Medicines

Medicines (drugs, drugs)- substances or their combinations that come into contact with the human or animal body, penetrate the organs, tissues of the human or animal body, used for prevention, diagnosis (with the exception of substances or their combinations that are not in contact with the human or animal body), treatment of a disease, rehabilitation, for the preservation, prevention or termination of pregnancy and obtained from blood, blood plasma, organs, tissues of the human or animal body, plants, minerals by synthesis methods or using biological technologies. Medicinal products include pharmaceutical substances and drugs.

original medicinal product- a medicinal product containing a pharmaceutical substance obtained for the first time or a new combination of pharmaceutical substances, the efficacy and safety of which have been confirmed by the results of preclinical studies of medicinal products and clinical trials of medicinal products

Source: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of April 12, 2010 N 61-FZ

Medicine, medicinal product, medication, medicine(novolat. praeparatum medicinale, praeparatum pharmaceuticum, medication;) - a substance or mixture of substances of synthetic or natural origin in the form of a dosage form (tablets, capsules, solutions, ointments, etc.) used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Before being used in medical practice, medicinal products must undergo clinical trials and receive approval for use.

Original medicines and generics

An original drug is a drug that was previously unknown and first released to the market by a developer or patent holder. As a rule, the development and marketing of a new drug is a very expensive and time-consuming process. Of the many known compounds, as well as newly synthesized ones, by enumeration, on the basis of databases on their properties and computer modeling of the proposed biological activity, substances with the maximum target activity are identified and synthesized. After animal experiments, in the case of a positive result, limited clinical trials are carried out on groups of volunteers. If the effectiveness is confirmed, and side effects are insignificant, the drug goes into production, and based on the results of additional tests, possible features of the action are clarified, undesirable effects are revealed. Often the most harmful side effects are found in clinical use. Currently, almost all new drugs are patented. The patent legislation of most countries provides for patent protection not only for the method of obtaining a new drug, but also for the patent protection of the drug itself.

In the Russian Federation, the term of a patent for an invention related to a medicinal product, the application of which requires obtaining a permit in accordance with the procedure established by law, is extended by the federal executive authority for intellectual property at the request of the patent holder for a period calculated from the date of filing an application for an invention until the date of receipt of the first such permission to use, minus five years. At the same time, the period for which the validity of a patent for an invention is extended cannot exceed five years. After the expiration of the patent, other manufacturers can reproduce and put on the market a similar drug (the so-called generic), if they prove the bioequivalence of the reproduced and original drugs. At the same time, the generic production technology can be any, but not subject to the existing patent protection in the country. Of course, the generic manufacturer cannot use the brand name for this drug, but only the international non-proprietary name (INN), or some new patented by him (synonym). Despite the new name in their medicinal action, the drugs can be similar or very close.

Are original drugs and generics completely equivalent? From the point of view of chemistry, the active substance is the same. But the production technology is different, different degrees of purification are possible. There are other factors as well. For example, it is known that for a long time different companies could not achieve the same effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid (for a generic) as Bayer AG, the manufacturer of the original drug "aspirin". It turned out that the matter was not only in the purity of the raw materials, but also in a special method of crystallization, which resulted in special, smaller crystals of acetylsalicylic acid. There can be many such nuances. The opposite result is also possible, when the generic is more successful than the original medicine.

medicinal product- Dosed drugs, ready for use. [MU 64 01 001 2002] Topics production of medicines Generalizing terms general, specific and other ...

