Planning stage future pregnancy very important. To be born healthy child There are quite a few different nuances to consider. This article will tell you about the signs of compatibility of partners for conception based on blood type and Rh factor.

Ovulation calculator

Cycle duration

Duration of menstruation

• Menstruation
• Ovulation
• High probability of conception

Enter the first day of your last menstrual period

Ovulation occurs 14 days before menstrual cycle(with a 28-day cycle - on the 14th day). Deviation from the average value occurs frequently, so the calculation is approximate.

Also, together with the calendar method, you can measure basal temperature, examine cervical mucus, use special tests or mini-microscopes, take tests for FSH, LH, estrogens and progesterone.

You can definitely determine the day of ovulation using folliculometry (ultrasound).

Sources:

1. Losos, Jonathan B.; Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B.; Singer, Susan R. Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1207-1209.
2. Campbell N. A., Reece J. B., Urry L. A. e. a. Biology. 9th ed. - Benjamin Cummings, 2011. - p. 1263
3. Tkachenko B. I., Brin V. B., Zakharov Yu. M., Nedospasov V. O., Pyatin V. F. Human physiology. Compendium / Ed. B. I. Tkachenko. - M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2009. - 496 p.
4. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation

Peculiarities

Quite a lot is currently known about blood groups. But about how they can influence the process of conceiving a baby - much less.

For conception healthy baby it is necessary that the blood types of his mother and father are compatible. In this case, the risk of possible problems during pregnancy will be much lower.

In order to understand why incompatibility of partners occurs, you should turn to basic knowledge about blood groups. The group is determined already from birth. A person’s membership in a particular blood group is determined by special protein molecules – agglutinins and agglutinogens. In this case, agglutinins are found in the liquid component of the blood - plasma.

Currently, there are 2 types of agglutinins known - a and b. Agglutinogens are found directly in erythrocytes - red blood cells that carry nutrients and oxygen to all tissues and organs. There are also 2 types of them known. Agglutinogens are usually labeled in capital letters A and B.

Various combinations of agglutinogens and agglutinins determine a person’s blood type. Doctors distinguish 4 blood groups:

• 1 group. Also called O. It is determined by agglutinins a and b, but there are no agglutinogens in plasma.
• 2nd group. The second name is group A. It is determined by the presence of agglutinin b and agglutinogen A.
• 3 group. Also called B-group. Determined by the presence of agglutinin a and agglutinogen B.
• 4 group. The second name used is AB. Determined by the presence of agglutinogens A and B in erythrocytes in the absence of agglutinins in the plasma.

For a long time The meaning of such an important indicator as the Rh factor remained a mystery in medicine. For the first time, the presence of special proteins in the blood - antigens that determine the Rh factor (Rh) was shown at the beginning of the 20th century by two doctors - Philip Levin and Rufus Stetson. They proved the presence of certain protein molecules in the blood using the example of the appearance of hemolytic jaundice in a newborn after transfusion of an incompatible blood type.

Currently, scientists know exactly how the Rh factor is determined. On the surface of red blood cells there are substances - D-antigens. If they are present, then this Rh factor is called positive. If there are no D antigens on the surface of red blood cells, it is said to be Rh negative.

The presence of a certain Rh factor is a constant indicator that is determined from birth and does not change throughout life. So, if both parents have a negative Rh factor, then the baby will have the same. If future dad and the mother has different Rh factors, then the baby’s can be either positive or negative.

Effect on fertilization

Blood type does not directly affect the process of conceiving a child. It also does not in any way affect the possibility of conceiving a boy or a girl.

If a conflict in the ABO system between mother and fetus arises in the future, this is usually manifested by the appearance of slight jaundice in the baby after birth. In this case, the child’s skin becomes jaundiced. This condition usually goes away after a few days, but requires constant monitoring of the child. Also, a conflict in the agglutinogen system can lead to the appearance of certain uncomfortable symptoms in a woman during pregnancy. The likelihood of developing toxicosis in the first half of pregnancy with morning sickness increases significantly.

For a long time it was believed that different blood groups of partners guarantee that the child will be born healthier and stronger. However, modern Scientific research refuted this claim. The risk of developing dangerous pathologies during pregnancy also exists when various groups blood of future parents.

The Rh factor plays a fairly important role in direct pregnancy planning, but it does not significantly affect the conception of a baby. In this situation, doctors are more afraid of the development of a potential Rh conflict that can occur during pregnancy.

If partners have the same Rh groups, then the risk of developing an immunological conflict is low. If there are different Rh groups, especially if in this case the woman has a negative Rh factor, the risk of developing an immunological conflict increases. In such a situation, the baby can “inherit” the positive Rh factor from the father. The difference in Rh factors in the mother and fetus, as was noted earlier, provokes the development of negative consequences.

How to check the compatibility of a couple?

Determining your blood type or Rh factor is now easy. These indicators are quite easily and quickly checked in any diagnostic laboratories. Future parents can be tested either in a free or private medical institution.

A small amount is required for analysis. venous blood. The result is ready quite quickly. In order to assess the compatibility of a couple, it is necessary to determine the Rh factors and blood groups of both partners. Families who have been unable to conceive a baby for a long time and have problems with natural conception are especially carefully checked in this way.

By Rh factor

Possible incompatibility of partners is necessarily assessed according to different criteria. The most important of them is the Rh factor. For the convenience of assessing the compatibility of partners, a special table is used, presented below.

The most common situation that causes confusion is the appearance of a “negative” child in a “positive” couple. Very often in such a situation the question of true paternity arises. Let’s immediately dispel the myths and say that this situation actually occurs in practice. The inheritance of the Rh factor is governed by genetics. In this case, the baby may inherit the positive Rh of his parents, or maybe not.

Reverse situation– negative Rh factors in both parents. In this situation, the baby can only be born with the same Rh.

By blood type

In order to determine the compatibility of the blood groups of future parents, a special table is used. With its help, you can determine the probability of a child’s blood type, as well as assess the risk of developing incompatibility. Such a table is presented below.

