What does it mean to have an irritated cervix? Redness of the cervix: causes and hidden dangers. Video: Types of infection that causes cervical diseases. Diagnostics

Inflammation of the cervix - cervicitis (endocervicitis).

Causative agents of inflammation of the endocervix may be gonococci, staphylococci, streptococci, intestinal flora, chlamydia, etc.; Chlamydia, Trichomonas, viruses, fungi (candidiasis), mycoplasma can penetrate into the cervical canal.

Endocervicitis is often accompanied by cervical pseudo-erosions, ectropion, colpitis, endometritis, salpingitis and other diseases of the reproductive system. In this case, endocervicitis can precede these inflammatory diseases, occur simultaneously or after damage to other parts of the reproductive system.

The penetration of microbes is facilitated cervical injuries during childbirth, abortion, diagnostic uterine curettage. It should be noted that chlamydia settles on the mucous membrane of the cervix without previous damage. The inflammatory reaction in the endocervix manifests itself differently, depending on the nature of the pathogen and the reactivity of the woman’s body. Sometimes endocervicitis occurs in an erased form from the very beginning of the disease. Distinct clinical signs are inherent in endocervicitis of gonorrheal etiology and are less noticeable in chlamydia. Endocervicitis, not detected or cured in the acute stage, develops into a long-term chronic process.

The duration of the course is associated with the penetration of pathogenic microbes into the branching glands (crypts, channels) of the mucous membrane, where they are less accessible to the action of local therapeutic procedures; Reinfection is important, as well as the simultaneous existence of other diseases of the genital organs that weaken the body’s defenses. With endocervicitis, hyperemia of the mucous membrane and its swelling are observed, especially pronounced in the acute stage of the disease; Often there is desquamation of the surface epithelium in a number of areas of the mucosa, and the formation of infiltrates in the subepithelial layer and stroma. Infiltrates consist of segmented leukocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Periglandular abscesses sometimes form. In the chronic stage, hyperemia, swelling and other signs of the inflammatory reaction are much less pronounced; regeneration of areas of the mucous membrane occurs in places where the integumentary epithelium is rejected. During regeneration, metaplasia of the epithelium can occur, partial replacement of the cylindrical with flat.

With acute endocervicitis, patients complain of mucous or purulent vaginal discharge, rarely happen dull pain in the lower abdomen. The presence of other complaints is usually associated with concomitant diseases (urethritis, endometritis, salpingoophoritis, etc.).

When examining the cervix using speculum and colposcopy Hyperemia is detected around the external opening of the cervical canal (slight protrusion of hyperemic, edematous mucosa), abundant mucopurulent or purulent discharge, and sometimes an eroded surface. In the chronic stage of the process, the discharge is cloudy-mucous (admixture of leukocytes) or muco-purulent, and pseudo-erosion is often observed.

Chronic endocervicitis in some cases it is cause of cervicitis. The inflammatory reaction spreads to the underlying connective tissue and muscle elements, where infiltrates occur with the subsequent development of hyperplastic processes and dystrophic changes. There is compaction and hypertrophy of the cervix, which is facilitated by small cysts formed during the healing process of pseudo-erosions accompanying chronic endocervicitis and cervicitis.

The occurrence of cervicitis contributes to damage to the endocervix during colpitis, especially long-term or recurrent. Inflammation of the ectocervix is ​​observed with chlamydia, trichomoniasis, candidiasis and colpitis caused by staphylococci and other microorganisms.

Diagnosis of cervical inflammation

Diagnosis of endocervicitis and cervicitis presents no difficulties. When examining the cervix with the help of mirrors, hyperemia around the external cervical canal, pathological discharge (turbid mucous, purulent), and the presence of concomitant erosion or pseudo-erosion are determined. In chronic endocervicitis and cervicitis, the cervix is ​​thickened and compacted. Colposcopy reveals diffuse hyperemia, the presence of vascular loops, sometimes with a focal location, swelling of the mucous membrane, especially around the cervical canal. Colposcopy allows you to study the nature of accompanying pathological processes (erosion, pseudo-erosion, etc.). Cytological examination of smears reveals rejected cells of columnar and polycystic squamous epithelium, usually without signs of atypia.