- (praeparatum medicinale, praeparatum pharmaceuticum) see Preparation ... Big Medical Dictionary

A prescription for a drug- 53) a prescription for a medicinal product - a written prescription of a medicinal product in the prescribed form, issued by a medical or veterinary worker who has the right to do so, for the purpose of dispensing a medicinal product or its manufacture and ... ... Official terminology

generic drug- generinis veterinarinis vaistas statusas Aprobuotas sritis veterinariniai vaistai apibrėžtis Veterinarinis vaistas ir curio… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

herbal medicinal product- — Biotechnology topics EN phytopharmaceutical … Technical Translator's Handbook

Clinical Study Comparator- Comparator drug an investigational or commercial drug (positive control) or placebo used for comparison in a clinical trial ... Source: Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 06/19/2003 N 266 On the approval of the Rules ... ... Official terminology

Medicinal herbal preparation- 14) herbal medicinal product - a medicinal product produced or manufactured from one type of medicinal plant raw materials or several types of such raw materials and sold in a packaged form in a secondary (consumer) ... ... Official terminology

generic drug- honey. a medicinal product, in its action similar to the original and until some time patented ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

medicinal (medical) product- (drug (medicinal) product): The dosage form of a medicinal product in its primary final packaging intended for sale. Source: GOST R 52249 2009: Rules for the production and quality control of medicines ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Neuroleptic syndrome ICD 10 G21.0 ICD 9 333.92 Neuroleptic syndrome (more commonly called extrapyramidal disorders) is a complex of neurological complications manifested by motor impairment associated with the use of ... ... Wikipedia

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Most people mistakenly believe that a drug and a drug are the same thing. In fact, there is a slight difference between these two things.

Features of the drug

A drug is a substance or mixture of substances that is used for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Medicines are created from various substances using synthesis, various chemical reactions and biological technologies. It is worth noting that this tool can be not only a synthetic product, but also a substance of plant or animal origin. Presented as food supplements.

To date, medicines are divided into the following:

• Those that are sold strictly by prescription.
• Those that are sold without the consent of a doctor.

Despite the fact that these substances in our country belong to the group of medicines, in Europe they are a group of food additives or a group of alternative medicine.

According to the Russian law, which was released in 2006, all substances listed in the state register of medicines are such.

The manufacture of medicines must be carried out strictly in accordance with international requirements, otherwise such products are not tested and cannot be sold to people.

You can sell these substances only in pharmacies that have the appropriate license. The sale of medicines in cosmetic stores is strictly prohibited.

Features of drugs

A medicinal product is a substance or a mixture of certain substances that for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Such drugs can be created from synthetic and natural substances. Such drugs are presented in the form of tablets, capsules, ointments, solutions and more.

Before using drugs, you need to make sure that they have passed all the necessary studies and do not have dangerous side effects.

The following types of raw materials are used to create medicines:

1. Plant substances (grass, flowers, roots), as well as products related to their processing (juice, resin, oil).
2. Animal substances - fat, fat.
3. Organic fossil raw materials - oil and products of its distillation.
4. Inorganic fossil raw materials - products of processing of mineral rocks.
5. Various products from the chemical industry.

As a rule, drugs are taken directly by mouth through the mouth.

As well as drugs, these drugs are divided into the following:

• Those sold by prescription only;
• Those sold without a doctor's prescription.

It is worth noting that doctors prefer drugs, not drugs.

What is common between drug and drug?

It is important to highlight the point that drugs and drugs are very similar to each other and they have a lot in common, which makes people confuse them:

1. A drug, like a drug, is a substance or a mixture of substances that was created for the prevention of a disease, its diagnosis and further treatment.
2. In both cases, synthetic substances are used, as well as substances of animal and vegetable origin.
3. Both types of substances are divided into those that are sold only by prescription and those that are sold without a doctor's prescription.
4. Before going on sale, both types of substances are thoroughly tested and tested on volunteers.

In order not to confuse these substances, you should always remember that a drug is only a food supplement, but a drug can be an ointment, a solution, and, of course, a tablet.

Main Differences Between Drug and Drug Product

The differences between medicines and medicinal products are as follows:

1. The drug is presented in the form of some food additives, and the drug is presented in the form of tablets, ointments, solutions.
2. In European countries, it is believed that a drug is part of alternative medicine, but a drug is already part of modern medicine.
3. In modern medicine, medicines are preferred because medicines are much less trusted.
4. And there is also another slight difference, it lies in the fact that drugs are directly related to food intake (presented as food supplements), but drugs can be taken regardless of food.

