Anatomy terms in Latin. Internal organs. List of basic Latin anatomical terms
anterior
Rear – posterior
Upper – superior
Bottom – inferior
Intermediate – intermedius
Right – dexter
Left – sinister
Dorsal, lying on the back – dorsalis
Ventral, abdominal – ventralis
External – externus
Internal – internus
Deep – profundus
Superficial – superficialis
Sagittal, sagittal – sagittalis
Frontal, parallel to the forehead – frontalis
Horizontal – horisontalis
Vertical – verticalis
Longitudinal – longitudinalis
Transverse – transversus
Medial, lying closer to the midline – medialis
Median – medianus
Medium
Distal, more distant from the center – distalis
Proximal, closest to the body – proximalis
Elbow – ulnaris
Radial – radialis
Anterior median line – linea mediana anterior
Posterior median line – linea mediana posterior
Midclavicular line – linea medioclavicularis
Sternal line – linea sternalis
Anterior axillary line – linea axillaris anterior
Middle axillary line – linea axillaris media
Posterior axillary line – linea axillaris posterior
Scapular line – linea scapularis
Paravertebral line – linea paravertebralis
AND SHOW ON DRUGS
Vertebra
Vertebral body – corpus vertebrae
Nutrient hole – foramen nutritium
Vertebral foramen – foramen vertebrale
Spinal canal – canalis vertebralis
Legs of the vertebral arch – pedunculi arcus vertebrae
Superior vertebral notch – incisura vertebralis superior
Inferior vertebral notch – incisura vertebralis inferior
Intervertebral foramen – foramen intervertebrale
Vertebral process – processus vertebrae
Spinous process – processus spinosus
Superior articular process – processus articularis superior
Inferior articular process – processus articularis inferior
Transverse process – processus transversus
Articular surface – facies articularis
MAIN LITERATURE
1. Human anatomy, edited by M.R. Sapin. M. "Medicine", 2001, vol. 1, p. 24-27.97-108.
2.R.D.Sinelnikov, Y.R.Sinelnikov. Atlas of human anatomy. M., “Medicine”, 1996, vol. 1, p. 12-19.
3. M.G.Prives, N.K. Lysenkov, V.I. Bushkovich. Human anatomy. St. Petersburg, SPbMAPO, 2005, p. 49-65, 79-82.
4. I.V. Gaivoronsky. Normal human anatomy. St. Petersburg, SpetsLit, 2001, vol. 1, p. 46 - 58.
5. Lecture material on anatomy.
LESSON No. 2
SUBJECT: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. The spinal column as a whole.
TARGET: Study the structural features of the vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) and the spinal column as a whole in order to use this knowledge when studying other sections of anatomy and clinical disciplines.
EQUIPMENT:
1.Human skeleton.
2.Sets: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae.
3. Spinal column.
4.Tables and radiographs of bones.
5. Dummy preparations of bones.
INITIAL LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE
To master the topic, students must know the classification of skeletal bones, parts of the skeleton, general characteristics of the structure of bones, the general plan of the structure of the vertebra and the spinal column as a whole.
THE STUDENT NEEDS:
Know:
a) parts of the spinal column;
b) the structure of the vertebrae of various parts of the spinal column;
c) the structure of the spinal column as a whole, bends;
Be able to:
a) name and show parts of the skeleton, sections of the spinal column;
b) distinguish between individual types of vertebrae;
c) correctly name and show on preparations the details of the structure of the vertebrae of various parts of the spinal column;
d) correctly connect the vertebrae to each other;
e) name and show the curves of the spinal column;
d) identify parts of the spinal column, individual vertebrae and their parts on radiographs.
PLAN FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC MATERIAL
1.The structure of a typical cervical vertebra.
2.Structure of the first cervical vertebra.
3.Structure of the II cervical vertebra.
4. Features of the structure of the VI and VII cervical vertebrae.
5.Features of the structure of the thoracic vertebrae
6. Features of the structure of the I, II, X, XI, XII thoracic vertebrae.
7.Structure of the lumbar vertebrae.
8. General plan of the structure of the sacrum.
9. Dorsal surface of the sacrum.
10. Pelvic surface of the sacrum.
11.Structure of the coccygeal vertebrae.