When establishing a diagnosis, the nature of the pathogen is also determined, which matters for the choice of treatment method. Be sure to use methods for identifying gonococci, chlamydia and other pathogens of nonspecific inflammatory processes.

Treatment of cervical inflammation

In the acute stage, etiotropic therapy (mainly antibacterial) is carried out; local procedures are contraindicated (risk of ascending infection). Antibacterial drugs are selected according to the sensitivity of the causative agent of endocervicitis to them.

Local treatment carried out after the symptoms of the acute process have subsided; means and methods of local therapy must correspond to the nature of the pathogen. In the chronic stage, physiotherapeutic procedures are applicable, especially when endocervicitis and/or cervicitis are combined with pseudo-erosion, ectropion. When the process is protracted and conservative methods are unsuccessful, diathermocoagulation, cryotherapy, and laser therapy are usually used along with the treatment of pseudo-erosion. After rejection of the necrotic mucous membrane, regeneration occurs due to undamaged cells (to this day areas of crypts) of the columnar epithelium with the participation of reserve cells.

The restoration of the normal structure of the mucous membrane and its physiological functions is facilitated by the elimination of ectropion, simultaneous treatment of colpitis, salpingoophoritis and other inflammatory diseases, as well as ovarian dysfunction.

V.P. Smetnik L.G. Tymilovich

When women, usually young girls, are diagnosed with cervical erosion, they may experience completely different emotions. Some people think it’s cancer, and she only has a little time left to live, not to mention having children. Others, having asked their friends, “turn a blind eye” to this very erosion, because It turns out that almost everyone familiar with the female environment suffered from it.

What kind of disease is this, what is the prognosis for life and reproductive function, and what should be done?

The word erosion in Latin means a defect in a surface. In our case, this is a defect in the cervical mucosa. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the phrase “cervical erosion” is a collective medical term. The doctor makes such a very inaccurate diagnosis by examining the patient in mirrors with the naked eye. Most often, he sees redness in part of the cervix. To make an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo an “extended colposcopy” procedure. It involves examining the cervix using a colposcope (similar to a microscope), and performing tests using special solutions to stain the cervix. All these manipulations are absolutely harmless and painless (they are carried out even during pregnancy). There is only one contraindication: an allergy to iodine, because. it is used in samples. In addition to colposcopy, the doctor is required to take smears from the surface of the cervix. Which ones exactly? The most important is a smear for oncocytology, i.e. for the presence of abnormal, precancerous and cancerous cells.1 Next are smears for the degree of purity (for flora) and for the determination of STIs using the PCR method. Only after receiving all the examination data can the doctor make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

It happens that redness of the cervix is ​​caused only by an infectious process, and it is enough to cure it so that the cervix takes on its normal color. In other cases, growth of glandular tissue (ectopia) is visible on the visible part of the cervix. This tissue is normally located in the cervical canal, but in various situations it goes beyond its limits, outward. The body tries to cure itself, and the ectopia is slowly overgrown with vaginal epithelium. It is during the healing process of ectopia that various malfunctions can occur and abnormal cells appear, especially when harmful bacteria and viruses settle on the cervix. Some infections cause acute symptoms and changes in the cervix, while others can remain inside the cells for a very long time and not manifest themselves for years. But this does not mean at all that the latter are weak or not very dangerous. It has been proven that many of them, for example, the human papillomavirus, are integrated into the genome of the host cell and make it work for itself. In this case, the cell changes, loses its original functions and qualities and acquires new ones (for example, rapid growth and reproduction).