These are all the differences between drug and drug product. If we analyze everything in detail, it can be noted that these substances have much more and larger similarities than differences, so the best option would be to combine them into one group.

The chemical nature of drugs. Factors that provide the therapeutic effect of drugs - pharmacological action and placebo effects.

Drugs are 1) vegetable 2) animal 3) microbial 4) mineral 5) synthetic

Synthetic drugs are represented by almost all classes of chemical compounds.

pharmachologic effect– the effect of drugs on the object and its targets.

placebo- any component of therapy that does not have any specific biological effect on the disease that is the object of treatment.

It is used for the purpose of control in assessing the action of drugs and in order to benefit the patient without any pharmacological agents as a result of only psychological effects (i.e. placebo effect).

All treatments have a psychological or satisfying component ( placebo effect) or disturbing ( nocebo effect). An example of a placebo effect: a patient with a viral infection quickly improves with the use of antibiotics that do not affect viruses.

The favorable placebo effect is associated with the psychological impact on the patient. It will be maximum only when it is used combined with therapies with a pronounced specific effect. Expensive substances as a placebo also contribute to achieving a greater response.

Sources and stages of drug creation. Definition of the concepts of medicinal substance, medicinal product, medicinal product and dosage form. The name of the drugs.

Sources for creating drugs:

a) natural raw materials: plants, animals, minerals, etc. (cardiac glycosides, porcine insulin)

b) modified natural biologically active substances

c) synthetic compounds

d) genetic engineering products (recombinant insulin, interferons)

Stages of creating LS:

1. Synthesis of drugs in a chemical laboratory

2. Preclinical assessment of the activity and adverse effects of drugs by the Ministry of Health and other organisms

3. Clinical trials of drugs (for details, see clause 1)

Medicinal substance (PM, "substance")- a chemical substance for pharmacotherapy, diagnostics, pharmacoprophylaxis, prevention of pregnancy and childbirth. (chemical compound used as a medicine)

Medicine(PM, "pharmacological agent") - a drug or a combination of a drug and other substances from any manufacturer.

medicinal product(MP, "packaging") - a drug registered by a specific manufacturer in a specific dosage form and dose (approved by a government agency for medical use)

Dosage form- this is a form convenient for practical use, given to medicines to obtain the necessary therapeutic or prophylactic effect. Dosage forms, depending on the consistency, are divided into:

 liquid (solutions, infusions, decoctions, mucus, emulsions, suspensions).

 soft (ointments, pastes, suppositories, patches).

 solid (tablets, dragees, powders).

Medicine(drug) is an obsolete collective designation for drugs, drugs and drugs.

Chemical name - reflects the composition and structure of the drug

INN- international non-proprietary name of drugs (chemical). The name of a medicinal substance recommended by WHO, adopted for identification by belonging to a certain pharmacological group and in order to avoid bias and confusion. As a rule, reflects the chemical structure of the drug substance

Trade (proprietary)) - "Aspirin", "Panadol", etc.

International (non-proprietary) - acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, etc.

Proprietary trade name (Brand name). It is assigned by pharmaceutical companies that produce this particular drug and may be their commercial property (trademark) protected by a patent.

What does the word medicines mean?

Thank you

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

All people, without exception, face certain pathological conditions. And it doesn't matter what kind of disease we are talking about. In this case, the person can have both the most banal headache, and a terrible disease called cancer, or such a common pathology as diabetes mellitus. With the development of any pathological condition, we immediately rush to purchase this or that medication, hoping that it will help us cope with the existing ailment, and in a fairly short period of time.
Do you know what the word medicine means? No?
Read this article.

Concept definition

Medicines, medicinal products or preparations are medicinal substances, substances or mixtures of substances of synthetic or natural origin, which are presented in the form of one or another dosage form. These can be both injection solutions and tablets, capsules, suspensions, etc. All these dosage forms have passed clinical trials and are approved for use in the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of various diseases. Today, one can often hear such an expression as a “natural” medicine. In this case, it is most often about honey and other bee products, which have numerous healing properties.

