home Adviсe What is scientific research? What is research? Research is the scientific knowledge of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Science is special. What is qualitative research

What is scientific research? What is research? Research is the scientific knowledge of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Science is special. What is qualitative research

STUDY

scientific, development of new scientific knowledge, one of the types of cognizance. activities. I. is characterized by objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, and accuracy. There are two interrelated levels: empirical and theoretical. (cm. Empirical and theoretical). At the first stage, new facts of science are established and, based on their generalization, empirical facts are formulated. . At the second level, patterns common to a given subject area are put forward and formulated, making it possible to explain previously discovered facts and empirical data. patterns, as well as predict and anticipate future events and facts.

Basic I. components are: problem statement; prefaces the available information, conditions and methods for solving problems of this class; formulation of initial hypotheses; theoretical hypothesis analysis; planning and experimentation; conducting an experiment; analysis and results obtained; testing initial hypotheses based on the obtained facts; final formulation of new facts and laws; obtaining explanations or scientific predictions.

I.'s classification can be made on various grounds. The most common is research into fundamental and applied, quantitative and qualitative, unique and complex and T. d.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editor: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

STUDY

Scientific research is the process of developing new scientific knowledge, one of the types of cognitive activity. The study is characterized by objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, and accuracy. There are two interrelated levels: empirical and theoretical. At the first stage, new scientific facts are established and, based on their generalization, empirical laws are formulated. At the second level, patterns common to a given subject area are put forward and formulated, making it possible to explain previously discovered facts and empirical patterns, as well as to predict and foresee future events and facts.

The main components of the study are: problem statement; preliminary analysis of available information, conditions and methods for solving problems of this class; formulation of initial hypotheses; hypothesis analysis; planning and organization of the experiment; conducting an experiment; analysis and synthesis of the results obtained; testing initial hypotheses based on the obtained facts; final formulation of new facts and laws; receiving explanations or scientific predictions.

Classification of studies can be made on various grounds. The most common is the division of research into fundamental and applied, quantitative and qualitative, unique and complex.

A. I. Rakitov

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

Synonyms:

See what “RESEARCH” is in other dictionaries:

See the book... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. research study, searches, analysis, examination, survey, examination, survey, search, probing,... ... Synonym dictionary

study- Research, this word has two different meanings in which it behaves differently. If we are talking about the scientific study of any subject, then we say: soil research or atmospheric research. If we use... ... Dictionary of Russian language errors

RESEARCH, research, cf. (book). 1. Action under Ch. research. Research into the causes of the industrial crisis in Europe. Blood, sputum, urine and stool tests are carried out in laboratories. Do statistical research. 2.… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

study- 1. Conducting scientific study. 2. Inspection to find out or study something. 3. Scientific work. Dictionary of a practical psychologist. M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 ... Great psychological encyclopedia

Study, analysis of any phenomenon or object. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001... Dictionary of business terms

The scientific process of developing new knowledge is one of the types of cognitive activity. Characterized by objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, accuracy; has two levels: empirical and theoretical. The most common is... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

RESEARCH, I, Wed. 1. see explore. 2. Scientific work. I. on Russian history. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

See Experiment (Source: “Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of Wisdom.” www.foxdesign.ru) ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

English investigation/research/study/survey; German Forschung. A type of systematic cognitive activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge, information, etc., at studying certain problems based on special standardized... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

study- RESEARCH is a concept that usually denotes a specialized type of scientific knowledge within the framework of natural science. But today we are talking about information in the humanities and social sciences, about philosophical and methodological information, about applied and... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

Books

Study on the Kyiv Psalter. Kyiv Psalter, G. Vzdornov. The study of the Kyiv Psalter is accompanied by a study about this manuscript and a description of the illustrations with an explanation of their subjects. The study clarified the history of the Kyiv Psalter and artistic…

Scientific research– this is purposeful cognition, the results of which appear in the form of a system of concepts, laws and theories. When characterizing scientific research, they usually point to its following distinctive features:

This is necessarily a purposeful process, the achievement of a consciously set goal, clearly formulated tasks;

This is a process aimed at searching for something new, at creativity, at discovering the unknown, at putting forward original ideas, at new coverage of the issues under consideration.

