Tanuki Japan. Wonderful beast - Tanuki! Tanuki - werewolves of Japanese mythology
Often on the streets of Japanese cities, near the entrance to a ryokan hotel, small store or restaurant, you can find figurines and statues of such an animal. His name is tanuki.
Tanuki- a subspecies of raccoon dog that lives on the islands of the Land of the Rising Sun. The beast is completely harmless and therefore probably gained particular popularity in folk mythology.
Here O mythical tanuki I would like to tell you. He is a fun-loving man who loves to drink and is always depicted with a bottle of sake. Very often depicted with a scroll of paper in one of its paws. This is a list of debts to restaurateurs who are not going to be paid. Tanuki is traditionally considered one of the incarnations of the god of luck, Hotei. Therefore, a ceramic figurine of a werewolf joker can be found near restaurants, hotels and even at the doors of residential buildings.
Thanks to this, tanuki is revered not only as the patron of drinking establishments, but also as the patron of trade.
IN folk myths, tanuki can turn into people and things. For example, it can turn into a beautiful girl, or it can turn into the moon or a branch; it does not cause harm to anyone. He loves to drink and eat well and does not shy away from company. beautiful girls. Tanuki have one distinctive feature in appearance - a large scrotum. According to legend, the area of tanuchi's testicles is equal to eight tatami mats, and this, by the way, is neither more nor less - almost 13 square meters. Tanuki can turn their testicles into a blanket and sleep under them. Can turn them into a cloak to hide from the rain, use them in a fight with fellow tribesmen or people as a club. It can even turn them into small harmful demons to intimidate disobedient relatives. Particularly advanced tanuki can turn their testicles into a room or even a small house and lure travelers there. Therefore, there is a popular belief that if you wrap a piece of gold in the skin of a tanuki and beat it, it will also increase in size.
Classic ukiyo-e Kuniyoshi Utagawa in the 1840s he created humorous engravings of the legendary tanuki.
River fishing
Rain umbrella
Disguise as a monster
Weightlifting %)
Taming the catfish
Journey
Fortune telling tent
Signs
Tow
Fishing with a seine
Traveling tanuki in their "tents".
Tanuchiy taiko (drum).
And yesterday I came across a wonderful anime by Hayao Miyazaki, probably the only one I didn’t get to - Tanuki war during the Heisei and Pompoko periods. So, they also did not ignore Tanucha’s peculiarity.
Tanuchy landing, parachutes made of testicles.
And I think it’s clear why this “magic carpet” comes from.
Here the tanuki bravely fight the police. Yep, with your only magical weapon.
In general, for the Japanese, tanuki are popular heroes of children's songs, fairy tales and legends, not particularly smart, restless creatures who unsuccessfully try to play tricks on people.
Tanuki (Japanese: 狸) or (Japanese: タヌキ) are traditional Japanese werewolf animals, symbolizing happiness and prosperity. As a rule, in Japanese culture, only tanuki, foxes and cats can be (or become) werewolves. The main sign that this is a werewolf is the presence of several tails. Traditionally translated into Russian as “were-raccoon”, but with biological point From a tanuki perspective, it is a raccoon dog.
Stylized tanuki sculptures can be found in Japan near houses, shops and restaurants - pot-bellied figures with pronounced primary sexual characteristics of males. It is believed that the more pronounced these signs are (the larger size scrotum), the more happiness the tanuki brings. The amount of happiness is directly proportional to the size of his scrotum. Tanuki can inflate it to incredible sizes - sleep under it, covering it like a blanket, or even turn it into a house. The only way to check if it's real is to drop a piece of coal on the floor. True, after this you can’t count on happiness.
In popular culture
Animated film "Tanuki War in the Heisei and Pompoko Periods" (1994) (director and screenwriter Isao Takahata)
Hiroyuki Takei's manga "Shaman King" and the anime series based on this manga - the character Ponchi.
Manga Masashi Kishimoto "Naruto" and anime based on this manga - character One-Tailed Shukaku
Eichiro Oda's manga "One Piece" and the anime based on this manga - the character Chopper, although he is a reindeer, he is often confused with a tanuki because he can transform
The hero of Tom Robbins's book "Villa Incognito"
Mentioned in episode 12 of the animated film "Horror Restaurant\Kaidan Restaurant".