All cells together make up the tissue - the integumentary epithelium of the cervix, which, accordingly, also changes. It is these changes that are visible upon examination. The next mandatory stage of diagnosis is a cervical biopsy. Using a special instrument, the doctor plucks off a small piece from a suspicious area of ​​the cervix and sends it for an even more detailed examination - histological, during which not only the condition of individual cells is assessed, but also the condition of all the tissues that form the cervix. If there are no signs of cancer, then treatment is carried out by a gynecologist. If so, the patient is referred to a gynecological oncologist.

The prognosis for benign diseases of the cervix, including ectopia, is favorable both for life and for the birth of children.

There are tactics for treating ectopia only after the first birth. In this case, the woman must undergo the above examination annually, except for a biopsy, which is done immediately before treatment. If precancerous diseases are detected, treatment is not delayed, and the prognosis can be favorable. When diagnosing cervical cancer, the prognosis depends on the stage of the process: the lower the stage, the more favorable the prognosis and the greater the chance of a 100% cure.

Genital warts (papillomas) - a sexually transmitted disease associated with the presence of the human papillomavirus in the body, can manifest as growths on the external genitalia, around the anus, in the vagina and on the cervix. The growths have a variety of shapes, from single cone-shaped growths to cauliflower-type growths. But there are also those that spread deep into the tissue and are therefore visible only during colposcopy. The examination is the same as for cervical erosion. The prognosis depends on the structure of the condyloma.

There are many methods for treating cervical diseases. We will touch on the treatment of benign diseases only. The very first method to use, cauterization of the cervix with electric current, has many contraindications and complications (it is not used in women who have not given birth). A more gentle technique is cryodestruction of the cervix with liquid nitrogen, which can be carried out in several stages, depending on the size of the defect. In this case, the healthy part of the cervix is ​​not affected. Very often, in young girls with small ectopia, chemical treatment of the cervix with special solutions is used, but the frequency of return of ectopia after this method is quite high. Recently, progressive techniques using laser and radio wave energy have been widely used. Both methods have very few contraindications, good tolerability (no pain), a lasting effect of treatment, and it is possible to treat women who have not given birth.

Surgitron technique.

Our clinics use the surgitron technique, based on radio wave quantum physics. It is used not only for treatment, but also for taking biopsies, which produces high-quality samples that are easy for the histologist to view. When cutting or cauterizing, healthy tissues are not affected, they do not even show signs of a reaction to the treatment, so healing of the cervix occurs faster, within 4 weeks. As a rule, re-treatment is not required.

Cervical erosion It is one of the most common diseases of the female genital area. This is a benign process, but erosion, if left untreated, can provoke cancer of the woman’s reproductive organs, so treatment cannot be delayed. The causes and symptoms of the disease have long been studied, diagnosis is not difficult. Most often, erosion is detected by chance. Ideally, women should be examined by a gynecologist twice a year. But few of them follow this requirement. They turn to a specialist only when they feel unwell and have a progressive disease.

Cervical erosion

Erosion began to be accurately diagnosed only after the introduction into medical practice of such an examination as cervical colposcopy. Before this, the concept of erosion was generalized. Any redness on the cervix could be attributed to this disease. Colposcopy allows you to examine test samples from the cervix under a special microscope. If necessary, the doctor may prescribe additional tests or an extended colposcopy. To do this, the cervix is ​​treated with a special composition based on iodine and acetic acid so that the vessels narrow and do not interfere with a careful examination of the cervical mucosa. Healthy cells are stained with iodine, while damaged cells absorb it and do not change their color.

A distinction is made between true erosion and pseudo-erosion. True erosion heals quickly, but can transform into pseudo-erosion. In this case, the flat epithelium of the outer part of the cervix is ​​replaced by columnar cells from the cervical canal. Cylindrical cells, under the influence of the acidic environment of the vagina, quickly grow, turning into a focus of the disease.

Causes of erosion

Erosion develops under the influence of a wide variety of reasons. In medical practice, congenital and acquired erosions are diagnosed.

Congenital erosion has the appearance of velvety redness, which can protrude beyond the cervical canal. This disease occurs in women with elevated levels of the hormone progesterone in the blood.

