The features of formal business style include the use of. Characteristic features of official business style
Introduction. 3
1. Features of official business style. 4
1.1.Substyles of official business style 5
1.2.Linguistic features of official business style 6
2. Business communication culture. eleven
Conclusion 17
References 18
Introduction.
It would be wrong and unfair to call the official business style clerical. This is a whole variety of Russian literary language. And this is an appropriate style, which has its own means of expression, ways of naming objects and phenomena, and is even expressive in its own way. By observing the norms of official business speech, we pay tribute not to cliches and bureaucracy, but to the objectively established tradition of constructing speech in accordance with the expressed content, setting and purpose of the statement. Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, then in an official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural part of it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this undoubtedly makes them easier and simpler to use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are customarily labeled in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it. Modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form of written speech. The oral form of official business speech is speeches at ceremonial meetings, sessions, receptions, reports of government and public figures, etc. The official business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relationships: relations between government authorities and the population, between countries, between enterprises, institutions and organizations, between individuals and society. In fact, from birth to death, a person is within the scope of official business speech. The main goal of my work is to consider descriptions, features, and varieties of official business style in modern society, as well as to consider the role of such an important component in everyday work as documentation.
1. Features of official business style.
The modern official business (hereinafter referred to as OD) style is a functional variety of the Russian literary language used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.
The official business style refers to the bookish and written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, and in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by speeches and reports at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, office telephone conversations, and oral orders.
The general extralinguistic and actual linguistic features of this style include the following:
1) accuracy, detail of presentation;
2) standardization of presentation;
3) the properly prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness).
Indeed, the language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy, not allowing any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms (questionnaire, certificate, instructions, statement, business letter, etc.).
Business speech is impersonal, stereotypical, and lacks an emotional element.
A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. Thus, in management documentation we constantly encounter first-person forms of the verb (I ask, I propose, I order, I congratulate), with modal forms, obligation (must, necessary, follows, proposed).
1.1.Substyles of official business style
Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within OA three substyles:
1)diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memoranda, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);
2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state importance; the main oral form is judicial speech);
3) managerial(types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, instructions, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, official telephone conversation, oral order).
Diplomatic style. This variety of OA style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documentation of the diplomatic substyle is law and to a greater extent than in other substyles. - politics, as it is associated with the implementation of the international policy of the state.
Legislative substyle. Legal documents are distinguished by greater stylistic and linguistic homogeneity than documents of other substyles. In these texts one can note the widespread use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner). In the legislative substyle, abstract vocabulary is used and there is practically no expressive-emotional language means or evaluative vocabulary. Evaluative words of this kind, such as parasite, criminal, acquire terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, contrasts and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and rest, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and compulsorily, withhold and accrue.
The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has originally been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, determined by the content and composition of documents.
Managerial substyle. The scope of application of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, and industrial relations. The types of documents of the management sub-style differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.
In the texts of the managerial sub-style, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and stable phrases with the coloring of an official business style are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify). The managerial sub-style has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the names of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves different areas of social and industrial activity (culture, study, trade, agriculture, various industries), a wide variety of terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. In official texts, it is not recommended to use synonyms, replacing with them the direct names of objects and actions. Unlike the legislative substyle, there are few antonyms here. In management sub-style texts, abbreviations, compound words, and various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used. Only in the texts of the managerial substyle are used verb forms in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to specification, with a precise indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used, and constructions with the words must and must are used relatively rarely. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as impute, oblige, impose an obligation.
1.2.Linguistic features of official business style
Vocabulary and phraseology. OD speech reveals a tendency towards extremely generalized semantically vocabulary, where everything that is acutely unique, specific, and unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. What is important for an official document is not the living flesh of a given phenomenon, but its “legal” essence. OD speech gives preference to generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:
premises (cf.: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf.: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf.: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), serviceman (cf.: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, recruit, soldier, serviceman, sailor), punishment (cf.: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, reprimand), arrive ( cf.: to come, to arrive, to sail, to gallop, to burst in, to arrive, to arrive) and others.
Word formation and morphological features. The word-formation and morphological features of the OA style are inextricably linked with its general characteristics: the desire for accuracy, standardization, impersonal and obligatorily prescriptive nature of presentation.
Of the conjugated forms, the present tense forms are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that the law requires to be performed under certain conditions:
"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."
When naming a person in the OD style, nouns are used that designate the person based on a characteristic determined by some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adoptive parent, plaintiff, witness, etc.
Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form even when they refer to female persons: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.
Among the word-formation models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including na-nie, sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example:
“Children left without parental care and located in educational institutions, medical institutions, social protection institutions and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests.... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).
Stringing nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style:
“Preparation for a crime is the search and adaptation of means or instruments or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...”
The OA style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as grammatically supporting words and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings amounts to many dozens:
conduct (campaigning, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, searches, development, investigation...);
make (additions, corrections, clarifications...);
give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, instruction, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, instruction...);
undergo (examination, training, testing..) and so on.
Extremely characteristic of official speech are the methods of composite word formation - stem and word composition, fusion, as a result of which in the lexicon of a business language two (or more) root formations are represented by a very extensive collection:
marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, dacha owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, material and technical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment intermediary, knowledge-intensive, transport-intensive, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ship-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others.
The business style’s predilection for complex words is easily explained: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is met by the phrase; the number of OA style names created in this way amounts to many thousands of units:
vehicles, wages, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, reception point, executive committee, cashless payments, work injury, bodily injury, public places, occupational disease, catering establishment, high-demand goods, training without separation from work, the right to rest, a search warrant, demotion, loss of rights....
The convenience of “analytical” models is expressed with particular clarity in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc. that makes up a gigantic layer of official names: chief researcher, deputy regiment commander for engineering service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian Railway, Volyn Household Chemicals Plant, State Duma deputy...
