposed, covered with erosions and ulcers, which bleeds easily on contact. There is no bronchial secretion, the lumens of the bronchi are filled with desquamated epithelium.

Symptoms of inhalation injury

A characteristic sign of inhalation damage is a cough with soot in the sputum. The victim is bothered by a sore throat and constant sore throat. The timbre of the voice changes, nasality, hoarseness or hoarseness appears, up to complete aphonia. Stinging chest pain intensifies when coughing or taking a deep breath. Breathing is difficult. Whistling sounds during inhalation and/or exhalation can be heard from a distance. Blueness of the skin indicates the development of severe respiratory failure. Very often there are skin burns, including on the face, neck, and chest area. Under the influence of high temperature and smoke, redness of the sclera, swelling of the conjunctiva and lacrimation occur.

Concomitant intoxication with carbon monoxide, cyanide compounds, and other combustion products causes headaches of varying intensity, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. Breathing and heart rate increase. Consciousness is often impaired. The victim may be agitated, disoriented, or in a comatose state.

Complications

The main tactical task when a patient receives inhalation injuries is to promptly stop early complications and prevent the development of later ones. Partial obstruction of the airways very quickly (sometimes within a few minutes) becomes complete and leads to asphyxia. This situation, as well as respiratory failure that occurs against the background of injury to the lung tissue, requires urgent resuscitation measures. In addition, inhalation injury aggravates the burn disease and provokes the development of shock.

In 20-80% of victims, respiratory injury is complicated by pneumonia. Due to the addition of a secondary infection, burns in the nasopharynx area are aggravated by suppurative processes. Multifactorial lesions often lead to sepsis and multiple organ failure. Respiratory complications and sepsis cause death in 50% of patients with combined extensive damage to the skin and respiratory system. Serious injury to the upper respiratory tract leads to chronic tracheitis, tracheal stenosis, and tracheomalacia. Sometimes chronic pulmonary heart failure subsequently develops.

Diagnostics

Often, upon first contact with a patient, specialists (traumatologists, combustiologists, pulmonologists) experience certain difficulties in diagnosing respiratory injuries. Respiratory disorders may develop delayed, 1-3 days after the incident. Considering the rapid increase in asphyxia, timely diagnosis of the pathological process is extremely important. The circumstances of the injury must be clarified. To exclude bronchopulmonary damage, the following research methods are used:

Inspection. In the absence of respiratory complaints, the area of skin defects and the location of burns are taken into account. The victim is examined for traces of soot on the face and nose. Hyperemia, swelling of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and pharynx is regarded as a sign of a burn of the respiratory tract. Inhalation injury is assumed to be present in all burnt patients with impaired consciousness.
Physical examination. In the latent stage, auscultatory data are usually scanty, breathing may be normal or somewhat weakened. During the period of advanced clinical manifestations, dry whistling and moist rales of various sizes are detected by auscultation. Breathing becomes more rapid, and with swelling of the larynx it becomes stridorous.
Bronchoscopy. Refers to mandatory diagnostic methods. Performed within the first hours after hospitalization of the victim. Allows you to simultaneously determine the severity of damage to the respiratory system and clear the respiratory tract of soot and accumulations of desquamated epithelium.

Additionally, the gas and acid-base composition of the blood is analyzed. To exclude carbon monoxide poisoning, the level of carboxyhemoglobin is determined. At the initial stage, radiation methods for examining the chest organs do not have much diagnostic value. Changes on radiographs (signs of pulmonary tissue edema, areas of infiltration) are detected 1-2 weeks after the injury.