Historical facts

Information about the first recipes for the manufacture of medicines was found in one of the papyrus fragments. Ebers. There were 877 recipes in this papyrus.
Every year drugs are becoming increasingly important in the life of modern society. This is not surprising, since certain chemical components help to stop very diverse pathologies of the human body. To date, there are already tens of thousands of pharmaceuticals.

Our ancestors tried to heal from various ailments, using various substances of exclusively natural origin. In most cases, these were plant extracts.
Some ancient healers also invented drugs that could be obtained from animal waste, raw meat or yeast. Even then, people guessed that in many living organisms there is an accumulation of certain components that can help overcome various pathologies. A little later, scientists managed to establish that the effect of such components lies in the selective effect of various chemical compounds on the human body. A few years later, such compounds were synthesized in laboratories. As early as 1891, the German chemist and bacteriologist Paul Erlich developed the theory of the use of such compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Existing classifications

Modern experts distinguish several classifications of drugs. So, for example, according to the general classification, they are grouped according to the following principles:

• pharmacological action: in this case we are talking about the therapeutic effects that one or another drug tends to have. So, for example, analgesics help to reduce pain irritation, but vasodilators tend to dilate blood vessels;
• nosological principle: a list of various medicines that are used to treat a strictly defined disease. It can be both bronchial asthma and myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, etc.;
• therapeutic use: let's say drugs for the treatment of malignant neoplasms, antimicrobials or medicines to lower pressure;
• chemical structure: This group includes drugs that are similar in structure. These are salicylates, the main component of which is acetylsalicylic acid. The list of salicylates can include both aspirin and methyl salicylate, as well as salicylamide, etc.

According to their origin, all drugs are divided into:

• synthetic: they are obtained by chemical synthesis;
• mineral: they are obtained from mineral compounds such as silver nitrate and magnesium sulfate;
• natural: they are made from extracts of plants, as well as tissues and organs of animals.

Dose and Concentration

Using this or that drug, it is very important to choose its correct dosage and concentration. The dose is the amount of the drug, which is expressed in units of volume, mass, biological units. Doctors use exclusively therapeutic and prophylactic doses, which can be either minimal or higher or average. In addition, therapeutic doses are divided into daily, single, supporting, shock, saturating and others. The breadth of the therapeutic effect of a drug is the range between the minimum therapeutic and minimum toxic dosage. As for the term "concentration", it means the degree of dilution of a pharmaceutical agent in a certain amount of a solvent, which can be represented as a biological fluid such as urine, saliva or blood, or a dosage form.

Routes of administration

There are 2 ways of administering drugs, namely the enteral and parenteral routes. In the first case, the drug is administered through the digestive tract, but in the second it bypasses it.

The list of enteral routes can include:

• oral ( inside);
• rectal ( into the rectum);
• sublingual ( under the tongue);
• buccal ( on the cheek);
• through a tube into the duodenum.

Parenteral routes include:

• subcutaneous;
• inhalation;
• intravenous;
• subarachnoid ( under the lining of the brain);
• intramuscular;
• intraperitoneal;
• intra-arterial;
• intranasal ( through the nose);
• intrasternal ( into the sternum);
• transdermal ( into the pleural cavity, body, urethra, cervix, etc.).

Action types

A variety of therapeutic effects are expressed in certain types of action of drugs, namely:
1. local action: is a set of phenomena that are observed exclusively at the site of use of the drug. It is noted when applying the drug to the mucous surfaces or the skin. Note that such an action is not separate from the reaction of the whole organism. The local effect of drugs is due to irritating, enveloping, astringent, cauterizing, and also anesthetic properties. For the purpose of local action, both ointments and gels, powders, plasters, pastes, and solutions are used;

2. resorptive action: observed after absorption of the drug into the blood and is characterized by the interaction of its components with tissues and organs;
3. direct action: is the direct effect of a chemical on a target organ. This action in all cases is primary. A manifestation of the direct action of drugs is considered to be a selective action, during which the therapeutic effect is on a limited group of cells or organs;
4. reversible and irreversible actions: if the changes resulting from the action of the drug disappear without a trace after a certain period of time, then we are talking about a reversible action. If this does not happen, then the face has an irreversible effect. An irreversible effect in most cases is noted when dosages or concentrations are exceeded, with individual intolerance to the drug by the body, as well as with prolonged use.