Syntax. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of the OD style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition by, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching. For example:
"Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".
Simple sentences in the OA style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example:
"The objects of common ownership of a peasant farm are the following property: land plot, plantings, outbuildings or other buildings, reclamation and other structures, productive and working livestock, poultry, agricultural and other machinery, equipment, vehicles, inventory and other property..."
As in the scientific style, passive construction and complex sentences with a conjunctive connection of parts are widely used here, and a large place is occupied by complex sentences with a conditional clause (26% among all complex sentences, which is 4 times higher than their use in scientific speech).
The syntax of the OD style is known for “stringing the genitive case,” i.e. the use of complex combinations with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case (G.p.) without a preposition. Examples: To apply public pressure measures, for the purpose of wide publicity of the work of the Ministry of Higher Education...
Thus, the process of standardization of business speech covers all levels of language - vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. As a result, a stable speech stereotype is formed, perceived by speakers as a special, functionally oriented type of linguistic norming of texts, i.e. special functional style.
Those who see the standardization of business speech as an “impoverishment” and even “damage” of the literary language are completely wrong. The development of business language corresponds to the general laws of the evolution of modern society, for example, the increasing mechanization of labor, the introduction of machine methods for processing, transmitting and storing information.
A negative linguistic phenomenon should be considered not the standardization of OA style, but the use of verbal cliches in oral and written speech. A type of cliche that is increasingly penetrating into lively spoken language is the so-called “bureaucraticism” (according to the apt definition of K.I. Chukovsky), the misuse of stencil expressions from business papers.
The coloring of the OD style is possessed, first of all, by the lexical and phraseological units of the language (notify, forward, plaintiff, protocol, housing rental, prosecutorial supervision, one-time allowance). The use of the name “bureaucracy” in relation to this vocabulary and phraseology in all cases seems unfair, since this name has a negative emotional connotation. It is more expedient to distinguish between two concepts and, accordingly, two terms: “vocabulary with the coloring of OD style” and “clericalism”.
The first name reflects the place of the corresponding layer of vocabulary in the system of general literary language, its functional and stylistic coloring. The second name, “clericalisms,” refers to the same lexical units, but when they are used in speech with a different stylistic overtones, for example, in colloquial speech, or in the language of a work of art. If they are used unintentionally, by accident, then their use should be regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error.
The OA style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotional and expressive coloring. Indeed, in the linguistic means of the OA style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer) that would be layered on linguistic units beyond their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the linguistic units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.
2. Business communication culture.
Business conversation is, understood in the broadest sense, oral speech contact between people connected by business interests who have the necessary authority to establish business relationships and solve business problems. Business conversation is primarily oral business speech, which has significant differences with its written form. First of all, a business conversation is a direct communication that involves a specific interlocutor (or interlocutors), which makes it possible to directly influence him (or them). The presence of an interlocutor allows you to use facial expressions, gestures, intonation and other communication techniques, which significantly distinguishes oral business speech from its written form.
Direct communication eliminates the possibility of preliminary thinking, and therefore business conversation is full of relaxed forms of communication, as well as some grammatical and stylistic features. Thus, this type of business speech is characterized by a certain departure from the usual morphological norms of the general literary language, which in business communication are often considered as an excess that does not allow the meaning of the statement to be accurately and concisely conveyed. For speech to be correct, words must be used in strict accordance with their meaning. Meanwhile, errors in word usage are the most common speech flaw among participants in business conversations. Let's take this example: “The weather WAS FAVORABLE for the unloading of the platforms” (instead of “FAVORABLE”). In this case, the word is used without taking into account its semantics. Such errors arise as a result of the speakers’ stylistic negligence, inattention to the word, or poor knowledge of the language.
Using words without taking into account their semantics often changes the meaning of a statement. For example: “The construction of the main building of the plant coincided with a sharp deterioration in CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.” The speaker meant, of course, weather conditions (bad weather), the climate cannot change in the few months during which the construction of the mentioned factory building was carried out.
Using words without taking into account their semantics can cause illogicality and even absurdity in a statement. Thus, in the phrase “A DECADE of a technical book will take FIVE DAYS,” the speaker forgot or did not know that the word “decade” means “ten days.” But more often, incorrect word usage leads to logical errors, which are usually expressed in the substitution of a concept.
Speakers do not always skillfully use antonyms in their speech. Consider the following phrase, which is heard quite often in business conversations: “DUE TO WEAK CONTROL...”. Here, the first of the words of the antonymic pair, acting as a preposition, should not have retained the original lexical meaning, but due to the close proximity of its antonym, this meaning “appeared”, and the combination of incompatible concepts became the reason for the illogicality of the statement.
A careless attitude to language can cause speech failure - missing words necessary to accurately express a thought: “THE DEPARTMENT STARTS at exactly 12 o’clock” (“meeting” is missed). Speech impairment usually occurs when the speaker is in a hurry and does not monitor the correctness of the statement, which causes serious damage to the semantic side of speech.
In some cases, missing words can completely distort the idea: “To speed up the loading of goods, it is necessary to unite all port services” (it is necessary: to unite the EFFORTS of all port services).
The cause of stylistic errors is very often an unsuccessful choice of synonym. For example, in the phrase “It is necessary to PROTECT the goods from shrinkage,” instead of the verb “to protect,” one should use its synonym “PRESERVE.”
If the speaker finds it difficult to give an exact definition of a particular concept, an unjustified string of synonyms may arise that express the idea approximately, giving rise to speech redundancy, for example: “Our employees have recently had a lot of absences and absenteeism. We must ensure RHYTHMIC and UNINTERRUPTED work.”
