The clinic imposes paid services. Imposition of medical services. Documentation of a paid service should be expressed in the form

The GULAG, or the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps, is the very institution that ultimately became a symbol of the very real arbitrariness of the USSR era and the institution that is hidden under the terrible abbreviation GULAG.

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The main mission of any Gulag is the very place whose main mission was absolute superiority and leadership over the places of both detention and detention of both convicts and prisoners.

In general, the network of those same Gulag camps existing on the territory of the USSR was scattered throughout the entire country of the Soviets.

The largest Gulags began to appear in Siberia, as well as in southern Central Asia. That is, such Gulags began to appear where there were quite extreme living conditions. Security in such Gulags was provided by specialized paramilitary personnel, and this composition was formed mainly from already demobilized Red Army soldiers, as well as from the NKVD troops.

The Gulag, or prison camp, consisted of more than 30 thousand places for prisoners, 53 camp administrations, and 425 colonies. In addition, there were some special commandant's offices (of which there were more than 2000) for those who were given a suspended sentence, but were required to work.

How many citizens passed through the main administration of the camps?

Politicians, historians, as well as public figures have been trying for several decades to find out in as much detail as possible the number of those citizens who passed. Through the Gulags. Until the end of the 80s, the statistics of such camps were completely classified. However, after the archives were opened, it became clear how incomplete these same archives and these statistics turned out to be. Moreover, these statistics, depending on who published them, strongly contradicted each other.

According to objective analyzes of sources, between 1934 and 1956, 16-28 million people passed through the Gulags. The average number of prisoners is 20 million.

How the camp system was formed - the severity of punishment

The Bolsheviks who came to power believed that with a radically new and fairer system, crime itself could be completely reduced or even disappear altogether as a definition. But in the end, the complete change and subsequent destruction of the habitual way of life for citizens only provoked an increase in crime instead of its decline. The mood of citizens also changed, as a result of which people ended up with a large number of different weapons in their hands.

Among other things, 1917 became the reason for the collapse of the entire state machine, and the previously existing and operating royal prisons were guarded only conditionally. The situation was described in sufficient detail by Stuchka P.I., who worked as the People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, who said that only those criminals who were too lazy to escape from prison did not escape.

As a result, the need arose to isolate both the raging citizens and undesirable elements that could be dangerous to the new government. The first in this category were former landowners, as well as factory owners and some representatives of the bourgeoisie. It is worth considering that the network of institutions that was designed to re-educate careless members of USSR society began to appear immediately after the events of 1917 passed.

Just two years after this, in 1919, several forced labor camps appeared on the territory of the Arkhangelsk province. These were the so-called SLON (northern camps for special purposes). A few years later, the relevant authorities and government agencies decided to establish a similar zone on the territory of the Solovetsky archipelago. This is how the infamous Solovki appeared not only in the USSR and Russia, but throughout the world. By the way, it was there that prisoners were sent back during the times of the Russian Empire, so those who decided to create SLON on the territory of the Solovetsky archipelago did not reinvent the wheel.

For what reasons did people go to camps?

In general, citizens had many opportunities to get acquainted with all the features of camp life. For example, it was not only murderers and thieves who ended up in the Gulags, of whom there might have been in the ITL. The most actively used article was Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, that is, the political article, as it was called.

Among the most famous points of the political article for which people were imprisoned in the Gulag are the following:

1. Treason. This point was interpreted quite broadly, so almost any person could become a traitor to the homeland under any circumstances. In some cases, it was enough to declare in public that the boss was a fool.
2. Maintain any contacts with foreign countries. This was also dangerous, because a person who communicated with a citizen of another state could go to the camp without any problems.
3. Providing assistance to the international bourgeoisie. How exactly this assistance was determined and who belonged to the bourgeoisie of another country was difficult to determine. However, very often correspondence with recipients from other countries was equated with just this very help.
4. Espionage. It is noteworthy that at various times a suspiciously polite, non-local and neat man walking with a camera could be mistaken for a spy.
5. There was also a certain category of pests for which the clause related to causing damage to systems important to society was intended. Systems such as communications, water supply and other systems are important to society. The saboteurs were those citizens who were engaged in sabotage, and the wording of sabotage could, depending on the situation, be a case of a late start of heating and other situations.
6. Propaganda and agitation. This point was addressed to lovers of jokes, especially if the jokes contained at least a vague hint that they contained anti-Soviet content. By the way, both the one who told a joke with similar content and the one who reported on the storyteller and was a listener ended up in the Gulag.
7. Counter-revolutionary sabotage, which included increased percentages of defects during the release of any product, technical typos, etc.

An important point: it is worth understanding that during the years of the USSR the state itself lived surrounded by opponents, and these opponents were ideological, and all those points that were described above were not taken out of thin air. There were a lot of traitors, accomplices, and spies in those days, there were even quite an abundance of them. Therefore, men and women ended up in the torture camp in large numbers every day.

And a completely different thing is that the selectivity of the punitive system that existed at that time was very, very low, so in those days it was many times easier to imprison an innocent person than to filter out those citizens who came under suspicion. What to do - harsh times have caused harsh reality.

By the way, there was also a separate point for those people who were tormented by doubts about whether it was worth informing on a person or not. This was the so-called “Non-report” clause. This oversight was punished more mildly, since such actions were punishable by a criminal sentence of 6 months or more, and sometimes it was a “last minute tour” to remote northern resorts. Therefore, people reported on other people because they were afraid to fall under the article of “non-reporting.”

Those people who were sentenced under Article 58 were called “political”. Once such people were released, they had no rights to live closer than one hundred kilometers from large cities. This is exactly how the wording called “101st kilometer” appeared.

Kolyma Gulags and violence in the camps

As many researchers of the topic and history of the Gulag note, it was the Kolyma camps that received their reputation as the most inhumane. It was difficult for the people who were sentenced to prison in these camps to simply survive in the extremely difficult conditions of the almost continuous winter. But at the same time, prisoners worked in gold mines or in forest felling, receiving a small ration for their work. It was very difficult, especially considering the fact that both the camp authorities and the guards tried to make life as difficult as possible for the ordinary prisoner. However, there were also those people who managed to return home to their families after completing their term.

An important point: those convicts who were sent to Kolyma could die on the way. The thing is that such people were transported in many thousands in closed prisons, and the journey lasted about 10 days.

Robert Conquest, a British specialist specializing in the history of the USSR, noted that between 1937 and 1941, about a million citizens died in the Kolyma camps. Among those prisoners who worked in the mines, the mortality rate and its level were equal to 30 percent of the total number of prisoners for each calendar year. There were many causes of death - frosts down to -50, a meager diet, and scurvy that decimated many.

There were also women’s camps in Kolyma, in which girls had to do work that was beyond their strength. For example, girls, just like men, were engaged in mining or cutting down forests. Many women, unable to maintain the daily norm, were even ready to sell their own bodies for the sake of salvation.

What did the prisoners do?

Since convicted and serving prisoners could not physically fulfill the quota for a shift, and only shock workers received full rations, the prisoners began to deceive the authorities. In the slang of camp life, such deception of the authorities was referred to as “driving bullshit,” that is, in more understandable language, attributing cubic meters of wood or extra centners of mining ore.

Anne Applebaum created a book called Gulag: A History, which was eventually published in Moscow in 2015. In the Russian translation, the book was called Gulag: The Web of Great Terror.” As the author notes, avoiding work for convicts in Kolyma is one of the only options for salvation.

Over the years of imprisonment, convicts learned to both imitate work and fake its results. For example, convicts handed over trees that had already been cut down by other people as their own, having slightly updated the cuts for this purpose. Also, those convicts who worked in the mine did not work, but only tapped a little with a pickaxe if there were no guards nearby.

The foremen also engaged in deception, ascribing increased work standards in the reports of their subordinates. However, in order to be on such a list, the prisoner had to grease both the foreman and the standard worker who accepted the work done at the end of the shift.

One of the former prisoners noted that one kind foreman almost every time prescribed him 60 percent of his norm, and he himself produced much less. Another person recalled that the foreman was able to get his direct superiors to reduce the norm, which enabled him to save the lives of the workers, who were dying like flies. At the same time, the foremen had to both give and take bribes, otherwise they could not survive.

Is being a jerk or a snitch the norm for men in the camps?

The person who found himself on the very threshold of survival was usually ready to commit almost any criminal act, and all this in order not to die from frost, hunger and daily labor. In such a situation, a large number of prisoners became informers and secret collaborators of the camp authorities. In exchange, they received a weaker regime, another ration or some other concessions.

And even if it is simply impossible to find out the exact number and lists of such informers, what is known is that many camp security officers from the operational units were actively recruiting a wide variety of conscientious prisoners. Such people were very often referred to as people who took the corrective path.

Informers often received management and administrative positions, which allowed such prisoners not to work at all with all the other prisoners in the mines, logging and mines. All those prisoners who belonged to this class were called “morons” in the jargon of camp life.

Self-harm

Despite the harsh conditions, she still had her own hospital. In it, people received some additional products like fresh onions in order to get rid of diseases. Also in the hospital there were sheets and warmth, for the sake of which people deliberately mutilated themselves.