Prescription and OTC drugs

A prescription for a drug is a written prescription of a drug in the prescribed form, issued by a doctor who has the right to do so. Prescriptions are written for the purpose of dispensing a certain drug from a pharmacy or for its manufacture and dispensing. From this it follows that a prescription drug is a drug that can be dispensed by a pharmacy employee solely on prescription.
As for the over-the-counter drug, it is a pharmaceutical product that is officially allowed to be dispensed from a pharmacy without a doctor's prescription.

The list of medicines that are allowed to be dispensed without a prescription is established by order of the Ministry of Health. This is not just done. The thing is that both irrational use and uncontrolled intake of certain drugs can adversely affect the general health of people. The release of some drugs without a prescription can lead to distribution and drug addiction.

Best before date

The shelf life of a pharmaceutical means the time during which the medicinal products fully meet all the requirements of the regulatory documentation in accordance with which they were manufactured and stored. This time in all cases can be established with the help of experiments. The expiration date for finished medicinal products is established regardless of the expiration dates of their main components. The starting date of the reference is considered to be the date of release of a particular drug. The initial shelf life is most often at least 2 years, while a shelf life of more than 5 years is not recommended, even if the results of the stability study allow this.

Storage Features

Storage of all medicines, without exception, must be carried out according to certain rules. So, for example, medicines are best stored in special medical furniture, which is designed specifically for this purpose. According to existing instructions, bulk preparations should be stored separately from liquids and ointments, but intravenous injections should be stored separately from drugs that are intended for external use. Pharmaceuticals of the consonant name should also be stored separately. To fulfill all these requirements, medical cabinets are equipped with numerous cabinets, compartments and shelves, which makes it possible to place drugs in the most rational way, as well as divide them into shapes, types and groups.

Concerning drugs of the first group, which are represented by poisonous and narcotic drugs, they must be stored in a safe locked with a separate lock.

Preparations of the second group, represented by potent medicines, should be stored in lockable medical cabinets.

Medical drugs of the third group, which can be dispensed without a prescription, are allowed to be stored in open cabinets.

The course of therapy of the patient depends on the correct storage of medicines. If the rules are violated for any reason, this can lead to a decrease in the therapeutic effect of a particular drug. In some cases, improper storage causes a person to feel even worse after a course of therapy with this or that drug.

First Aid Medicines

Surely each of you has a home first aid kit. It is in this first aid kit that you need to have a set of first aid drugs that you can use at any time. Note that it should contain only those medications, the use of which you are well aware of. In no case do not buy the entire pharmacy. If you do not know in which cases and doses it is necessary to use this or that drug, then it is unlikely to help you. Moreover, the irrational use of a little-known drug can only aggravate the general situation.

And here is a list of well-known medicines that must be present in every home first aid kit:

• Suprastin: taken for allergic reactions;
• Loperamide: treats acute and chronic diarrhea;
• Validol: used for hysteria, neurosis and angina pectoris;
• Paracetamol or Aspirin: has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects;
• Analgin or Pentalgin: taken for headache and toothache, febrile syndrome, pain syndrome, pain from injuries or burns;
• Valocordin: neuroses with increased irritability, tachycardia and insomnia;
• Donormil or Phenazepam: sleeping pills;
• Activated charcoal: used for food intoxication, diarrhea, allergic diseases, poisoning with chemical compounds or salts of heavy metals, alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is recommended to take this drug at the rate of 1 tablet per 5-10 kg of weight;
• Albucid: 20% bacteriostatic and antimicrobial eye drops that can be used to treat both conjunctivitis and blepharitis ( inflammation of the edges of the eyelids), as well as some other eye pathologies. They can also be dripped as a prophylaxis if a foreign body such as dirt or sand gets into the eyes;
• Ftalazol: an antimicrobial drug used to treat enterocolitis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, colitis and other pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract of an infectious and inflammatory nature.

