home Audience 4 Compatibility 1 and 4 positive blood types. Compatibility in donor practice. Causes of Rhesus conflict

Compatibility 1 and 4 positive blood types. Compatibility in donor practice. Causes of Rhesus conflict

Blood is a biological fluid that makes up 7% of the mass of the whole body (approximately 5-6 liters). Today, four groups are known that were discovered by K. Landsteiner:

O(I) - the first;
A(II) - the second;
B(III) - third;
AB (IV) - the fourth.

The first is the most common in the world, as the most ancient, the fourth is less common than others. The third is also an infrequent option, but not as rare as the fourth.

A person needs to know his belonging to a group and Rhesus

General characteristics of the third group

Approximately 11% of the world's population are owners of the third blood group, in terms of the number of its carriers, it is significantly inferior to the first and second. If we take into account the negative Rh, then there are even fewer such people.

And, since a person with such blood is not a universal recipient (not suitable for everyone), it is important to take into account a number of compatibility features when transfusing:

If a person has a 3 positive blood type, compatibility is maximized when the same group is transfused with the same Rh. That is, when transfusing the third positive into the third positive, the probability of rejection can be minimized.
3 positive blood group and 3 negative cannot enter into compatibility: rejection occurs, which is deadly;

Compatibility table

1 blood group and 3 blood group have compatibility. The carrier of the first may well become a donor for a person with the third, but not vice versa.
2 blood group and 3 human blood group do not carry compatibility. Their mixing is deadly and prohibited in medical practice, since the probability lethal outcome is almost one hundred percent.
4 is also incompatible with 3.

If it is not possible to perform a blood transfusion with the same parameters or use a donor with the same characteristics that may suit the patient, plasma or a blood substitute is used instead of blood. The transfusion of these substances is not always fully suitable, but it makes it possible to support the patient's vital functions.

The use of blood substitutes can keep a person alive

Before a transfusion, it is important to remember that the third blood type and the second blood type are incompatible, and the fourth will not work either. The first is suitable for the third, but in this case it will be necessary to check the individual compatibility of the Rh factors, their difference during transfusion is unacceptable.

The value of the Rh factor

This concept was first discovered in 1940 by scientists K. Landsteiner and A. Wiener, and now it is difficult to overestimate its importance.

The Rh factor does not change during life, but it can be inherited

It refers to proteins found in red blood cells, is inherited and does not change throughout life.

Today, 85% of the world's population is Rh positive and only 15% is Rh negative.

Its meaning is as follows:

When transfusing blood with different Rh, there is high probability lethal outcome. For example, 3 negative blood type will only be compatible with 3 negative or 1 negative;
The difference in Rh can lead to the death of a child in the womb, if he is Rh-positive, and the mother is Rh-negative.

The latter is due to the fact that a woman's body perceives a child with a different Rh factor from her, as foreign body or an infection. As a result, the woman's body is actively struggling with the object that disturbs it, which leads to a miscarriage or placental abruption. This is especially true when a woman has high level immunity defense.

The conflict of Rhesus in mother and fetus can lead to his death

However, it is important to consider that, for example, the third positive blood group and the second positive for the compatibility of the fetus and mother during pregnancy do not great influence if it proceeds normally, and there is no mixing of the blood of the mother and child.

The influence of blood type on the course of pregnancy

As already mentioned, the Rh factor plays important role when carrying a child. But the blood type is also important. Before deciding to conceive a child, it is recommended to determine the level of compatibility of indicators of partners, otherwise it may occur about rejection. This occurs when the characteristics of the blood of the mother and child do not match. The course of this conflict is most difficult if the mother is the bearer of the second or first group, and the child is the third.

It is important to remember that during the normal course of pregnancy, conflict does not arise, since the blood of the mother and fetus does not mix. The risk of conflict increases only with a problematic pregnancy.

Rhesus conflict during pregnancy - frequent occurrence

To better understand the possibility of problems, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the data in the table. So, if the mother has the third group, the owner of the first and third will become a suitable father, while with the second and fourth there is a possibility of rejection.

Tablecompatibility of mother and father groups

Mother	Father
Mother	1	2	3	4
1	+	—	—	—
2	+	+	—	—
3	+	—	+	—
4	+	+	+	+

Rhesus conflict, which occurs when the Rhesus of the mother and fetus do not match, can cause:

Spontaneous abortions;
stillbirth;
Stops the development of the fetus;
The appearance in the fetus of pathologies incompatible with life.