There have been cases where people deliberately cut off their fingers with an ax in order to lose the opportunity to work. People also hoped to receive an amnesty due to disability, however, if it was intentional self-harm and it could be proven, the person eventually received another sentence.

Ann Applebaum noted that people cut off their own hand or entire foot, and also burned out their eyeballs with acid. Someone wrapped one of their feet with a wet rag, only to return at the end of the day with third-degree frostbite. People did the same thing with their fingers.

There were doctors who helped convicts and prisoners induce symptoms of various diseases, and some doctors also introduced various infections into the wounds of prisoners. But, on the other hand, there were those medical workers who, on the contrary, tried to expose the malingerers in all available ways. And there were also specialized and experienced psychiatrists who were able to see any situation of a person if he tried to be crazy.

Find friends and fellow countrymen - how women lived in the Gulag

It is quite difficult for a person to survive in any camp if he is alone. Therefore, almost every second convict, immediately after arriving in one of the camps, began his life in a new place by looking for fellow countrymen. And if fellow countrymen were present, they actively helped each other. Similar friendly unofficial relations were created by Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, as well as citizens of other nations. Citizens of such associations tried to share parcels with each other, warned about the danger and tried to help in other ways.

Many of those prisoners who served their sentences in Kolyma or in other camps were able to realize at the place of serving their sentences the importance and value of friendly relationships and friendship between loved ones and fellow countrymen.

In some cases, a person's liking for another person was one of the reasons for getting an easier job. And those convicts who became “morons” usually bothered both the guards and the authorities in order to assign their friend or fellow countryman to a similar position. Of course, these are far from frequent cases, but they did happen.

Conclusion

The memory of the Gulag cannot be called bright, but such memory is extremely important in order to be able to more adequately comprehend the past for the sake of the future. Historical lessons, being a bitter medicine, teach us to prevent such incidents from happening again.

The Gulag and everything that was connected with it is the real and perhaps the only big black spot in the history of the USSR and Russia. After all, all other significant events relate to victories, conquests, achievements and discoveries. Fortunately, today in Russia there are no prerequisites for something comparable in scale to the Soviet Gulag to appear in the country.

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Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Step-by-step instructions for submitting an ad on Avito - how to do everything correctly + people’s opinions

Not long ago, a new offer for investors appeared on the Russian-language Internet. The B2B Jewelry company offers to invest money in jewelry and at the same time receive real income. How true is this, is it possible to lose your hard-earned money by investing there and how to avoid being scammed, below in the article.

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Project Description

B2B Jewelry offers a rather unusual way to make money. This company claims real opportunities to receive cashback of up to 182% on the purchase of gold and silver produced by this chain of jewelry stores. The company's retail outlets operate in more than 20 cities of Ukraine. These are real stores with an assortment, all possible certificates and an online store.

The B2B Jewelry company itself operates in a fairly large network. This is a real confirmation of the client's investment. Anyone can come here and make a purchase.

In order to become a participant in the program, you must buy any gold or silver product at an offline or online retail outlet. Profits are accrued in the form of bonuses.

How to become an investor

Investment conditions are simple and accessible to the average person. The scheme of work is like this. First, gold or silver items or a certificate are purchased. Subsequently, bonuses are paid to the card or wallet. The frequency with which they will be received is chosen by the investor. The interest rate and, accordingly, the amount of payments depend on this.

You can choose to receive profit once a week, or once a year. The minimum amount must be $50. The refund, that is, the first payment, extends from a week to 14 days, depending on what day of the week the purchase was made. You can purchase either gold or silver jewelry or a gift certificate. Now a little more about one and the other variety.

How to make a profit from purchasing jewelry

You can use the online store, or you can make a purchase at a stationary outlet. If there is this network in your city, you can choose something from the range presented there.

The most interesting thing is that you will receive bonuses for the product in your pocket. According to the company, getting passive income in this case is not a problem. The product can be made of 585 gold and 925 silver. Payment is made in hryvnias or dollars. Either cards from Ukrainian banks or transfers via payment systems are accepted. The amount in one check should not be less than 1000 UAH.

By investing money in an online or offline retail outlet, anyone can become a participant in the project and receive cashback. Throughout the year, clients expect 52 payments on Fridays. During this time, you can return 104% of the original purchase price. That is, with a deposit of 1000 hryvnia, the annual return will be 1040 hryvnia. But, if you purchase a product, for example, for 243,000, you can return not only the invested amount, but almost 2 times more. After all, the buyer will receive almost 38,000 UAH monthly with a weekly yield of 3.5 percent.

Let us remind you that the jewelry remains in the hands of the owner, and the first bonus is awarded after 8 days. But, depending on the day of purchase, payment may take 14 days. The company’s website contains a detailed description of how bonuses are calculated and answers to almost all customer questions and even why the company needs it.

How to invest in certificates

You can purchase not only jewelry, but also a gift certificate. It is purchased through the website and this will be an ideal option for those who do not have access to brick-and-mortar stores. The client will make a profit in any case. The minimum investment amount is also $50, the same as with gold and silver items. But, the size of the investment has nothing to do with the interest rate. The client receives 416 percent per year, that is, 8% per week of the invested amount. This is what the silver certificate is all about. For gold, the yield is slightly lower at 260 per annum with a 5 per cent payout per week.

Each certificate can be exchanged for a piece of jewelry equivalent to the invested amount, but only when profits stop accruing. That is, in a year.

Nuances of investing in a project

B2B Jewelry on its official website offers step-by-step instructions on how to make an investment. First you need to register in the store. To do this, indicate the phone number to which an SMS with a code will be sent. On the website, click on the registration field. The phone fits into the international format. You also need to indicate your last name, first name, patronymic and password. That is, all empty fields are filled in. If someone invited you to this program, you can dial their referral number. Once the phone number is specified, a code is sent to it. It should be entered as confirmation of registration. And after that your personal account appears.

The investment itself takes place using the “shop” tab. It is located in the same personal account. Two tabs are available for residents of Ukraine, that is, purchasing a certificate and a product. For a citizen of another country, only one, the first option, is open. In order to become a participant in the program, you must select the payment frequency, material (silver or gold) and amount in a special field, and then click on the “buy” button. In order to pay for the purchase, you need to indicate your wallet number. The delivery address is left blank. In your payment profile you also need to indicate your wallet number. All subsidies are carried out automatically.

Residents of Ukraine can fill in the address field. If they choose to invest in jewelry, they will be able to pick up their purchase at the nearest store, and a certificate will be sent to them by mail. In case of payment in hryvnia, you can make the transaction from a bank card. Dollars are withdrawn only from an electronic wallet.

B2B Jewelry offers its investors to subsequently sell the purchased certificates. In other words, a person can exchange a certificate of the corresponding amount for a product in the network stores. But as soon as he does this, the accrual of bonuses immediately stops. That is, it is best to wait until the end of the payment period and then make a purchase.

Plus, there is another feature that allows you to increase passive income. This is an affiliate program. It’s like a pyramid that starts from the rank of beginner and ends with gold director. Every registered user can step on the first step, but only the one whose team buys $40 million worth of products will get to the last step. In this case, a person receives 19% bonuses for each new client. There are 23 ranks in total. And the percentage of payments increases depending on the level occupied.

To sum it up

In order to understand the B2B Jewelry investment program, it is necessary to make a brief summary. The jewelry company manufactures and sells products from gold and silver. There are about 20 representative offices in Ukraine. They are offline stores selling jewelry. At the moment, the company plans to expand not only to Ukraine, but also to other countries. One of the plants has already been opened in Kazakhstan, in the city of Almaty, since the end of 2019. The main, parent enterprise is a jewelry factory called “Sharm”, which has been operating in the Vinnitsa region in Ukraine since the end of the last century. The project itself started at the end of 2018.

More recently, buyers began to be offered not only to purchase jewelry, but also to return the entire amount spent on the purchase. At the same time, the gold or silver remains with the client, and over the course of a year he receives payments on his card equivalent to from 104 to 186 percent of the purchase. The founder of the company says that the company is developing quite dynamically. She copes with competitors in the industry, she is not afraid of economic disasters and crises. Even despite the difficult situation in Ukraine, payments will be made regularly. But, in order to protect itself and the project, the company is attracting more and more partners. This becomes every investor who purchases products, as well as foreign companies. All this allows you to quickly adapt to the conditions of the modern market.

The project resembles a pyramid, since its functioning is based on an MLM component. This is one of the foundations of a successful marketing plan. In other words, goods are sold by independent distributors, sales agents, and entire networks of people who want to receive passive income and earn money. The business plan includes not only the sale of products, but also the attraction of partners who work under almost the same conditions. The profit of each investor is to receive commissions for the sale of products, as well as additional bonuses. The latter depend on the sales volume made by attracted customers. As you can see, on the one hand you can see a financial pyramid, and on the other, the company operates as a cashback service. Only payments exceed the amount spent. There are two types of investments:

1. In gold or silver;
2. In certificates.

You can purchase items of 585 gold and 925 silver. There is a huge range of products from which everyone can find something they like. Rings, earrings, bracelets - everything is only of the highest quality. The cost of the products themselves is the average market price. That is, if you go to jewelry stores, you can find both cheaper and more expensive. But, from cooperation with B2B Jewelry, clients can receive a good cashback. Payments are made weekly and fully cover the money spent for the year. Investments from 1000 hryvnia or 50 dollars are accepted. According to the terms of the program, the larger the purchase, the more significant the profit will be. Certificates also bring passive income. After a year, they can be exchanged for jewelry or given as a gift.

