Distinctive features of plant cells, animals and fungi. Comparison of features of plant and animal cells

Section “Cell as a biological system”

Topic: “Structure of cells of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi”

Table 1 - Comparative characteristics prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Characteristic	Prokaryotic cell	Eukaryotic cell
Cell sizes	0.5-5 microns	up to 40 microns
Form	Unicellular or filamentous	Unicellular, filamentous or multicellular
Organization of genetic material	Circular DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane (i.e. there is no nucleus), there are no nucleoli; no mitosis	linear DNA molecules are associated with proteins and RNA and form chromosomes; there is a nucleus (i.e. chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope) containing more than one chromosome; nuclear division by mitosis
DNA localization	in the nucleoid and plasmids not limited by the elementary membrane	in the nucleus and some organelles
Protein synthesis	70S ribosomes and smaller; EPR (EPS) is absent	80S ribosomes. Ribosomes can be attached to the ER
Organelles	There are few organelles, none of them have a shell (double shell)	There are many organelles, most are surrounded by a double membrane (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
Movement of the cytoplasm	absent	often found
Cell wall (where present)	Hard, contain polysaccharides and amino acids. The main strengthening component is murein	Green plants and fungi have rigid cell walls and contain polysaccharides. The main strengthening component of the cell wall in plants is cellulose, and in fungi it is chitin.
Flagella	the flagellar filament is made up of protein subunits that form a helix	each flagellum contains a set of microtubules, collected in groups: 2 9-2
Breath	In bacteria - in mesosomes; in blue-green algae - in the cytoplasmic membrane	Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
Photosynthesis	Occurs in membranes that do not have specific packaging	In chloroplasts containing special membranes that are arranged in lamellae or grana
Nitrogen fixation	Some have this ability (examples are free-living saprophytes Azotobacter or symbionts RhiZobium)

Table No. 2 - Differences in the structure of eukaryotes different kingdoms

Criterion	Plants	Animals	Mushrooms
Core
Plastids
Shell	cellulose		chitin
Spare substance	starch	glycogen
Vacuoles	large	small or absent
Nutrition method	autotrophic	heterotrophic

Table No. 3 Structure and functions of parts and organelles of a eukaryotic cell

Cell part	Structure	Functions
Plasma membrane (plasmalemma, cell membrane)	Fluid mosaic model of structure: double layer of lipids surrounded by layers of proteins	Limits the contents of the cell - protective determines selective permeability: diffusion, passive and active transport Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Provides irritability Provides intercellular contacts
Cytoplasm	Semi-liquid mass of colloidal structure, consists of hyaloplasm or matrix (proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, RNA, cations, anions)	Unites cell organelles and ensures their interaction
Cytoskeleton	Protein structures – microtubules and microfilaments	Support Fixation of organelles in a certain position
Non-membrane organelles (organelles)
Cell center	Two centrioles and a centrosphere. Contains proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, lipids	Forms the cell division spindle, participates in cell division Takes part in the development of flagella and cilia
Ribosomes	Consist of large and small subunits. Contains RNA and protein. Free or membrane bound	Protein synthesis in polysomes (polyribosomes)
Single-membrane organelles (organelles)
EPS (EPR)	The system of membrane sacs forms a single whole with the outer membrane and the nuclear envelope. It can be granular (rough) or smooth	Protein synthesis (rough type) Synthesis of lipids and steroids Transport of synthesized substances Dividing a cell into sectors
Golgi Complex (Apparatus)	System of membrane tank bags (discs); vesicle system (vesicles); located near the core	Participates in the elimination of substances synthesized by the cell, breakdown products and toxic substances Formation of lysosomes and vacuoles
Lysosomes	Spherical membrane bag; many hydrolytic enzymes	Digestion of substances Breakdown of dead cell parts; splitting of organelles during cell starvation; Autolysis (cell breakdown)
Vacuoles	Filled with cell sap. In plants - large, small in animals (contractile, digestive, phagocytic). The older it grows. cell - the larger the vacuole.	Regulate osmotic pressure in a cage Accumulate substances (fruit cell pigments, nutrients, salts) Supply of water for photosynthesis
Double membrane organelles
Mitochondria	There are internal membranes - cristae; matrix (ribosomes, DNA, RNA) many enzymes	Oxidation of organic substances ATP synthesis and energy storage Synthesize their own proteins
Plastids	Types: leuco-chromo- and chloroplasts; covered with a protein-lipid membrane; stroma-matrix; have folds of the inner membrane; the stroma contains DNA and ribosomes; the membranes contain chlorophyll.Leuco- and chromoplasts can degenerate into chloroplasts - examples.	Photosynthesis Storage (synthesis of starch from excess glucose or storage of fats and, less commonly, proteins)
Core	Covered with a protein-lipid membrane; consists of karyoplasm (nuclear sap or nucleoplasm), nucleolus (RNA, protein) and chromatin (DNA, protein)	DNA storage, RNA transcription. Responsible for metabolic functions -If the nucleus of a cell is removed, toxic substances and decay products begin to accumulate in it, and the cell stops growing and renewing itself.