Masahiro Shibata - the character of Boris Akunin from the series of detective stories about Erast Fandorin, had the nickname "Tanuki"
In some games in the Super Mario bros. There is a Tanuki costume.
In addition, tanuki can transform into both people and various objects. For example, one legend tells of a monk from the Morin temple who was about to put a kettle on the fire when suddenly the kettle grew a tail and ears and ran around the room. Of course it was a tanuki. The monks allowed him to stay in the temple.
A legend originating at Shojoji Monastery in Tatebayashi, Gunma Prefecture, tells of a cheerful teapot who was actually a tanuki and tormented the monks with a game of tag.
When a tanuki turns a thousand years old, he becomes the owner of supernatural powers and can transform into any Living being and any object, but most of all he loves to turn into a Buddhist priest.
On a moonlit night, a tanuki can show the way to travelers by beating its vast belly, imitating the soothing rhythm of the temple drum.
Although these creatures are more mischievous than evil, they say that a tanuki can even eat a woodcutter’s wife or crush a hunter with its huge scrotum.
A complete picture of what kind of animal tanuki is can be obtained from the magnificent full-length cartoon "Pompoko War of the Tanuki" - (also known under the full title "Heisei Tanuki Gassen Ponpoko"), released by Studio Ghibli "in 1994.
and more definitions:
Tanuki in Japanese mythology werewolf-badger or raccoon dog For the Japanese, tanuki are popular heroes of children's songs, fairy tales and legends, not particularly smart, restless creatures who unsuccessfully try to play tricks on people. It is believed that by placing leaves on their heads, tanuki can transform into anyone they want. The Japanese build temples and worship some of the outstanding legendary tanuki as gods. Tanuki genitals are a traditional symbol of good luck, they are considered to be 8 tatami - 12 square meters in area. meters. Sculptures of tanuki with huge genitals and a bottle of sake in their paw can often be found in Japan.
(Tanuki) - traditional Japanese werewolf animals. Capable of turning into both people and things. Big sake lovers. They are revered as kami, ensuring success in trade.
In fact, tanuki are raccoon dogs, but according to established literary tradition the word is translated as “badger.”
Quite a lot is known about the kitsune fox and the tanuki badger (i.e., actually a raccoon dog), therefore, mentioning the tanuki’s remarkable ability to turn into a bowler hat (even with water), a shoe (usually one, for two shoes, if they are not fused, it takes two tanuki), and even into the moon, a branch and a full box of blessings, and emphasizing the kitsune’s ability to create incredible hallucinations of all kinds (for example, a theater performing a play), as well as the fact that both badgers and foxes are romantic and appreciate beauty, and the difficulty these (and many other creatures) have when it comes to distinguishing between left and right (youkai do not seem to have these concepts, and, apparently, this is why they have difficulty in showing the way, which people mistakenly take for an attempt to confuse them ), and mentioning multiple plots like the Arab mirage, when the hero becomes a monk, travels, preaches to people for many years and suddenly, waking up, finds himself alone on an abandoned road and realizes that he dreamed of it all (sometimes he, having got out to people , discovers that two hundred years have indeed passed, tell me, do you think this is scary?), so, having recalled all this, I will leave them alone.
Tanuki Day
The city of Shigaraki is actually the capital of the tanuki. Local tourism associations celebrate Tanuki Day on November 8th, a day of rest and relaxation for tanuki. The production of ceramic tanuki figurines has a long tradition. Famous for its long history pottery, Shigaraki is the cradle of the ceramic style from the Nara period. But the production of ceramic tanuki began during the Edo period. As a symbol of good luck and happiness, ceramic tanuki are often placed at the entrances of restaurants and bars, enticing customers and ensuring prosperity. Tanuki Day is intended as an opportunity to pay tribute to this honorable work. Tanuki statues vary, many rest and play, although most prefer to sleep, which is why many tanuki have blindfolds. Some tanuki are dressed in beach outfits, with suitcases next to them.
It's Friday and the anticipation of the last summer weekend - this is a great time to talk about Tanuki(Japanese 狸) or (Japanese タヌキ) - a cheerful, cheerful and crafty werebadger, the second most popular in Japanese mythology after the kitsune fox.
As a rule, in Japanese culture, tanuki, foxes and cats can become werewolf animals.