Future father's blood type	Blood type of the expectant mother	Probability compatibility	Traits that a child inherits
			2 (A) /1 (O), probability share – 50/50%
			3 (B) / 1 (O), probability share – 30/70%
			2 (A) /3 (B), probability share – 50/50%
		Development of complications of pregnancy pathology and possible Rh conflict (probability rate is 80%)	1 (O) /2 (A), probability share – 60/40%
			1 (O) / 2 (A), probability share - 30/70%
		The development of Rh conflict is about 70%, the risk of premature birth is 50%
			1 (O) /2 (A) /3 (B) /4 (AB), can be inherited with equal probability
		40% – the proportion of miscarriage and dangerous pathologies during pregnancy, 80% – risk of developing a possible Rh conflict	1 (O) /3 (B), probability share – 30/70%
		60% – the proportion of development of dangerous pathologies during pregnancy	1 (O) /2 (A) /3 (B) /4 (AB), can be inherited with equal probability
			1 (O) /3 (B), probability share – 50/50%
			1 (O) /3 (B) /4 (AB), with equal probability
		Almost 100% development of Rh conflict, dangerous pathologies during pregnancy, as well as the formation of defects in intrauterine development of the fetus	2 (A) /3 (B) with equal probability
		40% – the probability of developing dangerous pathologies during pregnancy and Rhesus conflict	2 (A) /3 (B) /4 (AB) with equal probability
			2 (A) /3 (B) /4 (AB) with equal probability

It is important to note that these data are indicative only. In practice, there are cases when, even with a conditionally favorable prognosis, an immunological conflict developed. This table only allows you to assess the potential compatibility of partners and guess the blood type of the unborn baby.

It also follows from this table that the first blood group of the future father “combines” perfectly with others. There is no risk of developing an immunological conflict. In this case, the likelihood of developing a healthy pregnancy increases significantly. It can also be assumed that the first paternal blood group is not absolutely decisive for the baby. Maternal data also influences the determination of a child’s blood type. However, the baby’s blood type may be different.

The third blood group can be said to be the most “problematic”. As can be seen from the table, it combines rather poorly with groups 1 and 2. Moreover, with groups 3 and 4 the combination is already more favorable.

Pregnancy for representatives of blood group 4 is best planned for people who have similar groups. According to the table, blood type 4 combines rather poorly with others except “their own.” The risk of developing Rh conflict when group 4 and group 1 are combined is the most unfavorable. Unfortunately, a completely healthy pregnancy without any negative consequences is unlikely.

How does the discrepancy manifest itself?

Unfortunately, in most cases it becomes possible to determine the biological incompatibility of partners only after conception and during pregnancy. Also, negative signs of Rh conflict or ABO incompatibility can be assessed in a baby after he is born.

For example, with a combination of 4 paternal blood group and 1 maternal blood group, there is a fairly high risk of developing dangerous pathologies in the intrauterine development of the fetus. They contribute to the fact that the baby can significantly lag behind in his physical development. The likelihood of developing malformations of internal organs is also quite high. Babies born with this combination of blood groups have a fairly high risk of having congenital kidney and heart diseases.

Often during pregnancy, doctors talk about Rh conflicts. In this case, the Rh factors of the mother and fetus are different. A conflict arises if an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive baby. In such a situation, the female body perceives the child as a foreign antigenic “object.” At the same time, the risk of developing dangerous pathologies during pregnancy and even miscarriage is quite high.

One of the most severe conditions, which is a consequence of such an immunological conflict on the Rh factor, is hemolytic jaundice of newborns. With this pathology children's body Red blood cells begin to disintegrate with the accumulation of bilirubin in the tissues. A large number of The resulting bilirubin causes the child’s skin color to change – it becomes yellow. The course of hemolytic jaundice is usually severe and is carried out in a hospital setting.

The development of an immunological Rh conflict is a certain “lottery”. In medical practice, it also happens that even if Rh conflict develops during pregnancy, pathologies do not arise. This situation is possible if the female body, for some reason, was already familiar with Rh antigens, that is, sensitized to them. This is usually possible with previous blood transfusions, etc. Thus, different Rh factors in the mother and fetus do not always lead to the development of dangerous pathologies.

Is it treatable?

Doctors note that the biological compatibility of partners is quite complex topic. To conceive a healthy baby, several factors must work at once. Even at the stage of direct fertilization, in some cases certain problems may arise.

One of the quite common ones is the immunological conflict arising in connection with antisperm antibodies. These special protein substances can have a detrimental effect on male reproductive cells - sperm. In some cases, these antibodies arise in female body, significantly preventing the conception of a baby.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to change the Rh factor or blood group. However, knowing them, you can clarify in advance the risk of developing dangerous complications development of pathologies during pregnancy.

Any “conflict” pregnancy is a reason for a more careful and attentive attitude on the part of doctors to the state of health of the pregnant woman, as well as to the intrauterine development of her baby.

While carrying a baby, doctors carefully monitor a patient who has a high risk of developing an immunocompromised pregnancy. In order to promptly identify the development of dangerous pathologies in her, a pregnant woman undergoes a whole range of diagnostic studies. These include:

• Ultrasound examination. With its help, you can determine the main signs of fetal retardation in intrauterine development. WITH certain period life of the fetus, an ultrasound specialist must evaluate the size of his liver, Clinical signs and the size of the placenta, the amount of amniotic fluid. Comprehensive assessment allows you to identify pathologies at the earliest stages.

• Dopplerography. A more detailed method for assessing fetal intrauterine development. It is used in obstetric practice during immunoconflict pregnancies in order to more accurately assess the potential risk of pathologies.
• Study of cord blood for bilirubin. For this study amniotic fluid can also be used. This is running diagnostic procedure only in complex and difficult clinical cases, as it is invasive and can have a number of negative consequences.