Acquired erosion is a lesion of the lining of the cervix in the form of small ulcerations that merge into a red spot against the background of healthy pink mucosa. Acquired erosion occurs due to genital infections that are transmitted through sexual contact. These are genital herpes virus, ureaplasmosis, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and gonorrhea, papilloma virus. Erosion can also be caused by bacterial diseases such as vaginosis or candidiasis. The causes of erosion include injuries to the cervix that occur during rough sexual intercourse or abortion.

Hormonal disorders play an important role in the development of the disease, as well as promiscuity in sexual relations, early sexual activity, weakened immunity and the presence of chronic inflammation of the uterus and appendages.

Symptoms of cervical erosion

Cervical erosion rarely bothers a woman. It is mostly asymptomatic. Often, erosion is detected only during an examination by a gynecologist. The erosion appears as a red spot and may bleed when touched.

Symptoms of cervical erosion include leucorrhoea, the amount of which can sometimes differ from the norm. In some cases, a woman is bothered by aching pain in the lower abdomen or lower back. Transparent bloody discharge after sexual intercourse and discomfort during intercourse may also be observed. But such symptoms are characteristic of an advanced stage of the disease. Mucous or purulent-mucous discharge from the genital tract may also appear. All these symptoms should prompt a woman to immediately go to the gynecologist.

Let's summarize. Cervical erosion does not manifest itself with pronounced manifestations; they are nonspecific, but the disease is easy to identify upon examination.

The woman is thoroughly examined, she is prescribed tests that allow her to choose the most effective treatment. It is necessary to take a smear to check the vaginal flora and donate blood to check for various infections. Samples are also taken for cytological analysis and for culture of the vaginal microflora to detect dysbacteriosis. If necessary, a biopsy is performed.

Disease prevention

It is important that emerging gynecological diseases are diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. When chronic forms occur, the risk of developing cervical erosion increases. Rough mechanical impacts on the cervical mucosa should be avoided. In order not to miss the development of pathology on the mucous membrane of the cervix, you should regularly see a gynecologist.

It is necessary to treat erosion, and all treatment methods are effective and do not make the woman feel unwell. So there is no point in being afraid of them. It must be remembered that a timely visit to the doctor can prevent more serious diseases such as cervical or uterine cancer.

Inflammatory diseases of the genital organs occupy a predominant place in the general structure of gynecological pathology. And one of the most common conditions is cervicitis, associated with microbial damage to the cervix. Why it develops, how it manifests itself and what needs to be done if this pathology is detected - these are the main questions that require detailed consideration.

Causes and mechanisms

The microbial factor penetrates the cervical canal in various ways. The most important are contact (sexual) and vertical transmission mechanisms, when the pathogen enters the cervix from the vagina. Hemato- and lymphogenous spread of infection also occurs, but much less frequently.

Normally, the cervix is ​​designed to protect the internal genital organs from adverse external influences. Therefore, it is always closed, and the cervical canal is filled with a mucus plug. The latter contains secretory antibodies, which act as a humoral protective factor. But there are situations when this natural barrier is broken, and an infectious process develops in the cervix. The following conditions contribute to this:

• Other inflammatory diseases (colpitis, vulvitis, bartholinitis).
• Cervical erosion.
• Pseudo-erosion and ectropion (cervical eversion).
• Traumatic injury (during childbirth, abortion, diagnostic curettage, operations).
• Use of intrauterine contraceptives.
• Isthmic-cervical insufficiency.
• Reducing the overall reactivity of the body (infections, intoxications, radiation, taking immunosuppressants).

Thus, it is important not only the presence of an infectious agent and the implementation of its transmission route, but also the presence of a sensitive organism into which it can invade. With sufficient activity of the immune system and normal functioning of natural barriers, the development of the disease is unlikely. This is possible only if the pathogen is highly virulent and its quantity (microbial dose) is large. In other cases, the determining factor is local or general disorders that reduce the activity of protective systems.