The company is promoting its marketing plan primarily through YouTube. Therefore, there are not too many reviews about such investments on the Internet. This promotion strategy was chosen due to the fact that YouTube has a huge number of potential investors. The videos are provided by company representatives and users who have already invested in jewelry. The video mainly shows the company's stationary showrooms with counters and assortment. If we analyze all the existing videos, it is worth noting that there is often a rush in stores.

You can also become an investor through the company’s website. It is designed intuitively, intelligently, bright and attractive. You can view the resource in Russian, English and Ukrainian. There is also a link to pages on Facebook and Instagram. They have quite a lot of subscribers. If you have any questions, you can ask their managers via Facebook. Replies come in a maximum of an hour. Addresses of stores and salons are listed by city along with telephone numbers. Payments through the site are accepted either from a hryvnia card or from a payment system in dollars. If the purchase takes place in a store, you can give cash. Investors receive their money every Friday, and payments are made fully automatically. This happens without the participation of the human factor. that is, everything is calculated automatically depending on the invested amount, referral status, and, in fact, the interest rate.

Many are afraid to invest in this company because they cannot understand the principle and meaning of the company’s work. Our compatriots have been deceived by this type of company so many times that it is unknown how it will end this time. Therefore, many search for “B2B jewelry deception of investors” and find nothing. Still, it is up to the clients to decide whether to invest their capital here or not. After all, a check of the company has not yet shown anything wrong, but it has not been working for too long. And everyone knows about how residents of the post-Soviet space are deceived when investing money, and even more.

A selection of reviews about B2B Jewelry

At the moment, if you look through the reviews about investing in the B2B Jewelry project, you can find mostly positive ones. The project started around the middle of last year, that is, quite recently. Therefore, the developers are now trying to actively promote it and attract as many investors as possible.

People note that all payments occur with normal stability and frequency, in full. Once a week, on Fridays, the jewelry company makes the promised payments. At first glance, the project resembles a pyramid, and in essence it is one. But it differs from the standard, familiar schemes in a rather real component. You can touch it, see it, wear it. We are talking about a piece of jewelry that was purchased. By the way, there are also a number of shops. Any buyer can enter them. But any conclusions made ahead of time will be controversial. Therefore, it is not yet clear where the project will lead.

Deception or not

In fact, so far no component of deception has been seen. If we were talking about any abstract concepts, for example, a house under construction, an incomprehensible apartment, life insurance, one might suspect something. Our compatriots have long ago learned to look for the underlying reason in every such proposal. That is why, without finding it, there are two options left: to think that the developers have thought through everything well and will subsequently deceive you, or to make investments. The project has its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages it is worth noting:

1. Availability of products made of gold or silver;
2. Weekly payments allowing you to return even more of the purchase price;
3. Not a bad cashback;
4. The opportunity to organize passive income using your network, without doing practically anything.

The disadvantages so far are seen as follows:

1. Limitation of the target audience to one country;
2. The opportunity for foreign investors to receive only interest accrual on certificates;
3. Just a few payment options;
4. Two currencies, one of which is accepted exclusively electronically.

Again, we return to the fact that weekly payments are still being calculated, but it is not yet possible to see reviews of people who invested more than 10,000 or even 1,000 hryvnia, who chose to have the amount accrued once a year at the end of the term, since the project has not yet worked for that long. Whether investors are ultimately deceived will be seen later. But we can already say that people who become participants in the program by investing in a piece of jewelry rather than a certificate will no longer lose out. They have purchased gold or silver in their hands. Yes, they may not get their money back in full. Therefore, the investment will not be an investment of funds with a subsequent return, but a regular purchase. That is, if something happens, you won’t be able to make money, but it won’t be so offensive. As for certificates, which can only be cashed upon expiration of their validity period, that’s another question. After all, the component itself, which can be touched, is available, but whether it can be used later is still unknown.

If you want to take a risk, you can try investing in this project. But, we would recommend giving preference to investments through the purchase of jewelry rather than certificates.

But just in case, still study the relevant articles of Civil and Criminal legislation, which indicate what to do if you were deceived. It is also advisable to consult with a lawyer about how you can get your money back.

Important! For all questions, if you don’t know what to do and where to contact:

Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Free legal hotline.

Many citizens want to save on utility bills. But to do this, it is necessary to connect alternative energy sources that will help save money once invested. Therefore, all people have a question, what are the non-traditional energy sources? What are the possibilities of alternative forms of energy? How to make money on alternative energy sources?

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There are different alternative and non-traditional energy sources. The classification of alternative energy sources is given in textbooks of specialized institutions. In order to save on utility bills, it is enough to know the basic methods listed below.

Energy of electromagnetic solar radiation

Can be used to generate electricity and thermal energy. The direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity is carried out both through direct conversion, caused by the phenomenon of the internal photovoltaic effect on photovoltaic panels, and indirectly, using thermodynamic methods (high pressure steam production). Thermal energy is obtained by absorbing solar energy. this energy and further heating of the surface. and refrigerant, both using special collectors and the “solar architecture” method.

The complex of means for converting solar energy is a solar power plant.

Wind kinetic energy

It serves to convert into mechanical, thermal, and also, in most cases, electricity. To obtain mechanical energy from the kinetic energy of air masses, elementary windmills are used. However, for the subsequent conversion of the resulting mechanical energy, it is necessary to use a wind generator.

A wind turbine allows the mechanical energy of the rotor to be converted into electrical energy. It is possible to store the electricity produced by batteries and use it only when needed. Such an installation will be called a wind turbine. A combination of several wind turbines will be called a wind farm.

Hydroelectric power

Hydroelectricity is solar energy converted into potential energy stored in a dam or reservoir of natural and artificial reservoirs. Hydroelectric power can be converted into mechanical or electrical energy using hydraulic turbines. These facilities are called hydroelectric power plants (HPPs).

tidal energy

There are two ways to convert tidal energy into electricity in tidal power plants:

1. The first method, according to the principle of energy conversion, is similar to converting energy into hydroelectric power by rotating a turbine connected to an electric generator;
2. The second method uses the energy of water movement; This method is based on the difference in water levels during high and low tides.

Wave energy is used to generate mechanical and electrical energy. The transformation takes place at special wave power plants, the operating principle of which is based on the effect of waves on the following devices: floats, pendulums, blades. The movement of these devices generates mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity using an electrical generator.

It can be used for its intended purpose or for generating electricity. Energy conversion occurs at geothermal stations - GeoTES.

Geothermal energy sources can have high and low potential. High potential sources include hydrothermal resources (thermal waters). They are used for space heating.

Low-potential energy sources, in turn, are natural (atmospheric air, groundwater, soil itself) and artificial (room ventilation air, exhaust air, water or heat). These sources are used for air conditioning, heating and hot water supply.

Bioenergy

Bioenergy is produced from various types of biological raw materials obtained after processing organic waste. From solid (wood chips, pellets, wood, straw), liquid (bioethanol, biomethanol, biodiesel) and gaseous (biogas, biohydrogen) types of biological fuels, thermochemical (pyrolysis, combustion), physicochemical (bioconversion) or biochemical (anaerobic fermentation) conversion methods. for biomass) receive thermal or electrical energy. The advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources must be considered individually. However, we highlight some general advantages and disadvantages that apply to all sources.

Benefits of using alternative energy sources

1. Renewability
2. Environmental aspect.
3. Widely used, available.
4. Low energy production costs for the foreseeable future.

Disadvantages of using alternative energy sources

1. Inconsistency, dependence on weather conditions and time of day.
2. Low efficiency (except for water sources).
3. High costs.

Using a solar collector

How many ordinary people know what a solar collector is? But industrial enterprises and household organizations have been using such a device in everyday life for a long time. Unlike a solar battery, which directly produces electricity, the collector is part of an entire system that helps convert solar energy into thermal energy and heat the coolant material. This material can be water or a non-freezing liquid.

Due to their operation under pressure and forced circulation of coolant, solar collectors differ in their functional use from conventional solar water heaters. The collector itself and the water tank are located separately from each other, which has a positive effect on the ease of use of the system, as well as reducing thermal energy losses. Due to the fact that the devices use chemically purified water or antifreeze, it is not recommended to use them in systems that require draining the coolant in winter.

Direct heating of water in devices can also cause clogging of the absorption panel channels and accelerate internal corrosion processes. Indirect heating systems provide heat to the storage tank through a special intermediate heat exchanger. Heat accumulation occurs in a storage tank. This is due to the fact that hot water must be supplied to the consumer around the clock, despite the fact that useful heat is supplied to the collector mainly during the daytime.

There are two options for using solar equipment:

1. For heating water
2. For heating water and space heating

In the first case, the functioning of the entire system is based on the expected consumption of hot water supply per person.

