home Adviсe Universal blood type, suitable for everyone. Which blood type for transfusion is suitable for everyone?

Universal blood type, suitable for everyone. Which blood type for transfusion is suitable for everyone?

People with blood group IV are universal recipients. Group II contains agglutinogen (antigen) A and agglutinin β (antibodies to agglutinogen B). Therefore, it can be transfused only to those groups that do not contain antigen B - these are groups I and II. Today, the recipient receives blood from a donor strictly with the same group and Rh factor.

In Russia, blood types are traditionally numbered using Roman numerals: group O is designated as I, A as II, B as III and AB as IV. Double designations are also used: O(I), A(II), B(III) and AB(IV). When transfusing blood components, the Rh affiliation of the donor and recipient is also taken into account.

Blood group according to the AB0 system is a sign that is given to a person at birth and will accompany him throughout his life, so it is worth knowing more about it. Nowadays, blood that is strictly suitable for such parameters as group and Rh factor is used for transfusion.

It is believed that the first one suits everyone. According to modern doctors, this compatibility is very conditional and as such there is no universal blood group. It was considered compatible with any other, so its carrier could, on occasion, be used as a universal donor.

In carriers of the first group, this antigen is completely absent. If the donor has an antigen of the same name as the recipient's plasma antibodies, then red blood cells will stick together as a result of the attack of agglutinins on the foreign element. Since there are no antigens in group I blood, when it is transfused to a person from any other blood, red blood cells do not stick together.

Blood typesEveryone knows that blood can be different groups, but few people know what this means. As has recently been established, blood groups are a trait that we inherited from very distant ancestors.

One’s own blood type is something that a person must know. IN shaped elements(erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and the blood plasma of every person contains such antigens. Antigens are grouped into groups called AB0, Rhesus and many others systems. People with the first blood group have leadership qualities. This group appeared later than the first, between 25,000 and 15,000 BC, when man began to master agriculture.

This blood group first appeared in the Mongoloid race. Over time, the group's carriers began to move to the European continent. And today there are a lot of people with such blood in Asia and Eastern Europe. People with this blood type are usually patient and very efficient. Type 4 is the newest of the four human blood types. It appeared less than 1000 years ago as a result of the mixing of Indo-Europeans, carriers of group I, and Mongoloids, carriers of group III.

Blood groups (ABO system)

Here, a universal donor should be considered a person whose organs can be transplanted to any other person without causing a rejection reaction. Therefore, the chance of the existence of a universal donor is extremely small. But it can be created artificially - as a result of selection over many generations or using genetic engineering methods.

Nowadays, transfusions are performed almost exclusively “group to group”, i.e. The donor must have the same blood type as the recipient. Until the mid-20th century, it was assumed that group I was universal. Therefore, doctors have always been interested in the question of which blood group is universal.

The very first successful blood transfusion was recorded in the mid-17th century in France. Then the man's life was saved thanks to the lamb. But at that time, doctors had no idea about such a concept as blood type and, of course, they could not know which blood type suits everyone, so it is safe to say that the young man was simply lucky.

Only at the beginning of the 20th century, after numerous studies, the Austrian biophysicist Karl Landsteiner determined the principle of dividing human blood into 4 types, and also introduced the concept of “incompatibility”. Humanity owes millions of saved lives to him.

So, there are 4 main groups, they are usually designated as follows:

0 (I) - first (zero)
A (II) - second
B (III) - third
AB (IV) - fourth

What's inside?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are studded with various protein molecules. The set of such molecules is genetically programmed and individual for everyone. Among them are those that influence the formation of human blood. These molecules are called antigens. Their combinations are different.

So, people with group II (A) have antigen A, carriers III (B) have B, IV (AB) have both antigens, and those belonging to group I (0) do not have them at all. The opposite situation is observed in blood serum: it contains so-called agglutinins to “foreign” antigens (α and β).

Gluing of blood cells will not occur in the absence of the same antigens and agglutinins. But when a “foreign” element enters, agglutinins immediately attack it and provoke the gluing of foreign red blood cells. The result can be fatal - oxygen stops flowing, small vessels become clogged, and after some time the blood begins to clot.