Fixing the material

A 1 Which picture shows a mitochondrion?

B1 Establish a correspondence between the structural features, function and organelle of the cell

A). There are smooth and rough membranes 1). Golgi complex

B). They form a network of branched channels and cavities 2). EPS

IN). Form flattened cisterns and vacuoles

G). Participates in the synthesis of proteins and fats

D). Form lysosomes

B2 Establish a correspondence between the structural features, function and organelle of the cell

Structural features, functions of Organoid

A). Contains chlorophyll pigment 1). Mitochondria

B). Implements energy metabolism in cell 2). Chloroplast

IN). Carries out the process of photosynthesis

G). The inner membrane forms folds - cristae

D). The main function is ATP synthesis

Q3 Select three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

1). There is a core

2). The cell wall is composed of murein or pectin

3). The hereditary apparatus is located in the cytoplasm of the cell

4) Has a cell center

5). Has chloroplasts with chlorophyll

6). Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm

C1 Analyze the picture showing various eukaryotic cells. What does the information offered in it tell you?

Test work “Diversity and structure of cells”

Part A tasks

1. The plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell does not participate in the processes

1. Name a structural component of a cell that is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

1. Specify structural component animal cell, which is visible only with an electron microscope.

1. Name the chemical compounds that are mosaically located in the outer plasma membrane and ensure that the membrane performs transport, enzymatic and receptor functions.

1. Name one of the organelles that contains DNA inside, due to which these organelles are able to reproduce.

1. Name a structural component of a cell that has the following structure: surrounded by two membranes, the inner membrane forms numerous projections into the internal cavity of this structural component, the inner cavity contains DNA in the form of a ring and small ribosomes.

1. Name the organelle that is involved in the synthesis of proteins, synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids, transports them to different areas cells, forms the nuclear envelope and the Golgi complex.

1. Microorganisms and solid particles of matter are enveloped by the outgrowths of the hole and enter it being surrounded by sections of the outer plasma membrane. Name this type of transport of substances across a membrane.

1. Which human cells lose their nucleus during development but continue to perform their functions for a long time?

A) nerve cells B) cells of the inner layer of skin

C) red blood cells D) striated muscle fibers

1. Before ending up in the lysosome, enzymes, after their formation, pass through two structural components of the cell. Name them in the order in which enzymes pass through them after synthesis on ribosomes.

1. What structural component of the cell do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

1. Name the organelle in which the formation of complex proteins and large polymer molecules occurs, the packaging of substances released from the cell into a membrane vesicle, and the formation of lysosomes.

1. Name the structural component of the cell in which ribosomal and transfer RNAs involved in protein synthesis are formed

1. Name the organelle that imparts “roughness” to the granular endoplasmic reticulum.

1. What function do lysosomes perform in a cell?

1. break down biopolymers into monomers
2. oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide and water
3. carry out the synthesis of organic substances
4. synthesize polysaccharides from glucose

1. Lysosome enzymes are synthesized in

Part B tasks

1. Bacterial cells are different from plant cells

1. lack of a formal core
2. presence of a plasma membrane
3. presence of a dense shell
4. lack of mitochondria
5. presence of ribosomes
6. absence of the Golgi complex

2. The cells of which organisms cannot absorb large food particles by phagocytosis?

3.Proteins and lipids are involved in the formation

4.What are the structure and functions of mitochondria?