Therefore, if Rh and blood types do not match, parents are advised to undergo special therapy courses to increase the probability of birth. healthy child.

An open manifestation of the Rh conflict is observed in the last months of pregnancy. Prior to this, the difference in blood between mother and child may be reflected in the problems of formation internal organs fetus (possible mutational changes).

It is important to remember that the first child in a conflict is usually born without special problems while the other is in immediate danger. Be that as it may, it is recommended to carefully check all indicators for compatibility before conceiving a child. And even if the first pregnancy went well, do not neglect the precautions for the second.

But even if the parents have blood group 3 positive and 3 positive, which is the most suitable combination in all respects, you need to carefully plan the pregnancy process.

Women are advised to accurately select the day for conception, which is possible thanks to special tests to determine the time when ovulation occurs. Testing is recommended to be carried out every day at the same time to achieve the fastest result.

The probability of inheritance by a child of the third group

Calculating this is quite simple. Since one of the antigens of the third group is B, one parent must be its carrier. An accurate transmission of all blood characteristics to a child is possible only if both parents are owners of the third, fourth, or even mixed groups. It is important to understand that a child with the third group cannot appear if the man is the carrier of the first, and the woman is the second.

Peculiarities

According to scientists, the totality of antigens affects not only the physical well-being and condition of a person, but also psychological. Thus, on the basis of this, a peculiar psychological characteristic person.

Inheritance probability table

For owners of B (III) the following features are characteristic:

High creative potential;
Wisdom, cunning and a certain amount of selfishness;
Emotional speech. People with B (III) easily persuade others to their side, become skillful diplomats. Easily lead people behind them;
Nervousness, frequent and rapid mood swings;
Excessive emotionality, which nevertheless does not become an obstacle in building a career. Often, carriers of the third blood group become surgeons, accountants, lawyers and succeed in these professions.

Characteristic diseases

A characteristic feature for these people is a high level of immunity, however, and with this advantage, they can also suffer from diseases. The most common diseases are:

The manifestation of any of these diseases is not mandatory, but people who belong to this group are most susceptible to them. To minimize the risk of disease, it is recommended to healthy way life and carefully monitor nutrition.

Check for belonging to a group and Rh factor

Determination of the group and Rh factor is necessary:

During examinations that precede transplants of donor organs and tissues;
Before transfusion;
Before conceiving a child;
When examining inpatients.

You can take the test at any clinic in the city. For this, blood is taken from a vein, sometimes from a finger. Recommendations:

Do not eat within four hours before the procedure;
Donate blood at least two weeks after the end of treatment. This is due to the fact that even a drug like Furocef can linger in the body for up to two days;
If a break in medication is contraindicated by a doctor, indicate which medications you are taking. Suppression of these facts can negatively affect the results;
It is undesirable to eat fried and fatty foods the day before the procedure;
Do not be nervous;
Eliminate the use of alcohol before donating blood;
Minimize physical activity.

B(III) - relatively rare group in comparison with the first and second, but this is not a minus or a problem. The third negative is much less common than the positive, plus - there is a possibility of an Rh conflict if a woman who is the owner of the third negative carries a child with a positive Rh factor, but this is not a reason to panic.

Determining the Rh factor and group membership is simple, the next step, if this problem concerns the birth of a child, will be complex therapy, which will help minimize the likelihood of an Rhesus conflict with subsequent negative influence on the development of the child.

The health of the baby depends not only on heredity and gestation conditions, but also on the compatibility of blood groups and the Rh factor of his parents. Rh factor is the presence of special proteins on the surfaces of red blood cells in the blood. Most people have them - almost 85% of the population. The big problem is the lack of these proteins, especially in women. People who do not have these proteins are Rh negative. According to the Rh factor, it is possible to determine in advance the likelihood of a conflict, the ability to conceive a child at all.

Maximum compatibility is observed in couples with the same Rh factors. For example, if they are both positive or both negative. Also, different Rh factors are compatible if the mother has a positive one. But if it's the other way around. positive only in the father, then the probability increases. that there will be a conflict. Blood type compatibility indicates the likelihood of having a baby of a certain gender. There are certain biological laws by which the blood type of the unborn baby is determined. It directly depends on the blood types of his parents.

Why is it important to determine the Rh factor?