Research in the field of pedagogy can be understood as the process and result of scientific activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the laws of the educational process, its structure and mechanism, the theory and methodology of organizing the educational process, its content, principles, organizational methods and techniques.

Characteristics of the main elements of the study: purpose of the study; The relevance of research; object and subject of research; research hypothesis; research objectives; research methods.

First of all, it is necessary to start from the initial stage of scientific and pedagogical research, with theoretical erudition and researcher training. What a particular researcher knows and possesses is a purely individual thing, despite the universality of the education received in educational institutions.

Object and subject of scientific and pedagogical research. The object of scientific and pedagogical research is a part of objective reality, which becomes an element of practical and theoretical human activity at this stage. Subject is the corresponding properties and relationships of an object in scientific research, which are part of the process of practical activity

The choice of methods is carried out taking into account the peculiarities tasks, set by the teacher, since the methodological position and tasks of the researchers are different, which means that diversity is possible here too..

Empirical and theoretical methods Research characterizes the empirical and theoretical stages of pedagogical scientific research, respectively. Empirical methods include observation, experiment, survey, questionnaire, testing, conversation, interviewing, document content analysis, study of school documentation, measurement methods, statistical analysis, sociometric methods (these methods will be discussed in more detail in the next lecture).

Thus, the variety of empirical material, the variety of defined empirical criteria for study and the variety in the creative formation of the method and means all indicate the presence of a variety of content that is obtained by empirical methods.

Theoretical methods the essence of which is to determine the system of empirical and generalized material from the point of view of a certain scientific view, i.e. it is necessary to formalize all the various empirical material obtained using theoretical methods into a single system of pedagogical knowledge.

Induction. This is a method in which scientific knowledge obtained as a result of experimental practical actions is systematized.

Deduction. This is a research method in which the definition of one main provision is isolated from the existing several provisions.

Formalization method is a certain definition of the general form of phenomena that differ in content from scientific knowledge. The formalization method makes it possible to form a formal structure of a theory, which in its meaning already assumes the multiplicity of the content of scientific research.

Comparative historical method is a way of comparing historical formations and phenomena as a result of historical development. Using this method, one should pay attention to the dialectical unity of logical and historical principles.

A hypothesis is a scientific assumption, an assumption whose true meaning is uncertain. By formulating a hypothesis, the researcher makes an assumption about how he intends to achieve his goal. During the research process, the hypothesis is adjusted and undergoes changes. A hypothesis should arise naturally during the research process; it may be an assumption that is only partially true. Familiarization with dissertations shows that the hypothesis is based on exact knowledge of the final results and therefore loses its meaning.

What is research? Research is the scientific knowledge of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Science is a special form of knowledge of the surrounding world, as a result of which scientific knowledge arises. Signs of scientific knowledge: objectivity, evidence, consistency, verifiability

What does “objectivity” mean? Objectivity – independence of facts and conclusions from the consciousness of the author of the study, as well as from the consciousness of other people. Scientific knowledge cannot be ignored, it cannot be ignored, it cannot be rejected. Scientific significance can only be refuted as a result of scientific research and the emergence of new objective knowledge.

What does “evidence” mean? Any scientific claim must be proven. Evidence may include: observational results; experimental results; results of calculations and calculations A scientific statement must be verified and confirmed in practice. Until evidence is obtained, any knowledge is just a guess.

What does “logical” mean? Any scientific statement must be consistent with previously formulated scientific statements. A new pattern, a new statement either includes previously formulated patterns as special cases, or explains the causes of errors contained in previously formulated patterns.

What does "verifiability" mean? Any objective, proven and logical scientific statement can be tested in practice. For a given scientific statement, there must be a way to test it in practice. The result of the verification can be either confirmation of this statement or its refutation. If such a method of verification does not exist, then the statement is not scientific.

