Presentation on the topic "auditory analyzer". Presentation on the topic: Anatomical and physiological features of analyzers in children Conducting section of an auditory analyzer
Biology Presentation - Hearing analyzer
Hearing analyzer- a set of structures that ensure the perception of sound information, convert it into nerve impulses, and its subsequent transmission and processing in the central nervous system.
Structure of the hearing aid
The organ of hearing and balance in mammals and humans consists of:
Outer and middle ear (conducting sound)
Inner ear (receiving sound)
Inner ear (snail)
The inner ear is a bony labyrinth (cochlea and semicircular canals), within which lies,
repeating its shape, a membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph, the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph (perilymphatic space). Normally, a constant volume and electrolyte composition (potassium, sodium, chlorine, etc.) of each liquid is maintained
Organ of Corti
The organ of Corti is the receptor part of the auditory analyzer, which converts the energy of sound vibrations into nervous stimulation. The organ of Corti is located on the basilar membrane in the cochlear canal of the inner ear, filled with endolymph. The organ of Corti consists of a number of internal and three rows of external sound-perceiving hair cells, from which fibers of the auditory nerve extend.
Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus is an organ that perceives changes in the position of the head and body in space and the direction of body movement in vertebrates and humans; part of the inner ear. The vestibular apparatus is a complex receptor of the vestibular analyzer. The structural basis of the vestibular apparatus is a complex of clusters of ciliated cells
inner ear, endolymph, calcareous formations included in it - otoliths and jelly-like cupules in the ampoules of the semicircular canals.
Ear diseases
Cold wind or frost, injury, boil, inflammation, accumulation of sulfur and much more can cause pulling or cutting pain in the ear and lead to the formation of an abscess. The most common cause of deafness is a buildup of earwax. Chronic disease of the ear canal and infections can cause swelling and hearing impairment. The cause of hearing loss is mechanical trauma to the eardrum and scars on it. In older people, the tiny bones behind the eardrum often become fused and cause them to go deaf. Hearing is worsened by obesity, kidney disease, nicotine abuse, allergies, large doses of aspirin, antibiotics, diuretics, heart medications, tonic. A severe runny nose worsens hearing for several days.
Ear hygiene
Nature surprisingly provided for periodic cleaning of the ear by moving wax. The condition of the ear, surprisingly, affects overall health. For example, due to increased pressure of sulfur on the eardrum, dizziness may occur. It is best to knead the outer ear (pinna) with your hand, rotating it in all directions, pulling it down and forward, forcing the earwax and its remains to move and come out. The ear canal needs no less attention and care. In a healthy ear, wax does not collect. Local ear pain, itching, irritation or inflammation of the canal can not only be easily prevented, but even cured by a little daily care for this organ. Ear drops soften wax and can increase its mass and increase pressure without bringing any benefit. Daily cleaning of the auricle consists of irrigating the openings and washing the outer parts with ordinary water. The index finger needs to be inserted into the ear and with a slow movement from side to side with light pressure on the wall, remove wax, dry dead cells and dust accumulated during the day.
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Publication date: 11/09/2010 05:12 UTC
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Structure of the organ of hearing 1. Auditory receptors convert sound signals into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the auditory zone of the cerebral cortex. 2. Perceives the position of the body in space and transmits impulses to the medulla oblongata, then to the vestibular zone of the cerebral cortex. 1 organ of hearing: cochlea with a cavity filled with fluid 2 organ of balance consists of three semicircular canals Inner ear Conducts and amplify sound vibrations. Connected to the nasopharynx and equalizes pressure on the eardrum. 1 auditory ossicles: - malleus, - incus, - stirrup; 2 Eustachian tube Middle ear Collects sound and directs it into the ear canal. Conducts sound and contains glands that secrete sulfur. Converts airborne sound waves into mechanical ones and vibrates the auditory ossicles. 1 auricle 2 external auditory canal 3 tympanic membrane External ear Functions Structure Divisions of the hearing organ
Sound wave Eardrum Auditory ossicles Membrane of the oval window (inner ear) Fluid in the cochlea Main membrane Receptor cells with hairs Integumentary membrane Nerve impulse Brain The passage of a sound wave vibrates the stapes vibrates touch arises transmitted
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Slide captions:
Lesson topic: “Hearing analyzer”
The purpose of the lesson is to develop knowledge about the auditory analyzer and reveal the features of its structure and the rules of hearing hygiene.