Free drugs for pregnant women

Almost all future mothers purchase vitamins and other necessary drugs with their own money, while not even suspecting that today there is a law providing for free provision of pregnant women with pharmaceuticals. To receive such medicines, you simply need to register with the municipal antenatal clinic.
It is clear that the list of free drugs for expectant mothers is limited, but it contains almost all the vitamins that the body of a pregnant woman needs. This is folic acid, and vitamin E, and iron, and vitamin B12 and many others.

How to get such medicines?
First of all, you need to make an appointment with an obstetrician-gynecologist who will examine you and write a prescription for free drugs. With this prescription, you go to a pharmacy that has an agreement with a medical institution for free care of expectant mothers, and get the medicine you need. Everything is quite easy and simple.

Free drugs for children under 1 year old

The appearance of a baby in the family is a rather joyful event, which is often overshadowed by the development of certain diseases in the child. Unfortunately, not all pediatricians inform young parents about the possibility of acquiring free drugs for babies up to a year old. As a result, parents have to spend large sums of money to keep their baby healthy and happy again. Right now, your attention will be presented with a list of drugs for children under one year old, which can be obtained free of charge by prescription.

The same drug can cause Reye's syndrome, which is characterized by acute hepatic encephalopathy.
Against the background of this pathology, both internal organs and the central nervous system are affected. This syndrome is very rare in medical practice, but no parent can know in advance whether his child is predisposed to it or not. Given this fact, it is best not to give aspirin to children under 12 years of age. In the list of drugs that are strictly forbidden to use at elevated temperatures, you can add phenazone, analgin, and pyramidon. These drugs are best replaced with ibuprofen or paracetamol. Other prohibited drugs for children are considered to be boric and levomycetin alcohol, which are intended for the treatment of otitis media. Some mothers still treat ear diseases with alcohol preparations. In fact, such treatment is at least unreasonable, since these drugs can provoke the development of a burn.

Various painkillers for abdominal pain are also contraindicated for children. Complaints of abdominal pain can indicate both the most common indigestion and appendicitis. Self-medication in such cases is unacceptable. By giving the baby an anesthetic, you will only eliminate the pain, but the problem will still remain unresolved. In such cases, the best way out of the situation is to call an ambulance at home. With diarrhea, it is strictly forbidden to give fixative medications. If diarrhea is due to infection, taking such drugs will only aggravate the general situation.

Prohibited medicines for children are also considered to be antibiotics, which are used without the appointment of a specialist. Each antibiotic is a powerful drug, the irrational use of which can cause a variety of side effects and complications. Hormonal pills and homeopathic medicines are also forbidden to be given to children, since all these drugs can have an unpredictable effect on a growing organism.

Remember once and for all - never self-medicate a child with strong pharmaceuticals and do not use the methods that your neighbor used. If this or that medicine helped your neighbor's child, it is not a fact that your baby's body will react to it in the same way.

Allergy to drugs

An allergic reaction can develop to any medication, without exception, but you should not panic about this, since drug allergies are not so common in modern medical practice. Immediately, we note that such allergic reactions in most cases occur on certain types of drugs.
Most often, these are local anesthetics, penicillin, aspirin, insulin preparations, sulfa drugs, anticonvulsants and anti-inflammatory drugs, cough mixtures, iodine-containing drugs and barbiturates. The severity of the symptoms of such an allergy varies from the most common urticaria to anaphylaxis ( reactions of the body of an immediate type, in which its hypersensitivity is observed).