In the Land of the Rising Sun, this funny animal is a symbol of happiness and prosperity. Tanuki drives away evil spirits from the hearth. By placing leaves on his head, he is able to transform into anything (people and various animals, a teapot or the moon).
Although tanuki often likes to transform and play all sorts of stupid jokes (sometimes unkind) with people, his mythological image is devoid of sinister overtones.
Tanuki in Japanese folklore are restless and not very smart; he is a couch potato and a big fan of having fun, drinking warm sake and eating delicious food on credit.
Stylized tanuki figurines, in straw hat, with a big belly, a bottle of sake in one paw and a long list of restaurant debts in the other, can be found everywhere in Japan near houses, drinking establishments, restaurants, shops and recreational places. It is believed that the animal's huge genitals bring good luck.
The Japanese build temples and worship some of the outstanding legendary tanuki as gods.
Tanuki in nature
Although “Tanuki” is translated into Russian as “were-badger”, in nature its prototype is a raccoon dog, which refers to the canine family, just like a fox or a wolf.
Tanuki is a strongly built animal, reaching 60 cm in length, with short legs and a bushy tail. It differs from the raccoon in having a shorter tail without stripes. It also doesn’t look much like a badger - it has a short muzzle and no stripes on its back.
In Japan, tanuki are found almost everywhere, with the exception of the southernmost islands.
Outside of Japan, these animals are found in Manchuria and adjacent regions of Siberia.
These cautious animals prefer to settle in dense forests, often near bodies of water.
Tanuki are most active in the evening hours (after sunset) and early morning. In search of food, these animals can travel up to 10-20 kilometers per day.
Tanuki are practically omnivores: they feed on vegetables and fruits, seeds and rhizomes of plants. Among the living creatures, tanuki with equal appetite gobble up insects and frogs, small rodents and lizards, and on occasion they like to feast on river fish. They often eat the eggs of ground-nesting birds.
Tanuki living near the ocean coast collect fish, crabs and other sea life thrown out by the ocean.
Up close settlements Tanuki willingly feed in garbage dumps and raid vegetable gardens, especially those located on mountain slopes or away from houses.
Since in Japanese fairy tales, legends and myths the tanuki is sometimes portrayed as a kind, albeit crafty, god of luck, they are readily fed by the owners and staff of hotels and roadside restaurants in the mountainous and sparsely populated areas of Japan.
Tanuki actively store weight in the autumn months, and from November to April they mostly hide in burrows, although they do not hibernate. They are extremely rarely seen during the cold months, only in the southern regions.
Back in the 70s of the last century, tanuki were hunted and their meat was used to cook different dishes, including tanuki-jiru soup. Its fluffy, soft fur was used to make brushes, and it was believed that tanuki bones had healing powers.
Tanuki were even brought to the western regions former USSR for fur breeding. Some escaped animals made their way as far west as Scandinavia and as far south as France in the 1950s.
Although at present this animal has practically ceased to be hunted, its population in nature is rapidly declining.
Tanuki in Japanese culture
Tanuki, or also called Mujina, is as popular in Japanese folklore (songs, fairy tales, legends and myths) as the bear is in Russian.
In Japanese mythology, tanuki and kitsune (fox) are werewolves who can change their appearance according to at will. But if a kitsune usually prefers to transform into a person (especially often into a beautiful girl) and uses complex techniques for transformation, then a tanuki easily and without problems turns into anything. 
The tanuki uses its ability to transform into stupid, and sometimes dangerous, jokes on people. Most often, hunters, woodcutters and travelers suffer from tanuki jokes. Werewolves can create powerful illusions - they can leave fake money, a horse or delicious dinner to lure people into a trap.
Most serious harm tanuki hurts those gullible dupes who had the imprudence to take money from him. The crafty werewolf usually turns fallen leaves into coins.
One of the most popular stories in Japanese folklore tells of a tanuki who turned himself into a teapot to thank the poor man who saved him.
Most often, a tanuki gets into trouble, from which he is freed by a kind but poor person - a beggar, a weak old man or a bankrupt merchant. In gratitude for the rescue, the tanuki turns into a bronze tea pot (or teapot). The man sells it at the market, and at night the tanuki takes on his own form and returns to his owner. Thus, he repeats the deception until the savior becomes rich.
In another legend, a tanuki pretends to be a teapot (pot) to punish a greedy monk.