Treatment of inhalation injury

A patient with inhalation injury may die within a short period of time, so treatment must be started immediately. Even at the prehospital stage, indications for tracheal intubation are determined. The victim is transported with oxygen support. According to clinical indications, antidotes of carbon monoxide and hydrocyanic acid are administered. Further treatment is carried out in the intensive care unit. Conservative patient management includes:

Respiratory support. Artificial ventilation of the lungs is carried out for all victims delivered in an unconscious state, patients with signs of acute respiratory failure. The indication for preventive mechanical ventilation is a high risk of developing life-threatening conditions.
Nebulizer therapy. To relieve bronchospasm and reduce swelling of the bronchial wall, inhalation therapy with short-acting bronchodilators and epinephrine is prescribed. The combination of mucolytics with heparin improves sputum discharge and prevents the formation of atelectasis.
Infusion-transfusion therapy. Performed when there is a combination of damage to the bronchopulmonary system and the skin for the prevention and treatment of burn shock. Transfusion of donor plasma is prescribed for severe microcirculation disorders and significant plasma loss.
Bronchial lavage. Sanitation bronchoscopy is performed. The exfoliated epithelium that clogs the bronchi is washed away, soot and derivatives of combustion products are removed. Thanks to sanitation, airway patency is restored and inflammatory changes in the bronchial wall are reduced.
Nutritional support. Preference is given to enteral (independent or tube) nutrition with high-calorie mixtures. If it is impossible to establish full enteral feeding of the patient, additional solutions of glucose and amino acids are administered.

To suppress pathogenic microflora and reduce the risk of developing bacterial pneumonia, sepsis and other infectious complications, antibiotics are prescribed. For anti-inflammatory purposes, small doses of corticosteroid hormones are administered in a short course. Exogenous surfactant is used as a pathogenetic agent. During the recovery period, breathing exercises are recommended.

Prognosis and prevention

The outcome of the disease directly depends on the area and depth of skin burns, the degree of damage to the tracheobronchial wall according to fiber-optic bronchoscopy. With extensive burn defects of the skin and respiratory lesions of the third degree, the prognosis is unfavorable, the victim may die. Isolated inhalation injury of I-II degree proceeds favorably. Timely initiation of intensive therapy and prevention of serious complications can cure damage to the respiratory tract and minimize long-term consequences. Prevention issues come down to compliance with fire safety rules and the use of personal protective equipment when working with flammable substances.

