Hand saw for wood: varieties, which one is better to choose. Circular saw blades for wood and metal: sizes and types of circles What types of saws are there for wood

Wood has been used as a building material since time immemorial. And now it has not lost its popularity. It is loved for its environmental friendliness and ease of processing, which is best done using wood hacksaws. These tools are available with different parameters, which are selected depending on the specific purpose.

Specifications

Saw - one of the first hand tools invented by man. Centuries have passed since the appearance of the first rough version, and many varieties have appeared for work different types.

As for hand saws for wood, they differ from each other in many parameters, including the following:

Let's look at each in detail.

Hacksaw blade

In principle, this is the instrument itself. The most important parameter of the canvas is its length. It is this that determines the range of application possibilities. However, the longer the blade, the stronger the spring, which makes working with hard wood such as oak, ash or maple especially difficult. For sawing small objects such as plinths, bars or narrow slats, a hand-held wood hacksaw with a blade length will suffice 25−30 cm. For more serious work, you need a tool with a blade length 45−50 cm.

A simple rule for determining the length: the blade should be twice the diameter of the logs that will be sawed with it. The teeth of a short hacksaw will jam in the wood, requiring much more effort to work, which will quickly cause fatigue. The width of the blade usually varies in the range of 10−20 cm. A narrower blade is not allowed, as it breaks at the slightest bend, but an overly wide blade is inconvenient to work with your hands.

Material of manufacture

Blades for hacksaws are made of tool alloy steel with a high content of carbon and silicon, grades:

• 8 HF, 9 HF, 9 HS;
• 65 G, 60 C2A;
• U7, U7A, U 8, U8A, U8G, U8GA, U9A, U 10.

Harden metal by exposing it to variables magnetic field when high frequency electric current appears. As it spreads over the surface, it heats the metal layer, which hardens after cooling. A hardness of 45 HR C is considered standard, although it is recommended to take products with a hardness of 55-60 HR C when the flexibility is sufficient and the teeth have high stability. Upon external inspection of such a tool, you can see the darkish tint of the sharpened teeth.

Teeth parameters

Precision and performance mainly depends on tooth size.

The defining indicator is “TPI” - the number of teeth per inch.

There is an inverse relationship between these technical parameters:

• Blades with large teeth allow you to work with high speed, but the cut turns out to be sloppy and rough.
• Using a cloth with fine teeth It is possible to guarantee a clean and accurate cut, but the speed of work is relatively low.

When determining the size of the teeth, focus on the material being processed. To work with chipboard, for example, greater cutting accuracy is required, so a tool with a high TPI of 7−9 is selected. For cutting logs and gardening work where cut cleanliness is not so important, TPI 3−6 is sufficient.

The difference between a hardened tooth and an ordinary tooth is that the first one does not become dull for a long time in everyday use. But a saw with hardened teeth cannot be sharpened again; it can only be thrown away after use. Ordinary teeth can be sharpened, which is done with a special file marked with an accident (for sharpening saws). It is enough to pass over each tooth several times.

Depending on the type of teeth, there are three types of hacksaws for different types of sawing:

Some modern instruments have teeth trapezoidal. This increases strength and wear resistance, but sharpening such a blade is not easy, since the trapezoidal teeth are difficult to shape. Because of this, the service life is greatly reduced, and after it has expired the blade has to be replaced.

The market also offers modernized hacksaws. They are effective for cutting raw wood. During operation, wet chips easily come out through the gaps between the teeth, and the movement of the tool is not hampered.

Types of hand saws for wood

It is impossible to say for sure which hacksaw is better for wood. Eat different variants, for different types of work. Let's describe them.

Depending on the design and purpose of the saw, there are:

• Swing - for longitudinal cutting.
• Transverse - for sawing across the grain.
• Circular - for making holes, figure sawing, making roundings.
• Tenoning - for cutting connecting tenons and cutting out simple geometric shapes.

You can cut the material lengthwise and crosswise only with a bow saw, cutting blanks with complex lines. The work can be done without an assistant.

Handle type

In many ways, the ease of use of a tool is determined by the shape and material of its handle. Handles can be wooden or plastic. The surface at the grip site should not allow the hand to slip. This effect is eliminated by making scars on the handle, or covering it with a rubber layer. The saw can be cast or with a reversible blade. In the latter case, it is easy to replace the canvas.