According to many legends, the tanuki is the most cheerful of all Japanese werebeasts, who loves to enjoy delicious food and drink. Therefore, figurines of a good-natured pot-bellied tanuki with a bottle of sake (rice alcoholic drink) and a list of debts from restaurants (which the cunning werewolf has no intention of repaying) are sure to be found near all drinking establishments and restaurants, luring good luck, and customers into the bargain.
This mischievous werewolf also loves the company of young girls.
As for the huge size of the testicles, they have nothing to do with the hypersexual abilities of the tanuki. According to legends, tanuki can inflate them to incredible sizes - up to 13 square meters. It is believed that the more pronounced these signs are (the larger the size of the scrotum), the more happiness the tanuki brings.
Moreover, the tanuki uses his gigantic wealth to solve any life problems, turning it either into a blanket, or into a cloak, or into a network, and sometimes into balloon or shelter on a stormy night :)
In Japanese culture, as a rule, only foxes, cats and raccoons can become werewolves. The most obvious sign of a werewolf is the presence of several tails. In this article we will talk about one of the types of Japanese werewolves - tanuki (were-raccoon or were-badger).
Tanuki is a raccoon dog, that is, a creature similar to a raccoon, but in fact, first of all, it belongs to the canine family. However, the word "tanuki", according to established literary tradition, is translated as "badger".
Tanuki is the second most popular werebeast after Kitsune (we'll talk about them in another article). But this place is very arbitrary; the Japanese even have a saying about this: “Kitsune is a werewolf in seven forms, and tanuki in eight.” If Kitsune are female werewolves, then Tanuki are male.
Legends of Tanuki
Tanuki are not at all afraid to compete with kitsune in resourcefulness, cunning, transformations and practical jokes. So, one day the fox challenged Shin'emon (the lord of the tanuki) to a small competition, saying that he could easily take on 7 different forms. But Sin'emon was not taken aback and declared that he could turn into a whole procession of several people, which, according to tradition, accompanies the nobles.
After this, the tanuki disappeared, and the fox remained to wait for the result, although she did not believe that Shinemon would be able to do it. But then a whole procession of people actually appeared. Kitsune was very surprised and rushed to the cart where the nobleman was sitting to express her admiration. However, quite suddenly the guards and servants rushed at the fox and began to beat her.
In fact, Shin'emon knew that a real procession would soon pass here and decided to take advantage of this to teach Kitsune a lesson.
But sometimes the cunning tanuki himself found himself in stupid situations and found himself in the role of the victim. One day the peasants were sitting in a circle eating baked sweet potatoes. The tanuki saw this and really wanted to taste this yummy.
Literally drooling, the tanuki lay in ambush nearby and waited with great impatience for one of the peasants to go somewhere so that he could take on his appearance and take a place at the table, and finally taste the sweet potato himself. It took quite a long time to wait for the right moment, but the tanuki’s patience was rewarded and one peasant eventually left for minor reasons.
The tanuki immediately sat down instead of the departed peasant and was already grabbing the coveted yam, when suddenly the peasants shouted: “Oh, you damned tanuki!” - and attacked him, after which they beat him and kicked him out. Later, coming to his senses in the bushes, the loser thought about how they managed to recognize him as a werewolf.
And then he realized his mistake - out of greed, in a hurry, the tanuki completely forgot to turn into a retired peasant and got into the company as is, in his true form.
According to legends, tanuki can transform into anyone they want; to do this, they must put leaves on their heads (this procedure is required only for young tanuki; masters do without it). They can become both people and simple objects. But to learn transformations, tanuki must spend a lot of effort and time (unlike Kitsune, who can do this from childhood), since by nature they are very lazy.
According to one legend, a monk from the Morin temple wanted to heat a kettle on the fire. But suddenly the teapot had ears and a tail and ran around the room. It's not hard to guess that it was a tanuki. The monks treated him favorably and allowed him to stay in the temple.
According to legends, when a tanuki reaches the age of 1000 years, he receives supernatural powers that allow him to turn into anything (any object or any living creature). But most of all, tanuki like to appear before people in the form of a Buddhist monk.
Were-raccoons can help travelers at night, showing the way. To do this, they beat their huge belly, thereby imitating the rhythm of the temple drum.