Very often in a business conversation there is a confusion of paronyms (i.e. words that are similar in morphological composition and, therefore, in sound, but differ in meaning), which leads to gross lexical errors. Most often this causes a violation of lexical compatibility, for example: BOW your head (must: bow); beautiful and PRACTICAL clothes (necessary: practical).
A lexical error, consisting in replacing the desired word with its distorted version, is close to mixing paronyms. So, instead of the adjective “extraordinary” they say “unscheduled”, instead of “mutually” - “mutually”.
Gross lexical errors in speech can be caused by false associations, which often arise under the influence of the wrong choice of paronym. The words “statute” and “status” are often confused, “to approve” (i.e. to give official approval based on verification) and “to test” (i.e. to subject to a test, sample before use). For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning; it is also necessary to take into account the lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. Involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common defect in oral speech. So, they often say: the meeting is convened, the conversation is read, the obligations are completed, the attention is increased, the horizons are broadened. You can often hear the phrase “MEET CONTEMPORARY NEEDS,” which is a mixture of MEETING REQUIREMENTS and MEETING NEEDS. Or another example: “MATERIAL DAMAGES WERE RECOVERED from the supplier in favor of the customer” (material DAMAGES can be COMPENSATED, MONEY can be RECOVERED).
You cannot combine colloquial words with book ones or combine high, solemn phrases with ordinary, neutral ones, for example: “After that, he became an advocate of saving on every operation” (one could say more simply: “He suggested saving on every operation”).
BRIEFS is the most important requirement for any form of business speech, since such speech is characterized, as we have already noted, by a purely applied nature in the presentation of the information being reported. This means that the speaker does not abuse the listener's time and patience, avoiding unnecessary repetition, unnecessary detail and verbal garbage. Every word and expression serves a purpose here, which can be formulated as follows: to present the essence of the matter to the listeners as accurately and concisely as possible. Therefore, words and phrases that do not carry any semantic load should be completely excluded from business speech.
Verbosity, or speech redundancy, most often manifests itself in the use of unnecessary words, which indicate not only stylistic negligence, they also indicate the vagueness and uncertainty of the speaker’s ideas about the subject of speech, which often comes at the expense of information content, obscuring the main idea of the statement.
Verbosity comes in various forms. Thus, very often participants in business conversations obsessively explain well-known truths to everyone or repeatedly repeat the same thoughts, thereby unintentionally prolonging the business conversation.
Speech redundancy can take the form of PLEONASM, which is understood as the simultaneous use of words that are close in meaning and therefore superfluous (anticipate in advance, dark darkness, the main essence, everyday routine, valuable treasure, etc.). Often pleonasms are born by combining synonyms (long and lasting; bold and courageous; only; however, nevertheless). A type of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY, that is, repetition of the same thing in other words. Everyday conversations of business people are literally filled with repetitions of the same or similar words, for example: “in the MONTH of August”, “SCHEMATIC plan”, “five PEOPLE miners”, “seven PIECES of transformers”, etc.
Tautology can arise when repeating words with the same root (tell a story), as well as when combining a Russian and a foreign word that duplicates its meaning (debuted for the first time, a memorable souvenir). The latter usually indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed foreign word. This is how the combinations “interior”, “break interval”, “young prodigy”, “minuscule little things”, “leading leader”, etc. appear.
However, individual combinations of this type have become so entrenched in speech that they can no longer be classified as speech defects. These include, for example, such as “time period”, “monumental monument”, “real reality”, “exhibitions of the exhibition”, “second-hand book”.
Speech redundancy in business speech also includes the unnecessary use of foreign words that duplicate Russian words and thereby unjustifiably complicate the statement. Why, for example, say “nothing extraordinary” when you can say “nothing special”; instead of “ordinary” - “ordinary”, instead of “indifferent” - “indifferent”, instead of “ignore” - “not notice”, instead of “limit” - “limit”, instead of “approximately” - “approximately”, instead of “function” - “act”, instead of “diversification” - “diversity”, instead of “determine” - “define”, instead of “test” - “check”, etc.
Incorrect or parallel use of foreign language vocabulary leads, as a rule, to unnecessary repetitions, for example: “industrial industry” (the word “industry” already contains the concept “industrial”), “to speed up construction at an accelerated pace” (“to force” means “to carry out at an accelerated pace” pace"), "to suffer a complete fiasco" ("fiasco" is a complete defeat).
Conclusion
In conclusion, we summarize the main results of the abstract. During business communication, information, opinions and views are exchanged between people. Communication is interaction. This is a way to get to know other people, the world around. Business communication is based on all moral principles of communication. You need to be able to emphasize the importance that this or that interlocutor has for you. The concept of communicative culture in business communication is an interaction leading to the establishment of psychological contact with partners, when perception and understanding between them is established. Here, knowledge of the peculiarities of human interaction is important in order to be able to direct the actions of partners towards the result you desire. Generally accepted norms for any type of communication, and business communication in particular, contain requirements for its participants. These include politeness, correctness, modesty, tact, accuracy and courtesy..
Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government agencies, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is subject to serious changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language due to its stability, traditionality, isolation and standardization. The analysis showed that standard syntactic phrases, clichéd expressions, structural and compositional features, etc. are the result of intralingual selection, the use of those structural and syntactic capabilities of the language that best meet the tasks facing business writing. And it is these features, which arose under the influence of extralinguistic factors and as a result of the internal laws of language development, that determine the face of the genre of business correspondence, distinguishing it from other genres of the official business style and maintaining its thematic and genre attachment for decades.
Bibliography
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Business. Of course, the language...
Officially - business written speech
Abstract >> Foreign languageTransformations of the Russian state apparatus. Russian officially – business written speech has centuries-old traditions and deep... and patterns of formation of a special style language serving the sphere officially - business relationships, identify features...