Planning a pregnancy becomes a special event for many expectant parents. Most of them wonder, how important is blood group compatibility for conception? This question has worried people, probably since the discovery of blood groups, which is why quite a lot of attention has been devoted to studying it. great attention. During the process of conception, the blood of both parents is mixed, which is how it is formed in the fetus. At the same time, the baby has a chance to get any group, because at the moment of conception all four blood groups are formed, but their percentages are different. Naturally, the largest percentage is given to parental blood. Therefore, most often the child receives the blood type of one of them. If both parents have the same group, then the baby’s chance of forming the same group is about ninety-eight percent.

The Rh factor is a specific protein found in red blood cells, regardless of group. If this protein is detected during analysis, then the blood is considered positive, and if it is absent, it is negative.

When determining the presence of the Rh factor in the mother, that is, positive blood, and the father is negative, then the child has a high chance of getting positive blood. In this case, blood incompatibility may occur during conception. Throughout pregnancy, the body of the expectant mother produces special antibodies, the purpose of which is to fight against foreign objects, which may include the body of the unborn child. The result may be that these antibodies attack the fetal cells. It is these attacks that can become a serious danger for a child still inside the mother's womb. In this case, even the death of a child is possible.

Even if the baby survives and his body repels all these attacks, the course of pregnancy will most likely occur with numerous complications. The expectant mother will probably experience a number of difficulties; at a minimum, she will experience strong manifestations toxicosis and a noticeable weakening of the body.

The influence of blood features on pregnancy

The entire pregnancy period will pass without problems if the fetus of the child is not perceived by the antibodies produced by the mother's body as a foreign object. It should be noted that if the mother has the first group, then usually the pregnancy and birth of the child occur without any complications. Moreover, no difficulties arise even if the groups and Rh factors of the father and mother do not match.

The most optimal combinations of blood groups of the father and mother are shown in the table below:

	A (II group)	B (III gr.)	AB (IV gr.)	0 (I gr)
A	+	—	—	+
IN	—	+	—	+
AB	+	+	+	+
0	—	—	—	+

However, if the expectant parents have mismatched groups, then there is no need to worry too much, because in this case, conflict does not always arise and, as a rule, the course of pregnancy occurs quite normally.

But a mismatch of Rhesus numbers can have much more dire consequences. At the same time, you need to know that the presence of positive blood in the mother almost always allows you to survive conception and the pregnancy period without trouble. Even if the father has negative blood, there is no Rh conflict between the child and mother; they are completely compatible. In this situation, the child will be born with protein inside the red blood cells.

If the mother’s blood is negative, then we can speak with complete confidence about the successful course of the pregnancy only if the father has the same blood. Otherwise, there is a high probability that the child will receive negative blood, which will also not cause trouble, but another option is possible. Problems can only arise if the child and mother have different Rh factors, however, this does not always happen.

Conflict pregnancy

A conflict pregnancy occurs almost inevitably if the mother’s Rh factor is negative and the fetus in the womb is positive. The tragedy of this situation lies in the fact that the mother’s body perceives the fetus as a foreign object, and this forces it to make every effort to reject it. This is precisely the reaction of the body, which defends itself and tries by any means to eliminate the foreignness found in itself. The mother's body begins to intensify the production of antibodies, which, after penetrating the placenta, immediately attack the fetus, trying to destroy its red blood cells.

According to the experience of doctors, a conflict pregnancy can end like this:

• miscarriage (loss of the fetus);
• excessively hard work(practically wear and tear) of the spleen and liver of the fetus;
• the development of anemia in a child, which is the result of an abnormal enlargement of the liver, which is overloaded during pregnancy.

It is precisely in connection with the danger of conflict pregnancy that all expectant mothers are required to undergo special testing to determine blood compatibility during conception. Ignoring this study greatly increases the likelihood of a newborn developing such pathologies as anemia, jaundice, dropsy and mental retardation.

How to avoid the consequences of a rhesus conflict

Conceiving a child can also occur quite successfully among parents with Rhesus conflict. However, in this case, the expectant mother will have to be regularly observed by a gynecologist throughout the entire pregnancy period. Only an experienced physician can determine necessary measures For proper development fetus, and all recommendations must be followed unquestioningly.

What actions will the expectant mother have to take:

• As soon as blood incompatibility is diagnosed in future parents, you will have to immediately undergo a chorionic villus biopsy. With the help of this procedure, the Rh factor of the baby is determined.
• May need regular administration to the expectant mother immunoglobulin.
• In some cases, when there is a danger to the life of the fetus or mother, artificial induction of labor may be offered.
• As a last resort, if the fetus still in the mother’s womb is under immediate threat, a gynecologist may suggest performing a cordocentesis.

Of course, these are only the most common recommendations; there are often more. But even with these recommendations, which can significantly facilitate the course of pregnancy during Rh-conflict, it becomes clear how important it is to promptly determine the blood type and Rh factor of future parents.

Specifics of blood groups

Today it is generally accepted that the first or zero group is the most powerful and aggressive. People with this group should prefer meat in food and are ideal donors. This group can be combined with any others, the main thing is that the Rh factor matches. The second group (A) consists of people who are vegetarians and berry lovers. The owners of the third group (B) usually prefer cereals and bread.

The fourth group (AB) is considered the most substandard, but at the same time the most adaptive. Doctors call its owners “universal vampires,” which should not be surprising, because if they match their Rhesus, they can accept any other group.

Of course, the ideal option for conception would be a complete match of the parents' blood type and Rh factor; alas, this happens quite rarely. However, loving spouses who want to raise a child will be able to overcome all difficulties and become parents even if their Rhesus values ​​are incompatible. The main thing is to observe good specialists and steadfastly implement all their recommendations.

There is a table that, with a certain probability, allows you to predict the blood type of the unborn child:

Of course, an accurate determination of the blood type of a future child is possible only in one case, but even such an approximate prediction is sometimes very valuable.

About 15% of people living on our planet are carriers of the third blood group. The first people whose blood type 3 was determined were representatives of the Mongoloid race. According to history, it appeared about ten thousand years ago.