Thus, it acts as the main source of energy, and the storage tank allows the entire system to operate uninterruptedly during external weather disasters and at night. A similar model of device can operate autonomously for no more than 2 days, and in the further absence of sunlight, an additional source of energy will be required. Despite possible difficulties, the results of using such a system are obvious. It allows you to reduce annual energy costs by up to 80%. When using a solar collector only in summer, such compensation can reach 100%.

If it is necessary not only to heat water, but also to provide heating to existing premises, the configuration will be different. With this option, the technical characteristics of the collector depend on the heat losses of the house, including the cost per person for hot water supply. The storage tank in such systems acts as the main source of energy. Tank sizes can range from 800 to 1.5 thousand liters. The device operates in conjunction with the boiler, providing autonomous operation for up to 30 hours. During the off-season and winter periods, such a system can significantly reduce the time the boiler is used. At the same time, the consumer does not feel discomfort from the lack of hot water supply, since sunlight still allows for the necessary heating of the coolant material.

The tank may consist of 1 or 2 copper spiral heat exchangers. Depending on the connection diagram to the heating system, the configurations of heat accumulators also differ. In turn, the heat accumulator consists of two tanks: external and internal made of stainless steel. In addition, each model assumes the presence of an additional energy source in case of unforeseen situations. Electric heaters are usually such a source.

Depending on the type of collector and its future location, the modification of the internal components of the system, in particular the heat exchanger tubes, also depends. Heat pipes (from the English "heat pipe") are used in vacuum collectors and serve for the heat transfer process. The principle of operation of such a tube is that the liquid inside evaporates at the hot end and condenses at the cold end, then flowing down again onto the hot half. Evaporation of the liquid inside the tube occurs at temperatures from +30 to 150C. When the temperature drops below the set limits, the tube is blocked, retaining heat.

Thus, heat pipes provide uninterrupted heat transfer, although their cost, due to their useful technological properties, is extremely high.

How to use alternative energy? It can be used in any direction. Methods for obtaining energy are alternatively indicated above.

What to do in your own home or private building

Producing energy using alternative sources is possible not only for companies, but also for the state. There are various installations and devices that help generate electricity in an unconventional way. Alternative methods of energy production help save on bills and keep the lights on in the event of an outage.

Solar Panels Solar panels can help you get green energy for your home. To purchase, you need to calculate the required power and choose a mounting location. The purchase and installation of solar panels is justified and will pay off in the future.

Solar collectors

Solar collectors heat up in the sun, direct the accumulated heat into the water and heat it. Therefore, this device provides heating and hot water supply at any time of the year.

Wind generators

Generators store energy and are subsequently consumed by household appliances. Typically, several devices are installed, which are turned on one by one in the event of an emergency stop.

Heat pumps

Heat pumps heat the room to the required temperature at any time of the year. Most of them are equipped with the opposite function - cooling, which will be useful in the summer. The source may be water, wind or earth.

Biogas production

Domestic biogas production makes it possible to replace the use of fossil fuels in everyday life with its more environmentally friendly and cheaper alternative. You can buy or build a biogas plant.

Mini hydroelectric power station

Mini-hydroelectric power plants are small stations that produce electricity for an individual home. Use this setup as your primary or backup power source. Portable hydroelectric power is an alternative for hard-to-reach and hard-to-reach areas.

Other resources

There are rarer opportunities, but they are expensive to implement. For example, infrared emitters for heating a room. On the global market, you will find hydrogen boilers that provide heat through chemical reactions between oxygen and hydrogen.

What can you do yourself

Alternative energy to do it yourself is available to everyone. You don't have to spend a lot of money to save on bills without harming the environment. You can do almost anything.

1. Fuel briquettes made from scrap materials (for example, paper);
2. Manual generator with ionistor;
3. Gasoline generator;
4. Solar panel in a smartphone;
5. Polycarbonate manifold;
6. A small version of a wind generator.

You can create installations yourself that lower your bill costs without reducing your energy consumption.

The southern regions of the country, as well as western and eastern Siberia and the Far East, have the potential to generate solar energy. In Russia, solar energy production is promising, so projects in this direction are supported by the government.

Hydro and tidal power plants

Russia is actively using water potential to generate electricity: according to 2017 data, the country has 15 power plants with a capacity of more than 1,000 megawatts and hundreds of plants with less electricity. The energy generated by a hydroelectric power plant costs half as much as the energy generated by a thermal power plant.

Tidal stations require a lot of finance, so the development of this area is not taking place in the Russian Federation. Scientists predict that SPE could account for a fifth of Russia's electricity production.

Wind turbines

In Russia, due to low wind speeds, it is impossible to install generators with a horizontal axis of rotation. However, vertical axis designs are often used.

According to 2018 data, the total capacity of wind turbines in Russia was 134 megawatts. The largest power plant in the Ulyanovsk region (capacity - 35 megawatts).

Geothermal stations

There are 5 geothermal power plants in Russia, three of which are located in Kamchatka. According to data for 2016, on this peninsula GeoPP generates 40% of the electricity consumed.

Biofuel use

Fuel production also takes place in Russia. At the same time, it is more profitable for the country to develop solid biofuels than liquid ones. Now production takes place at a plant in Vladivostok.

Nuclear power plant

Russia produces electricity using nuclear energy and continues to develop in this direction. New stations are being built, new production methods are being used. According to data from 2019, there are 10 nuclear power plants in Russia. The Russian Federation ranks second in the world in energy production using nuclear power plants; The People's Republic of China has become a leader in this industry.

Positive characteristics and disadvantages

Sustainability, safety, and respect for the environment are obvious advantages of working from non-traditional sources, but to move to AEI, the industry's core problems must be addressed.

Disadvantages of alternative energy:

1. Seasonality
2. Location;
3. Instability.

This does not apply to all types of nuclear energy sources; for example, geothermal energy is completely independent of seasonal changes.

Seasonality is expressed in strict dependence on the time of year - for example, at a certain moment the amount of wind and solar energy is greater than that of the rest.

The amount of energy generated depends on the location. To generate electricity from wind, speed is important (the power of the generator is equal to the cube of the speed, so when the latter parameter decreases by at least one and a half times, the power decreases by more than three times). Therefore, it is best to install wind turbines on the coast, where strong winds constantly blow.

Important! For all questions, if you don’t know what to do and where to contact:

Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Free legal hotline.

Many people wonder about buying a new or used car. And many are inclined towards a brand like Chevrolet. Yes, this brand has really proven itself. Buying a Chevrolet Camaro and the real cost of an Aveo car are frequent requests on the Internet. Also, everyone is interested in the real price of the Chevrolet Cruze and the characteristics of these cars.

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In the early days of the automobile industry, new automobile brands used the names of their creators. However, the Chevrolet brand happened differently. Swiss Louis Joseph Chevrolet (1878–1941) was a famous driver and mechanic, but he never owned a company that bore his name.

Louis Chevrolet was one of seven children of a poor watchmaker in the Swiss city of Chaux-de-Fonds. When he was 10 years old, his family moved to France in search of a better life, where the boy graduated from high school and then got a job at the Mors automobile company. Here he became interested in cars for a living and became the official car dealer for this company.

Characteristics of the Chevrolet Aveo

Popular among true connoisseurs of inexpensive, but beautiful and powerful models is the Chevrolet Aveo, produced in South Korea. This car is very harmonious. This model perfectly combines both soft smooth lines and sharp strokes. The sharp edges, which are especially striking at the bottom and top of the doors, are perfectly smoothed out by the smooth silhouette of the car.

Distinctive features of the Chevrolet Aveo

This car has several distinctive features. So, the headlights that are located under the bumper are not fog lights at all, as anyone would think, but sidelights.

It should also be noted that the direction indicators are located at the front. Two boomerangs located under the headlights perfectly indicate future traffic movements. Such “signs” will not go unnoticed by either drivers moving along the roadway or pedestrians.

Characteristics of Chevrolet Aveo

Chevrolet Aveo belongs to class “B”, but this is only an official opinion. In fact, this model largely belongs to class “C”.

Not only the appearance of the car is beautiful, but also its interior. So, you will always feel comfortable in the cabin with adjustable headrests, a remote control for the audio system, which is located on the steering wheel, and excellent working power windows. One cannot fail to note the steering wheel, which is beautifully trimmed in leather, which adds some luxury to the interior. The same material is used on the front armrest and gear lever.

The front panel is made of ordinary plastic, but thanks to the perfect color and well-done work, it looks very beautiful and high quality.

While in the cabin, everyone will note the good spaciousness, thanks to which passengers with a large number of things can be accommodated. Also, thanks to the sufficient capacity of the trunk (400 liters) and its increase in volume when the seats are folded, this model can easily be used for family or group of friends outdoor trips.

In Russia you can buy a Chevrolet Aveo with two power units (1.2 and 1.4 liters). Both of them are four-cylinder, but in other respects they differ from each other. The 1.2-liter power unit is eight-valve and has 123 Nm at three thousand rpm. Horsepower for this model starts at 72 units. The configuration with a larger engine has sixteen valves, has 130 Nm at 3400 rpm, and the power is 94 horsepower.

Thanks to the excellent gear ratios of the gearbox, which are ideally suited to the engine, the Chevrolet Aveo moves very quickly. The dynamic acceleration makes it possible to reach a speed of one hundred kilometers per hour already in second gear. Within the city, fuel consumption is 8.6 liters per hundred kilometers.