Using language in their daily lives, all people, depending on the need, resort to various linguistic means. Linguistic style is a set of linguistic means of expression conditioned by the content and purpose of the utterance. Business style is the style of a variety of business papers, and it is characterized by quite significant diversity.
General provisions for writing text
Speech is an invaluable treasure of the people, a complete chronicle of their spiritual life. In the depths of language there is a philosophical mind, a refined aesthetic taste, a truly poetic flair, the work of concentrated thought, the power of extreme sensitivity to the subtlest modulations in natural phenomena, the strictest logic, high spiritual sects.
To cultivate respect for the language you speak and write in is, first of all, to respect yourself, to show respect for your people, their history, and culture.
The first grammar in its modern understanding as the science of forms and the use of words was compiled in Art. to n. e. disciple of Aristarchus Dionysius of Thracia. By that time, grammar meant the art of reading and writing.
Even V. Potebnya emphasized the role of language in the creation and formation of concepts, categories of thought in the logic of thinking processes.
Features of the official business style of documents
A feature of language, manifested in the selection, combination and organization of linguistic means in connection with the tasks of communication, is its style. According to the main functions of the language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and official business.
Any information requires a language in which it will be recorded, transmitted and perceived. This complex process can be carried out using special terminology - a basic component of any functional style.
In various spheres of economic, socio-political and cultural life, the style of business communication was influenced by the need to present facts with extreme accuracy, brevity, specificity, avoiding ambiguity.
Formal business style- this is a style that serves the sphere of official business relations mainly in written form. Business papers can be varied in genre and content, in volume and linguistic expression. Most business papers in their content are related to the business sphere of communication, therefore the individual personal aspect is not reflected in the language and style of the document.
The language of business papers is characterized by stylistic rigor and objectivity of presentation. In an official business style there should be no emotionality and subjective assessment. This brings the style of business papers closer to a balanced bookish, scientific style, although the impersonality of the manner of presentation is a characteristic feature of the document’s language.
Since documents are related to legal norms, the objectivity in the style of presentation is emphasized by their affirmative and imperative nature. As a rule, documents are drawn up so that the information presented in them is taken into account, or the corresponding decision is necessarily executed. Such documents are based on scientific analysis of social relations, so they must be precise and concise, and this must be achieved using appropriate linguistic means. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the use of words in their specific meaning.
The scope of application of business style determines its genre ramifications. The main purpose of the official business style is to regulate business relations in the above areas and serve the social needs of people in typical situations.
Official business style is a style that appeals to the intellect, to reason, and not to feelings, and therefore stands out among other functional styles with its special features. Features of the written form compared to the oral form are:
The absence of an interlocutor at the moment of expressing a thought, the absence of a language situation;
The number of interlocutors and the qualitative composition of the audience are not always known;
The written form is secondary to the oral one and relies on the oral form as its source;
The presence of texts assigned to forms of existence (not all written texts can be spoken, for example, a passport);
Monologue nature of written texts, potentially unlimited number of copies;
The presence of a system of graphic signs inherent only in written form;
Communication is not direct, but indirect, which in turn predetermines careful work on the selection of means, their clarification, improvement, and hence the strict regulation of the means and structure of the text, traditionalism and conservatism in the structuring and selection of means.
The official business style is characterized by the use of words only in those meanings that are determined by the norm of literary literary usage, as well as the meaning traditional for business documents, which does not violate their stylistic unity and corresponds to the general trend of standardization of business language.
Business style is determined by the following features:
1. Accuracy, consistency and conciseness in the presentation of facts, extreme clarity in the statement. Business style is devoid of imagery, emotionality and individual authorial features.
2. The presence of speech patterns, a certain standardization of the beginnings and endings of documents. These are so-called clichés - stable verbal formulas assigned to a specific situation and are perceived as an ordinary, obligatory component. The presence of standard expressions facilitates and shortens the process of arranging texts, leading to the same type of means in the same situations.
Cliche - These are linguistic constructions that have a constant composition of components, their order and established sound. There are simple, complicated and complex clichés.
Simple clichés - these are language constructions consisting of two words: accordingly, take action, express gratitude, reprimand, participate, etc.
Complex - that have more than two words: take into account, according to the original, take an active part, take strict measures, issue a severe reprimand and the like.
Complex - have in their structure two simple cliches, which are combined into one block: department for combating organized crime, monitoring the execution of the order, I reserve the order to announce to the personnel of the academy and the like.
3. Availability of details that have a certain order. In different types of business papers, the composition of the details is not the same; it depends on the content of the document, its purpose, and processing method. Assignment using permanent details places makes documents convenient for visual perception and simplifies their processing.
4. Logical and well-reasoned presentation. This feature of business speech involves reflecting the correct state of things, consistency and objectivity of facts and assessments, and neutrality of tone.
5. Lack of individual style features. Unlike other areas of activity, participants in business communication mainly act as representatives of certain organizations and institutions and express their interests - that is, they are bearers of certain functions. In this regard, manifestations of individuality in business language are considered deviations from the norm, atypical for style in general,
6. Vocabulary is predominantly neutral, used in its literal meaning. Depending on what particular branch of public life the official business style serves, it may contain socio-political, socio-industrial, legal, scientific vocabulary and the like.
New concepts, meanings, their shades, establishing themselves in the human mind, in communication, enter into general use due to their consolidation in the text.
Official business style (OBC) serves the sphere of official relations in which participants in communication perform certain social functions. Situations during such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, therefore many documents are ready-made forms in which you only need to enter the passport data of the document submitter.
The term “official business style” is usually used to designate the peculiarities of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, requiring a certain form for the written presentation of the content, it gives the text the character of a document and transfers the various aspects of human relations reflected in this text into the category of official business documents.