The gradual migration of people moved this group to Europe. The representatives we will talk about can safely be called special people; they have a recognizable character and mood characteristics that are distinguishable from others.

A person is given a certain blood type from birth, which he retains for the rest of his life.

In medicine there are:

• First or zero;
• Second or A;
• Third or B;
• Fourth or A, B.

Transfusion problems

If there is a need for transfusion, it is important to take into account that it is permissible to transfuse only the same blood to a patient with the third group. In cases where blood is needed as urgently as possible, group 1 transfusion is possible, but with regular monitoring of compatibility. It is worth taking into account not only belonging to a certain group, but also the Rh factor.

Children with the third blood group

The third group is what danger to children's health? It’s worth starting with when the baby receives group 3. The child necessarily assumes the same group in one of the parents. The baby cannot have the third group if the parents have the second, first or fourth. Group 3 assumes that one of the parents has a fourth, and the other has a third.

Such children have a fairly stable immune system. Kids can easily cope with trips and transfers. But regarding possible problems, it is important to note possible problems with skin. Often children with 3 B suffer from dermatitis and other skin diseases. The peculiarity is that rashes respond more slowly to treatment. Wounds may heal less well, this is also one of the features.

Medicinal plants for the third group

Adhering to the theory, consumption of mint is beneficial for group 3, currant leaves, wild rose, lemon balm.

The consumption of birch buds, St. John's wort, and strawberries should be reduced. It is forbidden to use a decoction of aloe, coltsfoot, and hops.

This is explained by the tendency of these people to possible allergic reactions, which quite often manifest themselves in the form of rashes.

Character and health

Many scientists have been able to reveal that a person’s character directly depends on their blood type. Thus, carriers of the third group are highly adaptable to different conditions life, strong immunity and stress resistance.

Women with group 3 are more fertile. This is explained more high concentration in the blood of sex hormones. Therefore, it is impossible to say that a woman of blood type 3 is less reproductive. It all depends on the Rh factor.

Every person's blood can be Rh positive or negative. Each of them has its own characteristics. In addition, it is the Rh factor that largely determines the possibility of favorable conception, pregnancy and the birth of a baby.

Percentage of people with different groups blood and Rh factor

Group 3 with positive and negative Rhesus

The characteristic of the third group Rh positive differs from other groups. Regarding compatibility, with the third positive, it can be transfused to representatives of the third positive and fourth positive groups.

The third group with negative Rh can be transfused to people with the third and fourth. A person's Rh can be either positive or negative.

Diseases

Because of Not proper nutrition, to which people of the 3rd group are more prone, representatives of the third positive group are prone to such health problems:

• High weight;
• Increased blood sugar;
• Problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
• Tumors in the esophagus and pancreas;
• Psycho-emotional disorders.

Due to poor nutrition, the following health problems may occur in the group (b iii rh):

• Tumor process in the intestine;
• Oncological diseases of the breast;
• problems with teeth;
• Bladder diseases;
• Neuroses.

Nutrition for people with a B3 positive group should include the following foods:

• dietary meat;
• Liver;
• Fish;
• Dairy products;
• Juices.

Regarding restrictions, it is better to refrain from fatty varieties meat such as pork. You should reduce your consumption of sweets. Strong alcohol is a real enemy for the 3rd blood group, as these people are prone to problems with the pancreas.

What is recommended to consume and what is undesirable for blood group 3

Representatives of the third negative group are recommended to include the following foods in their diet:

It is recommended to abstain (or moderate consumption) from carbonated drinks, corn, potatoes, sweets, and fatty foods.

Possible problems during pregnancy

Representatives of any group may have problems precisely due to the difference in Rhesus.

To prevent all sorts of complications, gynecologists give future parents a referral for blood tests to find out Rh. Regarding the first pregnancy, for a woman with a negative status it is less dangerous than subsequent pregnancies. In this case, the speed at which antibodies accumulate in the mother is important, and they gain strength only towards the end of the term.

During further pregnancies, even those that end in abortion, the woman’s body already has a sufficient amount of antibodies. In any case, each case is individual. The solution is as follows: in such cases, it is necessary to administer anti-Rhesus globulin to the patient within the first 3 days after the birth of the baby or abortion.

It has been proven to be effective in reducing antibodies that are unwanted. This allows the family to have more children without problems.

In order to achieve harmony in well-being and psycho-emotional state, the B3 carrier must adhere to the following recommendations and rules:

People with group 3, both positive and negative, are more susceptible to stress and depression than others, despite their optimism. In order to avoid similar phenomena It is recommended to relax. Each person has their own way.

You can relax with a book in your hand, you can do meditation, or you can go to a concert of your favorite band. Representatives of this group drive away negative thoughts in different ways. But the duration of depression and bad mood among carriers of group 3 is somewhat longer than among other people.

Strengths and weaknesses: health

Possible risks

For owners of group 3 it is typical increased level cortisol in the blood. This explains the slight excitability and possible stress. Sleep and daytime disturbances are common increased drowsiness and fatigue. That's why best medicine– this is relaxation and positive emotions.

Every conscious person must know his blood. This information will be useful in case of emergency transfusion. In addition, before conceiving a baby, both the future father and mother need to undergo such a test, which will make it possible to prevent possible problems.

Blood type (AB0): essence, definition in a child, compatibility, what does it affect?

Some life situations(upcoming surgery, pregnancy, desire to become a donor, etc.) require an analysis, which we used to call simply: “blood type”. Meanwhile, in the broad understanding of this term, there is some inaccuracy here, since most of us mean the well-known erythrocyte AB0 system, described in 1901 by Landsteiner, but do not know about it and therefore say “blood test for group”, thus separating another important system.

Karl Landsteiner, awarded for this discovery Nobel Prize, throughout his life he continued to work on the search for other antigens located on the surface of red blood cells, and in 1940 the world learned about the existence of the Rhesus system, which ranks second in importance. In addition, scientists in 1927 found protein substances isolated in the erythrocyte systems - MNs and Pp. At that time, this was a huge breakthrough in medicine, because people suspected that it could lead to the death of the body, and that someone else’s blood could save a life, so they attempted to transfuse it from animals to humans and from humans to humans. Unfortunately, success did not always come, but science has confidently moved forward to the present day We only talk about blood group out of habit, meaning the AB0 system.