A) break down biopolymers into monomers

B) characterized by an anaerobic method of obtaining energy

D) have enzymatic complexes located on the cristae

D) oxidize organic substances to form ATP

E) have outer and inner membranes

5.Which general properties characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

1. do not divide during the life of the cell
2. have their own genetic material
3. are single membrane
4. contain oxidative phosphorylation enzymes
5. have a double membrane
6. participate in ATP synthesis

6. Cytoplasm performs a number of functions in the cell:

1. is the internal environment of the cell
2. communicates between the nucleus and organelles
3. acts as a matrix for the synthesis of carbohydrates
4. serves as the location of the nucleus and organelles
5. transmits hereditary information
6. serves as the location of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

7. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of a cell organelle and its type.

ORGANoid CHARACTERISTICS	CELL ORGANOID
1) a system of tubules penetrating the cytoplasm	A) Golgi complex
2) a system of thickened membrane cylinders and bubbles	B) endoplasmic reticulum
3) ensures the accumulation of substances in the cell
4) ribosomes can be located on membranes
5) participates in the formation of lysosomes
6) ensures the movement of organic substances in the cell

Answer

8. Establish a correspondence between the structural feature of the cell and the kingdom for which it is characteristic.

STRUCTURE FEATURES OF CELLS	KINGDOM
1) presence of plastids	A) Mushrooms
2) absence of chloroplasts

Similarities and differences in the structure of cells of plants, animals and fungi

Similarities in the structure of eukaryotic cells.

Now it is impossible to say with complete certainty when and how life arose on Earth. We also do not know exactly how the first living creatures on Earth ate: autotrophic or heterotrophic. But at present, representatives of several kingdoms of living beings coexist peacefully on our planet. Despite the great difference in structure and lifestyle, it is obvious that there are more similarities between them than differences, and they all probably have common ancestors who lived in the distant Archean era. The presence of common “grandfathers” and “grandmothers” is evidenced by a number of common features in eukaryotic cells: protozoa, plants, fungi and animals. These signs include:

General plan of the cell structure: the presence of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles;
- fundamental similarity of metabolic and energy processes in the cell;
- coding of hereditary information with help nucleic acids;
- unity chemical composition cells;
- similar processes of cell division.

Differences in the structure of plant and animal cells.

In the process of evolution, due to the unequal conditions of existence of cells of representatives of different kingdoms of living beings, many differences arose. Let's compare the structure and vital activity of plant and animal cells (Table 4).

The main difference between the cells of these two kingdoms is the way they are nourished. Plant cells containing chloroplasts are autotrophs, that is, they themselves synthesize the organic substances necessary for life using light energy during the process of photosynthesis. Animal cells are heterotrophs, i.e., the source of carbon for the synthesis of their own organic substances is organic substances supplied with food. These same nutrients, such as carbohydrates, serve as a source of energy for animals. There are exceptions, such as green flagellates, which are capable of photosynthesis in the light and feed on ready-made organic substances in the dark. To ensure photosynthesis, plant cells contain plastids that carry chlorophyll and other pigments.

Since a plant cell has a cell wall that protects its contents and ensures its constant shape, when dividing between daughter cells, a partition is formed, and an animal cell, which does not have such a wall, divides to form a constriction.

Features of fungal cells.

Thus, the separation of fungi into an independent kingdom, numbering more than 100 thousand species, is absolutely justified. Mushrooms originate either from ancient filamentous algae that have lost chlorophyll, i.e., from plants, or from some ancient heterotrophs unknown to us, i.e., animals.

1. How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell?
2. What are the differences in the division of plant and animal cells?
3. Why are mushrooms separated into an independent kingdom?
4. What do they have in common and what differences in structure and life can be identified by comparing mushrooms with plants and animals?
5. Based on what features can we assume that all eukaryotes had common ancestors?

Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. V., Pasechnik V. V. Biology 10th grade
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In addition to the features characteristic of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the cells of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria also have a number of features. Thus, plant cells contain specific organelles - chloroplasts, which determine their ability to photosynthesize, whereas these organelles are not found in other organisms. Of course, this does not mean that other organisms are not capable of photosynthesis, since, for example, in bacteria it occurs on invaginations of the plasma membrane and individual membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm.

Plant cells, as a rule, contain large vacuoles filled with cell sap. They are also found in the cells of animals, fungi and bacteria, but have a completely different origin and perform different functions. The main reserve substance found in the form of solid inclusions in plants is starch, in animals and fungi it is glycogen, and in bacteria it is glycogen or volutin.