Thanks to the perfectly tuned suspension, you will not feel discomfort even when driving on the worst city roads. Everyone in the cabin will also be pleased with the excellent sound insulation, thanks to which you will not feel the bustle of the city. In general, it can be noted that when creating the model, the developers placed the main emphasis on comfort. So, despite not the largest dimensions, both people sitting in the front seats and in the back will feel free in the car. Two adult men can comfortably fit in the back.

Of course, it is equipped with Chevrolet Aveo and everything necessary for a modern car. There are fog lights, air conditioning, power accessories, power steering and much more. For safety, there is an airbag for the two front seats. All other seats have 3-point seat belts.

Review of Chevrolet Aveo 5D

• Design

Aveo, both sedan and hatchback, has the same front side - dual “spotlights” not covered under the lenses, a branded radiator grille with a logo on the crossbar, stampings on the wheel arches, hood and sidewall. The lights are also the same at the rear.

The five-door Aveo looks attractive and fresh, no worse than the four-door model. The hidden door handles in the window frame near the rear seats are also intriguing. And thanks to the same wheelbase, as well as the height of the car, the five-door version looks more massive than the Aveo sedan. It’s safe to say that on the road there is no shame in having such a car; the car looks very lively and interesting in appearance.

• Design

The suspensions are standard for a car of this class: McFerson struts at the front and a torsion beam at the rear. The power steering depends on the motor installed in the car; it is installed either electronic or hydraulic.

• Comfort

The interior trim is made of hard plastic, but the interior cannot be called cheap. The assembly was done with high quality, especially good work was done on the keys on the console and the steering column levers. The steering wheel has buttons to control the air conditioning and audio system. The seating position is also level: the seat is tight and pleasantly envelops the driver’s back, no pressure is noticeable anywhere, and the lateral support performs its functions well. The backrest can be reclined completely back to a horizontal position, and there is enough space in front so that the driver and passenger do not interfere with each other's elbows. The rear is also comfortable, the knees and the back of the head do not rest anywhere, but this is only relevant if there are only two passengers sitting.

The instrument panel adopts a large round tachometer shape with a large rectangular screen. The rendering is good, the position of the data blocks was made logical and simple. Glare on the screen does not interfere with reading information even in excellent sunny weather.

The visibility is excellent, nothing interferes with the driver. Steering wheel adjustment allows you to adjust the steering wheel's reach and tilt. The pedals are well placed between each other, even in massive shoes there will be no complaints. The only negative that can be expressed is that when changing even-numbered gears, you need to twist your hand with unnatural movements.

Chevrolet Cruze

The second generation of CRUZE was released in 2016. The changes compared to the old generation are significant. The car has become larger, more options have appeared, the car's electrics have become much more reliable, a new engine has appeared and, of course, the car has seriously changed in terms of design.

Design. The appearance of the car has become very elegant. The car seemed to have “grown up”, become more “adult”. But despite this, the front of the car has become more aggressive. The changes mainly affected the front of the car. The optics have become completely LED. The car's new headlights have a predatory squint. The profile of the car looks sporty and youthful. The car is much more attractive and looks a bit like a sports coupe from the rear.

Salon. The interior of the car has not changed much. However, there are some very significant changes that add elegance to the interior. Firstly, a large display of the multimedia system appeared. There are new deflectors for the ventilation system, which are painted chrome. The dashboard has changed a lot. A large on-board computer display appeared in its very center. Instruments can be read perfectly at any time of the day. The graphics on the on-board computer are excellent. The interior trim is of exceptional quality. Indeed, the seat upholstery and plastic look perfect. All details are carefully adjusted. Compared to the old generation CRUZE, the interior has become not only more stylish and modern, but also of much higher quality.

Technical part. On the 2nd generation, a diesel engine and a new small-displacement turbocharged engine appeared. There are two types of gearboxes installed on the car. The new engine is very nice. The dynamics are amazing, the elasticity of the engine is at the highest level. The car was created on a new platform. Because of this, the car became 100 kilograms lighter. The rigidity of the body has also increased. The car has a classic suspension. The dimensions of the car have also changed. The wheelbase has especially increased significantly. Thanks to this, the car has excellent ride comfort, as for this class of car. CRUZE has a fairly high ground clearance, and this is an indisputable plus for the CIS countries.

2011 Chevrolet Cruze 1LT

What is the secret to the success of a particular car model? Surely, no one will definitely answer this question for you. Everyone has their own formula for success, and there is no way to spy on it.

Every time General Motors designers create a new car, they definitely count on its success, but not all models were able to earn it. It is not known whether the 2011 Chevrolet Cruze will have it, but why not. This is a very good option for lovers of small cars. A lot of money was invested in its development, but the cost promises to pleasantly please the so-called “middle class”. In addition, the main competitors in the small car sector, the Honda Civic and Toyota Corolla, are not in their best shape at the moment.

Perhaps the Chevrolet Cruze will become a kind of pearl in the GM lineup. Maybe this is the car that will open General Motors to “entry-level” buyers.

Chevrolet Cruze is quite out of the general trend of the brand. It doesn't look like a Cobalt in the headlights, nor does it have anything in common with the Cavalier's curves that connect the A-pillar to the trunk. Cruze is absolutely individual, and this is its obvious advantage. And the fact that he did not adopt anything from his predecessors is not scary. Perhaps creating a car from scratch, focusing on modern trends and consumer requirements, is the key to success.

Visually, the Cruze is nothing short of impressive. These wide, impossibly long and slightly raised headlights, huge “inflatable” dimensions that tend to envelop almost the entire body, smooth curved lines of the body and roof... It seems almost perfect, no matter from which side you look at it. It can be a dream for dynamic movement around the city. But for all its lightness and fluidity of lines, it has almost the most aggressive appearance in the entire Chevrolet line, second only to the Camaro.

Having been impressed by the harmony of all the elements of the exterior, you can move on to the interior of the car. It amazes with its magnificence. There is a luxurious ceiling lining, a neat but stylish door trim, and there are not enough words to describe the seats. The comfort in the cabin is complemented by the absolute absence of noise. The designers were able to achieve this thanks to some changes in the engine, as well as by increasing the amount of sound-absorbing materials.

What distinguishes the Chevrolet brand from other similar brands is its constant monitoring of technical innovations and unusual design solutions. GM tries to introduce the best, the newest into its models, never stopping there. So, no more than five years ago, the Nissan Sentra, Toyota Corolla or Honda Civic were considered the quietest cars, and no one else could achieve such a level of noise insulation. And today they are hopelessly behind the Chevrolet Cruze. By the way, none of the above cars can boast of a six-speed automatic transmission.

Chevrolet Cruze will bring pleasure to each of its customers, since the most budget version immediately has Bluetooth, a USB port, and other pleasant little things that were previously offered by all automakers only for an additional fee.

However, the Chevrolet Cruze has a small drawback. No, perhaps this will not be a disadvantage for you, however, as well as for the company, but not everyone is delighted with a shiny dashboard. Sometimes, to create a feeling of luxury and high cost, you don’t need to use excessive shine and shine.

The Chevrolet Cruze interior is distinguished by large free space, which is enough not only for the driver, but also for rear passengers, regardless of height and build. And even the steep bend of the flowing roof does not force you to bend when people get on and off. In this car you can go on long journeys without experiencing any discomfort in your legs or back. But the control panel in the Chevrolet Cruze will take some time to get used to, since the arrangement of its components is very unusual. Although you can get used to it in a week.

The luxury and chic finishing of some elements is combined with cheap, tasteless plastics on the door and dashboard. In general, beauty is a relative concept. It is not a fact that what one person likes must necessarily be liked by others. Everyone can find something attractive in the interior of the Chevrolet Cruze.

This machine can be offered in several variants. The most economical is the 1LT Cruze: a 1.4-liter turbocharged engine, a six-speed automatic transmission, traction control and dynamic stabilization system.

The Chevrolet Cruze has redefined small cars, raising the bar quite high. And this is quite noticeable when driving on the highway. The ride on this car is smooth, quiet, with no extraneous noise. Of course, not everything is perfect. Perhaps the Mazda3, which, for example, can also be purchased for twenty thousand dollars, will offer better steering and braking systems. Moreover, the Chevrolet Cruze does not have an integrated direct injection system. Whether it is needed at all is a moot point, but since competitors have it, its absence can be considered a disadvantage of this car.

There can be no questions about the operation of the engine: quiet, silent operation, very fast start. but the gearbox at some speeds begins to behave not quite adequately.

The Chevrolet Cruze is a good base, which now needs to be improved so that it can take the top lines of sales leaders. For now, this car is somewhat inferior, for example, to the Toyota Corolla and other representatives of the class, but its time is still ahead.

Price policy

Chevrolet Tahoe and the above-mentioned cars are sold both on the primary market and on the secondary market. The risks of buying a car of this level are simple - the money is not small, but no one knows how high quality the car will be. Real customer reviews vary. Some people talk about a quality brand, while others talk about it as a Russian automobile industry.