What is a blood type and how did it become known?

Determination of blood group is based on the classification of genetically determined individually specific proteins of all tissues human body. These organ-specific protein structures are called antigens(alloantigens, isoantigens), but they should not be confused with antigens specific to certain pathological formations(tumors) or proteins that cause infections entering the body from the outside.

The antigenic set of tissues (and blood, of course), given from birth, determines the biological individuality of a particular individual, which can be a person, any animal, or a microorganism, that is, isoantigens characterize group-specific characteristics that make it possible to distinguish these individuals within their species.

The alloantigenic properties of our tissues began to be studied by Karl Landsteiner, who mixed the blood (erythrocytes) of people with the sera of other people and noticed that in some cases, red blood cells stick together (agglutination), while in others the color remains homogeneous. True, at first the scientist found 3 groups (A, B, C), 4 blood group (AB) was discovered later by the Czech Jan Jansky. In 1915, the first standard serums containing specific antibodies(agglutinins), which determine group affiliation. In Russia, the blood group according to the AB0 system began to be determined in 1919, but digital designations (1, 2, 3, 4) were introduced into practice in 1921, and a little later they began to use alphanumeric nomenclature, where antigens were designated with Latin letters(A and B), and antibodies - Greek (α and β).

It turns out there are so many of them...

To date, immunohematology has been replenished with more than 250 antigens located on erythrocytes. The main erythrocyte antigen systems include:

These systems, in addition to transfusiology (blood transfusion), where the main role still belongs to AB0 and Rh, most often remind of themselves in obstetric practice(miscarriages, stillbirths, birth of children with severe hemolytic disease), however, it is not always possible to determine erythrocyte antigens of many systems (except AB0, Rh), which is due to the lack of typing sera, the production of which requires large material and labor costs. Thus, when we talk about blood groups 1, 2, 3, 4, we mean the main antigenic system of erythrocytes, called the AB0 system.

Table: possible combinations of AB0 and Rh (blood groups and Rh factors)

In addition, approximately from the middle of the last century, antigens began to be discovered one after another:

1. Platelets, which in most cases repeated the antigenic determinants of erythrocytes, but with a lesser degree of severity, which makes it difficult to determine the blood group on platelets;
2. Nuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes (HLA - histocompatibility system), which have opened up wide opportunities for organ and tissue transplantation and solving some genetic problems (hereditary predisposition to a certain pathology);
3. Plasma proteins (the number of described genetic systems has already exceeded a dozen).

The discoveries of many genetically determined structures (antigens) made it possible not only to take a different approach to determining the blood group, but also to strengthen the position of clinical immunohematology in terms of fight against various pathological processes, made possible safe, as well as organ and tissue transplantation.

Main system dividing people into 4 groups

The group affiliation of erythrocytes depends on group-specific antigens A and B (agglutinogens):

• Containing protein and polysaccharides;
• Closely associated with the stroma of red blood cells;
• Not related to hemoglobin, which is not involved in any way in the agglutination reaction.

By the way, agglutinogens can be found on other blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) or in body tissues and fluids (saliva, tears, amniotic fluid), where they are detected in significantly smaller quantities.

Thus, antigens A and B can be found on the stroma of a particular person’s red blood cells(together or separately, but always forming a pair, for example, AB, AA, A0 or BB, B0) or they cannot be found there at all (00).

In addition, globulin fractions (agglutinins α and β) float in the blood plasma. compatible with the antigen (A with β, B with α), called natural antibodies.

Obviously, in the first group, which does not contain antigens, both types of group antibodies will be present - α and β. In the fourth group, normally there should not be any natural globulin fractions, because if this is allowed, antigens and antibodies will begin to stick together: α will agglutinate (glue) A, and β, respectively, B.

Depending on combinations of options and the presence of certain antigens and antibodies, the group affiliation of human blood can be represented in the following form:

• 1 blood group 0αβ(I): antigens – 00(I), antibodies – α and β;
• Blood group 2 Aβ(II): antigens – AA or A0(II), antibodies – β;
• Blood group 3 Bα(III): antigens – BB or B0(III), antibodies – α
• 4 blood group AB0(IV): antigens only A and B, no antibodies.

The reader may be surprised to learn that there is a blood type that does not fit this classification . It was discovered in 1952 by a Bombay resident, which is why it is called “Bombay”. Antigenic-serological variant of red blood cells type « Bombey» does not contain antigens of the AB0 system, and in the serum of such people, along with natural antibodies α and β, anti-H are detected(antibodies directed at substance H, differentiating antigens A and B and preventing their presence on the stroma of red blood cells). Subsequently, “Bombay” and other rare types of group affiliation were found in different parts of the planet. Of course, you cannot envy such people, because in the event of massive blood loss, they need to look for a life-saving environment all over the globe.

Ignorance of the laws of genetics can cause tragedy in the family

The blood group of each person according to the AB0 system is the result of inheriting one antigen from the mother and another from the father. Receiving hereditary information from both parents, a person in his phenotype has half of each of them, that is, the blood group of the parents and the child is a combination of two characteristics, and therefore may not coincide with the blood group of the father or mother.

Discrepancies between the blood groups of parents and the child give rise to doubts and suspicions of their spouse’s infidelity in the minds of some men. This happens due to the lack of basic knowledge of the laws of nature and genetics, therefore, in order to avoid tragic mistakes on the part of the male sex, whose ignorance often breaks happy family relationships, we consider it necessary to once again explain where a child’s blood type according to the ABO system comes from and give examples of the expected results.

Option 1. If both parents have blood type O: 00(I) x 00(I), then the child will only have the first 0(I) group, all others are excluded. This happens because the genes that synthesize antigens of the first blood group are recessive, they can only manifest themselves in homozygous a state when no other gene (dominant) is suppressed.