One more hallmark of these groups of organisms is the organization of the surface apparatus: the cells of animal organisms do not have a cell wall, their plasma membrane is covered only with a thin glycocalyx, while all others have it. This is entirely understandable, since the way animals feed is associated with the capture of food particles during the process of phagocytosis, and the presence of a cell wall would deprive them of this opportunity. The chemical nature of the substance that makes up the cell wall is different in various groups living organisms: if in plants it is cellulose, then in fungi it is chitin, and in bacteria it is murein. Comparative characteristics of the structure of cells of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria

Sign	Bacteria	Animals	Mushrooms	Plants
Nutrition method	Heterotrophic or autotrophic	Heterotrophic	Heterotrophic	Autotrophic
Organization of hereditary information	Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes	Eukaryotes	Eukaryotes
DNA localization	Nucleoid, plasmids	Nucleus, mitochondria	Nucleus, mitochondria	Nucleus, mitochondria, plastids
Plasma membrane	Eat	Eat	Eat	Eat
Cell wall	Mureinovaya	-	Chitinous	Pulp
Cytoplasm	Eat	Eat	Eat	Eat
Organoids	Ribosomes	Membrane and non-membrane, including the cell center	Membrane and non-membrane	Membrane and non-membrane, including plastids
Organoids of movement	Flagella and villi	Flagella and cilia	Flagella and cilia	Flagella and cilia
Vacuoles	Rarely	Contractile, digestive	Sometimes	Central vacuole with cell sap
Inclusions	Glycogen, volutin	Glycogen	Glycogen	Starch

The differences in the structure of cells of representatives of different kingdoms of living nature are shown in the figure.

Chemical composition of the cell. Macro- and microelements. The relationship between the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell. Role chemical substances in the human cell and body

Chemical composition of the cell

Most chemical elements have been found in living organisms Periodic table elements of D.I. Mendeleev, discovered to date. On the one hand, they do not contain a single element that would not be found in inanimate nature, and on the other hand, their concentrations in bodies of inanimate nature and living organisms differ significantly.

These chemical elements form inorganic and organic substances. Despite the fact that inorganic substances predominate in living organisms, it is organic substances that determine the uniqueness of their chemical composition and the phenomenon of life as a whole, since they are synthesized mainly by organisms in the process of life and play a vital role in reactions.

Science studies the chemical composition of organisms and the chemical reactions occurring in them. biochemistry.

It should be noted that the content of chemicals in different cells and tissues can vary significantly. For example, if in animal cells proteins predominate among organic compounds, then in plant cells carbohydrates predominate.

Chemical element	Earth's crust	Sea water	Alive organisms
O	49.2	85.8	65–75
C	0.4	0.0035	15–18
H	1.0	10.67	8–10
N	0.04	0.37	1.5–3.0
P	0.1	0.003	0.20–1.0
S	0.15	0.09	0.15–0.2
K	2.35	0.04	0.15–0.4
Ca	3.25	0.05	0.04–2.0
Cl	0.2	0.06	0.05–0.1
Mg	2.35	0.14	0.02–0.03
Na	2.4	1.14	0.02–0.03
Fe	4.2	0.00015	0.01–0.015
Zn	< 0.01	0.00015	0.0003
Cu	< 0.01	< 0.00001	0.0002
I	< 0.01	0.000015	0.0001
F	0.1	2.07	0.0001

Macro- and microelements

About 80 chemical elements are found in living organisms, but only 27 of these elements have their functions in the cell and organism established. The remaining elements are present in small quantities and, apparently, enter the body with food, water and air. The content of chemical elements in the body varies significantly. Depending on their concentration, they are divided into macroelements and microelements.

The concentration of each macronutrients in the body exceeds 0.01%, and their total content is 99%. Macroelements include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and iron. The first four of the listed elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen) are also called organogenic, since they are part of the main organic compounds. Phosphorus and sulfur are also components of a number of organic substances, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is essential for the formation of bones and teeth.

Without the remaining macronutrients it is impossible normal functioning body. Thus, potassium, sodium and chlorine are involved in the processes of cell excitation. Potassium is also necessary for the functioning of many enzymes and the retention of water in the cell. Calcium is found in the cell walls of plants, bones, teeth, and mollusk shells and is required for muscle cell contraction and intracellular movement. Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll, a pigment that ensures photosynthesis occurs. It also takes part in protein biosynthesis. Iron, in addition to being part of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, is necessary for the processes of respiration and photosynthesis, as well as for the functioning of many enzymes.