Using the textbook (page 253), fill out the diagram. Auditory analyzer Auditory receptor Auditory nerve Auditory zone of the cerebral cortex (temporal lobes)
Hearing organ Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
Using the textbook pp. 253-255, fill out the table Structure and function of the hearing organ Department of the ear Structure Functions Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
Structure and function of the hearing organ Section of the ear Structure Functions External ear 1. Auricle. 2. External auditory canal. 3. Eardrum. 1. Captures sound and directs it into the ear canal. 2. Earwax – traps dust and microorganisms. 3. The eardrum converts airborne sound waves into mechanical vibrations.
Structure and function of the organ of hearing Department of the ear Structure Functions Middle ear 1. Auditory ossicles: – hammer – incus – stapes 2. Eustachian tube 1. Increase the force of vibration of the eardrum. 2. Connected to the nasopharynx and equalizes the pressure on the eardrum.
Structure and function of the hearing organ Section of the ear Structure Functions Inner ear 1. Hearing organ: cochlea with a cavity filled with fluid. 2. The organ of balance is the vestibular apparatus. 1. Fluctuations in the fluid cause irritation of the receptors of the spiral organ, and the resulting excitations enter the auditory zone of the cerebral cortex.
Using the video “Mechanism for the transmission of sound”, draw up a diagram of the passage of a sound wave
Diagram of the passage of a sound wave External auditory canal vibration of the eardrum vibration of the auditory ossicles vibration of the cochlear fluid movement of the auditory receptor auditory nerve brain (temporal lobes)
Using the textbook pp. 255-257, formulate the rules of hearing hygiene. Hearing hygiene 1. Wash your ears daily 2. It is not recommended to clean your ears with hard objects (matches, pins) 3. If you have a runny nose, clean the nasal passages one at a time 4. If your ears are sore, contact doctor 5. Protect ears from cold 6. Protect ears from loud noise
Ear structure
Homework §51, draw a picture. 106 p. 254, do the practice on p. 257.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
visual analyzer
This lesson is modeled on the technology of developing critical thinking. One of the main goals of technical thinking is to teach the student to think independently, comprehend and transmit information, ...
Visual analyzer
Lessons with RVG are conducted using the RKMChP technology, which allows you to diversify the joint work of children and provide an individual-oriented approach to group work. Students...
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Slide captions:
“The greatest luxury on earth is the luxury of human communication” Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
"Hearing analyzer. Hearing hygiene."
What would you like to know - what would you like to learn - why do you need it. What are your goals?
What is an analyzer? What does it consist of? What parts make up the visual analyzer? Questions
What is the importance of hearing in a person’s life?