Option 2. Both parents have the second group A (II). However, it can be either homozygous, when two characteristics are the same and dominant (AA), or heterozygous, represented by a dominant and recessive variant (A0), so the following combinations are possible here:

• AA(II) x AA(II) → AA(II);
• AA(II) x A0(II) → AA(II);
• A0(II) x A0(II) → AA(II), A0(II), 00(I), that is, with such a combination of parental phenotypes, both the first and second groups are probable, third and fourth are excluded.

Option 3. One of the parents has the first group 0(I), the other has the second:

• AA(II) x 00(I) → A0(II);
• A0(II) x 00(I) → A0 (II), 00(I).

Possible groups for a child are A(II) and 0(I), excluded – B(III) and AB(IV).

Option 4. In the case of a combination of two third groups inheritance will go according to option 2: possible membership will be the third or first group, whereas the second and fourth will be excluded.

Option 5. When one of the parents has the first group, and the second the third, inheritance is similar option 3– the child has possible B(III) and 0(I), but excluded A(II) and AB(IV) .

Option 6. Parent groups A(II) and B(III ) when inherited, they can give any group affiliation of the AB0 system(1, 2, 3, 4). The emergence of 4 blood groups is an example codominant inheritance when both antigens in the phenotype are equal and equally manifest themselves as a new trait (A + B = AB):

• AA(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV);
• A0(II) x B0(III) → AB(IV), 00(I), A0(II), B0(III);
• A0(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV), B0(III);
• B0(III) x AA(II) → AB(IV), A0(II).

Option 7. When combining the second and fourth groups possible for parents second, third and fourth groups in a child, the first one is excluded:

• AA(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), AB(IV);
• A0(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), A0(II), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 8. A similar situation arises in the case of a combination of the third and fourth groups: A(II), B(III) and AB(IV) will be possible, and the first is excluded.

• BB (III) x AB (IV) → BB (III), AB (IV);
• B0(III) x AB(IV) → A0(II), ВB(III), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 9 – most interesting. Parents have blood groups 1 and 4 as a result, the child develops a second or third blood group, but never – first and fourth:

• AB(IV) x 00(I);
• A + 0 = A0(II);
• B + 0 = B0 (III).

Table: child’s blood type based on parents’ blood groups

Obviously, the statement that parents and children have the same group membership is a fallacy, because genetics obeys its own laws. As for determining the child’s blood type based on the group affiliation of the parents, this is only possible if the parents have the first group, that is, in this case, the appearance of A (II) or B (III) will exclude biological paternity or motherhood. The combination of the fourth and first groups will lead to the emergence of new phenotypic characteristics (group 2 or 3), while the old ones will be lost.

Boy, girl, group compatibility

If in the old days, for the birth of an heir in the family, the reins were placed under the pillow, but now everything is put on an almost scientific basis. Trying to deceive nature and “order” the gender of the child in advance, future parents perform simple arithmetic operations: divide the father’s age by 4, and the mother’s by 3, whoever has the larger remainder wins. Sometimes this coincides, and sometimes it disappoints, so what is the probability of getting the desired gender using calculations - official medicine does not comment, so it is up to everyone to calculate or not, but the method is painless and absolutely harmless. You can try, what if you get lucky?

for reference: what really affects the gender of the child is the combination of X and Y chromosomes

But the compatibility of the parents’ blood type is a completely different matter, not in terms of the child’s gender, but in the sense of whether he will be born at all. The formation of immune antibodies (anti-A and anti-B), although rare, can interfere with the normal course of pregnancy (IgG) and even breastfeeding (IgA). Fortunately, the AB0 system does not interfere with reproduction processes so often, which cannot be said about the Rh factor. It can cause miscarriage or the birth of babies with, the best consequence of which is deafness, and in the worst case, the child cannot be saved at all.

Group affiliation and pregnancy

Determination of blood group according to the AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems is a mandatory procedure when registering for pregnancy.

In the case of a negative Rh factor in the expectant mother and the same result in the future father of the child, there is no need to worry, since the baby will also have a negative Rh factor.

A “negative” woman should not immediately panic when first(abortions and miscarriages are also considered) pregnancy. Unlike the AB0 (α, β) system, the Rhesus system does not have natural antibodies, so the body only recognizes “foreign”, but does not react to it in any way. Immunization will occur during childbirth, therefore, so that the woman’s body does not “remember” the presence of foreign antigens (Rh factor is positive), a special anti-Rhesus serum is administered to the postpartum woman on the first day after birth, protecting subsequent pregnancies. In the case of strong immunization of a “negative” woman with a “positive” antigen (Rh+), compatibility for conception is in big question, therefore, without looking at long-term treatment, the woman is haunted by failures (miscarriages). A woman’s body, which has a negative Rhesus, having once “remembered” someone else’s protein (“memory cell”), will respond with the active production of immune antibodies during subsequent meetings (pregnancy) and will in every possible way reject it, that is, its own desired and long-awaited child, if it turns out to be positive Rh factor.

Compatibility for conception should sometimes be kept in mind in relation to other systems. By the way, AB0 is quite loyal to the presence of strangers and rarely gives immunization. However, there are known cases of the emergence of immune antibodies in women during ABO-incompatible pregnancy, when a damaged placenta allows fetal red blood cells to enter the mother’s blood. It is generally accepted that women are most likely to be isoimmunized by vaccinations (DTP), which contain group-specific substances of animal origin. First of all, this feature was noticed in substance A.

Probably, second place after the Rhesus system in this regard can be given to the histocompatibility system (HLA), and then - Kell. In general, each of them is capable of sometimes presenting a surprise. This happens because the body of a woman who has a close relationship with a certain man, even without pregnancy, reacts to his antigens and produces antibodies. This process is called sensitization. The only question is to what level sensitization will reach, which depends on the concentration of immunoglobulins and the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. With a high titer of immune antibodies, compatibility for conception is in great doubt. Rather, we will be talking about incompatibility, which requires enormous efforts of doctors (immunologists, gynecologists), unfortunately, often in vain. A decrease in titer over time is also of little reassurance; the “memory cell” knows its task...