Principle of Honesty Every scientific statement has weaknesses. The presence of weaknesses is the result of the fact that in any study it is impossible to “embrace the immensity.” A scientific statement should indicate that there are weaknesses or problems that still await investigation.

“Occam's Razor” When explaining any fact or phenomenon, you should first select the most probable causes from the point of view of practical experience. You should not look for complex and unlikely explanations and causes if there are simpler and more likely explanations and causes. Complex and unlikely explanations and reasons should be cut off like a razor. The author of this principle is philosopher William of Ockham ().

Where does research begin? Any research begins with a definition: the object of research - a process or phenomenon of the surrounding world, unknown or with unknown properties, and therefore interesting for the researcher; subject of research - an unknown property of the object of study and therefore interesting for the researcher. Research cannot but have an object. Research cannot be pointless.

Problematic questions Interest in the object and subject of research inevitably gives rise to questions: “What is this?” The question arises when something completely new or unknown is discovered; "Why is that?" The question arises in the absence of obvious causes of the process or phenomenon; "Is it so?" The question arises when there is doubt about the explanation of a process or phenomenon: “Could it be otherwise?” The question arises when there are assumptions about another option for the development of a process or the existence of a phenomenon.

What is a "problem"? The presence of questions indicates a problem. A problem is: a task whose solutions are unknown or incompletely known; the contradiction between the need to know something and the lack of knowledge at the moment. If the problem is not defined, then there is no point in conducting research. If the problem is defined, then a hypothesis can be put forward.

What is a "hypothesis"? A hypothesis is an assumption that requires proof. The hypothesis must: be based on facts; be verified empirically; combine with other scientific knowledge in the field; explain the facts that have become the subject of research be simple and obvious, do not refer to the unclear and unreliable

What is the purpose of the study? The purpose of the study is to prove the hypothesis. A hypothesis must be proven in order to resolve the problem and answer the questions that prompted the research. The result of proving a hypothesis is an explanation of the causes, properties or conditions of existence of the subject of research. The explanation has the characteristics of a theory of the subject under study.

What is a theory? Theory is scientific knowledge about the subject of research. Signs of a theory: the result of reflection on the subject; a system of reliable knowledge about the subject; describes and explains the subject; relies on evidence To provide a theoretical explanation of the subject, it is necessary to apply special research methods.

What are research methods? A research method is a way of studying a subject to prove a hypothesis. The main methods of research are: observation - a targeted study of an object in its natural setting; counting and measurement - determining the quantitative characteristics of an object or comparing them with a standard; description - recording the characteristics of an object obtained as a result of observations or measurements; comparison - comparing an object with other objects; experiment - studying the properties subject in an artificially created environment modeling - studying a subject with the help of its artificial substitutes - models

What is research? Why is it carried out, what information is needed, and where can I get it? All these questions should be answered in order, starting with the definition of the word.

Definitions

What is research? Before analyzing this concept and its components in detail, you should consult several dictionaries for clarification.

So, from the source “Big Encyclopedic Dictionary” it follows that this process, which includes the collection of new knowledge, is divided into two levels - empirical and theoretical.

Let's look at another source, D.N. Ushakov's dictionary, to understand what research is. Here the term is presented in different directions. This is an analysis of the crisis in the economy, and in medicine, as well as a scientific essay, where some issue or analysis of social development is on the agenda.

Research data

To obtain any information that is further studied, you need to have the necessary data. They are first collected, then processed and finally analyzed. All this is done in several stages:

identifying a problem or situation;
understanding where it came from, how it developed, what it consists of;
establishing the location of the problem in the knowledge system;
searching for a way, as well as means and opportunities, that will resolve the situation with the help of new knowledge.

To go through all stages, you need a research object, methodology (including goals, approach, guidelines and priorities) and resources. Ultimately, you need to get some result, which is expressed in developing a program or launching a project, creating a recommendation or model.