Conventional handles are made of plastic. Prefabricated plastic handles of two halves do not have sufficient rigidity; it is much more convenient to handle a tool with a one-piece handle with a rubberized backing for the fingers. The rubber insert allows for a tighter grip, which prevents the formation of calluses.

To choose correctly hand saw woodworking, you need to follow a number of recommendations. You need to pay attention to the following:

• Target. For carpentry work, you need a saw with fine teeth, which will ensure high cutting accuracy. Carpenters need a blade with large teeth.
• Fabric uniformity. Gently bend the fabric at an angle of 30-45° and release it. The slightest deviations on the fold line (even within 2 mm) indicate low quality of the metal.
• Frequency of use. If you need a saw for one-time work, it is better to take a tool with hardened teeth. The service life is quite long, and you don’t have to worry about sharpening and setting.
• Price. High-quality models from leading manufacturers are an order of magnitude more expensive than consumer goods. But the high price is a kind of guarantee of wear resistance and durability. However, for one-time work it is not advisable to buy an expensive tool.

Decide on the purpose of the tool, see how it fits in your hand. Please read the included instructions, if available. These minimal “wisdoms” are repeatedly will reduce the risk of choosing a bad tool.

It is impossible to imagine a professional joiner or carpenter without a hacksaw for wood, and it is used quite often in everyday life. Wide Application This instrument contributed to the emergence of various types intended for specific operations.

To choose the right hacksaw, you should study its characteristics, imagine what exactly needs to be cut with it and how often it will be used.

Kinds

Like any common tool designed to perform a large number of jobs, a hacksaw for wood is classified according to several parameters.

By type of cut and purpose

Hacksaws can be designed for cross cutting, longitudinal cutting (swing) or be universal. These types differ from each other in the shape of their teeth.

Saw teeth designed for longitudinal cut wood, have the shape of an oblique triangle. The angle between them ranges from 45 to 60°, which allows you to cut wood in only one direction, while ensuring an accurate and even cut line. Most often they are used in the manufacture of furniture.

Hacksaws with teeth resembling isosceles triangle, used for cross-cutting wood. Sharpening at an angle of 45-55° makes it possible to cut workpieces in both forward and reverse directions. This saw works most effectively on dry wood.

A universal hacksaw has two types of teeth - triangular and semicircular (with semicircular ones larger than triangular ones). When the saw moves forward long teeth set the direction, and the wider, triangular ones expand the cut, which allows sawdust and shavings to escape unhindered. The smaller the angle between these teeth, the more accurate the cut.

Depending on the purpose, hacksaws for wood are classic, circular and tenon. Classic saws are used for longitudinal or transverse cutting of wood. Circular hacksaws for wood are designed for cutting holes. Using tenon saws, elements for connecting individual parts are formed.

By tooth size

One of the main parameters of any hacksaw for wood is the size of the teeth. By size we mean pitch, that is, the distance between adjacent points. Depending on this parameter, saws may have teeth:

• small;
• average;
• large.

Hacksaws with fine teeth (from 2.0 to 2.5 mm) provide cutting of wood with high precision and are most often used for working with products of the smallest sizes.

Saws with large teeth (from 4 to 6 mm) are used for cutting logs or beams.

Hacksaws with medium tooth sizes (from 3.0 to 3.5 mm) are used when processing small parts.

There are also types of hand saws for wood with teeth arranged in groups of 6-7 pieces, separated from each other by intervals. This tool is used to process raw wood. Thanks to the existing gaps, wet wood chips do not clog the cutting channel.

Classification by design

Structurally, hacksaws for wood are:

• narrow;
• standard;
• with butt;
• with a reward;
• archery;
• folding.

Narrow hacksaws are used to cut workpieces whose thickness does not exceed 10 cm. They are also used for sawing branches in the garden, sawing out curved parts and other work. Structurally, these saws are a narrow blade with triangular teeth connected to an L-shaped handle.

The blade of a standard hacksaw (GOST 2615-84) can have any type of teeth. They are often equipped with sets of interchangeable blades designed to perform a wide variety of carpentry and joinery work.