Many people do not know their own blood type and Rh factor. When the question of conception arises, it is necessary to find out these data for both parents as early as possible. This item is required. If this is not done, one may miss the opportunity for conflict between mother and fetus, which leads to a phenomenon called conflict. It is as follows:

hemolytic disease;
miscarriage;
intrauterine death;

But this does not mean that it is impossible to give birth to a healthy child. In this case, all necessary examinations and it turns out timely help with the appearance of diseases on the most early stages. This can happen if the baby's red blood cells enter the mother's blood. Then the woman's body begins to produce special antibodies, special proteins and act against the cells of the fetus.

This happens if the child receives the father's Rh factor, which is positive and incompatible with the mother. That is why the phenomenon is called “conflict”. In addition to the Rhesus conflict, there is also a no less common “blood” if the child has any group, but not the first, and the mother has the first. This conflict operates in the same way as the Rhesus conflict. The outcome from it is easier, with a combination of two conflicts, the overall outcome is greatly softened.

Rh factors compatibility table

There are the simplest special compatibility tables that show the likelihood of blood types in the unborn baby, as well as his gender and Rh. In the case of the same Rhesus and the father. and the mother (when both are positive), then the probability that a conflict will occur is 0, and the Rh factor of the child with a probability of 75% will be positive. When the mother is Rh positive and the man is Rh negative, there is no chance of conflict, and the baby's Rh is determined in a 50/50 ratio. When both partners are Rh negative, there is no chance of conflict, but the baby will be 100% negative.

The most difficult situation when a conflict is possible is different rhesus, moreover. that the mother will be negative. There is a 50% chance of conflict here. Rhesus in a child is also in the ratio of 50/50. This ratio is possible only with different Rhesus parents. The child will inherit it either from the mother or from the father. Blood type compatibility tables give more information. Women with blood group 4 are the luckiest - they have zero chance of conflict in any combination. At the same time, there are combinations in other blood groups, when the conflict occurs 100%. This is the first blood group in the mother and 4 in the father.

Usually Rh-conflict does not appear during the first pregnancy. This is due to the unwillingness of the body to reject the protein of a child with a different Rh factor or blood type. But in the body of a woman, cellular memory is formed and when repeated pregnancy the body already recognizes the foreign protein and begins to reject it. If a miscarriage occurs due to conflict. It usually occurs after 8 weeks. It is during this period that cellular memory is formed in the mother's body and the body can reject the child's protein.

Conflicts that may occur during childbearing (pregnancy)

The conflict lies in the appearance of hemolytic disease of the fetus. It is expressed in damage to the kidneys and other organs of the child, brain disease, low hemoglobin. During the conflict, red blood cells are destroyed, and the kidneys and spleen speed up the process of producing them to restore balance. At the same time, these 2 organs greatly increase in size. In weak fetuses, the spleen and kidneys cannot cope with the production of the required number of red blood cells, oxygen starvation leading to a miscarriage. It may manifest itself in different forms but most often after the birth of the child. Therefore, after the birth of the fetus, it is examined and within a day and a half it is transfused with suitable blood, the Rh factor must necessarily be negative.

If it is presented in an anemic form, then the most the best option treatment of the disease. More precisely, the most benign. The health and condition of the newborn practically does not worsen, and the prognosis for treatment is favorable.

The icteric form is the most common. Often, it is she who occurs and belongs to the category of moderate-to-severe diseases. The baby's condition is gradually deteriorating. He becomes lethargic and inactive, his organs increase, his muscle tone. The child is not able to tilt his head forward, it is impossible to bring him to the chest. He constantly screams piercingly, all this is accompanied by convulsions and wide-open eyes.

During pregnancy, the main symptom of the conflict is a violation in the work of any organ. Also, the expectant mother needs to donate blood from a vein, first monthly, and then doing this more often, up to a weekly procedure. During pregnancy, with a negative Rh factor or incompatible blood types, constant prevention to avoid the occurrence of diseases.

How to avoid the consequences when Rhesus occurred

If the conflict nevertheless occurred - the most important and first measure - all actions to maximize the reduction of bilirubin in the child's blood. It is he who is the cause of the conflict. Then, antibodies are removed from the mother's blood medical method and reduce the symptom of fetal anemia. Further, more serious measures are applied, such as blood transfusion or hemosorption.

