III. The last episode of the war. Tolstoy L. n

Philosophy of history of Tolstoy.
Philosophy of history - views on the origin, essence and change of historical events.
Basic principles of Tolstoy's philosophy of history
1. Tolstoy believes that the origin of historical events cannot be explained by individual actions of individual people. The will of the individual historical person can be paralyzed by the desires or non-desires of the mass of people.
2. For a historical event to happen, billions of reasons must coincide, i.e. interests of individual people who make up the masses, how the movement of a swarm of bees coincides when a general movement is born from the movement of individual quantities. This means that history is made not by individuals, but by their totality, the people.
3. Why do the infinitesimal values ​​of human desires coincide? Tolstoy was unable to answer this question. “The event had to happen only because it had to happen,” writes Tolstoy. Fatalism in history, in his opinion, is inevitable.
4. T. correctly believes that personality. and even the historical one does not play a leading role in history; it is connected with the interests of everyone who stands below it and next to it.
5. T. incorrectly asserts that personality does not and cannot play any role in history. “The Tsar is a slave of history,” says Tolstoy. So T. comes to the idea of ​​submission to fate and sees the task historical figure in following events.

Plan for the essay “Tolstoy’s Image of the Great” Patriotic War 1812"
I. Introduction. The depiction of the war of 1812 is the main one in T.’s novel “V and M”.
II. Main part
1. What is war from the point of view of the history of Tolstoy’s philosophy.
2. T.’s attitude towards war, revealed by various techniques:
A) through the thoughts of your favorite heroes
B) by comparing the clear harmonious life of nature and the madness of people killing each other
B) through the description of individual combat episodes
3. The variety of forms of struggle against Napoleon put forward
by the people:
A) patriotic inspiration among the troops and among the civilian population
B) the scope and greatness of partisan warfare
4. The people in the war of 1812:
A) true, unostentatious love for the motherland, hidden warmth of patriotism;
B) perseverance in battle, selfless heroism, courage, endurance;
C) deep conviction in the rightness of one’s cause
5. Indifference to the fate of the country and people from the outside
secular circles:
a) the loud “patriotism” of Rastopgin’s posters;
b) false patriotism of St. Petersburg salons
c) careerism, selfishness, vanity of some military men
6. Participation in the war of the main characters. The place they found in life as a result of the war.
7. The role of commanders in war
III. Conclusion
1. The death of Napoleon’s army as a consequence of a nationwide upsurge.
2. The triumph of peace over war.

The first news of Napoleon's army's invasion of Russia caused turmoil among the civilian population, especially in the western provinces of the empire. And no manifestos could inspire and prepare people for these events. Residents of the western provinces hastily packed their things, trying to save their families and property.

Panic and disorder were fueled by rumors of the enormous size of Napoleon's army. Some saw the threat of a new “Pugachevism,” while others blamed the outbreak of war on the policies of Alexander I, who failed to prevent it. Alexander's reign was called unhappy, and even thoughts arose about his overthrow. However, gradually, after this first shock, from which there was no escape, patriotic inspiration swept over the Russian people.

Panic...
The war, for which they seemed to be preparing so much and which was so expected, surprisingly turned out to be unexpected for Russian society. Despite all the exhortations, many nobles and officials did not believe in the war until the last, and when the enemy crossed the lines, in panic and disorder they rushed to collect everything that was needed. “Having sent the local garrison battalion and all zemstvo officials from Grodno,” reports Ataman M.I. Platov P.I. Bagration, - as well as government property with great difficulty, because nothing was prepared here, and some did not even have orders to leave, except for preparations for this, but they did not fulfill this either, I ordered them to follow to Shchuchin, Balitsa, Novogrudok and further to Minsk.”