When processing hard wood, hacksaw blades can bend greatly. Saws whose blades are equipped with a backing, which acts as an additional stiffener, are free from this drawback. However, its presence does not allow making a cut deeper than the width of the blade itself.

A hacksaw with a reward looks like a plane. It has two handles and is used in cases where it is necessary to make grooves or tenons. However, the depth of these elements may vary.

A bow saw is a blade stretched over a base made in the form of a large arc. It is connected to the handle using a threaded or tension connection, which allows you to use different types of blades during operation. In turn, this makes it possible to single-handedly cut workpieces with complex cutting lines.

You can also find folding hacksaws for wood on the market. They are very light and have a small folded size, which allows amateurs active rest take them with you on a hike or fishing trip. This saw has a short, pointed blade with small teeth.

Other varieties

There are other types of wood hacksaws. Among them, a garden hand saw is distinguished, equipped with a narrow blade, for the manufacture of which chromium steel is used. It is equipped with widely spaced teeth inclined towards the handle. This tool is convenient to use in cases where you have to focus on yourself while cutting.

There is a two-handed saw that is convenient for sawing large logs or felling trees. Two people should work with it.

A chain hand saw is a short chain with hardened teeth and two handles at the ends. It is compact and suitable for use in hiking trips. You can work with it either by one person or by two people.

A modern and universal tool is an electric hacksaw, with which you can perform a large volume of various works. In some cases, it completely replaces a circular saw. When changing blades, they use it to saw not only wood, but also plastic and metal.

Main settings

The effectiveness of using a hacksaw for wood largely depends on its technical characteristics. The main ones are:

• the material from which the saw blade is made;
• length of the canvas and its shape;
• tooth size and shape;
• type of handle.

When choosing a tool, you need to pay attention to each element of the characteristics. Only in this case you won’t have to regret the purchase.

Canvas material

The blades of modern hacksaws for wood are made from high-quality tool (alloy) steel with increased content carbon and silicon (65G, 8HF, U7...U10). The hardness must be at least HRC 45. There are also models that use a combined, more wear-resistant blade with cutting part(teeth) having increased hardness (HRC55...60).

Length and shape of the canvas

On the domestic market you can find hacksaws for wood with a length of 250 to 650 mm in increments of 25 mm. This parameter is specified by GOST 2615-84 and depends on the distance between the teeth.

Note! It is necessary to choose a saw, guided by the rule: “The length of the blade should be 2 times the thickness (diameter) of the workpiece.”

Otherwise, working with a hacksaw will be uncomfortable, since the short blade will jam inside the solid wood.

As a rule, hacksaws with a narrow blade have a length of no more than 350 mm and are equipped with big amount small teeth. Universal tools are equipped with blades about 500 mm long with teeth average size. Hacksaws with a wide blade are made with large teeth located at a large distance from each other (large pitch); their length can reach 650 mm.

Traditionally, a wood saw has the shape of a triangle narrowed on one side. This tool can work with any type of wood. In addition, there are hacksaws adapted for working, for example, with tree branches or other objects located at some distance from the sawyer. They have a rounded shape and are lightweight.

Tooth size and shape

The size of the teeth (pitch) of the hacksaw blade directly affects the performance and accuracy of the tool. The larger the teeth, the higher the speed, but the accuracy and quality of the cut deteriorates. Using a saw with fine teeth, on the contrary, guarantees a clean and even cut, but at the same time the speed decreases.

The cutting accuracy is determined by the number of teeth per 1 inch of blade length (TPI coefficient), that is, their density. Its value is marked on the side surface of the canvas (for example, 7x1″ or 7TPI). The higher the TPI, the smaller the step. So, 2TPI=12 mm, and 12TPI=2 mm.

When choosing a hacksaw for wood, you must take into account that the minimum thickness of the workpiece must be greater than a pitch of three teeth.

The appearance of sharpened teeth is essential when working with a hacksaw on wood. In this case, teeth that are sharpened on both sides and have the form of an acute-angled or isosceles triangle are considered standard.

Important! The latest generation of saws are equipped with hardened teeth of non-standard shape. They have the shape of a trapezoid and are distinguished by the presence of three sharpened edges and increased wear resistance. Blades with such teeth do not yield.