12. Physiological curves of the spinal column, timing of their formation
LIST OF EDUCATIONS THAT A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO FIND
AND SHOW ON PREPARATIONS
Cervical vertebra – vertebra cervicalis
Groove of the spinal nerve – sulcus nervi spinalis
Foramen of the transverse process – foramen processus transversi
Atlas – atlas
Anterior arc – arcus anterior
Posterior arc – arcus posterior
Lateral mass – massa lateralis
Anterior tubercle – tuberculum anterius
Fossa of the tooth – fovea dentis
Posterior tubercle – tuberculum posterius
Groove of the vertebral artery – sulcus arteriae vertebralis
- (Greek anatome, from ana times, temnein to cut, flog). The science of the structural forms of organic beings. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ANATOMY Greek. anatome, from ana, through, once, and temnein, cut, flog.… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
ANATOMY Modern encyclopedia
ANATOMY- ANATOMY, anatomy, many. no, female (from Greek anatome cutting). The science of the internal structure of organic bodies. Human anatomy. Anatomy of plants. Descriptive anatomy. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Anatomy- (from the Greek anatome dissection), the science of the structure (mainly internal) of the body, a section of morphology. There are animal anatomy, plant anatomy, human anatomy (the main sections are normal anatomy and pathological anatomy) and... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
ANATOMY- (from the Greek anatome dissection) the science of the structure (mainly internal) of the body, a section of morphology. Distinguish between animal anatomy and plant anatomy. Human anatomy is independent (with its main sections of normal anatomy... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ANATOMY- (from the Greek ana tome dissection, dismemberment), a section of morphology that studies the form and structure of the department. organs, systems and the body as a whole. Basic method used in A., dissection method; They also use morphometry, radiography, etc. methods... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
Anatomy- (Greek), dissection itself, the science of the structure of organic beings. Like many other sciences, art has two sides: practical and theoretical. The first sets out the rules for studying the subject material, methods, techniques and technical means... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
ANATOMY- (from the Greek anatemno I dissect), originally denoted the knowledge that could be obtained by dissecting corpses; Later, the immediate and most important task of A. began to be considered the study of individual systems or mechanisms, from the totality of... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
ANATOMY- ANATOMY, a branch of biological science devoted to the structure of the body. Divided into industries based on different parameters. Based on the size of the object under consideration, general anatomy is distinguished, which studies the structure of the body with the naked eye... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
anatomy- anthropotomy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. anatomy noun, number of synonyms: 19 adenology (1) ... Synonym dictionary
ANATOMY- ANATOMY, and, women. The science of the structure of organisms. A. animals. A. plants. | adj. anatomical, oh, oh. A. atlas. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Books
- Anatomy, Roen J.V.. unique photographs of anatomical sections that subtly convey the color and structural features of the structure of organs; educational diagrams that complement and explain the magnificent... Buy for 6027 RUR
- Anatomy, Drewer E.. Illustrated atlas of anatomy. In an accessible, visual and fascinating form, he talks about the structure of the human body and the work of all body systems. Illustrations in the book...
Body parts 1.Head - Caput. 2. Neck - Cervix Collum 3. Torso - Truncus 4. Chest - Thorax Pectus 5. Belly - Abdomen V enter 6. Back - Dorsum 7, Pelvis - Pelvis 8, Hand - Manus 9, Leg - Pes 10, Eye - Oculus 11, Mouth - Oris 12, Nose - Nasus 13, Ear - Auris
Musculoskeletal system 1.Skeleton - Sceleton 2, Bone - Os 3, Periosteum - Periosteum 4, Bone marrow - Medulla ossium 5, Joint - Articulatio Arthron 6. Skull - Cranium 7. Orbit - Orbita 8. Vertebral column - Columna vertebralis 9, Vertebra - Vertebra 10, Sacrum - Os sacrum 11, Cape - Promontorium 12, Rib - Costa 13, Sternum - Sternum 14, Thorax - Сompages thoracis 15, Clavicle - Clavicula 16, Scapula - Scapula 17, Humerus - Humerus 18, Ulna - Ulna 19, Radius - Radius 20, Hand bones - Ossa manus 21, Finger - Digitus 22, Pelvic bone - Os coxae 23, Ilium - Os ilium 24. Pubic bone - Os pubis 25. Ischia - Os ischia 26. Femur - Femur 27. Tibia - Tibia 28. Fibula - Fibula 29. Foot bones - Ossa pedis 30. Muscle - Musculus