About 40-50% of people are carriers of the first group. Owners of the second – 30-40%. The third - 10-20%, the least number of people with the fourth - only 5%.

Transfusion compatibility

To avoid the danger of coagulation, Landsteiner proposed transfusing recipients with the first group with the same donor blood. Thus, , due to the lack of antigens, it is universal, and its owners are considered universal donors.

People with group IV are called universal recipients: they are allowed to receive any blood. For those with II or III group You can pour a similar one, as well as the first one. It is important to remember about the Rh factor. People can only be given blood that matches their Rhesus test.

Blood rhesus is an antigen that is found on the surface of red blood cells. It was also discovered by Karl Landsteiner and his colleague A. Weiner. About 85% of Europeans are Rh positive. The remaining 15% (7% among Africans) are Rh negative.

How does positive and negative Rh factor affect health?

It is also worth noting that today scientists distinguish more than 250 types of blood, which are combined into 25 systems. Therefore, the issue of compatibility continues to be the subject of research, and will be reviewed more than once.

Blood transfusion (hemotransfusion) is carried out according to clearly defined indications. Before carrying out this procedure, it is necessary to carry out a complex diagnostic studies, according to which compatibility is determined.

In this article we will look at what a universal blood donor is.

Historical data

The transfusion technique began to be used several centuries ago, but, unfortunately, at that time healers did not know that if a transfusion saves the life of one person, it will be a deadly event for another. Therefore, a lot of sick people died. But there is such a thing as a universal donor. More on this later.

Only in 1900, the Austrian microbiologist K. Landsteiner found out that the blood of all people can be divided into types A, B and C. The outcome of the procedure will depend on this.

And already in 1940, the same scientist discovered the Rh factor, so the ability to save the lives of victims turned out to be an easily achievable goal.

However, in emergency situations There may be a need for urgent transfusion when there is absolutely no time to determine and search for blood that is suitable for the blood group and Rh factor.

What is the universal donor group?

Therefore, scientists asked the question: is it possible to select universal group, which could be infused into all patients who need it.

The universal blood group is the first. This is based on the fact that when interacting with other groups, flocs were formed in some cases, but not in others. The flakes were formed as a result of red blood cells gluing together. Under the influence this process, called agglutination, was fatal.

We will talk about the universal donor below.

Principles of dividing blood into groups

Each red blood cell on its surface carries a set of proteins determined genetically. The blood group is determined by a complex of antigens, which, accordingly, is different for different groups. Representatives of the first blood group do not have it at all, therefore, when transfused to representatives of other blood groups, the antigens do not cause a conflict in the donor’s body and, as a result, the agglutination process does not occur.

In people with the second blood group, antigen A is determined, with the third group - antigen B, and in people with the fourth, respectively, a combination of antigens A and B.

The liquid component of blood (its plasma) contains antibodies, the action of which is aimed at identifying foreign antigens. Thus, agglutinin a is determined against antigen A, and agglutinin against antigen B.

In the first group, both types of agglutinins are detected, in the second group - only in, in the third - a, in the fourth there are no antibodies.

The concept of a universal donor is based on this.

Compatibility

The result of the interaction of components of one group with another determines compatibility. Incompatibility occurs during transfusion donated blood, which contains an antigen or agglutinin that is the same as the recipient’s own antigens or antibodies. This leads to the clumping of red blood cells, closing the lumen of the vessel and slowing down the flow of oxygen to the tissues. Also, such clots “clog” kidney tissue with the development of acute renal failure, entailing death. An identical situation can arise during pregnancy, when the mother develops antibodies to blood antigens of the developing fetus.

It is important to remember that the blood type of a universal donor is first or 0.

Compatibility Determination

It is necessary to mix the blood serum of the person who will undergo the blood transfusion (recipient) with a drop of donor blood and evaluate the result after 3-5 minutes. If flakes have formed from stuck together erythrocyte clots, then they speak of the impossibility of transfusing such blood, that is, of incompatibility.

If no changes have occurred, then such blood can be infused into the patient, but in limited quantities.