Handle type

The type of handle and the material from which it is made largely determine the ease of working with a hacksaw on wood. It is best to work with a saw equipped with a solid plastic handle with rubberized finger inserts. The handle, made of two parts, is less comfortable, as it does not have sufficient rigidity.

The Zubr Expert saw is a universal tool that can be used to carry out both longitudinal and cross cuts of wood. The blade is 40 cm long and has hardened teeth, set in a special way, located in 5 mm increments.

The Banco Laplander 396-LAP mini-file is specially designed for use in hiking conditions. The narrow, pointed blade has Sandvik XT-shaped teeth, which ensure high-quality cutting of wood both along and across the grain. The length of the hacksaw when folded is 23 cm, and it weighs only 200 g.

Almost everyone home handyman There is a power saw in the work suitcase. But sometimes it is necessary to saw off a part or do some woodworking, for which there is no desire to unwrap the device from the suitcase. And in this case, it would be nice to get a hacksaw for wood. Its manual version will be an excellent assistant if necessary. Let's take a closer look at the question of how to choose a hacksaw for wood!

Characteristics of a hand saw for wood

There are many differences in this tool, such as: blade sizes, steel grades, tooth shapes, as well as the design of the handle itself. Let's look at each of them in more detail.

What should a hacksaw blade be like for wood?

This element is the main parameter of the hacksaw. And the main thing about it is its length. Depending on it, the tool can be used for different purposes. There is one caveat, which is that the longer the blade is, the more springy the tool is. This complicates the process of wood carving, especially if you need to work with maple, oak, or ash.

A length of 25-30 cm is quite suitable if you need to cut small elements of beams, slats, and baseboards. If it is necessary to carry out more serious types work, then a hacksaw should be chosen with a blade of 45-50 cm.

The basic rule when choosing the length of the blade is that it should be twice as long as the elements being processed, otherwise it will be more difficult to work. Standard sizes The width of the canvases is up to twenty centimeters. Too narrow models will quickly fail, while wide ones are completely inconvenient to work with.

Hacksaws are made from alloy tool steel, which contains a lot of carbon and silicon. The standard hardness of the material is 45 HRC, but for work it is still worth choosing a hardness with an indicator of 55-60 HRC.

Characteristics of hacksaw teeth

It is the size of the teeth that is the most important indicator. Their number per 1 inch shows the TPI, which determines the accuracy of the sawing process. In addition, these parameters are interrelated:

· If the blade has large teeth, then the speed is quite high, but the cut is sloppy.

· If the teeth are small, the speed of work is also low, but the cut is precise and very neat.

When faced with the question of which hacksaw to choose, focus on a TPI of 3-6 for garden work, or 7-9 for working on chipboard.

The teeth of a hacksaw can be ordinary or hardened. If the tool is used at home, the hardened teeth will not become dull for a very long time. But when it becomes dull, it can no longer be sharpened, and the tool will have to be thrown away.

Regular teeth can be sharpened using a file marked with an accident mark.

There are 3 types of hacksaws, depending on what teeth are used:

To cut longitudinally

· Sawing in a transverse manner

Mixed sawing

If you use a modern hacksaw, in which the teeth are trapezoidal, you can create a blade that is durable and wear-resistant. But it is very difficult to sharpen, which means the service life of such a product is much shorter.

How to choose a hacksaw? Types and purposes

Narrow saw version

The saw is small in size, narrow in shape, very effective when cutting raw wood. Wet chips come out very easily through the gaps of the teeth, so the movement of the saw is not hampered.

During the manufacture of saws of narrow shapes, their blades have triangular double-sided teeth. The only disadvantage of this tool is its ability to deviate from the desired direction.

It can have absolutely any teeth, as well as be equipped with replaceable blades.

Regardless, these types of saws are best used in the furniture manufacturing process.

Saws that are equipped with an axle can be said to have stiffening ribs. But when using hacksaws and increasing the rigidity of the materials being processed, they can bend. This is why drying is so important. Its main task is to prevent the cutting blade from passing deep into the wood, for which it controls the depth of the cut with the saw so that it is not wider than the blade itself.

Such devices are already more cumbersome. To some extent they resemble a jigsaw.

To begin with, you should decide on the purpose of using the tool, as well as the frequency of its use. Decide how uniform the blade should be, and of course, what price you are willing to “accept” and buy a handsaw.