Microelements are contained in the body in concentrations of less than 0.01%, and their total concentration in the cell does not reach 0.1%. Microelements include zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, etc. Zinc is part of the molecule of the pancreatic hormone - insulin, copper is required for the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, the absence of which leads to anemia. Iodine is necessary for hormone synthesis thyroid gland, ensuring normal metabolism, and fluoride is associated with the formation of tooth enamel.

Both deficiency and excess or disruption of the metabolism of macro- and microelements lead to the development various diseases. In particular, a lack of calcium and phosphorus causes rickets, a lack of nitrogen causes severe protein deficiency, iron deficiency - anemia, and lack of iodine - a violation of the formation of thyroid hormones and a decrease in metabolic rate. A decrease in fluoride intake from water and food largely determines the disruption of tooth enamel renewal and, as a consequence, a predisposition to caries. Lead is toxic to almost all organisms. Its excess causes irreversible damage to the brain and central nervous system which is manifested by loss of vision and hearing, insomnia, renal failure, seizures, and can also lead to paralysis and diseases such as cancer. Acute poisoning lead is accompanied by sudden hallucinations and ends in coma and death.

The lack of macro- and microelements can be compensated by increasing their content in food and drinking water, as well as due to the reception medicines. Thus, iodine is found in seafood and iodized salt, calcium - in eggshells and so on.

The relationship between the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell. The role of chemicals in the cell and human body

Inorganic substances

Chemical elements cells form various compounds - inorganic and organic. The inorganic substances of the cell include water, mineral salts, acids, etc., and the organic substances include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP, vitamins, etc.

Water(H 2 O) - the most common inorganic substance cells with unique physical and chemical properties. It has no taste, no color, no smell. The density and viscosity of all substances is assessed using water. Like many other substances, water can exist in three states of aggregation: solid (ice), liquid and gaseous (steam). The melting point of water is 0°C, the boiling point is 100°C, however, the dissolution of other substances in water can change these characteristics. The heat capacity of water is also quite high - 4200 kJ/mol K, which gives it the opportunity to take part in thermoregulation processes. In a water molecule, the hydrogen atoms are located at an angle of 105°, with shared electron pairs pulled away by the more electronegative oxygen atom. This determines the dipole properties of water molecules (one end is positively charged and the other negatively charged) and the possibility of the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The cohesion of water molecules underlies the phenomenon of surface tension, capillarity and the properties of water as a universal solvent. As a result, all substances are divided into those soluble in water (hydrophilic) and insoluble in it (hydrophobic). Thanks to these unique properties It is predetermined that water has become the basis of life on Earth.

The average water content in the body's cells varies and may change with age. Thus, in a one-and-a-half-month-old human embryo, the water content in the cells reaches 97.5%, in an eight-month-old - 83%, in a newborn it decreases to 74%, and in an adult it averages 66%. However, body cells differ in their water content. So, the bones contain about 20% water, the liver - 70%, and the brain - 86%. In general it can be said that the concentration of water in cells is directly proportional to the metabolic rate.

Mineral salts can be in dissolved or undissolved states. Soluble salts dissociate into ions - cations and anions. The most important cations are potassium and sodium ions, which facilitate the transfer of substances across the membrane and are involved in the occurrence and conduction of nerve impulses; as well as calcium ions, which takes part in contraction processes muscle fibers and blood clotting; magnesium, which is part of chlorophyll; iron, which is part of a number of proteins, including hemoglobin. The most important anions are the phosphate anion, which is part of ATP and nucleic acids, and the carbonic acid residue, which softens fluctuations in the pH of the environment. Ions mineral salts ensure both the penetration of water itself into the cell and its retention in it. If the salt concentration in the environment is lower than in the cell, then water penetrates into the cell. Ions also determine the buffering properties of the cytoplasm, i.e. its ability to maintain a constant slightly alkaline pH of the cytoplasm, despite the constant formation of acidic and alkaline products in the cell.

Insoluble salts(CaCO 3, Ca 3 (PO 4) 2, etc.) are part of the bones, teeth, shells and shells of unicellular and multicellular animals.