The direct cause of cervicitis is a microbial factor, but its development becomes possible only under favorable conditions.

Classification

Each disease has certain varieties, which is reflected in its classification. Cervical inflammation also has some characteristics. It could be:

• By localization: in the form of exo- or endocervicitis (in other words, with damage to the vaginal part or cervical canal).
• By distribution: focal or diffuse.
• According to the clinical course: acute or chronic.

When making a diagnosis, the causative factor of the disease must be taken into account. Therefore, the existing classification is supplemented by etiological varieties of cervicitis: gonococcal, chlamydial, fungal, herpesvirus, etc.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of cervicitis of the cervix is ​​determined by several aspects. Firstly, the symptoms depend on the nature of the pathological process: its origin, localization and prevalence. Secondly, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the body: the activity of the immune system, related problems. At the initial stage, it is important for the doctor to analyze and detail complaints, study anamnesis and conduct a physical examination. He will have at his disposal subjective and objective signs of cervicitis. In acute cervical inflammation, symptoms include:

1. Copious discharge of mucous or mucopurulent nature.
2. Dull or nagging pain in the lower abdomen.
3. Discomfort during sexual intercourse.

When examined in the mirrors, swelling and redness are visible in the area of ​​the external opening of the cervical canal. Dilated vessels and minor hemorrhages are noticeable on the mucous membrane. If cervicitis is of herpes nature, eroded areas prone to fusion are visualized against a background of a bright red surface. The Trichomonas process is characterized as a “strawberry cervix” - this appearance is given to the cervix by small hemorrhages. And infection with papillomavirus often manifests itself as benign growth of the mucous membrane - condylomas.

Cervicitis may initially occur in a latent form, when symptoms are not pronounced or are completely absent. And the acute process often turns into protracted and chronic inflammation of the cervix. This occurs due to late diagnosis and lack of adequate treatment. Then the signs of inflammation - hyperemia and swelling - become less intense, but the inflammation spreads to other areas. The cervix becomes denser, and its columnar epithelium can be replaced by flat epithelium. The opposite situation is also observed when the endocervix steps on the vaginal part, which is called pseudo-erosion.

Sometimes cervicitis is complicated by infection of the upper genital tract - endometritis and salpingoophoritis. Then the woman’s well-being deteriorates: the temperature rises, malaise and weakness occur. And inflammation of the cervix during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage - spontaneous abortion and premature birth. In addition, other undesirable consequences are possible: infection of the fetus, intrauterine growth retardation, and various anomalies.

Clinical signs of cervicitis are determined by its form, location, origin and condition of the woman’s body.

Additional diagnostics

After a gynecological and general examination, the doctor needs to confirm inflammation of the cervix and establish its detailed nature. For this purpose, additional diagnostic methods are prescribed, which include:

• General blood and urine tests.
• Blood biochemistry (antibodies to infections).
• Linked immunosorbent assay.
• Smear microscopy with cytology.
• Bacterial culture of secretions.
• Determination of sensitivity to antibiotics.
• Study of genetic material (PCR).
• Colposcopy.
• Ultrasound of the pelvis.

These measures help to establish the cause of the pathology and plan further treatment. In addition to these laboratory and instrumental methods, other diagnostic tools can be used, which depends on the woman’s concomitant problems.

Treatment

When cervical inflammation is diagnosed, treatment should be comprehensive. First of all, it is necessary to eliminate the causative factor - microbial infection, and then restore the accompanying disorders in the immune, hormonal and metabolic spheres. Conservative methods are successfully used for this, but sometimes you have to resort to more radical methods.

Conservative

In most cases, cervicitis responds well to conservative correction. And the leading role in therapy is played by medications, which allow them to influence all aspects of the mechanism of disease development. Patients are prescribed the following groups of drugs:

• Antibiotics (macrolides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, tetracyclines).
• Antifungals (fluconazole, nystatin).
• Antiviral (acyclovir, ganciclovir, interferon).
• Antiprotozoal (metronidazole).