Newborn blood transfusion is a difficult process. Initially, blood is taken from him, and then another is poured into him, suitable donor. Hemosorption is similar in its action to a transfusion, but here, after the child's blood has been taken, the blood is cleansed of unnecessary harmful substances, then it is poured back, without using extraneous donor blood.

After the birth of a child, mothers should administer immunoglobulin within the next three days. It affects the removal of harmful substances and antibodies from the body, destroying red blood cells that have passed to the mother from a child with Rh positive. This measure is necessary to improve common woman and conflict prevention next pregnancies. If this is not done, with a second pregnancy, the mother is expected severe consequences, one of which is a high probability of miscarriage.

It is worth administering immunoglobulin to a Rh-negative woman even before a conflict appears, which can happen at absolutely any moment. If antibodies are still detected during the next blood test from a vein, immediate hospitalization is carried out. Such measures are used to constantly monitor the development of the fetus and timely measures for transfusion or cleansing. On long term most often this cannot be done, the pregnancy is artificially interrupted.

Many of us dream of the perfect life partner. And this is quite natural, such a person is able to make our life pleasant in every way. But suitable character, the same attitudes in life, the level of education - not all that is necessary to create a happy family.

According to the blood type for marriage is also of great importance. Doctors have been talking about this for a long time. For some time now, such information has become available to everyone.

This does not mean at all that you need to abandon the chosen one if his blood type is considered inappropriate. lining up ideal relationship in a couple depends only on the efforts of two people. And if you are interested in preserving the union, no gloomy predictions can stop you.

Compatibility in love and marriage by blood type

Research in this area is especially addicted. Our scientists also conducted many experiments. On this moment there are a number of compatibility tables for men and women based on their blood. To trust these studies or not is a personal matter for everyone.

However, upon closer examination of the results of scientific experiments, it turns out that human sexual behavior is very recognizable. And it depends on what kind of blood flows in his veins.

Sexual behavior of men and women:

"tarzans" and "tigresses" 0 (I);
shy husbands and devoted wives A (II);
phlegmatic and lovers to spin the "dynamo" B (III);
contradictory creatures or "oceans of passions" AB (IV).

Male representatives of the first blood group behave as befits "hunters".

They are real males, and they can very rarely be called monogamous. The second halves of such men should not be offended, they got a "reveler" in which blood plays. In sex, the male needs everything at once. However, this does not always work out.

If such a man comes across a particularly stable lady, the hunter enters the warpath and will “drive the game” until she surrenders to the mercy of the winner. Perseverance, perseverance, flavored with a certain amount of charisma, often allow you to succeed.

Such a game with the desired object excites the hunter, in contrast to the hasty consent of the young lady, which can lead to the opposite result.

The Japanese say - if you need a passionate lover, turn your attention to a woman with the first blood group. These ladies are jealous and sensual, prone to experiments in sex.

Despite their apparent softness, the “tigresses” have an iron grip, they keep their chosen ones on short leash. If a man is too obedient, the lady loses interest in him. At the same time, she is very selective, she treats the choice of a partner with a cold heart.

Steel will and restraint makes it possible for her to do so, even when serious passion rages inside. In bed, the "tigress" is tireless. She knows a lot of things that make shy partners feel embarrassed.

Men of group A (II) are distinguished by great patience and calmness. They know how to take care of them for a long time and beautifully, they are not in a hurry to move on to active actions.

It is this feature that attracts older women to them, and impatient girls are only annoyed. If this man is completely overwhelmed by great love, he will be very timid. A smart lady will help such a partner to reveal his potential, and he will be very grateful to her.

Ladies with group A (II) are exceptionally decent people. They are not suitable for short-term romances, sex is perceived only as one of the aspects of married life. But it is precisely from these well-bred persons that the most devoted, faithful, reliable wives are obtained.

Representatives of group B (III) perceive sex as a form of pleasant leisure. Loneliness does not bother them at all, refusals do not offend. Ladies with B (III) are special, they are not too interested in sex.

However, they love flirting very much, they like to feel their attractiveness, but things usually don’t go beyond frivolous conversations.

Men and women with the fourth blood group - the very contradiction. They are characterized by mental discord, doubts, indecision. At the same time, men are charming to the point of insanity, able to achieve many women without effort.

A man in love completely falls into the power of a lady, losing the ability to think logically. Women also behave, they completely dissolve in their chosen one.

It is not for nothing that representatives of the AB (IV) group are called sorceresses who can heal a partner from sexual complexes. She loves experiments, adapts with pleasure to the desires of her master.