In addition, organisms can produce other inorganic compounds, such as acids and oxides. Thus, the parietal cells of the human stomach produce hydrochloric acid, which activates the digestive enzyme pepsin, and silicon oxide permeates the cell walls of horsetails and forms the shells of diatoms. IN last years The role of nitric oxide (II) in signaling in cells and the body is also being explored.

Organic matter

There are 3 kingdoms - plants, animals and fungi.

1. Differences in nutrition

Plants are autotrophs, i.e. They make organic substances for themselves from inorganic substances (carbon dioxide and water) through the process of photosynthesis.

Animals and fungi are heterotrophs, i.e. finished organic substances are obtained from food.

2. Growth or movement

Animals are able to move and grow only before reproduction begins.

Plants and mushrooms do not move, but they grow unlimitedly throughout their lives.

3. Differences in the structure and functioning of the cell

1) Only plants have plastids (chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts).

2) Only animals have a cell center (centrioles).*

3) Only animals do not have a large central vacuole. The shell of this vacuole is called tonoplast, and the contents are cell sap. In plants it occupies most of the adult cell. * *

4) Only animals do not have a cell wall (dense shell), in plants it is made of cellulose (fiber), and in fungi it is made of chitin.

5) The storage carbohydrate in plants is starch, and in animals and fungi it is glycogen.

===Correct in the Unified State Examination
666) *Only plants do not have centrioles.
667) **Only plants have vacuoles with cell sap.
668) Only animals have lysosomes.

Analyze the text “Difference between a plant cell and an animal cell.” Fill in the blank text cells using the terms in the list. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided. A plant cell, unlike an animal cell, has ___(A), which in old cells ___(B) and displaces the cell nucleus from the center to its shell. Cell sap may contain ___ (B), which give it a blue, purple, crimson color, etc. The shell of a plant cell mainly consists of ___ (D).
1) chloroplast
2) vacuole
3) pigment
4) mitochondria
5) merge
6) disintegrate
7) cellulose
8) glucose

Answer

Choose three options. Signs characteristic of mushrooms
1) the presence of chitin in the cell wall
2) storage of glycogen in cells
3) absorption of food by phagocytosis
4) ability for chemosynthesis
5) heterotrophic nutrition
6) limited growth

Answer

Choose three options. Plants, like mushrooms,

2) have limited growth
3) absorb nutrients from the body surface
4) feed on ready-made organic substances
5) contain chitin in cell membranes
6) have a cellular structure

Answer

Choose three options. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) grow throughout life
2) do not contain ribosomes in cells
3) have a cellular structure
4) do not contain mitochondria in cells
5) contain chitin in organisms
6) are heterotrophic organisms

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and the kingdom of organisms: 1) plants, 2) animals
A) Synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones
B) They have unlimited growth
B) Absorb substances in the form of solid particles
D) The storage nutrient is glycogen.
D) The reserve nutrient is starch.
E) Most organisms do not have cell center centrioles in their cells.

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) plants, 2) animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) heterotrophic type of nutrition
B) the presence of chitin in the exoskeleton
B) the presence of educational tissue
D) regulation of life activity only with the help of chemicals
D) formation of urea during metabolism
E) the presence of a rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of an organism and the kingdom for which this characteristic is characteristic: 1) Plants, 2) Animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall
B) autotrophs
B) larval stage
D) consumers
D) connective tissue
E) tropisms

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between organelles and cells: 1) plant, 2) animal. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall
B) glycocalyx
B) centrioles
D) plastids
D) starch granules
E) glycogen granules

Answer

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the vital functions of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) Plants, 2) Animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) heterotrophic nutrition in most representatives
B) maturation of gametes by meiosis
B) primary synthesis of organic substances from inorganic substances
D) transport of substances through conductive tissue
D) neurohumoral regulation of vital processes
E) reproduction by spores and vegetative organs

Answer

FORMING 6:
A) the ability to phagocytose
B) the presence of a large storage vacuole

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Fungi, unlike plants,
1) belong to nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
2) grow throughout life
3) feed on ready-made organic substances
4) contain chitin in cell membranes
5) play the role of decomposers in the ecosystem
6) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones

Answer

Choose three options. The similarity between fungal and animal cells is that they have
1) a shell of chitin-like substance
2) glycogen as a storage carbohydrate
3) decorated core
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) mitochondria
6) plastids

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. By what characteristics can mushrooms be distinguished from animals?