News of the incredible scale of robberies and looting in the neighboring duchies of Warsaw and Prussia quickly spread throughout all the western provinces, and residents began to hastily send the most valuable things into the interior of the country, and hide everything else in secluded places. The main roads were filled with convoys, which moved slowly, created traffic jams and interfered with the communication of armies. In addition, the most contradictory information about military operations was received: on the one hand, in the western provinces many were confident that the Russians were retreating due to defeats and the inability to contain the onslaught of the enemy, on the other hand, there were rumors in Moscow that Napoleon had been beaten and more than once: “In Moscow they say that the French were beaten five or six times,” writes the young Moscow noblewoman M.A. Volkova in her letter to a friend dated July 1 (June 19). “It would be good if we actually won at least one victory, then we would soon get rid of the cruel enemy of humanity.” At the same time, both in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the entire society was in some confusion and fear, everyone was constantly talking about the war, there were fewer and fewer men in the cities, and more and more women in mourning. To this should be added reports of more and more surrendered cities and the absence of the emperor in the capitals in order to understand the despondency that gripped Russian society at the beginning of the war.

...and patriotic inspiration
Simultaneously with the increase in panic, another trend is emerging: the maturation and development of super-patriotism among the population of the central and eastern provinces. Foreigners are attacked on the streets of Moscow and St. Petersburg, in many salons they try not to speak French, and French books are pushed to the far shelves of bookcases. There are murmurs against foreigners in the high command of the Russian army.

F.Ya. Alekseev, View of the Resurrection Gate from Tverskaya Street, 1811.

Gradually, society is becoming aware of everything that is happening from a completely different perspective: if peace is no longer possible, then it is necessary to give a worthy rebuff to the arrogant enemy. Proposals for donations and the formation of militias are increasingly appearing.

One of the contemporaries of those events (N.P. Nikolev) recalled: “When war was declared with Bonaparte, brother Yakov joined the Cossacks. Everything that thought began to sway for a life and death struggle with the conqueror; everything moved towards battle, and those who could not take part in the defense otherwise. My father, being already blind, baked crackers for the army and delivered them to the Commissariat for free, and my sisters set about making lint.”

However, the government did not immediately trust this patriotic inspiration. Before the war itself, the sovereign still rejected many of the offers of assistance in people and money on the grounds that “the circumstances are not yet such that all means need to be used,” but already at the beginning of July Alexander realized that it was absolutely impossible to cope with the French with the help of regular troops alone. seems possible, and therefore begins the collection of militias and funds for the maintenance of the army. Another the most important task The task of the sovereign and his entourage is to maintain the patriotic spirit among the people. The Emperor entrusts the Secretary of State to the famous archaic writer A.S. Shishkov to draw up a series of manifestos that should inspire society.

However, neither Shishkov nor Alexander were completely confident in the full support of the government and its actions from the population: new emergency levies, the hardships of war and retreat largely negated the inspiring effect of the manifestos. This obvious mutual distrust continued until the emperor’s arrival in Moscow and the capture of Smolensk, after which in the public opinion of Central Russia the war became truly a people’s war.

Chronicle of the day: Second Western Army in Novogrudok

After traveling 80 km, the Second Western Army entered Novogrudok. Engineers began to build bridges across the Neman. Towards evening, Bagration's troops were joined by the 27th Infantry Division D.P. Neverovsky, who arrived from Moscow.

Person: Fedor Fedorovich Ivanov

Fedor Fedorovich Ivanov(1777-1816) - poet and playwright of the early 19th century. Fyodor Fedorovich had an extremely sad fate. He was born into the family of an impoverished Catherine aristocrat, and therefore his entire life short life was forced to serve, but not for status, but for salary. In the 1800s, he joined Merzlyakov’s circle, in which he began to write seriously for the first time.

According to his Moscow friends, Fedor Fedorovich had great talent, but, being banned by censorship for political reasons, could not publish most of his satirical works. Among the plays written and translated by Ivanov, “The Robbers” based on Schiller’s drama and “Martha the Posadnitsa”, written based on Karamzin’s story, are usually especially highlighted, which, although, according to contemporaries, were very good, were not allowed by censors to be staged. Only one of Ivanov’s satires still reached the theater stage - this is the anti-French play “The Starichkov Family”, which was very popular.

Unfortunately, in the Moscow fire of 1812, along with Fyodor Fedorovich’s modest property, the manuscripts of his unpublished works (and these were the majority) were lost. The war completely ruined Ivanov, and recent years he spent his life in poverty.