How to find out compatibility by blood type and Rh factor for marriage?

Sex is the most important aspect of the relationship between a man and a woman. If a trusting relationship has been established in a couple, there are practically no barriers.

Any problem can be solved without resorting to specialists. But the blood type, as well as the Rh factor, are very important when we are talking about the family in which children may appear.

Future parents are simply obliged to think about their health. Sometimes pregnancy cannot occur due to different rhesus.

Often during the gestation of the fetus there is a blood conflict between the mother and the child, the case can end in a complete rejection of the fetus, miscarriage.

Timely delivery of tests will help to find out:

O possible diseases at conception, pregnancy;
about the approximate scheme of the combination of a set of chromosomes of a heterozygote;
about the Rh factor of the fetus;
about the height, color of the eyes, hair of the baby.

Blood group compatibility is a problem that deserves attention from both scientists and ordinary person. This topic is touched upon in various life circumstances: family planning, transfusion of biological fluid, bearing a child. Deciding which blood type is appropriate plays an important role in donor practice. Without an appropriate test, the examination during pregnancy is incomplete. Therefore, you should know which blood groups are incompatible, when blood transfusion can be performed, and in which blood transfusion is contraindicated.

A little about the main

The blood group test is very important for a person. It allows you to be prepared for different life situations: donation, development genetic pathology, bearing a child. Of great importance is the compatibility of blood for conception. In its absence, the husband and wife, the process of pregnancy is accompanied by serious difficulties.

emergence different types people due to the expansion of the zone of human habitation, changes in the diet. The daily menu began to include meat and dairy products. This was reflected in the qualitative composition of the biological fluid.

Changed the parameters of its main elements.

Classification by human blood groups is represented by the AB0 system. It is based on two metrics:

the presence in erythrocytes of special substances of a protein nature - antigens A and B;
the presence in the plasma of antibodies - agglutinins α and β.

According to the AB0 system, four types are distinguished:

The question of which blood groups are compatible and which are not should be of interest even before the onset of a problem situation. The test can be done in any laboratory fairly quickly. Knowing your blood type, its compatibility with others and a timely examination for this will significantly save precious time if necessary.

The concept of Rh compatibility

Rh factor is antigenic structure located on the surface of red cells. Depending on its presence, another classification is distinguished:

having an antigen (Rh positive);
people with its absence (Rh negative).

The Rh factor for transfusion or conception compatibility also plays an important role. When combining the biological fluid of two different types, it is possible to develop serious consequences for a person. For example, a 2 positive cannot be transfused to a person with a second negative. Therefore, determining the presence of an antigenic complex is one of the important medical procedures.

Conception and Compatibility

Family planning has become one of the areas of modern obstetrics. A thorough examination of both spouses, preparation for the appearance of children - had a beneficial effect on reducing the birth rate of sick children, reducing the number of infant mortality. Therefore, both a woman and a man should be aware of what the Rh factor is and how it can affect the process of conception, whether the compatibility of blood groups plays a role in conceiving a child, why incompatibility is possible in the presence of one group.

In doing so, keep in mind the following points:

the compatibility of a man and a woman is manifested in an immunological combination, in the absence of which female body spouse produces antibodies to sperm components (blood type and Rh factor compatibility does not matter here);
a family where the husband and wife have different poles of the Rh factor can have healthy children, but subject to all the recommendations of a specialist;
Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus affects the pregnancy process, but not the possibility of conception.

Carrying a child and compatibility

Pregnancy period - always difficult process. This is due to various factors. Among them great importance has the occurrence of a Rh-conflict situation. It occurs when the mother has negative group, and the unborn child is positive. In this case, the female body reacts to the fetus as foreign body by producing antibodies. The latter, penetrating the placenta, have a detrimental effect on the red blood cells of the child, causing the corresponding complications of pregnancy.

A conflict pregnancy can result in:

miscarriage;
increased work of the liver and spleen of the fetus;
development of anemia as a result of excessive vigorous activity liver.

In order to avoid negative consequences development of a conflict pregnancy, it is necessary to pass a test on time, which allows to identify the compatibility of blood types in spouses at conception. In the absence of a timely examination of a married couple, the manifestation of the following pathologies in a newborn child is possible:

anemic condition;
development of dropsy;
development of jaundice;
problems with mental development.