The meaning of hearing: - hearing contributes to the aesthetic education of a person; - is a channel of communication; -participates in the transfer and accumulation of knowledge accumulated by humanity
Structure of the auditory analyzer Auditory receptor Conducting pathway Sensitive zone BSC
Ear structure
Structure and functions of the ear parts Assignment: Using the textbook Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. on pp. 203 -204 and using the flyleaf drawing from the textbook, fill out the table Parts of the ear Structure Functions
Structure and functions of the ear parts Parts of the ear Structure Functions External Auricle, external auditory canal ending in the eardrum Protection (secretion of wax) Capture and conduction of sounds Average Auditory ossicles: - malleus - incus - stirrup Eustachian tube Ossicles conduct and amplify sound vibrations 50 times . Eustachian tube – equalizes pressure in the middle ear. Inner ear: vestibule (oval and round windows), cochlea Auditory receptors of the cochlea Convert sound signals into nerve impulses that go to the auditory zone of the cochlea
Sound waves
Hearing hygiene Cause Damage to the auditory nerve Formation of wax plug Strong sharp sounds (explosion) Constant loud noises Foreign bodies Pathogenic microorganisms Consequences Impaired transmission of impulses to the auditory zone CBP Impaired transmission of sound vibrations to the inner ear Rupture of the eardrum Reduced elasticity of the eardrum Swelling of the middle ear Inflammation of the middle ear ear (otitis media)
The harmful effect of noise on hearing, the eardrum gradually loses its elasticity, and deafness develops; noise causes inhibition in the cells of the cerebral cortex; noise can cause a variety of physiological (increased heartbeat, increased blood pressure) and mental (decreased attention, nervousness) disorders;
Task A wristwatch is brought closer to the right ear of the subject, who is sitting with his eyes closed. The distance at which he heard the ticking of the clock is recorded. A similar experiment is carried out with the left ear. (A distance of 10-15 cm is considered normal.) After listening to loud music for 2 minutes, and then repeat the experiment. Compare the results obtained and explain them. Draw a conclusion. Laboratory work "The impact of noise on hearing acuity"
Checking primary assimilation Insert the missing words into the text: “Each ear consists of three sections: ……., ……., ……… The outer ear ends with ……. ……… In the middle ear there are … …. They transmit sound vibrations ... ... ... to the inner ear. The inner ear, unlike the previous sections, is filled with………. In the inner ear there is the vestibule, cochlea and ……….. The final analysis of sound stimulation occurs in the ………... zone of the cerebral cortex. A well-mannered person will not become loud…….. in public places.
Let's summarize: So, the hearing organ is designed to perceive sound stimuli. In the Bible in the “Parable of the Sower” there is such a phrase: “Whoever has ears to hear, let them hear!” What is the meaning of this expression? - What is the role of the auditory analyzer (ears) in human communication? - What is meant by the concept of “hearing”? Do we always “hear” each other? What does it take for one person to hear another?
Let's summarize: - Have you realized all your goals set for the lesson?
Homework: Paragraph 54, pp. 80-82 of the textbook. Think! What measures can you suggest to reduce human exposure to noise? Ear care rules
Checking primary assimilation When conducting an experiment with a hydrogen explosion, it is recommended to open your mouth. Why?
Resources used: Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology: Man: Textbook for 8th grade students of general education institutions. - 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005. - 272 p.: ill. Illustrations: CD: Enlightenment Biology. 9th grade Human Anatomy and Physiology / new sample multimedia textbook. - M., Prosveshchenie-MEDIA, 2003
Inner ear (cochlea) The inner ear is a bony labyrinth (cochlea and semicircular canals), inside of which lies a membranous labyrinth, repeating its shape. The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph, the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph (perilymphatic space). Normally, a constant volume and electrolyte composition (potassium, sodium, chlorine, etc.) of each liquid is maintained
Organ of Corti The organ of Corti is the receptor part of the auditory analyzer, which converts the energy of sound vibrations into nervous stimulation. The organ of Corti is located on the basilar membrane in the cochlear canal of the inner ear, filled with endolymph. The organ of Corti consists of a number of internal and three rows of external sound-perceiving hair cells, from which fibers of the auditory nerve extend.
Vestibular apparatus The vestibular apparatus is an organ that perceives changes in the position of the head and body in space and the direction of body movement in vertebrates and humans; part of the inner ear. The vestibular apparatus is a complex receptor of the vestibular analyzer. The structural basis of the vestibular apparatus is a complex of accumulations of ciliated cells of the inner ear, endolymph, calcareous formations included in it - otoliths and jelly-like cupules in the ampoules of the semicircular canals.
Hearing pathologies Hearing impairment is complete (deafness) or partial (hard of hearing) reduction in the ability to detect and understand sounds. Hearing loss can affect any organism that can perceive sound. Sound waves vary in frequency and amplitude. Loss of the ability to detect some (or all) frequencies or the inability to distinguish low amplitude sounds is called hearing loss.