Among the small corpus of his poems that have come down to us, there are also appeals to the Fatherland and the nobility that were so popular in 1812, one of which we present below:

TO THE RUSSIAN NOBILITY

The sons of the fatherland are chosen!
Behold, the hour of your glory has come;
Irreconcilable, bloodthirsty
Gall has now entered our border.
Flows - and in a fury of aspiration
Counts the victims, thefts,
Threatens with gnashing of teeth
Wash in the blood of the Russian hand.
To your shields, friends! O brothers, to war!
For the altars, for the ashes of the fathers.
Already a magnanimous MONARCH
He hit the shield, there was a roar...
Arise, O Ross, obedient to the king!
Remember Pultusk and Cahul,
And Heilsberg, Guttstad and Yeilavu,
Remember your glory and that of your ancestors!..
“Here is gold, children, here we are;
Ready to lie down in battle!
Pozharsky and Minin are alive in us.”

Essay text:

Philosophy of history of Tolstoy. Philosophy of history: views on the origin, essence and change of historical events. The main provisions of Tolstoy's philosophy of history 1. Tolstoy believes that the origin of historical events cannot be explained by individual actions of individual people. The will of an individual historical person can be paralyzed by the desires or non-desires of the mass of people. 2. For a historical event to happen, billions of reasons must coincide, i.e. the interests of individual people who make up the mass of the people, just as the movement of a swarm of bees coincides when a general movement is born from the movement of individual quantities. This means that history is made not by individuals, but by their totality, the people. 3. Why do the infinitesimal values ​​of human desires coincide? Tolstoy was unable to answer this question. The event had to happen only because it had to happen, writes Tolstoy. Fatalism in history, in his opinion, is inevitable. 4. T. correctly believes that personality. and even the historical one does not play a leading role in history; it is connected with the interests of everyone who stands below it and next to it. 5. T. incorrectly assert that personality does not and cannot play any role in history. The Tsar is a slave of history, says Tolstoy. So T. comes to the idea of ​​submission to fate and sees the task of a historical figure in following events. Plan for the essay Tolstoy’s depiction of the Great Patriotic War of 1812 I. Introduction. The depiction of the war of 1812 is the main one in the novel by T. V and M. II. Main part 1. What is war from the point of view of the history of Tolstoy’s philosophy. 2. T.’s attitude towards war, revealed by various methods: A) through the thoughts of his favorite heroes B) by comparing the clear harmonious life of nature and the madness of people killing each other C) through the description of individual combat episodes 3. The variety of forms of struggle against Napoleon put forward by the people: A) patriotic copying is prohibited; inspiration in the troops and among the civilian population B) the scope and greatness of the Partisan war 4. The people in the war of 1812: A) true, unostentatious love for the homeland, the hidden warmth of patriotism; B) perseverance in battle, selfless heroism, courage, endurance; C) deep conviction in the rightness of one’s cause 5. Indifference to the fate of the country and people on the part of secular circles: a) loud patriotism of Rastopgin’s posters; b) false patriotism of St. Petersburg salons c) careerism, egoism, vanity of some military men 6. Participation in the war of the main characters. The place they found in life as a result of the war. 7. The role of commanders in war III. Conclusion 1. The death of Napoleon's army as a consequence of a nationwide upsurge. 2. The triumph of peace over war.

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Composition

Philosophy of history - views on the origin, essence and change of historical events.
Basic principles of Tolstoy's philosophy of history
1. Tolstoy believes that the origin of historical events cannot be explained by individual actions of individual people. The will of an individual historical person can be paralyzed by the desires or non-desires of the mass of people.
2. For a historical event to happen, billions of reasons must coincide, i.e. the interests of individual people who make up the mass of the people, just as the movement of a swarm of bees coincides when a general movement is born from the movement of individual quantities. This means that history is made not by individuals, but by their totality, the people.
3. Why do the infinitesimal values ​​of human desires coincide? Tolstoy was unable to answer this question. “The event had to happen only because it had to happen,” writes Tolstoy. Fatalism in history, in his opinion, is inevitable.
4. T. correctly believes that personality. and even the historical one does not play a leading role in history; it is connected with the interests of everyone who stands below it and next to it.
5. T. incorrectly asserts that personality does not and cannot play any role in history. “The Tsar is a slave of history,” says Tolstoy. So T. comes to the idea of ​​submission to fate and sees the task of a historical figure in following events.