In Japan, tanuki are often characters in various children's fairy tales, songs and legends. In them, they, as a rule, are not distinguished by great intelligence. Tanuki are quite restless and very often try unsuccessfully to make fun of people. These pranks are harmless (for example, a tanuki can turn into a human and try to buy sake, which they love very much, with counterfeit money made from leaves), but people take revenge quite harshly for their pranks.
There are also outstanding tanuki in Japan, for whom the Japanese built temples in which they are worshiped as deities. In various places (near residential buildings, shops, restaurants, cafes, etc.) you can come across stylized sculptures and figurines of pot-bellied tanuki with a bottle of sake in their paw and huge genitals, in particular the scrotum. There is no sexual connotation in the size of the genitals, and in general the Japanese are very tolerant of such humor.
It is generally believed that the larger the size of the scrotum, the more happiness a tanuki can bring. At the same time, the tanuki can inflate it to impressive sizes so that, for example, he can sleep under it, covering himself like a blanket.
If you ask a Japanese how large a tanuki’s belongings can grow, you will hear the answer: hachi jo (which is equal to an area of 8 tatami, that is, approximately 13 square meters).
The legend about the origin of this strange ability to increase you know what can be found in the history of ancient goldsmiths from Kanazawa Prefecture. To get a thin sheet of gold, craftsmen wrapped a small gold ball in tanuki skin (it is not specified where this skin was taken from), and then flattened the ball with a hammer to the desired thinness. Accordingly, the skin of the tanuki increased in size during this action. That’s why Kanazawa jewelers used to say that “gold is so malleable, and tanuki skin is so strong that even a small piece of gold can cover 8 tatami mats.” In addition, in Japanese the phrase “ball of gold” is quite close in sound to the slang “kintama” (male balls). Hence the result...
Tanuki love to drink sake. Therefore, it is believed that if a sake factory must have its own tanuki, otherwise one should not expect a good brew. In this regard, his sculptures of various sizes are installed near the entrance to drinking establishments (a kind of Japanese god Dionysus). Such sculptures often depict a fat, kind-hearted man with a smile and a big belly.
Tanuki is also traditionally considered the patron saint of drunkards and revelers. In addition, he is one of the incarnations of the god of luck, Hotei.
To summarize, we can say that tanuki are very kind, trusting, sympathetic, sweet creatures, but at the same time unlucky and clumsy.
Tanuki Day
Tanuki also have their own city, this is Shigaraki. These creatures are especially popular here. On November 8, local tourism companies even celebrate Tanuki Day, which is considered a day of relaxation and rest for tanuki.
Shigaraki is known for its long history of pottery and is essentially the cradle of the ceramic style, dating back to the Nara period (710-794 AD). Later, during the Edo period (17th-19th centuries), the production of ceramic tanuki began here.
Tanuki figurines and statues ensure success in trade; they are placed at the entrance to bars and restaurants and lure customers, thereby ensuring prosperity for establishment owners. And on Tanuki day they pay tribute to him for his help.
Tanuki - raccoon dog
The word "tanuki" is often translated as "badger" or "raccoon". This is not true. Raccoon dogs belong to the Canidae family. Tanuki are the largest common wild animals in Japan. Now they are on the verge of extinction. The homeland of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is temperate regions East Asia: Eastern China, Korea, Japan, and in Russia - the Amur region and Primorye. This is where another name for this animal came from - the Ussuri raccoon. The raccoon dog does have some external resemblance to the striped raccoon, only there are no transverse stripes on its fluffy tail.
The raccoon dog - tanuki - is a famous hero of Japanese folklore. Along with the fox - kitsune - this animal was considered a werewolf, capable of appearing in different guises. Kitsune is a demonic figure, a deceitful and treacherous creature. But, just as in “The Tales of Uncle Remus” the fox’s cunning was met with justice in the person of the nimble brother rabbit, so in Japanese legends there is a hero who is “too tough” for the insidious kitsune. This is a tanuki. Why did the Japanese choose this animal? Shaggy hulk on short legs, timid and slow, not very suitable for the role of a hero...
The raccoon dog is the only representative of its family that hibernates for the winter. Bears and badgers, representatives of the bear and mustelidae families, respectively, hibernate. But this is completely uncharacteristic of canines - except for tanuki. For wintering, animals use badger holes, often residential ones. There they occupy one of the free holes and do not go far from the hole. Only when strict adherence According to this rule, the badger tolerates such proximity.