In order for the pregnancy period to proceed calmly and without complications for the mother and her baby, it is necessary to register in time with medical institution. Thanks to modern diagnostic procedures the process of bearing a child is always under the control of specialists. This will allow you to take appropriate action:

take a biopsy of the chorion - the procedure is necessary to determine the pole of the Rh factor in the fetus;
administer immunoglobulin to a woman on time;
conduct timely stimulation of artificial labor;
carrying out the procedure of cordocentesis (puncture of the vessels of the umbilical cord) if necessary.

Compatibility in donor practice

The effectiveness of transfusions in donation is largely determined by the compatibility of blood groups during transfusion. Knowing the features associated with this allows you to avoid medical errors.

After all, despite significant advances in the field of medicine, blood transfusion is still important procedure which saved the lives of many people.

Before carrying out any blood transfusion, it is imperative to check whether the donor's biological fluid is suitable for the recipient, that is, the one to whom it will be transfused.

There is the following table for this:

	Recipient	Donor
Group 1	I, II, III, IV	I
Blood type 2	II, IV	I, II
Blood type 3	III, IV	I, III
Blood type 4	IV	I, II, III, IV

Analyzing the tabular data, we can say that:

Type 1 is universal, it can be transfused to any person (however, the body of donors with this type is able to accept biological fluid only of its own type);
people with type 4 blood can be transfused with other types of blood (but they can only become donors to those who have the fourth group);
group compatibility during transfusion is possible only when there are no antibodies in the donor erythrocytes that can cause their destruction after transfusion (in other cases, the biological fluid is unsuitable);
the second blood group of the donor is compatible only with the second and fourth blood group of the person who is being transfused;
the combination of the third group of the donor is possible with the third and the first group of the recipient.

It is important to remember that blood compatibility, based on the pole of the Rh factor, is possible only in the following cases:

the Rh negative type of the donor is compatible with the Rh negative type of the recipient (for example, 1 positive blood not transfused to recipients with the first negative);
the Rh positive type of recipient is compatible with the blood of donors with different Rh factors, while the compatibility of blood groups is in no way related to the compatibility of the Rh factor.

The situation of compatibility of blood types is relevant in connection with the consequences that it entails. At all stages of pregnancy, its control is necessary for the birth of healthy children. Blood transfusion is important medical procedure, without which many surgical interventions. Therefore, the question of which blood types are compatible is most acute. Timely examination, knowledge of the necessary parameters of your condition will allow you to control your health, preventing the development of serious illnesses.

In contact with

Pregnancy planning includes a set of measures aimed at optimizing the conditions for conception and the birth of healthy offspring. It is advisable for future parents to examine the body, to refuse bad habits, lead correct image life, prepare yourself emotionally.

Doctors recommend pre-determining the blood group and Rh factor. The most important nuance for conceiving a child in marriage is to check the compatibility of parents by blood group and Rh factor according to the tables that are presented in our article.

Story

Human blood is characterized by one of four groups, distinguished by a set of specific proteins within the red blood cells. Usually, proteins (another name for antigens or agglutinogens) are denoted by the letters A and B. The erythrocytes of the first blood group do not contain antigens, the bodies of the second include only protein A, the third - B, the fourth - both of the above proteins.

The age of the first antigenic phenotype is estimated at 60-40 thousand years.

It is most prevalent in the South and Central America , which is due to minimal migration and the absence of mixed marriages between local residents and representatives of other nations.

The second appeared much later in Asia, approximately 25-15 thousand years ago, a large share carriers lives in Europe and Japan. It is interesting that the number of people of groups I and II prevails and makes up 80% of the population.

The emergence of the third group is regarded by some researchers as the result of an evolution that has changed immune system human, others as a result of mutation.

The emergence of the fourth group is a mystery to scientists. According to the investigations of the substance on the Shroud of Turin, in which the body of Jesus Christ was wrapped, he was the owner of this youngest group.

A child inherits a set of proteins from parents, based on the laws of genetics. For determining possible combination antigens of the future baby, we find probable inheritance options at the intersection of the columns of the mother and father groups.

Inheritance during pregnancy

Table of inheritance of a blood group in a child.

Thus, mother and father with the second and third groups give life to children of any combination of agglutinogens with the same probability. In a couple with the first group, children are born whose red blood cells lack proteins. The carrier of the fourth group will never give birth to the offspring of the first.

Genetics, like other sciences, is not without exceptions. In a small percentage of people, red blood cells include the A and B antigens that do not manifest themselves.