Local forms of medicines are widely used - ointments, gels, vaginal suppositories. This allows you to get a local effect without unwanted side effects. This is especially true for women in a position where they try to use the safest drugs possible and in the minimum permissible concentration.

After acute inflammation subsides, antiseptics are used - Dimexide, chlorophyllipt, Miramistin - in the form of applications, irrigations, douchings. For atrophic cervicitis, local treatment includes the use of estrogens (Ovestin). In parallel, correction is carried out with other medications: immunomodulators, probiotics, vitamins. For viral condylomas, it is possible to use cytostatics.

Medicines are the basis of modern therapy for cervicitis. Your doctor will tell you which medications to use.

Operational

Sometimes conservative methods are not enough. This situation often occurs with chronic cervicitis. Therefore, the question of how to treat inflammation of the cervix in such cases will be answered by gynecologists involved in minimally invasive manipulations. For patients who do not have acute infections, the following interventions are indicated:

1. Diathermocoagulation.
2. Laser therapy.
3. Cryosurgical methods.

They are minimally traumatic, therefore they allow you to avoid cicatricial changes in the cervix, and also make it possible to correct concomitant conditions (ectropion, erosion). After the operation, a fairly rapid restoration of the normal mucous membrane occurs.

To avoid the development of cervicitis, a woman should follow simple rules of personal and intimate hygiene, lead a healthy lifestyle, promptly treat other gynecological diseases, and rationally plan pregnancy. And if you still have to face a similar problem, then you need to consult a doctor as soon as possible. The specialist will tell you what the cause of the disease is, determine the symptoms and treatment necessary to eliminate the pathology. And a woman should only follow all the recommendations.

Hyperemia is a condition caused by excessive filling of the capillaries with blood, which as a result causes the development of redness in a certain area. Mostly skin hyperemia is noted, but any mucous membrane, any part of the body and any organ in the human body can be susceptible to this.

This indicates that a person may have such phenomena as:

• conjunctival hyperemia;
• throat;
• cervix;
• vagina;
• stomach, etc.

It turns out that this phenomenon in itself is not a disease, but is a symptom of a particular disease. So, if a person has hyperemia of the pharynx, most likely, we are talking about a viral or bacterial pathology. The same can be said about redness of the cervix, vagina, stomach, throat, etc. That is, redness in the area of ​​a particular organ is a consequence of the inflammatory process in it.

Causes

Redness in a particular organ or area of ​​the body may occur due to an excessive increase in arterial blood flow, and this condition is called arterial hyperemia, and due to a violation of the outflow of venous blood - venous hyperemia.

Arterial hyperemia in the medical literature is also called active, which is associated with an increased flow of blood into the vessels due to the expansion of their lumen. With this form of pathology, there is not only redness in the area of ​​​​increased blood flow, but also a local increase in temperature and tissue swelling.

The reasons that a person develops arterial hyperemia can be different - mainly it is a violation of the nervous innervation, due to which the flow of blood to the skin or mucous membranes increases.

Arterial hyperemia often occurs with:

• pathologies of the nervous system;
• colds;
• febrile states.

Also, it is arterial hyperemia that is observed in cases where redness is noted in areas located next to those in which blood circulation is impaired - this is the so-called collateral form. Arterial hyperemia can be primary and secondary. The reasons described above are the reasons for the primary development of this pathology. Secondary arterial hyperemia is a consequence of prolonged lack of blood supply to tissues, body parts or organs. For example, secondary arterial hyperemia occurs with prolonged compression of the limbs.

As for such a disorder as venous hyperemia, it is associated with blood stagnation, which can be caused by both physiological and mechanical factors. In particular, venous congestion can develop due to compression of the vascular bed by scar tissue, neoplasms, or adhesions. During pregnancy, venous hyperemia of the cervix occurs due to overflow of the organ with blood and disruption of its outflow. This condition is also observed in people with strangulated hernias and with pathologies in which prolapse of organs occurs. One more type of pathology should be highlighted - this is the filling of the brain with blood.