Video: pregnancy, blood type and Rh conflict

Compatible blood transfusion

In addition to compatibility for conception, no less important It has transfusion compatible, where the ABO system plays a dominant role (transfusion of blood incompatible with the ABO system is very dangerous and can lead to fatal outcome!). Often a person believes that the 1st (2, 3, 4) blood group of him and his neighbor must necessarily be the same, that the first will always suit the first, the second - the second, and so on, and in case of certain circumstances they (neighbors) can help each other to a friend. It would seem that a recipient with blood group 2 should accept a donor of the same group, but this is not always the case. The thing is that antigens A and B have their own varieties. For example, antigen A has the most allospecific variants (A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 0, A X, etc.), but B is slightly inferior (B 1, B X, B 3, B weak, etc. .), that is, it turns out that these options may simply not be compatible, even though when testing blood for group the result will be A (II) or B (III). Thus, taking into account such heterogeneity, one can imagine how many varieties a 4th blood group can have, containing both A and B antigens?

The statement that blood type 1 is the best, as it suits everyone without exception, and blood type 4 can accept anyone, is also outdated. For example, some people with blood type 1 are for some reason called “dangerous” universal donors. And the danger lies in the fact that without having antigens A and B on their erythrocytes, the plasma of these people contains a large titer of natural antibodies α and β, which, entering the bloodstream of the recipient of other groups (except the first), begin to agglutinate the antigens located there (A and/or IN).

compatibility of blood groups during transfusion

Currently, transfusions of mixed blood groups are not practiced, with the exception of only some cases of transfusions that require special selection. Then the first Rh-negative blood group is considered universal, the red blood cells of which are washed 3 or 5 times to avoid immunological reactions. First blood group with Rh positive can be universal only in relation to Rh(+) erythrocytes, that is, after determining for compatibility and washing of red blood cells can be transfused to a Rh-positive recipient with any group of the AB0 system.

The most common group in the European territory of the Russian Federation is considered to be the second - A (II), Rh (+), the rarest is blood group 4 with negative Rh. In blood banks, the attitude towards the latter is especially reverent, because a person with a similar antigenic composition should not die just because, if necessary, they will not find the required amount of red blood cells or plasma. By the way, plasmaAB(IV) Rh(-) is suitable for absolutely everyone, since it contains nothing (0), but this question is never considered due to the rare occurrence of blood group 4 with negative Rhesus.

How is blood type determined?

Blood group determination according to the AB0 system can be done by taking a drop from your finger. By the way, every health worker who has a diploma of higher or secondary medical education should be able to do this, regardless of their profile. As for other systems (Rh, HLA, Kell), a blood test for the group is taken from a vein and, following the procedure, the affiliation is determined. Such studies are already within the competence of the doctor. laboratory diagnostics, and immunological typing of organs and tissues (HLA) generally requires special preparation.

A blood group test is done using standard serums, manufactured in special laboratories and meeting certain requirements (specificity, titer, activity), or using zoliclones, obtained in the factory. In this way, the group affiliation of red blood cells is determined ( direct method). To eliminate errors and gain complete confidence in the reliability of the results obtained, the blood type is determined at blood transfusion stations or in the laboratories of surgical and, especially, obstetric hospitals cross method, where serum is used as the test sample, and specially selected standard red blood cells go as a reagent. By the way, In newborns, it is very difficult to determine group affiliation using a cross-sectional method; although agglutinins α and β are called natural antibodies (given from birth), they begin to be synthesized only from six months and accumulate by 6-8 years.

Blood type and character

Does blood type affect character and is it possible to predict in advance what can be expected from a one-year-old pink-cheeked toddler in the future? Official medicine considers group affiliation from such a perspective with little or no attention paid to these issues. A person has many genes, as well as group systems, so one can hardly expect the fulfillment of all the predictions of astrologers and determine the character of a person in advance. However, some coincidences cannot be ruled out, because some predictions do come true.

prevalence of blood groups in the world and the characters attributed to them

So, astrology says that:

1. Carriers of the first blood group are brave, strong, purposeful people. Leaders by nature, possessing irrepressible energy, they not only achieve great heights themselves, but also carry others along with them, that is, they are wonderful organizers. At the same time, their character is not devoid negative traits: They can suddenly flare up and show aggression in a fit of anger.
2. People with the second blood group are patient, balanced, calm, slightly shy, empathetic and taking everything to heart. They are distinguished by homeliness, thriftiness, the desire for comfort and coziness, however, stubbornness, self-criticism and conservatism interfere with solving many professional and everyday problems.
3. The third blood group suggests a search for the unknown, a creative impulse, harmonious development, communication skills. With such a character, he could move mountains, but bad luck - poor tolerance of routine and monotony does not allow this. Holders of group B (III) quickly change their mood, show inconsistency in their views, judgments, and actions, and dream a lot, which prevents them from achieving their intended goal. And their goals change quickly...
4. With regard to individuals with the fourth blood group, astrologers do not support the version of some psychiatrists who claim that among its owners there are the most maniacs. People who study the stars agree that the 4th group has collected the best features of the previous ones, and therefore has a particularly good character. Leaders, organizers, with enviable intuition and communication skills, representatives of the AB (IV) group, at the same time, are indecisive, contradictory and original, their mind is constantly fighting with their heart, but on which side will victory be a big question mark.

Of course, the reader understands that all this is very approximate, because people are so different. Even identical twins show some kind of individuality, at least in character.

Nutrition and diet by blood types

The concept of a blood group diet owes its appearance to the American Peter D’Adamo, who at the end of the last century (1996) published a book with recommendations for proper nutrition depending on group affiliation according to the AB0 system. At the same time, this fashion trend penetrated into Russia and was classified as alternative.