As a result, the infant inherits a different set of agglutinogens than is possible. The paradox is called bombay phenomenon” and is determined by one in 10 million people.

The circulatory system of the baby is formed in the womb. Antigens appear in cells early dates pregnancy (2-3 months).

When the baby inherits from the father a protein that is absent in the mother's blood, there are cases of the formation of antibodies in a woman to a protein foreign to her. This process is called blood type conflict or immunological conflict, in which case their compatibility is in question.

Incompatibility develops in the following cases:

in a woman I group, in a man II, III, IV;
in a woman II, in a man III, IV;
in a woman III, in a man II or IV.

The alignment is especially dangerous when a woman of the first group bears a baby with II or III. This situation often causes complications.

Fortunately, most incompatibilities are easy. and does not require intensive care. Incompatibility at re-conception does not lead to more unpleasant consequences.

Compatibility table for conception by blood type of husband and wife.

Sometimes the female immune system begins to produce anti-sperm antibodies that kill sperm. Then an absolutely healthy couple faces problems of conception.

Therefore, proper pregnancy planning involves testing for antisperm antibodies.

Rh father and mother

In addition to the group, the blood is characterized by the presence of another antigen in the erythrocytes - the Rh factor.

Most people on the planet are carriers of the Rh factor (Rh) They are called Rh-positive.

Only 15 percent of the population does not contain Rh in red cells, they are Rh-negative.

The inheritance of the antigenic phenotype and the Rh factor occur independently of each other.

It is possible to say exactly which Rh factor a child will receive only when both parents have Rh negative.

In other situations, it is impossible to predict Rhesus, it can be anything.

Table for determining the rhesus of a child.

Some cases are characterized by immunological incompatibility for the Rh factor between the mother and the fetus. The conflict manifests itself in a small percentage of the fair sex. with a negative Rh, if the baby inherited the positive Rh of the father.

The mother's body produces antibodies that attack the baby's red blood cells through the placenta. Unfortunately, the placental barrier provides 100% protection only in the ideal course of pregnancy, which is very rare. Attacks on a still unformed being destroy the liver, heart, kidneys.

Pregnancy complicated by Rhesus conflict often ends in miscarriage. When the baby manages to survive, dropsy, jaundice, anemia, and mental health problems are likely.

And how does a Leo man behave in love and relationships? We will talk about the bright representatives of the "fiery" sign in this article:.

How to behave in case of Rhesus conflict

The expectant mother must know the blood type and Rh. Planning for conception first of all, it is worth passing the appropriate tests(to determine the blood type and Rh factor), because the compatibility of spouses is important for the birth of healthy children, but not required.

Note that to bear and bring into the world a healthy, strong child It is possible and at the immune conflict. The girl needs to be under the supervision of a doctor. If antibodies are detected, treatment is prescribed.

During the bearing of the firstborn, such a conflict appears less frequently, which is due to a number of biological causes. Risk factors for Rh - negative women are previous miscarriages, abortions,.

Antibodies tend to accumulate this means that the destruction of red blood cells during subsequent pregnancies will begin earlier, respectively, will cause more severe consequences.

Most serious complication The above situation is considered hemolytic disease of the newborn. It is distributed in three forms:

icteric - turn yellow skin;
anemic - jaundice, no edema;
edematous - accompanied by general edema, jaundice.

Diagnosis of maternal and fetal incompatibility start with determining the Rh of the fetus. In the presence of Rh positive blood in the father and Rh-negative in the mother, pregnant women have at least a monthly blood test for antibodies.

Bearing occurs without discomfort, only slight weakness is possible.

Symptoms of incompatibility are found only when ultrasound examination. When there are more antibodies, and ultrasound shows abnormalities in the development of the fetus do intrauterine blood transfusions.

In the event of a threat to the life of the pregnant woman and the fetus, a decision is made on artificial childbirth.

The birth of a new life is a great happiness, which is sometimes overshadowed by a doctor's diagnosis after potential parents have been tested. Pregnancy planning is the most important stage, but not a panacea for unpleasant surprises.

In this video, there is some more information about why it is so important for parents to take tests to determine the blood type and Rh factor when registering during pregnancy:

Even if you got pregnant out of the plan, don't worry. It should be remembered that love conquers all, and a timely appeal to experienced specialist and conducting an examination at times will increase the chance of a favorable development of the baby.