On average, the cost of a Chevrolet is about 1 million rubles. Taha and Cruz in normal configuration will cost their owner 2 million.

Important! For all questions, if you don’t know what to do and where to contact:

Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Free legal hotline.

With the development of medicine, many drugs have appeared. But not all drugs can help, or, on the contrary, help a person well. We will now try to highlight one such drug, this is Inofert.

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Source of energy and nutrients Inofert

The female body has a large number of functions and sometimes fails at the most crucial moment of life when planning or bearing a child.

In most cases, this occurs due to a lack of folic acid in the body. In this case, the gynecologist prescribes the drug Inofert to the woman. What it is, what beneficial properties it has and what consumers think about it will be discussed in this article.

Description

This drug is a dietary supplement containing inositols, better known as vitamin B8, which strengthens nails, hair, and strengthens the immune system. The second ingredient in the powder sachet was folic acid itself.

It does not withstand extreme temperature influences, is not subject to changes under the influence of air masses and direct solar influence, and is not a hygroscopic substance.

It has the appearance of a sachet with powder content. One sachet is intended for one dose. It simply dissolves in water and is taken orally. The package contains thirty sachets of thirty grams each. This substance is produced in Germany.

In percentage terms, these ingredients are as follows:

Type of active substance

Ratio in one dose/g:

1. Inositopes - 1
2. Folic acid - 0.1

What Inofert is prescribed for, reviews from medical experts sound identical:

1. Pregnancy planning.

Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin found in liver, beans, eggs, milk, fruits and meat products. Useful during the preparatory process of pregnancy. Due to this, the level of possible miscarriage and the risks of defective formations are reduced. It has a beneficial effect on the normalization of cholesterol and glucose in diabetics.

Usage

The use of Inofert when planning pregnancy is actively discussed in reviews on women's forums dedicated to procreation.

This is the wide range of influence of Inofert on the female body, improving the functioning process.

Among the shortcomings are:

1. High price.

For the female body

What other positive changes occur in a woman’s body while taking Inofert? Let's start with the fact that gynecologists prescribe this remedy to women and girls during the onset of puberty.

As previously considered mainly in the occurrence of polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance, disruption of the ovulation process. A good solution for maintaining health after thirty-five years.

According to the instructions for use and doctor's recommendations. One portion of the powder is diluted in clean water and drunk. For the best effect, you need to take it either before meals, or at the immediate moment of lunch. It is taken once, less than twice a day, depending on the accompanying problem requiring treatment.

On average, treatment to restore menstruation needs to be continued for one month; in case of infertility and lack of ovulation, from three to six months.

If the problem is complex, then the dosage increases, they will be two sachets in the morning, and the same amount in the evening.

You can take it for a long period of time, since there are practically no side effects, there are rare exceptions.

There is an improvement in hormonal levels and metabolic profile. Additional positive phenomena highlighted by consumers were:

1. improvement, improvement of quality and restoration of normalization of the process of egg maturation;
2. increasing the chances of getting pregnant and bearing a fetus;
3. cure for polycystic ovary syndrome;
4. decreased insulin in people who are prone to obesity and have diabetes;
5. increased progesterone and glycoprotein binding hormones;
6. Testosterone levels and luteinizing hormones decrease.

This is the wide range of influence of Inofert on the female body.

A number of functions and useful properties of Inoferton:

1. Overcoming PCOS, acne, hirsutism, irregularities in the menstrual cycle.
2. Increased fertility, improved egg quality, increased chances of conception.
3. Reduced PMS symptoms.
4. Fight excess weight and high insulin levels.
5. Reduced depression and anxiety.

Inofert for weight loss reviews from women who have been actively using it for a year. There is a gradual weight loss without putting the body under stress, metabolism and the condition of the skin, hair and nails improve.

Taking the drug during pregnancy does not cause clinical side effects, but should be strictly monitored by a doctor in order to prevent high levels of it in the body.

Inofert is also prescribed for medicinal purposes against infertility, stimulating the process of improving eggs before artificial insemination or stimulating ovulation processes are carried out.

You should start taking a biologically active supplement only after the doctor’s recommendations and tests. To make sure there is no allergic reaction.

Reasons to use Inofert before in vitro fertilization (IVF):

1. Ensuring the maturation of a high-quality egg, which will be sent for fertilization.
2. Support of active sperm during the conception procedure.
3. Reducing the risk of a defective process in chromosomes.
4. There is no need to take large amounts of hormonal medication.

In addition, dietary supplements effectively help with damage to internal organs received during life, the systematic development of the body under the influence of age-related changes.

It is also possible to take Inofert in the first trimester of pregnancy. Thus, the woman’s body and the formation of the child will be saturated with folic acid and B vitamins. By forming the nervous tissues of the developing body, it compensates for the lack of micro and macro components, and normalizes the working process of sex hormones. But this is done only under strict supervision by a doctor.

For men

Inofert also has a positive effect on the male body. Balances the lack or excess of chromosome number in sperm. The scientific name for this defect is aneuploidy. It provokes problems at the time of conception, and also triggers a mechanism for the development of genetic diseases in the fetus. The powder substance Inofert accelerates the maturation of sperm and increases the quality of sperm.

If a married couple takes dietary supplements together, the effectiveness will be twice as high, as a result of which conception will occur with a high percentage of probability, and bearing a child will be much safer and easier.

Interaction with other drugs

There are a number of medications that actively affect the body’s absorption of vitamin B. For a full effect, you need to discuss with your doctor the medications you are already taking and their effect on Inofert.

It has been scientifically proven that with the following list of medications, folic acid and inositol are practically not absorbed:

1. Almagel and Maalox impair the absorption of vitamins B9.
2. Large quantities of aspirin, contraceptives, and courses of therapeutic treatment with nitrofuranocides reduce the concentrated composition of folic acids in the plasma substance of the blood.
3. If you combine vitamin B12, tocopherol and bifidobacteria, absorption will improve.
4. Choline-containing substances, inositols, form lecithin, thereby enhancing the active functions of vitamin E.
5. Alcoholic, caffeine-containing drinks, and sulfonamides destroy the properties of the dietary supplement.

As for the side effects of Inofert, they appear in relatively rare cases in the presence of individual organisms’ non-acceptance of the substances included in the composition.

In this case, an allergic reaction appears in the form of:

1. itching;
2. hives;
3. skin rashes;
4. mild nausea;
5. nagging pain in the lower abdomen.

The composition does not contain synthetic substances, specialized additives, or additional components. Only vitamin group B, in which B8 and B9 predominate. The effect is enhanced when eating.

The advantages of Inoferton are:

1. It is convenient to use, since it is packaged in grams, there is no need to measure out the required amount.
2. Improving the quality of eggs and test results increases the stimulation cycle.
3. Testosterone levels decrease.
4. Nervous excitability decreases.
5. The condition of the skin, hair and nails improves.
6. No side effect or allergies.

Among the shortcomings are:

1. High price.
2. Not always achieving the set goals and objectives.
3. Can't receive it on the road.

The days of the menstrual cycle, the onset of the ovulation process and other changes in the body do not have any effect on the effectiveness of the drug.

If such signs appear, you should definitely visit your doctor and undergo a consultation. If a dietary supplement is found to be inconsistent, stop using it, giving preference to analogues that do not contain allergenic substances.

Contraindications

In accordance with the instructions for Inofert, there are no contraindications or restrictions for use. The only exception is the ban on taking dietary supplements for children who have not reached puberty.

You can purchase it at any pharmacy and do not require a prescription from a doctor.

Strict compliance with storage requirements will ensure safe intake and long-term consumption of the dietary supplement. Can be used for three years, after which it must be disposed of.

The average cost of the drug in different pharmacy chains ranges from 900 to 1200 rubles, depending on the distance of the locality from the manufacturer of the drug.

There are official Internet pages of the manufacturer, where the cost is lower, since there are no intermediaries, and the quality is high. Thanks to the support service, you can get advice on current issues, recommendations for purchasing, payment and delivery.

Consumer Opinions

What Inofert is and what benefits it brings to the body, the information is disclosed in detail throughout the article. And what kind of feedback Inofert receives from those whom it has helped, we will consider further.

Women who have problems with ovulation for a long time, after taking the drug for a year, note improvements in this area and long-term positive results.

Also, if the cycle fails, taking it with food for several months stabilizes and equalizes, and periodic pain disappears.

For those planning to undergo IVF, it will reduce hyperstimulation and improve the quality of UC.

Inofert reviews for those who have helped to get pregnant with polycystic disease also show positive dynamics. Provokes the active process of ovulation and conception, reduces the progression of the disease.

There are cases when pregnancy does not occur, but the skin color improves, acne on the face and back goes away, and the female reproductive system comes into balance.

There are a large number of reviews on the Internet, they do not have a negative connotation. Some consumers are grateful to Inofert for the good and expected results, others simply improved their health conditions.

It is worth remembering that before taking a dietary supplement, you need to consult a doctor. Taking tests that track the level:

1. sex hormone;
2. the amount of folic acid in the body;
3. number of inosines.

It is worth taking it only if there are deviations in these areas. It does not affect human consciousness, which allows you to control a car and complex mechanisms.