With the development of drug allergies, the patient may also complain of diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, nausea, runny nose, conjunctivitis, tissue swelling, burning, etc. Repeated use of the drug that provoked the development of such a reaction will only increase the severity of its manifestation. Often, drug allergies are also referred to as side effects that develop extremely rarely. Often, patients confuse the side effects of the drug, which are most often mild, with an allergic reaction, which can even result in the death of the patient.

Diagnosis and treatment of drug allergies

There are several ways to identify drug allergies immediately. With the development of anaphylaxis, it is most often not difficult to identify the drug that provoked its occurrence. Signs that resemble serum sickness most often develop after taking penicillin. Much less often, such signs are the result of the use of hydralazine or sulfa drugs. If you suspect a drug allergy, it is necessary, in the very first place, to temporarily stop taking all drugs.

To diagnose such reactions of the immediate type, skin tests are often taken from patients. As for the direct treatment of drug allergies, it most often involves the treatment of pain and itching. If the drug that causes an allergic reaction is vital and cannot be canceled in any way, then patients will have to put up with all the unpleasant symptoms that they experience.

Weight loss medications and their side effects

Obesity is a pathology accompanied by excessive development of adipose tissue. According to statistics, this disease most often develops after 40 years, and mainly among the fairer sex. In all cases, this pathological condition requires a long course of therapy, with the help of which it is possible to maintain weight at the required level.

If we talk directly about the drugs that are used in the fight against obesity, then all of them involve in the very first place appetite suppression. Such medicines are sold both in the form of tablets and in the form of capsules. Influencing the body, they seem to deceive it, as a result of which a person does not experience hunger. They also tend to reduce appetite by increasing the amount of catecholamines - chemical components of the brain that have a direct effect on both appetite and mood. Fat absorption inhibitors, which are part of such pharmaceuticals, prevent the absorption of fats that enter the body along with food. Undigested fat, in turn, is excreted from the body with feces.

It is also important to note the fact that these medicines tend to cause the development of a variety of side effects.

The list of adverse reactions can include:

• insomnia;
• anxiety;
• headache;
• increased sweating;
• increase in heart rate;
• dryness in the mouth;
• increased blood pressure;
• nasal congestion;
• excessive thirst;
• drowsiness;
• spastic pains in the abdomen;

Immediately, we note that weight loss medications tend to be addictive, which is why it is strictly forbidden to take them for a long time. In the fight against obesity, it will not be superfluous to start observing a healthy lifestyle.

Preparations for the treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic disease of a non-infectious nature, in which both the skin and nails, as well as joints, are affected. This disease is characterized by a homogeneous rash in the form of plaques, the diameter of which varies from 1 - 3 mm to 2 - 3 cm, covered with loosely sitting silver-white scales.
Treatment of this pathological condition usually begins with the use of over-the-counter topical preparations, which should be applied directly to the affected areas of the skin. Most often, these are creams and some other pharmaceuticals, which tend to be well absorbed into the skin. If the patient has moderate to severe psoriasis, then prescription drugs come to the rescue, namely tar, calcipotriol, corticosteroids and anthralin. When using occlusion therapy, moisturizers, gels or creams are prescribed.

Biologicals are another group of medicines that are increasingly used in the fight against this disease. Biologics are drugs that resemble or are identical to proteins that are produced by the human body. The list of such drugs can include etanercept and alefacept, which tend to block the negative reaction of the human immune system, which causes signs of this pathology.

If topical preparations do not have the desired therapeutic effect, then patients are prescribed drugs that should be taken orally. These drugs include methotrexate, cyclosporine, and retinoids such as acitretin.

Medical treatment of gout

Gout is a pathological condition that is directly related to a violation of uric acid metabolism. This disease is characterized by paroxysmal arthritis, as well as the deposition of uric acid salts in various tissues of the body, most often in the joints.

If we talk about drugs that are prescribed to patients with gout, then these are mainly uricosuric drugs, which tend to increase the excretion of uric acid from the body. Most often, the choice of specialists falls on a drug called colchicine, which is especially effective for exacerbations of this disease. The same drug can also be taken to prevent gout attacks.