To determine the Rh factor, add a drop of blood to a drop of blood. chemical preparation, which carries out the reaction. The result is evaluated in the same way as with the previous method.

If there are indications and suitable donor blood, a so-called biological test is first performed. Its essence is that approximately 15 milliliters of blood are first infused and the patient’s reaction is observed. This is done at least three times, after which the rest is poured in.

If, during such a biological test, the patient complains of a tingling feeling at the injection site, pain in lumbar region, a feeling of rapidly developing heat, increased heart rate, then it is necessary to immediately stop the administration, even if it is blood from a universal donor.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Arises as a result of incompatibility of the blood of mother and child, while the fetal body is recognized as foreign, foreign body, containing antigens, so antibodies are formed in the body of a pregnant woman.

When they interact, the blood coagulates, and pathologically unfavorable processes develop in the body of the developing fetus.

There are 3 forms hemolytic disease:

Edema.
Jaundice.
Anemic.

The most easily occurring is the anemic form, in which the level of hemoglobin and red blood cells decreases.

Symptoms of jaundice appear immediately after birth - hallmark icteric form of hemolytic disease of newborns. This form tends to develop rapidly in symptoms, with discoloration skin to a yellow-green tint. Such babies are lethargic, do not breastfeed well, and, in addition, they have a tendency to bleed. The duration of this form is from one to three or more weeks. In the absence of a properly selected timely treatment As a rule, the development of severe neurological complications is observed.

Predisposing factors for the development of this pathology in children are:

Pathological changes in the placenta.
Repeated frequent pregnancies with short intervals.

Blood type is a sign of a person; it is genetically determined and accompanies a person throughout his life. Therefore, neglecting knowledge about its basic properties is fraught with the development of serious consequences.

We found out which blood is a universal donor.

What is blood? This liquid tissue human body. Its quantity is approximately 4.5 5 liters. U healthy person blood consists of plasma and various elements. Includes red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. A person needs blood for respiratory function, transport, excretory and protective. And yet, what blood type suits all people?

Blood groups are divided into four and two.

O (I) - or zero - does not contain antigens, so it is suitable for all groups. Donors with this blood type and (+) Rh factor are suitable for any group and Rh factor;
A (II) - suitable for patients with A (II), AB (IV). According to its structure, it contains two types of aggutogen. Transfusion only in a similar group and Rh factor:
B (III) - suitable for patients with B (III), AB (IV). Donation from the first blood group is possible, taking into account the Rh factor.
AB (IV) - only AB (IV). Rare group blood, especially those with negative Rh. It contains two special antigens.

So, the first blood group suits everyone, but the fourth only suits its own group.

Compatibility

Which groups can be transfused to different people:

O (I) - only the first one is suitable;
A (II) - first and second;
B (III) - first and third;
AB (IV) - any group is suitable.

The first blood group occurs in 40-50% of the population, the second 30-40%, the third 10-20% and the fourth approximately 5%. Also, for each blood group there is a Rh factor, there are only two of them: positive (+) and negative (-). Blood can be infused according to the Rh factor. He also has important role. It's, it's on top of the red blood cells, the red blood cells. Approximately 85% of humanity has positive Rh factor blood, and 15% are negative: there is no antigen.

In the blood it negatively affects women who decide to become pregnant. There is a possibility, but complications and difficulties with conception are possible.

There are such concepts as donor and recipient: the first gives his blood, the second, on the contrary, receives.

It takes into account what species a person belongs to. Why do you need to know which blood type suits everyone? Blood is an important component of the body. Performs an important function.

If the blood is incompatible

Blood transfusion in the 20th century is an irreplaceable and integral part. During research, scientists and doctors found that not all blood can be transfused, but the right one can save a person’s life. , then during transfusion the blood may clot, and the right group will continue to circulate. Before, it is checked for compatibility by group and Rh factor.

Nowadays, many tests and diseases are studied using blood. , determine the compatibility of the child with the parents, identify and treat diseases. Allergens are identified oncological diseases, anemia. To prevent diseases, it is recommended to consult a hemologist.

In any situation, it is necessary to remember which blood type is suitable for all people. It’s better, of course, to write down your group and Rh factor, in case of emergency.