The main features of ODS are precision of formulation, standard arrangement of material, regulation (limited set of linguistic means), rigor and simplicity, information richness, written form of presentation and impersonality of the statement.
ODS is divided into three substyles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal substyle include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution; the genres of the diplomatic substyle include a credential, note of protest, declaration, communiqué; the genres of the clerical and business substyle include orders, contracts, notices, orders, as well as all types of documents. of a personal nature (application, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, report / official / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).
Among the linguistic features of the official business style, the following should be highlighted. To the lexical features of ODS refers to the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalisms that immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech ( proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer and etc.). ODS texts lack emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not written, A is being compiled.
In morphological terms the use of short forms of adjectives with the meaning of must is noted ( obliged, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominate prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for the purpose, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced by adverbs and modal words ( repairs must be made, I order that measures be taken, it is necessary to begin... etc.).
On syntactic features ODS texts include the active use of passive constructions ( the order is completed, it is not possible, negotiations are completed) and an abundance of sentences with homogeneous members and isolated phrases, various kinds of cliches and cliches with archaic elements ( according to the act, the punishability of the act).
ODS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participial and adverbial phrases make the text information-rich. The texts are dominated by constructions with “stringing” genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).
Official business texts are characterized by a high degree of segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.
ODS texts, or documents, occupy a significant place in the life of a modern person. They regulate our social life, so we feel the need for them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret a document, but also to draft it correctly. The author composing this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires of him, and not “invent” his own phrases that differ from the standard ones.
The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with a constant composition, which includes mandatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.
For example, a job application contains the following details:
1) indication of the addressee (name of the manager and enterprise);
2) indication of the addressee;
3) name of the genre of the document (statement);
4) the main content of the request (please accept me...);
5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;
6) signature (handwritten signature).
It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and addressee are indicated in the upper right corner of the sheet. The title of the document (with a capital letter and without a period at the end, if the addressee uses the preposition “from”, or with a lowercase letter and with a period at the end, if the addressee does not have the preposition “from”) is located in the middle, and the main content is along the width of the sheet. The date is placed at the bottom left, and the signature is at the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, empty lines are left between the details. Below the date and signature, free space is left for the resolution. Resolutions are also in the top left corner.
The official business style is the most common style, which functions not only in clerical work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, in production, at a university, in medical institutions, in a newspaper, etc.
When drawing up documents, generally accepted stable speech patterns are used: I ask your permission to...; I, who have signed below...; the certificate was given... that... indeed...; let me invite you...; I, who live at the address..., trust...
It is extremely important for documents to use the correct verbs such as trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the first person plural or singular form in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when mentioning the addresser, for example: “I ask”, not “I ask”; “we undertake”, not “we undertake”.
The author of the document must be able to accurately and concisely express his point of view on the issue of interest to him. To do this, he must know linguistic means expressing cause-and-effect and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominate prepositions: for the reason, for the purposes of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, in accordance with, according to, thanks to, in view of and so on.
In official business papers, you should correctly use etiquette formulas of address, indicating the addressee’s respectful attitude towards the addressee: Thank you for..., We kindly ask you..., Unfortunately... It should be borne in mind that in a business letter the second person pronouns ( You, Your) are written with a capital letter, while in ordinary written speech such spelling contradicts the norms of Russian spelling.
In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of response time in ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...)or refusal to the addressee’s request without specifying reasons.
Typical errors in business speech include the following violations:
1) unmotivated use of foreign words ( prolong instead of extend; appeal instead of address);
2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);
3) incorrect use of paronyms ( graduated from university instead of graduated from university; introduce the products instead of introduce the products);
4) violation of the norms of using prepositions ( thanks, according to, despite, according to combined with the dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional-case combinations An experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river).
Here are two options for writing a statement:.
Option 1 (application from whom):
prof. A.M. Shammazov
from a second year student
Faculty of Technology
Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich.
Statement
I ask you to transfer me to part-time study for family reasons. An extract from the academic certificate about the tests and exams I passed is attached.
07/25/2012 Personal signature
Option 2 (whose statement):
Rector of Ufa State
Petroleum Technical University
prof. A.M. Shammazov
second year student
Faculty of Technology
Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich
statement.
In connection with the request of the enterprise, which sent me at its own expense for training, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling of oil and gas wells”. A letter from the HR department of Burintech LLC is attached.
Formal business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.
Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic phrases - give it a generally conservative character.
The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.
In official papers, the set of linguistic means used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is language stamps, or the so-called cliche(French) clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use (see examples of clichés below)
Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style is generally characterized by common and most important features. These include:
1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
2) locale standard.
These features find their expression a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.
Let's consider the features of vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.
Linguistic signs of official business style of speech
Lexical features of official business style of speech
The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to general book and neutral words, includes:
1) language stamps (bureaucracy, clichés) : raise a question based on the decision, incoming and outgoing documents, control over execution is assigned upon expiration of the deadline.
2) professional terminology : arrears, alibi, hblack cash, shadow business;
2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);
5. The style under consideration is characterized by a wide distribution of impersonal sentences of various types, since in modern scientific speech the personal style of presentation has given way to an impersonal one ( You can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for future social reconstruction.For modern man this easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).
6. Scientific texts are characterized by clarification of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, therefore they are dominated by complex sentences with various types of conjunctions ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, whereas, meanwhile, while and etc.).
7. A group of introductory words and phrases containing an indication of message source (in our opinion, according to belief, according to concept, according to information, according to message, from the point of view, according to hypothesis, definition and etc.). For example: Answer, according to the author, always ahead of its true reason - the goal, and does not follow the external stimulus.
8. Scientific works are characterized by compositional coherence of presentation. The interconnectedness of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words ( so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, besides, also, nevertheless, yet, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, in addition, however, despite, first of all, in first of all, first, finally, finally, hence).
PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE
Journalistic style is a historically established functional variety of literary language that serves a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, etc. Journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentary films , some types of oratory (reports, speeches, speeches at meetings, rallies, in government and public organizations, etc.).
The selection and organization of linguistic means of a journalistic style determine its main functions - informative and influencing.
The function of the message (informative) is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society. The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens. The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence (expressive). The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality, which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position.
A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and expressions, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.
The journalistic style is characterized by alternating standard and expression, logical and figurative, evaluative and evidential, economy of language, clarity, conciseness, consistency of presentation with informative richness.
Language featuresjournalisticWowstyleI'm speaking
Lexical features
1. The functional purpose of the words and expressions used in the journalistic style is not the same; Among them we can highlight neutral vocabulary and phraseology ( event, play a role, form, buyer, situation etc.) and stylistically colored, emotionally-evaluative – positive ( mercy, fatherland, fraternal, dare) and negative ( clique, puppet, philistine, instill, sop to public opinionYu).
2. In the journalistic style, ready-made standard formulas are used - speech cliches ( matter, need amendments, cause damage, reform course, government composition, ruble exchange rate, negative consequences, financial market, pay attention and etc.). Newspaper clichés (set phrases and whole sentences) are used next to expressive, expressive means of language that have an emotional impact on the audience.
3. The journalistic style is characterized by a combination of “high”, bookish style ( power, self-sacrifice, army etc.) with a conversational style, colloquial and slang vocabulary ( fuss, fuss, wet– meaning ‘to kill’, run over– meaning ‘to make a claim’, etc.).
4. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary is widely used ( humanity, transparency,president, democracy, peace-loving, federal and etc.).
5. Journalistic style is characterized by the use of phraseological units and stable combinations.
Word formation features
In journalistic style the following are often used:
1) abstract nouns with suffixes -ness , -stv (O), -nij(f), -andj(e): personality, greed, cooperation, reversal,confidence and etc.;
2) nouns and adjectives with lexicalized prefixes inter-, all-, general-, over - : international,All-Russian,nationwide,ultra-modern and etc.;
3) nouns and adjectives with international suffixes and prefixes -ism- ,- ist-, -ant- , -atsij(A), anti-,counter-,de- : globalism,authoritarianism,moralist, figurant, computerization,anti-vandal, counter-reform, depoliticization and etc.;
4) words with emotionally expressive suffixes, for example, -schin (a): military, Stalinism and etc.;
5) words formed by addition: socio-political, socio-economic and etc.;
Morphological features
The morphological features of the journalistic style include the frequent use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech:
6) elliptical sentences - sentences incomplete in composition, in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm: Behind the actor’s house there is a large garden.
CONVERSATIONALYY STYLE
The conversational style is contrasted with book styles in general. This determines its special place in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language. Conversational style is the most traditional communication style serving the everyday sphere of communication. It provides for close acquaintance, social community of conversation participants, and the absence of an element of formality in communication.
The conversational style is characterized by mass use. It is used by people of all ages, of all professions, not only in everyday life, but also in informal, personal communication in the socio-political, industrial, labor, educational and scientific spheres of activity. It is widely represented in fiction. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the modern Russian language. This is the original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of a later (often even historically recent) period.
A specific defining feature of colloquial speech is that it is used in conditions of unprepared, casual communication with the direct participation of speakers.
Linguistic features of conversational style of speech
Intonation and pronunciation
In everyday conversation, for which the oral form is primordial, intonation plays an extremely important role. In interaction with syntax and vocabulary, it creates the impression of conversationality. Casual speech is often accompanied by sharp increases and decreases in tone, prolongation, “stretching” of vowels, prolongation of consonants, pauses, changes in the tempo of speech, as well as its rhythm.
Everyday colloquial vocabulary is words that are accepted in everyday life in the vocabulary of everyday colloquial speech, in addition to neutral, words that are characterized by expressiveness and evaluativeness are included. Among them: words colloquial and vernacular colors (excites, wretched, living creature, blond, crazy, infuriate). The everyday conversational style is characterized by an abundance of colloquial phraseology.
Colloquial speech is also characterized by words with situational meaning, the so-called situational vocabulary. These words can denote any concepts, and even entire situations, if they are well known to the participants in the dialogue ( thing, thing, carousel, music, parsley, bandura, business, question, trifles, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, pies, toys). For example: I just can't figure this thing out! i.e.: “I just can’t understand how (TV, vacuum cleaner, washing machine) works.”
The main signs of colloquiality in the field of word formation are:
1) the use of words with suffixes of pronounced expressiveness, emotionality, stylistic decline, for example: - l (liar), - ash - (trader), - un - (chatterbox), - ush - (huge), - ast - (armed), -sha - (doctor), - ikh-a (watchman);
2) widespread use of words formed according to specific conversational models of “semantic contraction” (abbreviation), i.e., combining two or more words into one: evening newspaper- evening; urgent Care– emergency room; foreign literature course – abroad : higher mathematics– tower; graduate work- diploma.
Morphology
1. Morphological features of everyday colloquial speech are manifested primarily in the very set of parts of speech. Thus, we can note the absence in colloquial speech of participles and gerunds, short adjectives (in their syntactic contrast to full ones), a decrease in the proportion of nouns, and an increase in the proportion of particles.
2. Colloquial speech is no less unique in the distribution of case forms. Typical, for example, is the predominance of the nominative case: House shoes / where to go out? Porridge/ look // Isn’t it burnt?
3. The presence of a special vocative form is noted: Roll! Mom!
4. In colloquial speech, truncated versions of function words, conjunctions and particles are widely used: so, what, so, at least, as well as truncated versions of nouns: five kilogram orange (Right: kilograms of oranges).