Plan for the essay “Tolstoy’s Depiction of the Great Patriotic War of 1812”
I. Introduction. The depiction of the war of 1812 is the main one in T.’s novel “V and M”.
II. Main part
1. What is war from the point of view of the history of Tolstoy’s philosophy.
2. T.’s attitude towards war, revealed by various techniques:
A) through the thoughts of your favorite heroes
B) by comparing the clear harmonious life of nature and the madness of people killing each other
B) through the description of individual combat episodes
3. The variety of forms of struggle against Napoleon put forward
by the people:
A) patriotic inspiration among the troops and among the civilian population
B) the scope and greatness of partisan warfare
4. The people in the war of 1812:
A) true, unostentatious love for the motherland, hidden warmth of patriotism;
B) perseverance in battle, selfless heroism, courage, endurance;
C) deep conviction in the rightness of one’s cause
5. Indifference to the fate of the country and people from the outside
secular circles:
a) the loud “patriotism” of Rastopgin’s posters;
b) false patriotism of St. Petersburg salons
c) careerism, selfishness, vanity of some military men
6. Participation in the war of the main characters. The place they found in life as a result of the war.
7. The role of commanders in war
III. Conclusion
1. The death of Napoleon’s army as a consequence of a nationwide upsurge.
2. The triumph of peace over war.

Aug 31 2014

Philosophy of history of Tolstoy. Philosophy of history - views on the origin, essence and change of historical events. The main provisions of Tolstoy's philosophy of history 1. believes that it is impossible to explain the origin of historical events by individual actions of individual people. The will of an individual historical person can be paralyzed by the desires or non-desires of the mass of people.

2. For a historical event to happen, billions of reasons must coincide, that is, the interests of individual people who make up the masses, just as the movement of a swarm of bees coincides when a general movement is born from the movement of individual quantities. This means that history is made not by individuals, but by their totality, the people. 3. Why do the infinitesimal values ​​of human desires coincide? Tolstoy was unable to answer this question.

“The event had to happen only because it had to happen,” writes Tolstoy. Fatalism in history, in his opinion, is inevitable. 4. T. correctly believes that .

and even the historical one does not play a leading role in history; it is connected with the interests of everyone who stands below it and next to it. 5. T. incorrectly asserts that personality does not and cannot play any role in history. “The Tsar is a slave of history,” says Tolstoy. So T. comes to the idea of ​​submission to fate and sees the task of a historical figure in following events. to the essay “Tolstoy’s Depiction of the Great Patriotic War of 1812” I. Introduction.

The depiction of the war of 1812 is central to T.’s novel “V and M.” II. Main part 1. What is it from the point of view of the history of Tolstoy’s philosophy. 2. T.’s attitude to war, revealed by various methods: A) through the thoughts of his favorite heroes B) by comparing the clear harmonious life of nature and the madness of people killing each other C) through the description of individual combat episodes 3. The variety of forms of struggle against Napoleon put forward by the people: A) patriotic copying is prohibited 2005 inspiration in the troops and among the peaceful population B) the scope and greatness of the partisan war 4. The people in the war of 1812: A) true, unostentatious love for the homeland, the hidden warmth of patriotism; B) perseverance in battle, selfless heroism, courage, endurance; C) deep conviction in the rightness of one’s cause 5. Indifference to the fate of the country and people on the part of secular circles: a) loud “patriotism” of Rastopgin’s posters; b) false patriotism of St. Petersburg salons c) careerism, egoism, vanity of some military men 6. Participation in the war of the main characters. The place they found in life as a result of the war. 7. The role of commanders in war III. Conclusion 1. The death of Napoleon's army as a consequence of a nationwide upsurge. 2. The triumph of peace over