Digestive system 1. Oral cavity - Cavitas oris 2. Cheeks - Buccae 3. Gums - Gingivae 4. Tongue - Lingua Glossa 5. Teeth - Dentes 6. Pharynx - Pharinx 7. Esophagus - Esophagus 8. Stomach - Gaster 9. Small intestine - Enteron 10 Duodenum - Duodenum 11. Large intestine - Intestinum crissum 12. Cecum - Caecum 13. Colon - Colon 14. Vermiform appendix - Appendis vermiformis 15. Rectum - Rectum Proctos 16. Liver - Hepar 17. Pancreas - Pancreas 18 Gallbladder - Cystis chole 19. Peritoneum - Peritoneum
Respiratory system - Systema respiratoria 1. Nasal cavity - Cavitas nasi Rhynos 2. Larynx - Larynx 3. Vocal cord - Ligamentum vocale 4. Trachea - Trachea 5. Bronch - Bronch 6. Lung - Pulmo Pneumon 7. Pleura - Pleura 8. Mediastinum - Mediastinum
Urinary system - Systema urinaria 1. Kidney - Ren Nephros 2. Renal pelvis - Pyelos 3. Ureter - Ureter 4. Bladder - Cystis urinaria 5. Urethra - Urethra
Female genital organs - Organa genitalia feminina 1. Ovary - Ovarium 2. Uterus - Uterus Methra 3. Cervix - Cervix uteri 4. Fallopian tube - Tuba uterine 5. Vagina - Vagina 6. Perineum - Perineum 7. Mammary gland - Mamma Male genital organs - Organa genitalia masculine 1. Testicles - Testis Orchis 2. Spermatic cord - Funiculus spermaticus 3. Seminal vesicles - Glandula seminalis 4. Prostate gland - Prostata 5. Scrotum - Scrotum
The cardiovascular system Heart - Cardia Cor 2. Right atrium - Atrium dexter 3. Left atrium - Atrium sinister 4. Right ventricle - Ventriculus dexter 5. Left ventricle - Ventriculus sinister 6. Left coronary artery - Arteria coronaria sinistra 7. Right coronary artery - Arteria coronaria dextra 8. Aorta - Aorta 9. Pulmonary artery - Arteria pulmonalis 10. Common carotid artery - Arteria carotis communis 11. Subclavian artery - a. subclavian 12. Brachial artery - a.brachialis 13. Radial artery - a. radialis 14. Ulnar artery - a.ulnaris 15. Thoracic aorta - aorta thoracica 16. Abdominal aorta - aorta abdominalis 17. Iliac artery - a. iliaca 18. Femoral artery - a. femoralis 19. Superior vena cava - Vena cava superior 20. Inferior vena cava - Vena cava inferior 21. Portal vein - Vena porta 22. Spleen - Splen Lien 23. Red bone marrow - Medulla ossium
Nervous system 1. Spinal cord - Medulla spinalis 2. Brain - Encephalon Cerebrum 3. Medulla oblongata - Medulla oblongata 4. Cerebellum - Cerebellum 5. Midbrain - Mesencephalon 6. Diencephalon - Diencephalon 7. Telencephalon 8. Dura mater - Dura mater 9. Arachnoidea 10. Soft shell - Pia mater
Good afternoon Today we will get acquainted with the Latin language, find out why a doctor needs it in any country, and also try to learn several important Latin terms.
So, Latin. To be honest, I really enjoyed teaching him for a number of reasons:
- In classes on this subject, I felt as if I was touching some secret ancient knowledge. This is understandable, because we are talking about the language spoken by the great doctors of antiquity;
- you will learn in Latin. Therefore, a good knowledge of Latin will make memorizing anatomy relatively easy for you;
- Latin terms (especially medical ones) sound really, really cool;
- An appropriately used term in Latin during a conversation or report eloquently indicates your erudition. This may not be entirely true, but I always got that impression.
What is Latin used for? Doctors need it so that doctors who speak different languages can always understand each other. Of course, it is impossible to imagine anatomy without Latin. Biologists, chemists and pharmacists need it due to the use of a single terminology, which greatly facilitates the classification of medicines, animal species, etc.
Clinical terminology is also based on Latin. For example, if the name of a medicine ends in “in”, we can with a high degree of probability assume that we are talking about an antibiotic - amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin. If the name of the disease has the suffix “oma”, then they certainly talk about a tumor - hemengioMA, sarcomoma, lipoma. If the suffix “itis” is present, this is inflammation. For example, stomatitis, bronchitis, colitis.
Studying Latin for doctors has its own specifics. At the end of the course in this subject at the medical university, you are unlikely to be able to speak Latin with your friend on the phone. You also probably won't be able to easily say things like, "I may be a Marvel fan, but Zack Snyder's direction is so good that I ended up loving the Superman and Batman movies more than anyone else." All you need from this subject is to be able to understand and name it from memory anatomical terms, diagnoses of diseases, and also be able to write prescriptions in Latin.
From my own experience, I will say that Latin terms memorized in advance, before starting your studies at a medical university, provide several advantages:
- Firstly, you master the subject much faster and new topics are much easier for you.
- Secondly, you will quickly gain a good attitude from the teacher towards you. Your Latin teacher will definitely consider you a bright student if you answer the best in the first few years.