Defects: Loudness, Frequency Detection, Sound Recognition The minimum volume that an individual can perceive is called the hearing threshold. In the case of humans and some animals, this value can be measured using behavioral audiograms. A recording is made of sounds from the quietest to the loudest of various frequencies, which should cause a certain reaction of the person being tested. There are also electrophysiological tests that can be performed without studying behavioral responses.
An individual is said to have hearing impairment if he or she has a deterioration in the perception of sounds that are normally perceived by a healthy person. In humans, the term “hearing impairment” is usually applied to those who have partially or completely lost the ability to distinguish sounds at the frequencies of human speech. The degree of impairment is determined by how much louder the sound must become compared to the normal level for the listener to begin to distinguish it. In cases of profound deafness, the listener cannot distinguish even the loudest sounds produced by an audiometer.
Classification of hearing impairments Conductive hearing loss is a hearing impairment in which it is difficult to conduct sound waves along the following paths: the outer ear, the eardrum, the auditory ossicles of the middle ear, the inner ear. “The sound-conducting apparatus includes the outer and middle ear, as well as the peri- and endolymphatic spaces of the inner ear, the basilar plate and the vestibular membrane of the cochlea.”
With conductive hearing loss, the sound wave is blocked before it reaches the sensory epithelial (hair) cells of the organ of Corti, which are connected to the endings of the auditory nerve. The same patient may have a combination of conductive (bass) and sensorineural hearing loss (mixed hearing loss). [Purely conductive hearing loss also occurs [
Sensorineural hearing loss (synonymous with sensorineural hearing loss) is hearing loss caused by damage to the structures of the inner ear, the vestibular-cochlear nerve (VIII), or the central parts of the auditory analyzer (in the brainstem and auditory cortex).
Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the inner ear no longer processes sound normally. This is caused by various reasons, the most common being damage to the hair cells of the cochlea due to loud noise and/or age-related processes. When hair cells are insensitive, sounds are not transmitted normally to the auditory nerve in the brain. Sensorineural hearing loss accounts for 90% of all cases of hearing loss. Although sensorineural hearing loss is irreversible, you can avoid more harm by wearing earplugs during loud noises or listening to music at lower volumes.
Hearing replacement Treatment of hearing loss caused by changes in the sound-conducting apparatus is carried out quite successfully. When the sound-receiving apparatus is damaged, a complex of medications and physiotherapeutic agents is used. If these measures are insufficiently effective, hearing aids are used to select hearing aids that amplify sound. The suitability of the hearing aid is assessed after an adaptation period, during which the patient becomes accustomed to the unusual loudness of perceived speech and various extraneous noises.
The technical perfection of the equipment and the correctness of individual selection determine the effectiveness of hearing aids. Patients with sensorineural hearing loss are subject to dispensary observation, provision of maximum rehabilitation and, if possible, employment. The deaf community plays a major role in resolving these issues. After an examination of their ability to work, such patients are assigned to special enterprises or receive a recommendation to limit certain types of work activity.
Rehabilitation of children with hearing impairment In the process of rehabilitation, individual and group lessons, choral recitation with musical accompaniment are used. Subsequently, speech classes are conducted using amplifiers and hearing aids. This work is carried out in special kindergartens for children with hearing impairments, starting from 2-3 years of age. In the future, it continues in specialized schools.
In many cases, rehabilitation work is carried out by parents in conditions of natural speech communication. This invariably requires more labor and time, but often gives good results. But this work should be joint with teachers of the deaf and take place under their supervision, thus, the components of successful rehabilitation of the hearing impaired are as follows: Early detection of hearing impairment and early start of rehabilitation measures. Ensuring sufficient volume of speech signals. The intensity and systematic nature of auditory training, which forms the basis of the rehabilitation process.
The most valuable period for rehabilitation is the first three years of a child’s life. When hearing loss occurs in a person who can speak, speech disorders subsequently develop in the form of monotony and irregularity. In addition, the resulting hearing loss makes it difficult to communicate with others. There are a large number of methods and tests available to diagnose hearing loss in adults. An important goal of this study is to determine the cause of the developed hearing loss - damage to the sound-conducting or sound-perceiving system.