A striking example is laboratory research, where scientists study a disease that needs to be fought. Chemists are trying to create a medicine, laboratory technicians are experimenting on animals, etc., until an antiviral drug is obtained that can save many lives.

Classification

Every field of science carries out its own studies, be it medicine, psychology, economics or marketing. But for each direction there is a classification of types of research.

There are fundamental ones, where the main goal is to obtain new knowledge, as well as applied ones, which are needed in order to solve a scientific problem.

You can study using the empirical method, i.e., by observing, or based on some experience, or on the basis of analysis and theoretical knowledge.

Further, the following types are distinguished: quantitative and qualitative. It all depends on what needs to be studied. For example, if you need to study the behavior of people in a particular situation, and the result needs to be calculated, this is a quantitative method. Quality is needed when it is important to understand why a person acted this way and not otherwise. Here you can add another category - spot and repeated laboratory tests and others, based on the frequency of conduct. There is not always enough information about the state of the object, so after a certain period of time the object is studied again.

The next category is the use of different sources of information - secondary and primary. For example, a survey is conducted to find out the opinions of different people, i.e. this is data from the original source. Most often they are carried out when some information is missing or some of it is out of date.

For example, the object is a group of people who eat the same product every day for some time, and scientists find out how this product affects the body.

Main characteristics

Having settled on a certain category of research or its type, the next step is to determine the goal, which is divided into three groups: descriptive, analytical and reconnaissance.

Most often, the descriptive type is used when you need to study people, as well as determine the characteristics by which they differ from each other. The reconnaissance method is needed for large-scale research, or rather, as a preliminary stage. The analytical type is the deepest, and, in addition to describing an object or phenomenon, it establishes the reasons that underlie the phenomenon under study.

After all the information received, you can easily answer what research is and why it is needed. But it is worth remembering that good study of any issue requires large financial expenditures in order to obtain reliable information, create a program, develop a method or write a review.

Study- literally " following from within", the process of scientifically studying something.

At all times, the accumulation of knowledge has been extremely important for humanity, because man, unlike animals, survives due to knowledge about nature and the ability to change the world around him to suit his needs. The world around us is infinitely complex, diverse and developing very dynamically. Human knowledge about it is constantly expanding. The process of learning about the World and individual natural objects can continue indefinitely. Special education in specific sciences is quickly becoming outdated. Knowledge is always relative and never exhaustive.

STUDY scientific - the process of developing new knowledge, one of the types of cognitive activity.
Characterized by: objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, accuracy.
Has two levels - empirical and theoretical.
The most common division is research on fundamental, applied, quantitative, qualitative, unique and comprehensive. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000.

Research can also be defined as the development of knowledge or systematic investigation for the purpose of establishing facts.
The main goal of applied research (as opposed to fundamental research) is the discovery, interpretation and development of methods and systems for improving human knowledge in many scientific areas of our planet and the Universe.

Scientific research is based on the application of the scientific method to satisfy curiosity. Such research provides scientific information and theories to explain the nature and properties of the world around us. Such research may have practical applications.
Scientific research can be funded by the government, non-profit organizations, commercial companies and individuals. Scientific research can be classified according to its academic and applied nature.
The strength of science largely depends on the perfection of research methods, on how valid and reliable they are, how quickly and effectively this branch of knowledge is able to perceive and use all the newest, most advanced that appears in the methods of other sciences.