Conversational style syntax
The colloquial syntax is very unique. The conditions for the implementation of colloquial speech (unpreparedness of the utterance, ease of verbal communication, the influence of the situation) have a particular impact on its syntactic structure. The main syntactic features of the colloquial style of speech include:
1) the predominance of simple sentences;
2) widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
3) the use of words-sentences ( Yes. No.);
4) the use of incomplete sentences on a large scale, the so-called “chopped speech” ( This dress/nowhere. No/well, nothing at all/if with a belt);
5) in the syntactic structure of conversational speech, pauses are allowed due to various reasons (searching for the right word, the speaker’s excitement, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.), repeated questions, repetitions.
The named syntactic features in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:
A: Are you cold? B: Not at all!; A: Did you get your feet wet again? B: But of course! What a rain!; A: How interesting it was! B: Lovely!-, A: The milk has run away! B: Nightmare! The entire slab was flooded //; A: He almost got hit by a car! B: Horror!, A. They gave him a D again // B: C crazy!. A: Do you know who was there? Efremov // B: WowYou!. A: Let’s go to the dacha tomorrow! B: It's coming!
FICTION STYLE
Fiction style(or art style) is used in works of fiction: novels, stories, plays. Its functions are not only to inform the reader and influence him, but to create a vivid, vivid picture, depict an object or events, and convey to the reader the emotions and thoughts of the author. Unlike other styles, the style of artistic speech also has an aesthetic function. That is why the artistic style is distinguished by expressiveness, imagery, emotionality and aesthetic significance of each of its elements. It involves a preliminary selection of linguistic means.
Imagery of artistic style created using tropes(metaphors, comparisons, personifications). Can be used in artistic speech archaisms, historicisms(to give color to the era that is being narrated), dialectisms and even conversational style elements(to more accurately convey the speech of the characters, to more fully reveal their images).
Thus, fiction stylecombines features and elements of different styles. That is why it is not always distinguished as a special style of the Russian literary language. And yet it has the right to exist as one of the independent styles of the language. Thus, an artistic style has only its inherent expressive means of speech. These include rhythm, rhyme, and harmonic organization of speech.
In the artistic style of speech it is widely used speech polysemy of a word, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, making it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
Artistic speech, especially poetic, is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring.
The most characteristic features of the official business style are:
Conciseness, compactness of presentation;
Accuracy and clarity of presentation, not allowing for the possibility of other interpretations;
Neutral tone of presentation;
Statement-prescriptive nature of the presentation;
Stereotyping, standard presentation;
Widespread use of terms, nomenclature names
languages, procedural vocabulary;
Weak individualization of style.
In addition, experts note such features of the official business style as formality, rigor in the expression of thoughts, as well as objectivity and logic, which are also characteristic of scientific speech. The named features of the official business style are reflected not only in the system of linguistic means, but also in non-linguistic ways of designing specific texts: in composition, rubrication, highlighting paragraphs, i.e. in the standardized design of many business documents.
Laconic, compact presentation. Conciseness (brevity) of presentation in an official business style of speech is achieved by the economical use of linguistic means, excluding speech redundancy - words and expressions that do not carry additional meaning. In addition, the requirement for text brevity is directly related to a reduction in the physical size of the text and, consequently, a reduction in the time for processing documents. The requirement of brevity forces us to more clearly formulate the subject of the letter, use linguistic means sparingly, eliminate unnecessary words that do not carry the necessary information, unjustified repetitions and unnecessary details.
Compact presentation (optimally the document should not exceed one or two pages) is combined in official papers with the requirement for completeness of information, or more precisely, with the principle of its sufficiency. The requirement of completeness implies that the official message must contain sufficient information to make an informed decision. The depth of presentation of the issue depends on the goals of the document: in an information letter it is enough to name facts and events; in a statement, the subject of speech must be precisely indicated and justified. Insufficient information may make it necessary to request additional information, giving rise to unnecessary correspondence. Redundancy of information leads to the fact that the document is poorly perceived and its essence is obscured.
Precision and clarity of presentation, not allowing for the possibility of other interpretations. The text of a business letter must be precise, clear and understandable. The accuracy of the text’s presentation ensures the unambiguity of its perception by the addressee, eliminating any kind of ambiguity or omission. The adequacy of the perception of the text by the author and the addressee of the document is extremely important in business communication.
Clarity and unambiguity of the message language is achieved by using words in accordance with their lexical meaning. Using words without taking into account their meanings can lead to misinterpretation or nonsense. For example: calculate the data(verb shortchange has the meaning “Deliberately miscounting, underdeliver”, for example: to shortchange the buyer. It would be more correct to say: process data); refuse on a favorable pretext(adjective favorable has two meanings: 1. “Promoting, helping something; convenient for something.”, for example: favorable moment, favorable conditions; 2. “Good, approving”, for example: favorable review. Should have written: refuse on a plausible pretext); ...achieved through objectionable means(adjective objectionable has the meaning: “Undesirable, not liked by someone.” It can only be combined with animate nouns, for example: unwanted employee. The requirement of accuracy meets the phrase... achieved by unacceptable (inadmissible) means).
Precision of presentation is achieved by the use of terminological vocabulary, the use of stable phrases, linguistic formulas, the exclusion of figurative words and expressions, the use of clarifications, additions, participial and adverbial phrases, etc.
The clarity of the text is determined primarily by the clarity of its compositional structure, the absence of logical errors, and the thoughtfulness and correctness of the wording.