Note that arterial hyperemia is more common than venous hyperemia, and it comes in two forms:

• physiological;
• pathological.

When they talk about physiological form, this means hyperemia of the face or other parts of the body due to exposure to certain factors, for example, cold or hot water, etc. When pathological form the causes are related to diseases of the internal organs, and this form requires diagnosis and timely treatment.

Depending on the duration of the course, hyperemia of the skin and mucous membranes may be chronic and acute. And according to localization it happens local(focal) and general. As mentioned above, hyperemia of the skin of the face most often occurs, somewhat less often - hyperemia of the mucous membranes, including the throat, hyperemia of the conjunctiva, and even less often - internal organs (usually during inflammatory processes).

Clinical picture

Since hyperemia of the skin of the face and mucous membranes is not a disease, the symptoms will depend on the location of the areas of redness, as well as the reasons that caused it.

General symptoms of this condition are manifested by the appearance of redness on the skin or mucous membranes. Other symptoms that may occur are:

• feeling of local temperature increase;
• feeling of tension in the area of ​​redness;
• slight tingling;
• sometimes tissue swelling.

In addition, the symptoms of the pathological condition are complemented by the symptoms of the underlying disease that caused it. In particular, if a person has conjunctival hyperemia, he most likely has an inflammatory process, which is characterized by the following symptoms:

• lacrimation;
• pain in the eyes;
• discharge of mucus or pus.

Hyperemia of the conjunctiva is often an allergic reaction or exposure to a mechanical irritant (sand, etc.) on the mucous membrane.

As mentioned above, an inflammatory process can also cause redness. Women experience hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa, but in this case they are worried not only about redness in the vaginal area, but also other symptoms, such as:

• unpleasant odor;
• swelling of the labia;
• discharge of a different nature, different from the norm.

Mostly, hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa indicates the presence of a bacterial infection or STI. Therefore, such a woman should undergo a vaginal smear for microflora to identify the causative agent of the pathology.

Sometimes vaginal redness can be the result of an allergic reaction, for example to some medications or the latex used in condoms. Usually in this case, vaginal redness occurs immediately after using the allergic agent. Also, redness of the vagina can be a consequence of rough sexual intercourse - in this case, treatment is not required, only sexual abstinence for several days is indicated.

Redness of the cervix, which can be determined by a doctor during a gynecological examination, can be evidence of several pathologies. In particular, redness of the cervix occurs when it begins, as well as during inflammatory processes in this organ. If the doctor detects redness of the cervix during examination, taking a smear for culture and cytology is indicated. Additional research methods are also indicated to exclude or confirm the inflammatory process.

Additionally, redness of the cervix is ​​a natural occurrence for women during pregnancy. In this case, there is no need to worry - the redness will go away on its own after delivery.

It should be said about conditions that arise during inflammatory processes. It has already been said that with bacterial and viral infections, redness of the pharynx and throat may occur. They can also be complemented by conjunctival hyperemia, as a consequence of the inflammatory process in the nasopharynx. When the pharynx and throat are red, there may be symptoms such as:

• pain when swallowing;
• swelling of the mucous membrane;
• nasal congestion;
• increase in body temperature.

Treatment for a red throat will involve the use of antibacterial or antiviral agents.

In order for treatment of a condition such as hyperemia of the face, mucous membranes or internal organs to be successful, its cause must be established. For this purpose, a complete examination of the patient is carried out to identify an inflammatory process that causes arterial hyperemia, or a mechanical obstacle to the movement of blood flow, causing a phenomenon such as venous hyperemia.

Accordingly, treatment will depend on the causes of the syndrome. In some cases, treatment is not required at all, for example, physiological arterial hyperemia goes away on its own after the cessation of exposure to provoking factors. Some require medication and even surgery. For pathologies such as conjunctival hyperemia, local drops can be used to relieve redness and swelling. In a word, treatment in each specific case will be selected individually.

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