The handles are ordinary, plastic. And the presence of a rubberized insert will help protect the master’s hands from the formation of calluses in the process of performing wood carving with a manual version of a hacksaw.

A circular saw blade is a working tool designed for... It is an integral part, without which it is impossible to carry out any workpiece processing operations. Saw blades used in hand-held cutting tools.

Depending on the type of disk, the following can be processed:

• wood of various species;
• wood products - chipboard sheets, OSB, plywood, laminated flooring and other similar materials;
• polymeric substances and products made from them, for example, organic glass, polystyrene;
• natural stone material, such as marble;
• soft metals – aluminum, copper alloys;
• products based on iron alloys - pipes, corrugated sheets, etc.

A cutting tool has certain characteristics, parameters, dimensions, purpose, and properties of the material from which it is made.

Basic parameters of a circular saw blade

Outer (external) diameter

Determined by the internal size of the protective casing
– a blade with a large diameter will not fit on a saw with smaller housing dimensions. The main dimensions of cutting tools for hand-held circular saws are in the range of 130-250 mm. The outer diameter does not have a significant effect on the cutting speed, but determines the cutting depth. As the cut increases significantly, the metal of the disk and the workpiece itself heats up.

Internal, landing diameter

It has several sizes: 16, 20, 22, 30, 32. An important parameter is that the diameter must correspond to the size of the power shaft on the saw for which the blade is selected. Some disk models have additional holes that secure the disk to pins.

Number of teeth on the disc

Affects parameters such as cutting speed and cleanliness of processing. With a decrease in the number of teeth, the processing speed increases, the conditions for chip removal improve, but the cleanliness of the cut deteriorates. As the number of teeth increases, the cut becomes cleaner, but the load on the engine increases. Conventionally, according to their quantitative ratio, disks can be divided into three groups:

• a large number of incisors, is in the range of 80-90 pcs.;
• average quantity (40-80 pcs.);
• small quantity (10-40 teeth).

Discs with an average number of cutters are classified as the universal type. They can process soft and hard wood, make transverse and longitudinal cuts, and be used for processing various wood products.

Tooth inclination

Determined by deviation from the radius of the disk cutting edge surface. When the deviation is towards the back side of the tooth, the inclination is called negative, when back side tilt – positive. For longitudinal sawing, it is more advisable to use a tooth with a positive inclination, since during the processing process a kind of material capture occurs, the disk impacts the part, which contributes to faster cutting of the workpiece as a whole. The inclination of the tooth is divided into:

• standard tilt – the angle varies from 5° to 15°;
• positive, aggressive tilt is 15-20°;
• a typical negative angle ranges from 0° to -5°.

Tooth configuration

Each type of cutter is designed and manufactured to solve a specific problem. Subdivided:

Disc thickness

Determines the actual cutting width.
The standard size is 3.2 mm. In addition, the thickness of the disc affects the strength of the cutting tool itself. Reducing the parameter leads to heavy operating conditions, overheating of the disk and failure. Larger size causes increased consumption of processed material, that is, “translation into chips.”

Circular saws are used in processing various materials. Accordingly, the cutting tool is designed for specific tasks.

Types of circular saw blades

Monolithic disk. They are made from high quality
high carbon or high speed steel. They are used for processing wood and products made from it, as well as for cutting polymer products. They have a number of advantages:

• inexpensive;
• simple sharpening of teeth - you can perform this operation yourself, without the presence of complex special devices;
• They are sharpened many times, therefore, they have a fairly long service life.

A disc with teeth that are reinforced with carbide brazing. The blade is made of durable tool steel. Brazing is steel alloys with a high content of tungsten or cobalt carbides. Thanks to this solution, these disks have become the most common. They have a number of advantages:

However, there is a significant drawback - such disks are relatively expensive and require special equipment.

When choosing a blade, you must take into account the technical parameters of the circular saw:

• engine power;
• maximum speed;
• mounting size on the motor shaft;
• inner diameter of the protective casing.

Motor power affects the type of disc –
negative angle, a large number of teeth create heavy load on the engine, which will have to operate in “peak” mode.