According to the vast majority of doctors with medical education, this direction is unscientific and contradicts established ideas based on numerous studies. The author shares the view official medicine, so the reader has the right to choose who to believe.

• The statement that at first all people had only the first group, its owners “hunters living in a cave”, are obligatory meat eaters having healthy digestive tract can be safely questioned. Group substances A and B were identified in preserved tissues of mummies (Egypt, America), which are more than 5000 years old. Proponents of the concept of “Eat Right for Your Type” (the title of D’Adamo’s book) do not point out that the presence of O(I) antigens is considered a risk factor for diseases of the stomach and intestines(peptic ulcer), in addition, carriers of this group more often than others have problems with blood pressure ( ).
• The owners of the second group were declared clean by Mr. D'Adamo vegetarians. Considering that this group affiliation is prevalent in Europe and in some areas reaches 70%, one can imagine the outcome of mass vegetarianism. Probably, mental hospitals will be overcrowded, because modern man- an established predator.

Unfortunately, the blood group A(II) diet does not draw the attention of those interested to the fact that people with this antigenic composition of erythrocytes constitute most among patients , . It happens to them more often than others. So maybe a person should work in this direction? Or at least keep in mind the risk of such problems?

Food for thought

An interesting question: when should a person switch to the recommended blood type diet? From birth? During puberty? In the golden years of youth? Or when old age comes knocking? Here we have the right to choose, we just want to remind you that children and teenagers should not be deprived essential microelements and vitamins, you cannot prefer one and ignore the other.

Young people like some things and don’t like others, but if a healthy person is ready, only after reaching adulthood, to follow all dietary recommendations in accordance with their group affiliation, then this is his right. I would just like to note that, in addition to the antigens of the AB0 system, there are other antigenic phenotypes that exist in parallel, but also contribute to the life of the human body. Ignore them or keep them in mind? Then diets also need to be developed for them, and it is not a fact that they will coincide with current trends promoting healthy eating for certain categories of people with one or another group affiliation. For example, the leukocyte HLA system is more associated with various diseases, it can be used to calculate in advance a hereditary predisposition to a particular pathology. So why not engage in just such, more realistic prevention immediately with the help of food?

Video: the secrets of human blood groups

When planning a child, a woman should contact a gynecologist and undergo full examination body and preventive vaccination to avoid problems during pregnancy. If the third negative and third negative prevail among sexual partners and future parents positive group blood, a Rh conflict is possible, which is dangerous for the mother and intrauterine development of the fetus.

3 positive and 3 negative blood groups in parents is a high risk of developing Rh conflict, which in most cases leads to unwanted interruption pregnancy. In addition, doctors suspect extensive pathologies at the intrauterine level, fetal stillbirth or premature birth. However, with a competent approach to the problem of such consequences for child health can be avoided, the main thing is to regularly see a specialist and undergo scheduled and unscheduled screenings in a timely manner.

The appearance of a child with the third blood group

If
3 predominates among future parents
negative and 3 positive, this does not mean at all that the baby
will also be born with a third blood group. To get this result,
The following combinations are required:

Fourth
and the third blood group;

Third
(fourth) and first blood group;

Third
(fourth) and second blood group.

You can determine the “blood affiliation” of a child based on the results laboratory research both
parents, however, the composition of the blood, as is known, is updated several more times in
human life.

Some
When planning a pregnancy, women ask their personal gynecologist the same question:
"If I have 3 negative,
My husband has 3 positive, is there any reason for concern?" Actually
In fact, there are significant concerns, since when carrying a fetus in such a combination in
dangerous antibodies can form in a woman’s blood; however, this only happens if the fetus is from
the father will inherit a positive Rh factor. The situation is uncommon, but also
present in extensive obstetric practice.

However
such a medical verdict does not mean at all that a progressing pregnancy
is doomed to be interrupted, because modern medicine highly effective methods are known, such as
help a pregnant woman carry and give birth to a completely healthy child.
Of course, you will have to remain under close supervision of a specialist for the entire 9 months, but, as shows
practice, the results are really worth it.

If
If the expectant mother has a positive Rh factor, and the father is negative, then
there is no problem as such, but a Rh conflict during pregnancy
you can't beware. When such a pathological process does occur,
the expectant mother must understand that in her case there is no question of abortion
Maybe; Otherwise, getting pregnant again will be very difficult.

If
in a mother who was positive for the Rh factor, a fetus was formed in the womb with
negative Rh factor, then the newly appearing antibodies in the blood will appeal to it
rejection. In the overwhelming majority of cases, pregnancy is terminated
early pregnancy, miscarriage and pathological birth occur. When
the child chooses a positive Rh factor for himself, like his mother’s, then his
nothing threatens health and the intrauterine period. This is the most valuable
information that all women should know reproductive age at
having a partner with a negative blood group.

Herself
blood group affiliation does not matter at all,
Doctors place the main emphasis on the Rh factor.

Useful information about donation

Today, the third blood group is considered rare, and its owners are donors who are very valuable for medicine. They can assist patients with blood groups 3 and 4 in accordance with the predominant Rh factor. If they themselves need blood, donors with group 1 or 3 of the corresponding Rh factor will come to the rescue.

Before donating blood as a donor, the doctor studies in detail clinical picture and asks about the presence of diseases such as one of the forms of hepatitis, HIV and others. If there are no such diagnoses and have not been, then the blood provided is suitable for people in need. Afterwards, the existing blood type is determined using special tests, and the diagnosis takes only a couple of minutes.

Pregnancy with negative Rh factor

If a woman with a third blood group with a negative Rh factor carries her first pregnancy, complications are possible throughout the entire pregnancy. The fact is that the formed antibodies gradually accumulate, and in the third trimester they remind themselves of themselves pathological childbirth and intrauterine pathologies.

It is very important that the first pregnancy is not terminated, since the fetus is removed from the womb surgically, but the formed antibodies in the blood retain their previous concentration. This means that a subsequent pregnancy may not occur, because dangerous enzymes suppress ovulation or contribute to the rejection of a fertilized egg.