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Text content of presentation slides: Presentation on Biology Topic: “Diseases and injuries of the respiratory system.” Completed by a student of grade 8-B: Vlasenko Anastasia teacher: Miroshnichenko Tatyana Viktorovna Contents 1) Structure of the respiratory organs 2) Lungs and their structure 3) Diseases of the respiratory organs 4) Lung cancer 5) Symptoms and causes of lung cancer 6) Treatment of lung cancer 7) Runny nose 8) Symptoms of a runny nose 9) Treatment of a runny nose 10) Prevention of a runny nose 11) Bronchitis 12) Symptoms of bronchitis 13) Treatment of bronchitis 14) Prevention of bronchitis 15) Pneumonia 16) Symptoms of pneumonia 17) Treatment of pneumonia 18) Prevention of pneumonia 19) Smoking 20) The effect of smoking on the lungs Respiratory organs Respiratory tract Upper: Nasal and oral cavities, nasopharynx, Pharynx. Lower: larynx, trachea, bronchi. Lungs Structure of the respiratory organs Lungs and their structure. Respiratory diseases 1. Lung cancer 2. Runny nose (sinusitis) 3. Bronchitis 4. Pneumonia (pneumonia) 5. Tracheitis 6. Angina Symptoms and causes of lung cancer The main cause of lung cancer is smoking, because. Tobacco smoke and combustion products contain many carcinogenic substances that affect the chemical and physical causes of tumor development. 80% of patients are active smokers. Symptoms of lung cancer directly depend on the location of the tumor. If the tumor occurs in a large bronchus (central lung cancer), then the symptoms are more pronounced and appear earlier. Signs of such cancer are first a dry cough, which as the tumor grows turns into a wet cough, accompanied by the discharge of mucopurulent sputum, often streaked with blood. The sputum of such patients is compared to raspberry jelly. When the tumor begins to significantly impede the passage of air through the bronchi, shortness of breath appears. Chest pain usually occurs in the later stages of cancer, and is caused by the pressure of the tumor on surrounding organs. Treatment of lung cancer In the treatment of lung cancer, all methods used in modern oncology are used: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery. The success of treatment largely depends on the stage of tumor development. Prevention means hardening and giving up bad habits, especially smoking. Runny nose Runny nose (also known as rhinitis) is a symptomatic condition characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Symptoms of a runny nose Acute infectious runny nose, as a rule, is accompanied by fever, headache, general weakness - that is, it occurs in combination with other reactions of the body. The initial phase is characterized by dry mucous membranes, then swelling and nasal congestion with mucus occurs. Treatment of a runny nose Treatment of a runny nose consists of alleviating the patient’s condition and eliminating the root cause of rhinitis. Use: Vasoconstrictors - to relieve swelling and facilitate the removal of mucus Moisturizers - to reduce the risk of damage to the mucous membrane due to excessive dryness Antibacterial therapy when identifying an infection Antiviral drugs Antihistamines - for allergies Prevention of a runny nose Do not overcool. During periods of outbreaks of acute viral infections, spend less time in crowded places or use local means of protection against viruses. Keep a bottle of nasal drops in your purse or pocket. Regularly wet clean your home about once a week. Bronchitis Bronchitis is a disease of the respiratory system in which the bronchi are involved in the inflammatory process. On the left is a healthy bronchial tube on the right with bronchitis. Symptoms of bronchitis Bronchitis begins with a runny nose. Then a dry cough appears (not expectorated), the person is weakened, and has a high body temperature. Rarely, shortness of breath occurs. However, the main symptom is a dry cough. Treatment of bronchitis As a rule, it is prescribed according to the traditional regimen: plenty of warm drinks, vitamins, and antipyretics for high temperatures. A prerequisite for treatment is bed rest. When the body temperature has stopped rising, you can use auxiliary means - mustard plasters, rubbing in the sternum area with the help of special ointments. Inhalations also help well with bronchitis. Foot baths with mustard can be considered a good distraction. Prevention of bronchitis Long chronic runny noses should not be allowed to occur; inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract should be treated in a timely manner. Of course, quit smoking and alcohol. These habits weaken the body. Hypothermia, chronic and inflammatory diseases also contribute to bronchitis. To protect the body, you must take vitamins so that bronchitis no longer bothers you. Pneumonia Pneumonia is an acute infectious inflammation of the lung tissue (alveoli), which is accompanied by respiratory disorders and is confirmed by changes in the lungs during x-ray examination. Symptoms of pneumonia High body temperature (from 37 to 39.5 C), shortness of breath, sputum, chills, cough (sometimes when coughing up, streaks of blood can be seen in the sputum. Also, chest pain when trying to take a deep breath. Treatment of pneumonia Caring for patients with pneumonia with a mild course and favorable living conditions, it can be carried out at home, but most patients require hospitalization. At the height of the disease, bed rest, a mechanically and chemically gentle diet with limited table salt, and a sufficient amount of vitamins, especially A and C, are required. The patient needs access to fresh air, for which regular ventilation of the room is recommended. With recovery, breathing exercises, physical therapy, and walks are prescribed. The doctor selects antimicrobial therapy individually, depending on the causative agent of the disease. Thoughtless self-medication can lead to complications. Prevention of pneumonia 1) Avoid contact with sick people. 2) Avoid hypothermia and other stress factors. 3) Strengthen the immune system. 4) Hardening. 5) Breathing exercises. 6) Treatment of chronic foci of infection. Smoking Currently, smoking is a pressing problem throughout the world. More than 1 billion people in the world smoke. According to statistics in Europe, 14% of all deaths occur due to tobacco smoking. Tobacco causes about 5 million deaths annually, or 800 every day. Every 8 seconds, one person dies from diseases caused by tobacco. Health experts believe that more than 25 diseases are linked to tobacco. One cigarette smoked shortens a person's life by 6-15 minutes. Smokers shorten their lives by an average of 8-10 years. The effect of smoking on the lungs When smoking, nicotine is released, which kills the cells of the body. Tobacco smoke is “poison” for the lungs. Nicotine can also turn the body’s defense reaction against it. On the left are the lungs of a non-smoker, on the right are the lungs of a smoker.

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