The number of revolutions or spindle rotation speed is interconnected with certain disk sizes that the manufacturer recommends. Installing a cutting tool deviating from the recommended ones can lead to abnormal operation, resulting in possible breakage of the disk, saw and damage to the material being processed.

The mounting dimensions of the disk (inner diameter) and the corresponding one on the motor shaft must match, otherwise the tool cannot be installed on the saw.

The external size of the disk cannot exceed the internal size of the casing - if this parameter is violated, the tool will not be installed on the saw.

The type of disk is influenced by a number of factors:

• type of work performed, material processed;
• device, design of cutting tool;
• number of teeth, their design.

Work performed and material processed. Since different discs are produced, it is necessary to decide on the types of operations (what types of cuts will be carried out), and also take into account what the cutting tool will process.

Depending on the type of operation and material, the type of disk is selected: monolithic or with carbide tips.

The processing mode and type of material determine the number of teeth, their type and inclination. The most popular is the average number of teeth with trapezoidal sharpening with a positive angle.

Disc quality

There are several signs by which you can almost accurately determine whether a product is of high quality or poorly made:

1. The disc must be marked, and the inscription must be applied using a laser tool and not with paint.
2. The blade must be subjected to a grinding and polishing procedure - the purity of the processing can be seen by looking at it if you “play” with the disc in the light.
3. The cutting tool disk is subjected to balancing and calibration procedures - the operation is roughly reminiscent of balancing a car wheel. After such treatment, the cutting tool will not “beat” and there will be no vibration during operation.
4. To compensate for possible temperature expansions, special slots are made on the disk, ending with small relief holes.
5. Some manufacturers reinforce the disc with several circular stiffening rings.
6. Another indicator of quality is the name of the manufacturer, its trademark. Today these are European, American, South Asian, Russian and Chinese manufacturers (listed in descending order of quality). By the way, some Russian manufacturers produce products comparable in some respects to European or American ones.

In general, choosing the right circular saw blade is almost a science. If you have no experience, then it is better to seek advice from professionals, especially those who have had the experience of working with a circular saw for at least 2-3 years.

Video about replacing a circular saw blade.

The saw is indispensable when working with wood; there are many options for using this tool, ranging from small carpentry work to complex structures. Let's consider the types and purposes of saws that will be useful to any master.

Hacksaw

An ordinary hacksaw is suitable for large and rough ones; its main advantage is that it does not require a network. Using this tool in combination with a miter box, you can make cuts at an angle.

Bow saw

A hand saw with a thin, flexible tip, designed for small, point cuts in carpentry work, for example, when cutting baseboards.

Hand circular saw

None of the electric saws are capable of performing as many tasks as this tool. A hand-held circular saw will allow you to make longitudinal and transverse cutting, insertion, etc., with the help of the tool it is possible to make partial cuts, chamfer and make workpieces.

Miter saw

Whatever carpentry work you do, the miter saw blade will cut the material at the required angle. With this tool, the master will be able not only to rotate the cutting disk at the desired angle, but also to tilt the blade to cut chamfers.

Read also: Wire connectors: caps (PPE), terminals

Circular saw

This tool, of course, is capable of sawing short boards, but its main purpose is to prepare blanks from long boards. The disk, which is located above the surface of the table, cuts the material, which the master directs towards the blade.

Jigsaw

A jigsaw, also called a reciprocating saw, is indispensable if you need to make a complex cut. The tool has excellent maneuverability, which makes it possible to cut lines of almost any complexity. Thanks to its straight and narrow tip, the jigsaw perfectly makes curved cuts, small holes and filigree cuts.

Sled saw

Appearance This tool resembles a jigsaw, but the sled saw is larger and more powerful. This tool is indispensable for making cuts and various holes, assembling wooden structures, sawing uneven surfaces, sawing in confined spaces and other tasks.

Diamond saw

This tool is designed for cutting materials such as glass, tiles, stone, etc. Diamond saws make it possible to obtain a filigree, even cut without defects. The tool is safe and will serve you well for a long time.

Band-saw

This tool is designed for cutting along curved lines. Band-saw consists of two wheels, with a toothed metal plate fixed between them, which moves on the wheels in one vertical plane, and the steel table guides the material towards the tip. The tool will help you cut thick lumber into thin boards, and it can also work with metal and other materials. There are portable models of this instrument.