The Japanese build temples and worship some of the outstanding legendary tanuki as gods. It is believed that Tanuki could fool people, especially monks, but not out of malice, but for the sake of a cheerful joke. These transformations symbolized the Buddhist idea that what is beautiful can very well turn into something terrible, and vice versa, that they are one thing - illusions.
In one of the ancient Japanese stories, a tanuki, in order to prank a local sage, takes on the image of the famous Buddhist deity Fugen. The sage is delighted, he saw the deity, and even on a white elephant, on which Fugen always travels. The sage shares his joy with the common people, and the tanuki, in his prank, went wild and once again appeared before the crowd in the guise of a deity. However, there was an incredulous hunter. If this is a deity, the hunter thought, then the arrow will not harm him, but if it is a deceiver, then the deception will immediately be revealed. The hunter shot an arrow at the vision. It disappeared with a terrible howl. In the morning, residents discovered a dead tanuki pierced by an arrow. It's a pity, but there is a limit to everything, even jokes. Of course, the meaning of this legend is much deeper. This is a comparison of the approaches to life of a sage lost in theoretical reasoning and a practical hunter.
Tanuki genitals are a traditional symbol of good luck. You can often find sculptures of tanuki with huge genitals and a bottle of sake in their paw.
There are a dozen words in Japanese everyday life that are allegorically related to this animal. Tanuki-o suru means that someone pretends to be asleep when the situation becomes difficult and immediate action is required. Tanuki-oyaji (father of tanuki) or furu-dan danuki (old tanuki) is the name given to a cunning, insidious old man. Tanuki baba (tanuki grandmother) is a grumpy old woman. However, it should be remembered that since the tanuki is characterized as an intelligent, resourceful animal, a cute animal, these negative expressions always have a humorous overtone, they are used not only behind the scenes, but also to the face, with admiration or irony
In the East, however, tanuki meat was also valued. In Japan, you can find restaurants that serve tanukijira, a soup made from tanuki meat with miso, radish and other vegetables. Nowadays, however, under this name you can find a purely vegetarian dish - soup, the basis of which is a jelly-like product made from the flour of a special type of sweet potato, which causes appetite, but is practically not absorbed by the body. Perhaps the connection between the name of this dish and tanuki is also based on “deception” - tasty food In fact, it turns out to be unable to maintain strength.
"Bumbuku-tyagama" is a story about a magic tea pot. During the Oei years (1394–1428), a monk named Shukaku lived at the Morinji Zen Temple in the southern part of the city of Tatebayashi. He had a tea pot that had an inexplicable feature: it was impossible to empty all the boiling water from it. Once Shukaku showed the bowler hat to the abbot of the monastery, and he determined that it was a tanuki turned into a bowler hat. The exposed tanuki took on his true form and ran away from the monastery.
Some of the early tanuki legends may not seem so funny now... “A hunter caught a tanuki and, bringing it home, told his wife to cook it for dinner. After which he left for other matters. However, the tanuki himself dealt with the woman and, taking her appearance, prepared dinner for the hunter from her meat. After dinner was eaten, the tanuki took his form, thus explaining to the hunter what had happened, and ran away. Wanting revenge, the hunter turned to his dog for help... She made a boat out of clay and invited the tanuki to go fishing. In the middle of the lake the boat disappeared..."
The bellies of raccoon dogs, plump and round, have long been the subject of jokes and proverbs. According to one legend, at rural festivals, tanuki hit their stomachs with their paws, helping peasants who would like to participate in the festival, but are embarrassed by their inability to beat the rhythm on the drums. There is even a word "tanukibayashi" which means "tanuki drumming".
Tanuki can take on different forms, for example, turning into a beautiful girl. However, if a kitsune fox girl is a creature who builds malicious intrigues, often with a gloomy ending, then stories about tanuki tricks are usually intended to make the listener laugh. Perhaps this is precisely the ability to humbly accept fate, pretend and survive under any circumstances - noted in raccoon dog Japanese?
In addition, this beast has another feature for which real tanuki - and not mythological characters - are valued in Japan. This is their voice, somewhat reminiscent of the voice of a bird - a high, drawn-out call, which is often exchanged between the separated male and female of the same pair.
Bibliography
To prepare this work, materials from the site http://www.yaponist.com/ were used