Neutral tone of presentation. The official business style is characterized by an almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means. A neutral tone of presentation is the norm for official business communication. The information contained in the text of an official document is official in nature, and participants in business communication act on behalf of institutions, organizations, enterprises, firms, i.e. on behalf of legal entities and not individuals. For this reason, the personal, subjective element in documents should be, if not excluded altogether, then reduced to a minimum. Words that have a pronounced emotional and expressive connotation (words with diminutive and affectionate suffixes, interjections, etc.) are excluded from the language of documents. This does not mean, however, that all types of documents are equally devoid of emotion. So, for example, the goal of most business letters is to interest the addressee, convince him, force him to act in the direction desired by the author, in a word, the letter should make the impression the author needs. A business letter will not achieve its goal if it is devoid of emotional overtones, however, the emotionality, even the expressiveness of a business letter should be hidden, veiled. The emotionality of a service letter should not be linguistic, but meaningful and hidden behind an outwardly calm, neutral tone of presentation.
Statemental and prescriptive nature of the presentation. ABOUT a feature of business style is the stating-prescriptive nature of the presentation, which has the implication of obligation or obligation of actions, for example: The company offers products from leading European companies. The program provides for the purchase of new equipment. The wear and tear of medical equipment is 80%. OJSC Poultry Farmer was provided with an interest-free loan in the amount of 650 thousand rubles. The commission conducted an inspection and found... The ascertaining-prescriptive character is created in texts regardless of what form of the verb is used: present or past tense. In the examples given, the present tense of the verb appears in the present prescriptive form. The past tense of the verb takes on the same meaning. Many verbs used in official business speech contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, permit, oblige, indicate, assign and under. There is a high percentage of the use of verbs in the infinitive form, which is also associated with the prescriptive function of official business texts. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that the law requires to be performed under certain conditions, for example: the accused is guaranteed the right to defense.
Stereotyping, standard presentation manifests itself primarily in the use of stable linguistic expressions (linguistic clichés). Stable linguistic expressions are a consequence of the regulation of business relations, the repetition of management situations and the thematic limitations of business speech. In addition to expressing typical content, stable linguistic expressions often act as legally significant components of the text, without which the document does not have sufficient legal force, or are elements that determine the type of business letter: We guarantee loan repayment in the amount... up to...; We guarantee payment. Our bank details...
Stable linguistic expressions are the result of the unification of linguistic means used in similar recurring situations. By expressing typical content, language formulas ensure accuracy and unambiguous understanding of the text by the addressee, reducing the time for preparing the text and its perception.
Wide use of terms and nomenclature vocabulary. In an official business style, there is a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, to make the words and phrases used unambiguous, and to strive for terminology of speech. Terms are words or phrases to which certain scientific or special concepts are assigned. The terms used in the correspondence are, firstly, industry terminology, reflecting the content of the subject area to which the content of the letter is devoted, and, secondly, terms of documentation support for management.
The use of terms in a strictly fixed meaning ensures an unambiguous understanding of the text, which is very important in business communication.
The correctness and stability of the use of terms in practice is achieved by using terminological dictionaries and standards, which establish a strictly unambiguous system of concepts and terms and help streamline terminology. The terms used in the field of documentation support for management are recorded in GOST R 51141-98 "Office work and archiving. Terms and definitions." When using terms in business correspondence, it is necessary to ensure that they are understandable not only to the author, but also to the addressee. If the author of the letter has doubts about this, it is necessary to do one of the following: give an official definition of the term; decipher the meaning of the term using neutral vocabulary; remove the term and replace it with a generally understood word or expression. There is a huge layer adjacent to the terms nomenclature vocabulary: nomenclature of names: JSC "Olympus", HIP "Start", FSB and so on.; nomenclature of positions: sales manager, advertising
manager, general director, commercial director;product range: ZIL-130, SP-6M electric drive, A-76 gasoline and so on.
The uniformity of the stylistic coloring of the vocabulary of business writing is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary, representing in the text of the document a specific action, object or sign in the official legal interpretation: violation of labor discipline(this could be lateness, absenteeism, coming to work drunk, etc.), failure to deliver on schedule(delay in transit, late shipment goods, etc.), be responsible(to be subject to fines, financial penalties, criminal prosecution in case of violations, etc.). As can be seen from the above examples, procedural vocabulary is vocabulary with a generalized meaning, which is highly characteristic of terminative vocabulary: company- firm, concern, holding, cartel, syndicate; product - canned food, thermoses, cars, shoes, etc.
The presentation procedure is associated not only with the preference for generalized semantics, the preference for generic lexemes over specific ones: products - books, booklets, boards, nails..., room- room, apartment, hall, construction- barn, house, stall, etc., but also with a tendency towards dissected concepts of both actions and objects: make a calculation - to pay off; trading process- trade; cash- money.
Terms and procedural vocabulary constitute the supporting, style-forming vocabulary of the document language, which in individual genres accounts for 50 to 70% of all word usage.
The most important feature of procedural and terminological vocabulary is that the word is used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of contextual use is determined by the topic of the document. The parties undertake to ensure mutual barter supplies... Despite all its ambiguity, the word “parties” can only be read in its legal aspect - “legal entities entering into an agreement.”
High degree of generality and abstraction of the main style-forming vocabulary (termination, provision, losses, settlement, work, disagreements, product, name etc.) in business writing is combined with the specificity of the meaning of nomenclature vocabulary.
Nomenclature vocabulary with its specific denotative meaning complements the high level of generality of terms and procedural vocabulary. These types of words are used in parallel: in the text of contracts - terms and procedural vocabulary, in appendices to contracts - nomenclature vocabulary. In questionnaires, registers, specifications, applications, etc., the terms seem to receive their own decoding.
preparing the original layout
making and preparing the mold
bookbinding
In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed, however, professional jargon words fall into the language of business correspondence : unaccounted for, personnel officer, payment slip, cape, unfinished, cashing etc. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is as inappropriate as the use of clericalism in everyday conversation, since its use is reserved only for the oral sphere of communication, and it cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.