The effectiveness of Inofert has been tested by a large number of client bases and has proven itself in achieving the following goals:

1. Restoration of the menstrual cycle.
2. Pregnancy planning.
3. Lack of folic acids in the body.
4. Normalization of the production of sex hormones.
5. Efficiency of reproductive systems.

Mnofert contains no sugar, gluten or allergens. But, nevertheless, before use, be sure to consult a doctor.

The presence of inositols increases female fertility, accelerates the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance, prediabetic condition and type 2 diabetes. Serves as an antidepressant and blocks panic attacks. Reduces discomfort during premenstrual syndrome, women's health supplement. The working functions of the ovaries improve.

Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin found in liver, beans, eggs, milk, fruits and meat products. Useful during the preparatory process of pregnancy. Due to this, the level of possible miscarriage and the risks of defective formations are reduced. It has a beneficial effect on the normalization of cholesterol and glucose in diabetics.

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If you live in a village or own a dacha, then you have the opportunity not only to earn money by breeding livestock, but also over time to become the owner of a successful business. But you should remember that you can’t make a lot of money on a few hundred dollars. For a stable animal breeding business, with high turnover and good profits, you will need a fairly large plot. But this, of course, depends on which animals you give preference to. For breeding some individuals, a large space is not needed. But let's look at this business option in order.

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All citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to free medical care. This right is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in Article 41. The basic compulsory health insurance program includes all necessary types of medical care, including high-tech care. There is also a territorial program that applies to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. But it cannot be lower than the basic program in terms of volumes, types and conditions of medical care. But what should you do if you are forced to pay for treatment, despite having a compulsory medical insurance policy? What to do if paid services are imposed? We will answer these questions in this article.

Terms of assistance

Sometimes people insured in the compulsory medical insurance system are faced with the following situation: they can get an appointment for free on a first-come, first-served basis, but for a fee - even today or tomorrow. But there are certain deadlines for admission:

• Emergency assistance is provided immediately;
• The queue for an initial consultation with a therapist or pediatrician should not be longer than a week;
• The queue to see a specialist of any profile is no more than two weeks;
• The waiting list for an MRI should be no longer than 4 months;
• The queue for a diagnostic consultation is no longer than a month;
• The waiting list for planned hospitalization is no later than 6 months; the specific period is determined by the medical commission of the medical institution.

All studies and tests required for treatment are provided free of charge upon referral from the attending physician. If a doctor recommends something additional, for a fee, as absolutely necessary, this is illegal! If desired, it is at the discretion of the patient. According to the law (Article 4 of the Law of November 29, 2010 No. 326-FZ), a citizen insured in the compulsory medical insurance system, upon the occurrence of an insured event, must receive the full range of assistance within the framework of the basic and territorial program. And these programs are quite extensive.

What to do if they demand money?

If you have doubts about the requirements to pay for a particular service in a medical institution, you should ask the doctor to justify this requirement. If there are no clear justifications, then you need to file a claim. There are several authorities where you can find an answer to the question:

• Management of the medical institution;
• Medical insurance organization that issued the compulsory medical insurance policy;
• Territorial Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund;
• Rospotrebnadzor;
• Prosecutor's office and court.

Sometimes a verbal appeal or even a call (to an insurance company, for example) is enough to resolve the issue. And sometimes you can’t do without a written complaint. Upon written request, the insurance company conducts a targeted medical and economic examination, Rospotrebnadzor conducts an unscheduled inspection of the medical institution on the issue of improper provision of medical services to the consumer. The same check can be carried out at the request of the prosecutor's office. As practice shows, all conflict situations in 90% of cases are resolved at the level of the chief physician of a medical institution. He is not interested in the conflict having consequences.

What to do if they impose a paid service?

A paid service may be offered under the guise of a good alternative. For example, under a compulsory medical insurance policy, you can receive certain medical care only using Russian-made medical products. And if you use foreign analogues, it is exclusively paid. Offering an alternative is not contrary to law. But everything is documented in writing as required by law. The patient must refuse in writing a free service using domestic medical products (in accordance with Part 1 of Article 20 of Law No. 323-FZ of November 21, 2011) and give written permission to use foreign medical products. The citizen must be given an agreement on the provision of paid services with a list of what is guaranteed within the framework of this fee. If a patient refuses a paid service, no one has the right to deprive him of free medical services.

It doesn’t matter in which city medical care was required, it is important that according to the compulsory medical insurance policy, the insured person is required to receive free help in any medical institution in the country as part of the basic program. For any acute conditions - toothache, injuries, bruises, allergies, poisoning - help should not be refused. And if there is a threat to life or a deterioration in condition, there is no need to present any policy at all. Such emergency and emergency outpatient care is provided free of charge to any person, not even a citizen of the country.

An example of an unlawful refusal to provide free medical care to a nonresident

Citizen A.I. Belov, registered in the Nizhny Novgorod region, came to visit relatives in the Krasnodar region. There he developed minor health problems and complained of malaise to the local clinic. However, they refused to accept him for free, citing the fact that he was a citizen from another region. Belov A.I. I called the hotline at the local TFOMS and expressed a complaint. Within 10 minutes, a specialist from the department for working with citizens carried out the corresponding work and Belova A.I. accepted at the clinic under the current compulsory medical insurance policy.

Around the clock

Departure 24 hours a day,
on weekends and holidays

Promptly

The team will arrive on site
in 30-50 minutes

Officially

License for medical activities

Safely

Certified Doctors
with 5 years of experience

Confidentially

We do not record data, we do not register

Payment on site in cash or card, we issue a receipt

We do not impose services,
which are not necessary

Sick leave

We write out sick leave
for the period of treatment in the clinic

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However, public clinics are considered safer, because all procedures performed in them are approved by the Ministry of Health, and the staff is necessarily certified. But treatment in government institutions has its drawbacks that repel addicted people - registration, which limits the rights of a citizen, the cost of services, which includes supposedly free medicines, bureaucracy and often poor conditions for patients.

A private organization, even if it provides assistance, is still primarily a business project. Some organizations prefer to become NPOs and receive subsidies from the state, but they alone are not enough to develop a clinic and provide quality services. Since a private rehabilitation center is a business, it needs to earn money in order to break even, and the more the better. To achieve this, private organizations use the following strategies:

• Overestimation of the real cost of services.
• Policy of flexible prices, imposition of additional unnecessary services.
• Increasing the length of stay of a drug addicted patient in a rehabilitation center.

Such actions can undermine clients’ trust in the rehabilitation center, which is why conscientious clinics do not resort to them at all, or do so extremely carefully.

Let's look at these strategies for extracting money from drug-addicted patients or their relatives and figure out why they are so dangerous.

Overestimating the cost of services

It is difficult for an ordinary person unfamiliar with the specifics of this section of the business to understand how inflated the prices for services in a rehabilitation center are. In order to understand this, without delving into market analysis, you need to pay attention to the living conditions of patients, medical diplomas and their work experience, types of procedures, it is also advisable to look at other clinics and centers of a similar level. If the price of the center you choose is one and a half or two times higher than the price of services and procedures at another center, then you will be overpaying in this place. You also need to make sure that the declared parameters match the real ones. Properly composed advertising can be misleading, creating the illusion of a modern, high-quality center: a well-designed website, professional photographs, promotions with huge discounts, and photographs of beautiful people luring to the clinic - all this can gain trust and reduce the vigilance of drug addicts and their family and friends .

Flexible prices and imposition of services

Every person has encountered something like this at least once. For example, at the checkout counter of a fast food cafe, after paying for your purchase, you are casually offered to buy something else. Drug treatment clinics do the same thing, however, they do not just offer to pay for some service, but also try to convince you that without it you will not be able to recover, that it is vital for you. Why is it so easy to convince clients of something in the field of rehabilitation centers and clinics? Because, as a rule, it is not drug addicts themselves who come to the clinic, but their relatives or friends. Drug addicts themselves rarely have the desire to undergo treatment. And clinic managers skillfully manipulate the feelings of relatives and friends of drug addicts.

For example, a person called to find out the cost of treatment. Instead of a specific answer, the manager will do his best to get the person to come to the office. He will be asked to come without a potential patient, so that his presence, supposedly, will not harm the therapy.

If a person refuses a visit, they are told that the exact cost will only be known after a personal consultation, or they name the amount, but clarify that it may change depending on the dynamics of the drug addicted patient’s recovery. Perhaps the manager will say that there is a promotion going on now, and there is only one place left at such a low price. Phrases like: “What kind of mother are you if you don’t want to fight for the life of your child?” and so on.

When a sponsor or relative comes to a rehabilitation center, they will try to describe the horrors of addiction in the most terrible colors and sell him the longest or most complete course of therapy.

The logic of such a strategy is clear: it influences the feelings and emotions of those who will pay. The manager is required to assess the sponsor’s solvency, play on his feelings for the addict, induce a feeling of guilt and sell the most expensive course of treatment.

If the price seems too high to the client, they tell him something like: “I would live in the basement for my husband, if only he was alive and well!” After such psychological pressure, people often agree to any conditions of the rehabilitation center, and all that remains is to obtain the consent of the drug addict himself. Here clinics use a trick: sponsors are told that the course of therapy lasts three weeks, but can be extended if the patient recovers slowly. The addict signs an agreement for three weeks of treatment, with the right of the clinic to extend it. If he is suddenly in no hurry to do this, everything is used - from motivational speeches to brute force.