Video - Universal Blood:

There are often cases when, with large blood loss, the patient needs to undergo a transfusion of liquid connective tissue from a donor. In practice it is common to use biological material, matching the group and Rh factor. However, some people's blood is considered universal, and in a critical situation, its transfusion can save the patient's life. There are also individuals who can be transfused with liquid connective tissue of any group. They are considered universal recipients.

Why is blood group compatibility important?

Transfusion of fluid connective tissue is a serious medical procedure. It must be carried out in accordance with certain conditions. As a rule, blood transfusion is indicated for seriously ill patients, people who have complications after surgical intervention etc.

Before carrying out a transfusion, it is important to select a donor whose blood is compatible with the recipient’s biomaterial group. There are four of them: I (O), II (A), III (B) and IV (AB). Each of them also has a negative or positive Rh factor. If the compatibility conditions are not met during blood transfusion, an agglutination reaction occurs. It involves the gluing of red blood cells with their subsequent destruction.

The consequences of such a transfusion are extremely dangerous:

hematopoietic function is impaired;
malfunctions occur in the functioning of most organs and systems;
metabolic processes slow down.

The natural result is post-transfusion shock (manifested by fever, vomiting, shortness of breath, rapid pulse), which can be fatal.

Rh factor compatibility. Its meaning during transfusion

During transfusion, not only the blood type, but also the Rh factor should be taken into account. It is a protein present on the membranes of red blood cells. The overwhelming majority of the Earth's inhabitants (85%) have it, the remaining 15% do not. Accordingly, the former have a positive Rh factor, the latter - negative. When giving blood transfusions, they should not be mixed.

Thus, a patient who has a negative Rh factor should not receive liquid connective tissue whose red blood cells contain this protein. If this rule not to comply, the recipient’s immune system will begin a powerful fight against foreign substances. As a result, the Rh factor will be destroyed. If the situation repeats, the red blood cells will begin to stick together, thereby causing serious complications.

The Rh factor remains unchanged throughout life. In this regard, people who do not have it need to pay special attention during blood transfusion. Women who have a negative Rh factor should notify their doctor and obstetrician-gynecologist about this upon pregnancy. A note containing this information is entered into the outpatient card.

Universal recipient

Give your blood, i.e. Anyone can be a donor for people in need. But when transfusing, it is important to consider the compatibility of the biomaterial.

At the beginning of the 19th century, a scientist from Austria suggested, and soon proved, that the process of gluing red blood cells (agglutination) is a sign of activity immune system, caused by the presence in the blood of 2 reacting substances (agglutinogens) and 2 that can interact with them (agglutinins). The first were given the designations A and B, the second - a and b. Blood is incompatible if substances of the same name come into contact: A and a, B and b. Thus, the liquid connective tissue of each person must contain agglutinogens that do not stick together with agglutinins.

Each blood group has its own characteristics. Special attention deserves IV (AB). The red blood cells contained in it contain both A and B agglutinogens, but plasma does not contain agglutinins, which contribute to the gluing of red blood cells during donor blood transfusion. People with group IV are considered universal recipients. The transfusion process rarely causes complications in them.

A universal recipient is a person who can receive a blood transfusion from any donor. In this case, an agglutination reaction will not occur. But meanwhile, blood of group IV is allowed to be transfused only to people with it.

Universal donor

In practice, doctors select a donor who best suits the recipient. Blood transfusions are of the same type. But this is not always possible. In a critical situation, the patient may be transfused with group I blood. Its peculiarity is the absence of agglutinogens, but at the same time there are a and b in the plasma, making its owner a universal donor. During transfusion, red blood cells will also not stick together.

This feature is taken into account when transfusion of a small amount of connective tissue. If a large volume needs to be transfused, only the same group is taken, just as a universal recipient cannot accept a lot of donor blood from a different group.

Finally

Blood transfusion is medical procedure that can save lives seriously ill patients. Some people are universal blood recipients or donors. In the first case, they can take liquid connective tissue any group. In the second, their blood is transfused to all people. Thus, universal donors and recipients have special groups of connective tissue.