Methods and techniques of scientific research
All science is based on facts. She collects facts, compares them and draws conclusions - establishes the laws of the field of activity that she studies. The methods of obtaining these facts are called methods of scientific research.
Scientific research method- a system of mental and (or) practical operations (procedures) that are aimed at solving certain cognitive problems, taking into account a certain cognitive goal.
Methodology- these are teachings about methods of cognition and transformation of reality.
Method is a system of regulatory principles of transformative, practical or cognitive, theoretical activity.
Term method (“methods”) comes from a Greek word, from an etymological point of view, close in meaning to the words “path, study, way of interpretation.” Method- a set of certain principles and laws governing the theoretical and practical activities of man, as well as methods used to achieve the goal - to understand reality and its practical changes
The method is specified in the methodology. Methodology- these are specific techniques, means of obtaining and processing factual material. It is derived from and based on methodological principles.
Types of scientific research methods:
Theoretical research methods
Abstraction- a research method consisting of an isolated consideration of one selected parameter without taking into account all the others.
Analysis- a research method that involves a mental operation in which the process or phenomenon under study is divided into components for their special and in-depth independent study.
Analogy- a mental operation in which a similarity, a prototype, is selected.
Deduction- a mental operation that involves the development of reasoning from general patterns to particular facts.
Induction- a mental operation based on the logic of generalization of particular facts.
Classification- a theoretical method of studying the objects and facts being studied, based on the ordering of phenomena in relation to each other.
Specification- the process opposite to abstraction involves finding a holistic, interconnected, multilateral object.
Modeling- a research method that involves building a model.
Generalization- one of the important mental operations, as a result of which relatively stable properties of objects and their relationships are identified and recorded.
Synthesis- a mental operation during which a complete picture is reconstructed from the identified elements and facts.
Comparison- a research method that involves comparing objects in order to identify their similarities and differences, general and special.
Empirical research methods
Conversation- a research method that involves personal contact with the respondent.
Observation- the most informative research method, allowing you to see from the outside the processes and phenomena being studied that are accessible to perception.
Survey- this is the study of the object under study with one or another measure of depth and detail, which is determined by the goals and objectives of the study
Experienced work- a method of making preliminary changes, innovations in the process in the hope of obtaining better results.
Experiment- a general empirical research method based on strict control over the objects being studied under controlled conditions.