Increased length of stay in the clinic

Once a drug-addicted patient enters a rehabilitation clinic, the sponsor or relative can no longer control anything. The centers use a well-established scheme to increase the patient's length of stay in the rehabilitation facility. To begin with, his means of communication with the sponsor are taken away. They are prepared for this in advance: they are convinced of the need to protect the dependent person from their usual social circle. They warn that if he calls and starts complaining, asking to be picked up from the center, you don’t need to believe him, and if he runs away from there and returns home, you need to urgently send him back.

From the outside it may seem that it is more logical to trust a loved one than a business organization, however, often trust in a drug addict is undermined in advance, due to his many years of lies, and therefore his complaints are not taken seriously by his family.

When the patient is allowed to talk to relatives, this happens over a loudspeaker, and he is persuaded to say that he has not yet recovered, that he needs more time. A client who criticizes the clinic will likely face disciplinary or even physical punishment.

The drug addict will be kept in the clinic until the sponsor runs out of money. And it’s good if during this so-called. treatment, the patient will receive at least part of the promised services.

At the moment, the state cannot ensure effective control over the integrity of the work of rehabilitation centers and clinics. Meanwhile, the number of victims of unfair treatment continues to grow: drug addicted patients are driven to suicide, bullying and torture undermine their already fragile health, and the sponsors of their therapy are left without a livelihood.

That's why we encourage you to participate. You should not sit idly by and hope that the situation will resolve itself. Together we can achieve the closure of unscrupulous centers and clinics, or we will ensure that their actual services meet the stated standards of treatment and maintenance.

On our website you can write a review about a rehabilitation center or drug treatment clinic where you or your loved ones received treatment. This will help future patients avoid bad situations that you may have gotten yourself into. All reviews will be published, there is the possibility of anonymous publication.

Our lawyers will advise you free of charge on the topic of your rights, and will help you write a complaint against the clinic or center to law enforcement agencies if, in your opinion, they are breaking the law. In this way, you will help improve the quality of rehabilitation of drug addicts in Russia, and also save future patients from the consequences of unprofessional treatment.

The imposition of additional services is an infringement of the rights of citizens - according to Art. 16 of the Federal Law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”, as well as the provisions of the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The only effective method of protecting yourself from an unnecessary “package of offers” is to refuse them. If you had to pay for something you don’t need at all, there is always the possibility of compensation or invalidation of the contract.

Is there an article of the Criminal Code

There is no article in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CC) for imposing services. Although in some cases the actions of a party to a purchase and sale transaction (often in insurance or when taking out loans) may be qualified under Art. 167 of the Criminal Code – causing damage to property by deception or abuse of trust.

What to do when imposing services

How can a consumer protect himself from the imposition of services? Here are the rules that must be followed for this.

• Carefully study the contract before signing it.
• Find out from the seller the conditions for purchasing products or purchasing services, whether there is an opportunity to refuse additional purchases.
• If any disagreements arise during the signing of the contract, contact the head of the enterprise.
• If the problem cannot be solved on the spot, it is necessary to send an appeal to the authorities listing all the requirements in 2 copies. Keep one with you, and address the other to management by registered mail with acknowledgment of receipt.
• When an organization ignores your complaint, you should contact the authorities that can protect the consumer: the judiciary, Rospotrebnadzor, etc.
• In protecting your interests, you are obliged to provide evidence of violation of your rights by the seller of goods (services) or the manufacturer of the product.

Important! Witness testimony, material evidence, video recordings, audio recordings, etc. may be evidence of violations.

Where to file a complaint

• Rospotrebnadzor is the main body protecting consumer rights. Imposing insurance when applying for a loan is an example of obvious arbitrariness on the part of the bank.
• The prosecutor's office is a supervisory structure that oversees compliance with laws and human rights. When signing MTPL agreements, in some cases the rights of car owners are violated. The actions of the prosecutor's office help eliminate them.
• FAS (Federal Antimonopoly Service) monitors order in the financial sector. One of the responsibilities of the service is to consider complaints from borrowers.
• If the issue is not resolved, the case is heard by the court.

Before going to court, try to objectively assess the situation. Litigation takes a lot of effort and time.

Important! Don't rely only on yourself! We recommend that you seek help from an experienced lawyer who can find the best solution to your problem.

Filing a claim

The purchase of one service cannot be conditional on the imposition of another. Such conditions when concluding a transaction are a direct violation of the buyer’s rights.

A statement of claim regarding the imposition of additional services can be filed by the consumer himself or his representative (public organization, lawyer, etc.) at the place of registration of the plaintiff, defendant (if he has the status of an individual entrepreneur), as well as at the location of the organization.

Such a statement must contain:

• name of the court;
• contact details of the consumer or his representative;
• name of the institution that is the defendant;
• legal and actual addresses of the organization;
• description of the consumer complaint;
• necessary evidence of imposition of the service by the seller;
• cost of claim;
• confirmation of attempts to resolve the problem pre-trial (photocopy of the sent registered letter);
• list of attached documentation.

Imposition of medical services

Hard sell can manifest itself in a variety of ways. However, such actions always infringe on the interests and rights of the patient who sought help.

If a citizen is insured under the compulsory medical insurance system (compulsory health insurance), then he has the right to receive medical care for free. Services can be provided using medical devices from both domestic and foreign manufacturers. At the same time, free medical care, according to the compulsory medical insurance program, provides for Russian-made products.

There are often cases of imposition of paid medical services. In itself, an offer to a consumer from a medical organization to provide a paid service will not be considered a violation of the patient’s rights by the medical institution. But it must be remembered that the client’s response to the medical organization’s proposal must be properly formalized in writing.

Registration of a paid service can be expressed as:

• a documented refusal by the patient to provide medical services using domestic or foreign-made products;
• a properly drawn up contract for the provision of paid medical services.

Important! When concluding an agreement with a medical organization, you must always remember that the medical institution must provide the patient with information about the possibility of receiving certain volumes and types of medical care free of charge.

To protect yourself from the imposition of additional medical services, you need to know your rights and responsibilities. But no one can completely insure themselves against unnecessary services.

Responsibility for imposing the service

Responsibility for imposing additional services on consumers follows from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Criminal law can be used to punish this violation, provided that the seller’s actions lead to serious consequences (for example, the act of imposing a service turned into extortion).

The punishment may be as follows:

• payment of fines by officials up to 2 thousand rubles;
• payment of a fine by legal entities up to 20 thousand rubles;
• compensation for moral damage to the consumer.

Important! These sanctions are applied to the offender only in court.

Dispute resolution is handled by the courts, local authorities and public organizations. If you feel that you cannot cope alone, use the services of a professional lawyer who has practice in this matter. His experience and knowledge will make your life much easier.

ATTENTION! Due to recent changes in legislation, the information in this article may be out of date! Our lawyer will advise you free of charge - write in the form below.

The Ministry of Health decided to decide which paid services should be provided in clinics and hospitals, and which should be abandoned. The department will develop new rules for the provision of additional services in public medical institutions.

It happens that they impose paid services on citizens, the press service of the Ministry of Health explained to RG. “The existing regulatory legal framework does not allow us to clearly distinguish which services should be provided to citizens free of charge and which can be provided for a fee,” said a representative of the department. “In addition, the issue of the cost of medical services provided on a paid basis has not been resolved.”

“Despite the fact that 99 percent of the country’s population has compulsory medical insurance policies, most patients do not always clearly understand which services are covered by the policy free of charge and which are not covered by the compulsory medical insurance policy,” says Mikhail Khachaturyan, associate professor of the department of organizational and managerial innovations of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. “And the administrations of the institutions, taking advantage of the patients’ lack of awareness, resolve issues of additional financial support.”

According to the general director of the Institute of Regional Problems, Dmitry Zhuravlev, income from paid services can be used to encourage health workers, so they are vitally interested in increasing the paid segment. Most often this happens by making it more difficult to obtain a free service. We have a long queue for free examinations - everyone has probably heard this explanation. Zhuravlev reminds that any patient, if an initially free service is imposed on him for money or the time frame for referral to a specialist or surgery is delayed, can complain to the insurance company. Insurance representatives are obliged to help, including conducting an examination of the quality of medical care. However, not all citizens are aware of their rights.

“The Institute of Insurance Representatives helps citizens in such disputes with the clinic; 99.8 percent of complaints are resolved pre-trial,” says Alexander Troshin, chairman of the working group of the All-Russian Union of Insurers for the development of compulsory medical insurance.

Nowadays, hospital and clinic workers are vitally interested in providing paid services to patients.

Associate Professor of the Department of State and Municipal Administration of the Russian University of Economics. Plekhanov Kirill Parfenov notes that in large cities the restriction of paid services will lead to the fact that they will have to go to private clinics, and there prices are always higher. In smaller populated areas, opportunities to receive medical care will be reduced. A truly qualified doctor who can earn money with his knowledge and experience will either move to a place where he has such an opportunity, or “go into the shadows.” Medical institutions will lose the opportunity to support staff salaries, says Parfenov.