Arcoxia is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can also be used to treat this condition. This drug also has an analgesic and antipyretic effect.

Ambene - this drug is intended for the short-term treatment of critical situations with gout.

Preparations for the treatment of osteochondrosis of the spine

Osteochondrosis of the spine is a degenerative pathological condition of the spinal motion segment, in which the intervertebral discs are primarily affected, and secondarily - other parts of the spine, the central nervous system and the entire musculoskeletal system.

Modern specialists for the treatment of this disease immediately use several groups of drugs that help:

• reduce the severity of pain in the back;
• eliminate inflammation;
• restore the regeneration of cartilage and connective tissue of the intervertebral disc;
• prevent the further development of the disease;
• functional rehabilitation of the patient.

If we talk directly about pain in the back, then for their relief, anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, diclofenac and indomethacin are used. They are available both in the form of ointments, and in the form of rectal suppositories, as well as tablets. If these funds do not help, then the specialist prescribes additional painkillers such as pentalgin and tramadol.

Often, the course of therapy also involves the use of antidepressants, such as fluoxetine or amitriptyline. The thing is that such drugs tend not only to balance the psyche, but also to have a fairly pronounced analgesic effect. Studies have shown that it is with the help of antidepressants that it is possible to achieve better control over pain and significantly reduce the course of therapy.

Medications to improve memory

It's no secret that memory is the most important property of the brain of every person. It is thanks to this property that each of us is able to perform certain actions, remember the information we need, and also communicate with people who surround us. If you have noticed that your memory has begun to fail you lately, then seek the help of a specialist who will select an effective course of therapy for you, through which you can improve your memory.

There are a lot of drugs designed to improve memory. One of them is a drug called nootropil or piracetam, which is available immediately in several pharmaceutical forms, namely capsules, oral solution, granules for syrup, capsules and tablets. This medication can be given even to children in order to enhance the ability to concentrate and much faster, as well as better remember the necessary information. It is important to note that against the background of the use of nootropil, very diverse side effects can develop, namely anxiety, nausea, mental agitation, irritability, sleep disturbances, motor retardation and other not very pleasant symptoms.

Another fairly well-known drug that is used directly to improve memory is a drug called glycine. This drug is available only in the form of tablets, but in terms of effectiveness it is in no way inferior to nootropil. With its help, it is possible to reduce irritability and aggressiveness, normalize sleep, facilitate falling asleep, as well as increase efficiency and significantly improve memory. As for side effects, against the background of its use, only allergic reactions can develop.

Akatinol memantine is considered to be a very effective means of improving memory, which tends to improve the process of nerve impulse transmission, normalize membrane potential and increase learning ability. This medicine is produced in the form of tablets, the active components of which are absorbed into the blood in a fairly short period of time.

Drugs for the removal of alcohol dependence

Modern narcologists offer to fight alcohol addiction with the help of special drug coding, which involves the use of only those drugs for alcoholism, which have already proven themselves from the best side.

One of these drugs is algominal, which tends to eliminate physical dependence without causing the development of serious side effects. This drug is appropriate to use at any stage of alcoholism.
The drug Esperal, intended for the treatment of alcohol dependence, can be used both in the form of tablets and in the form of an implant. Its validity period is from 2 days to 6 months.

Veritrol is one of the newest drugs that helps even when the previous treatment of alcoholism for one reason or another did not have the desired therapeutic effect. This drug is recommended to be administered in two doses, the interval between which is about half an hour. After such a procedure, the patient will need to take more Finlepsin and Lucetam for a month. This approach allows you to enhance the effectiveness of encoding and minimize the craving for alcoholic beverages.

All of the above drugs have one thing in common. If a patient encoded with one of these drugs starts drinking alcohol, then the drug forms a toxic compound with alcohol that endangers both organs and body systems, and sometimes even the patient's life.

Before use, you should consult with a specialist.