The choice and application of methods and various methods of research work are predetermined and follow both from the nature of the phenomenon being studied and from the tasks that the researcher sets for himself. In science, method often determines the fate of research. With different approaches, opposing conclusions can be drawn from the same factual material. Describing the role of the correct method in scientific knowledge, F. Bacon compared it with a lamp illuminating the way for a traveler in the dark. He figuratively said: even a lame man walking on the road is ahead of the one who runs without a road. You cannot count on success in studying any issue by following the wrong path: not only the result of the research, but also the path leading to it must be true.
Comparison is the establishment of differences and similarities between objects. Comparison- this is not an explanation, but it helps to clarify. In science, comparison acts as a comparative or comparative-historical method. Initially arose in philology and literary criticism, it then began to be successfully applied in other fields of knowledge. The comparative historical method allows us to identify the genetic relationship of certain animals, languages, peoples, religious beliefs, artistic methods, patterns of development of social formations, etc.
The process of cognition is carried out in such a way that we first observe the general picture of the subject being studied, and the particulars remain in the shadows. With such a view of things, it is impossible to know their internal structure and essence. To study the particulars, we must consider the components of the subject being studied. Analysis is the mental decomposition of an object into its constituent parts or sides. Being a necessary method of thinking, analysis is only one of the moments in the process of cognition. It is impossible to know the essence of an object only by breaking it down into the elements of which it consists. The chemist, according to Hegel, places a piece of meat in his retort, subjects it to various operations and then says: I have found that it consists of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, etc. But these substances are no longer meat.
Each area of knowledge has, as it were, its own limit of division of an object, beyond which we move into the world of other properties and patterns. When the particulars have been sufficiently studied through analysis, the next stage of cognition begins - synthesis - the mental unification into a single whole of elements dissected by analysis. Analysis mainly captures what is specific that distinguishes parts from each other. Synthesis reveals that essential commonality that connects the parts into a single whole.
Analysis and synthesis are in unity: in every movement our thinking is as analytical as it is synthetic. Analysis, which involves the implementation of synthesis, has as its central task the selection of the essential.
Analysis and synthesis are the main methods of thinking, which have their objective basis both in practice and in the logic of things: the processes of connection and separation, creation and destruction form the basis of all processes in the world.
Human thought, like a searchlight beam, at any given moment snatches out and illuminates only some part of reality, and for us everything else seems to drown in darkness. At any given moment we are aware of only one thing. But it also has many properties and connections. And we can cognize this “one thing” only in the Continuous order: concentrating attention on some properties and connections and distracting from others.
Abstraction- this is the mental isolation of an object in abstraction from its connections with other objects, some property of an object in abstraction from its other properties, some relationship of objects in abstraction from the objects themselves.
Abstraction is a necessary condition for the emergence and development of any science and human thinking in general. It has its limit: it is impossible, as they say, to abstract the flame of a fire from what is burning with impunity. The edge of abstraction, like the blade of a razor, can, in the apt expression of B. Russell, be sharpened and sharpened until there is nothing left of it. The question of what in objective reality is highlighted by the abstracting work of thinking and what thinking is distracted from is solved in each specific case in direct dependence, first of all, on the nature of the object being studied and the tasks that are posed to the research.
The result of the abstraction process is various concepts about objects (“plant”, “animal”, “person”, etc.), thoughts about the individual properties of objects and the relationships between them, considered as special “abstract objects” (“whiteness” , “volume”, “length”, “heat capacity”, etc.).
An important example of scientific knowledge of the world is idealization as a specific type of abstraction. Abstract objects do not exist and are not realizable in reality, but there are prototypes for them in the real world. Idealization- this is the process of formation of concepts, the real prototypes of which can be indicated only with one degree or another of approximation. Examples of concepts that are the result of idealization may be: “point” (an object that has neither length, nor height, nor width); “straight line”, “circle”, “point electric charge”, “absolute black body”, etc.
The introduction of idealized objects into the research process makes it possible to construct abstract diagrams of real processes necessary for a deeper penetration into the patterns of their occurrence.
The task of all knowledge is generalization- the process of mental transition from the individual to the general, from the less general to the more general. In the process of generalization, a transition occurs from individual concepts to general ones, from less general concepts to more general ones, from individual judgments to general ones, from judgments of lesser generality to judgments of greater generality, from a less general theory to a more general theory, in relation to which the less general theory is its special case. We would not be able to cope with the abundance of impressions that flood into us hourly, every minute, every second, if we did not continuously combine them, generalize them and record them through the means of language. Scientific generalization is not just the selection and synthesis of similar features, but penetration into the essence of a thing: the discernment of the unified in the diverse, the general in the individual, the natural in the random.
Examples of generalization can be the following: a mental transition from the concept of “triangle” to the concept of “polygon”, from the concept of “mechanical form of movement of matter” to the concept of “form of movement of matter”, from the concept of “spruce” to the concept of “coniferous plant”. In the very nature of the understanding of facts lies an analogy, connecting the threads of the unknown with the known. The new can be comprehended and understood only through the images and concepts of the old, known. The first airplanes were created by analogy with the way birds, kites and gliders behave in flight.
Analogy- this is a plausible probable conclusion about the similarity of two objects in some characteristic based on their established similarity in other characteristics. In this case, the conclusion will be the more plausible, the more similar features the compared objects have and the more significant these features are.
Despite the fact that analogies allow us to draw only probable conclusions, they play a huge role in cognition, and not only in it, since they are the basis of imagination and lead to the formation of hypotheses, i.e. scientific guesses and assumptions, which with additional research and evidence can turn into scientific theories. An analogy with what is already known helps to understand what is unknown. An analogy with what is relatively simple helps to understand what is more complex. Analogy is most often used as a method in the so-called similarity theory, which is widely used in modeling.
One of the characteristic features of modern scientific knowledge is the increasing role of the modeling method. Modeling- this is a practical or theoretical operation of an object, in which the subject being studied is replaced by some natural or artificial analogue, through the study of which we penetrate into the subject of knowledge. For example, by studying the properties of an airplane model, we thereby learn the properties of the airplane itself.
A model is a means and way of expressing the features and relationships of an object taken as the original. A model is an imitation of one or a number of properties of an object with the help of some other objects and phenomena. A model can be any object that reproduces the required features of the original. If the model and the original are of the same physical nature, then we are dealing with physical modeling. Physical modeling is used as a method of experimental research using models of the properties of building structures, buildings, aircraft, ships, as a way to identify shortcomings in the operation of relevant systems and find ways to eliminate them. When a phenomenon is described by the same system of equations as the object being modeled, then such modeling is called mathematical. If some aspects of the modeled object are presented in the form of a formal system using signs, which is then studied in order to transfer the obtained information to the modeled object itself, then we are dealing with logical-sign modeling.
Modeling plays a huge heuristic role, being a prerequisite for a new theory. Modeling is widely used because it makes it possible to study processes characteristic of the original, in the absence of the original itself. This is often necessary due to the inconvenience of studying the object itself and for many other reasons: high cost, inaccessibility, vastness of it, etc.