- Well, thirdly, having a good vocabulary, you will to some extent be able to compensate for your lag in grammar if this suddenly happens. This is exactly how it was with me - in terms of vocabulary, I was quite good, but grammar was very difficult. But I was included in the list of applicants for the coveted “automatic machine” precisely because of my vocabulary - at least that’s what the teacher told me.
When I created this collection of Latin words, I was guided, first of all, by the very beginning of the first semester of the first year. Therefore, if you have already been admitted, but wanted to know how to prepare for medical university in advance, this article is for you. After all, in such a situation it is best to start your preparation with Latin.
Actually, a Latin lesson
Let's try to remember a few simple words with pronunciation. Let me make a reservation right away that in our first selection I will not indicate the gender, variation of spelling of a word in the genitive case or in the plural, as is customary in dictionaries.
For our first lesson in Latin, I suggest remembering two simple rules that we will use right now:
- In Latin, the stress on the last syllable is NEVER placed;
- The sound of the letter "L" is always softened. The word "clavicula" (collarbone) will never sound like "clavicula". We will read it as a "clacker". Just like “scapula” (scapula) - it will sound correctly like this: “scapula”.
So, let's start learning Latin for doctors. Our minimum vocabulary for this lesson:
- Caput(kaput) - head;
- Cranium(cranium) - skull. Quite a common word. There is even the science of craniology, which studies the normal structure of the human skull;
- Basis cranii(base of the crane) - base of the skull;
- Fornix cranii(fornix krani) - cranial vault, that is, the lid of the skull;
- Maxilla(maxilla) - upper jaw. Let’s not forget our second rule and read it as “maxilla”;
- Mandibula(mandible) - lower jaw. The correct sound would be “mandible”;
I used Da Vinci's classic illustration to show you what I was talking about. With a red dotted line I marked the boundary between the cranial vault (fornix cranii) and its base (basis cranii). The rounded part at the top is the arch. Below is the basics.
I highlighted the upper jaw (maxilla) with blue, and the lower jaw (mandibula) with green.
- Cervix(cervix) - neck;
- Vertebra(vertebra) - vertebra;
- Columna vertebralis(columna vertebralis) - spinal column. It is this that consists of vertebrae;
- Corpus vertebrae(corpus vertebrae) - vertebral body. It is very easy to memorize Latin by associations - often, especially in sports, the human body is called the “corpus”. This is what boxers say: “body blow”;
- Arcus vertebrae(arcus vertebrae) - vertebral arch. It is also not without reason that an architectural figure in the form of an arc is called an “arch”;
This is what the spinal column looks like:
Next block of words:
- Thorax(thorax) - chest. The same term refers to the chest - an anatomical formation within which the chest cavity is located.
- Cavum thoracis(kavum thoracis) - chest cavity. It is limited by the sternum, ribs and vertebrae, that is, the chest.
- Sternum(sternum) - sternum. One of the coolest bones to learn. There are just a few elements to remember, the main one is...
- Corpus sterni(corpus sterni) - the body of the sternum. I think you already know the translation of this word, by analogy with the vertebral body;
- Costa(kosta) - rib;
- Caput costae(kaput koste) - rib head. Yes, at first I myself thought that the human head and the head of some anatomical formation have different names, but it turns out not
- Corpus costae(corpus coste) - the body of the rib. I think you already remember well what corpus is;
In this illustration you can see the chest from the front. The sternum is a long, vertical bone located in the front. The body of the sternum is even labeled here, only in English - body of sternum. By the way, Latin and English have a large number of similar words.
And the last block of Latin words for today.
- Сingulum membri superioris(cingulum membri superioris) - girdle of the upper limb. The word superior, like its opposite, inferior, will be encountered very often throughout anatomy.
- Superior(superior) - upper. A simple association. “Super” - above all others;
- Inferior(interior) - lower. It's also easy to remember. "Inferno" is another name for hell. “Infernal” - hellish, devilish. The stereotypical hell is always below;
- Scapula(scapula) is a word already analyzed today. As you remember, this is translated as “scapula”;
- Clavicula(clavicle) - collarbone. We looked into this too. By the way, it was very surprising for me in anatomy that the girdle of the upper limbs consists of only two bones - the scapula and the clavicle. I thought it was full of bones.
I highlighted the collarbone in red and the shoulder blade in green.
Here's a list. I would recommend that you learn it in parts. Write each term several times, say it out loud, and then tell a few learned terms with a Russian translation to your household or a friend on the phone (I periodically told the cat).
This concludes our first (hopefully not the last) lesson on Latin for doctors. If you study a few expressions a week before you start studying, you will become a very skilled Latin student. Good luck to everyone, study and love science!