The following method is of significant importance in cognitive activity: formalization- generalization of forms of processes of different content, abstraction of these forms from their content. Any formalization is inevitably some coarsening of the real object.
It is wrong to think that formalization is a method only of mathematics, mathematical logic and cybernetics. It permeates all forms of practical and theoretical human activity, differing only in levels. Our ordinary language expresses the weakest level of formalization. The extreme pole of formalization is mathematics and mathematical logic, which studies the form of reasoning, abstracting from the content.
The process of formalizing reasoning consists in the fact that, firstly, there is a abstraction from the qualitative characteristics of objects; secondly, the logical form of judgments in which statements regarding these objects are recorded is revealed; thirdly, the reasoning itself is transferred from the plane of considering the connection of objects to the plane of actions with judgments based on formal relations between them. The use of special symbols allows you to eliminate the ambiguity of words in ordinary language.
In formalized reasoning, each symbol is strictly unambiguous; symbols allow you to write briefly and economically expressions that in ordinary languages are cumbersome and therefore difficult to understand. The use of symbolism makes it easier to draw logical consequences from given premises, test the truth of hypotheses, substantiate scientific judgments, etc. Formalization methods are absolutely necessary in the development of such scientific and technical problems and areas as computer translation, problems of information theory, the creation of various kinds of automatic devices for controlling production processes, etc.
Formalization is not an end in itself. It is ultimately needed to express a certain content, to clarify and reveal it. Formalization is only one (by no means universal) of the methods of cognition.
How research methods stand out induction- the process of deriving a general position from a number of particular (less general) statements, from individual facts; deduction, on the contrary, is a process of reasoning that goes from the general to the particular or less general. There are usually two main types of induction: complete and incomplete. Full induction- the conclusion of any general judgment about all objects of a certain set (class) based on consideration of each element of this set. It is clear that the scope of application of such induction is limited to objects, the number of which is finite and practically foreseeable.
In practice, forms of induction are most often used, which involve a conclusion about all objects of a class based on knowledge of only part of the objects of a given class. Such conclusions are called conclusions of incomplete induction. They are the closer to reality, the deeper, more significant connections that are revealed. Incomplete induction, based on experimental research and including theoretical thinking (in particular, deduction), is capable of producing a reliable (or almost reliable) conclusion. It is called scientific induction.
According to de Broglie, induction, since it seeks to push the already existing boundaries of thought, is the true source of real scientific progress. Great discoveries and leaps of scientific thought are ultimately created by induction - a risky but important creative method.
Using non-logical methods research expands the naturalist's palette. Rational norms and principles of research are complemented by intuitive approaches and other non-rationalistic components. The human brain can free itself from formalized, routine logical activity, leaving it to computers and, using its not yet fully understood capabilities, guess the patterns of the surrounding World.
The more we learn, the wider the border of the still unknown becomes. We can confidently say that the World is immensely complex. And our brain (an instrument of cognition) is clearly limited in its capabilities, therefore, a complete, comprehensive picture of the World is not available to modern man. The imperfection of human senses is compensated by technical means, however, knowledge remains only an approximate image of reality, since no reflection carries all the information about the object