2) have a cellular structure
3) grow throughout life
4) have a body consisting of filaments-hyphae
5) absorb nutrients from the surface of the body
6) have limited growth

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) feed on ready-made organic substances
2) have a vegetative body consisting of mycelium
3) lead active image life
4) have unlimited growth
5) store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
6) form urea during metabolism

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdom to which it belongs: 1) Fungi, 2) Plants. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the cell wall contains chitin
B) autotrophic nutrition type
C) form organic substances from inorganic ones
D) starch is a reserve nutrient
D) in natural systems they are decomposers
E) the body consists of mycelium

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the structural feature of the cell and the kingdom for which it is characteristic: 1) Fungi, 2) Plants. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the presence of plastids
B) absence of chloroplasts
B) reserve substance – starch
D) the presence of vacuoles with cell sap
D) the cell wall contains fiber
E) the cell wall contains chitin

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the cell and its type: 1) fungal, 2) plant. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) reserve carbohydrate – starch
B) chitin gives strength to the cell wall
B) there are no centrioles
D) there are no plastids
D) autotrophic nutrition
E) there is no large vacuole

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of cells and their type: 1) plant, 2) fungal. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) phototrophic nutrition
B) heterotrophic nutrition
B) the presence of a cellulose shell
D) storage substance - glycogen
D) the presence of a large storage vacuole
E) the absence of a cell center in most centrioles

Answer

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of cells and the kingdoms of organisms to which these cells belong: 1) Plants, 2) Fungi. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall made of chitin
B) the presence of large vacuoles with cell sap
C) absence of centrioles of the cell center in most representatives
D) storage carbohydrate glycogen
D) heterotrophic mode of nutrition
E) the presence of various plastids

Answer

1. The characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the characteristics of the cells shown in the figure. Identify two features that “fall out” from general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) have a formed core
2) are heterotrophic
3) capable of photosynthesis
4) contain a central vacuole with cell sap
5) accumulate glycogen

Answer

2. All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the shape of the cell is maintained by turgor
2) storage substance - starch
3) the cell does not have centrioles
4) the cell does not have a cell wall
5) all proteins are synthesized in chloroplasts

Answer

3. The terms listed below, except two, are used to characterize the cell shown in the figure. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) starch
2) mitosis
3) meiosis
4) phagocytosis
5) chitin

Answer

4. All but two of the terms listed below are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated
1) photosynthesis
2) cell wall
3) chitin
4) nucleoid
5) core

Answer

All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) cells are always single
2) eat osmotrophically
3) protein is synthesized by ribosomes
4) contain a cellulose wall
5) DNA is in the nucleus

Answer

All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “fall out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) has a glycocalyx
2) has a cell wall
3) feeds autotrophically
4) contains a cell center
5) divides by mitosis

Answer

In the form of what cell compound various organisms store glucose? Identify two true statements from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Plants store glucose in the form of glycogen
2) Animals store glucose in the form of sucrose
3) Plants store glucose in the form of starch
4) Fungi and plants store glucose in the form of cellulose
5) Fungi and animals store glucose in the form of glycogen

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The following characteristics are characteristic of mushrooms:
1) are prenuclear organisms
2) act as decomposers in the ecosystem
3) have root hairs
4) have limited growth
5) by type of nutrition - heterotrophs
6) contain chitin in cell membranes

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the answer. From the listed characteristics, select those that fungal cells have.
1) the hereditary apparatus is located in the nucleotide
2) the cell wall contains chitin
3) eukaryotic cell
4) storage substance - glycogen
5) there is no cell membrane
6) type of nutrition – autotrophic

Answer

1. Choose three options. The cells of a flowering plant differ from the cells of an animal body in the presence
1) fiber casings
2) chloroplasts
3) decorated core
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) mitochondria
6) endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

2. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The cells of plant organisms, unlike animals, contain
1) chloroplasts
2) mitochondria
3) nucleus and nucleolus
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) cell wall made of cellulose
6) ribosomes

Answer

Select three elements that distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell.
1) absence of mitochondria
2) the presence of leukocytes
3) absence of glycocalyx
3) presence of thylakoids
5) the presence of cell sap
6) absence of a plasma membrane

Answer

Analyze the text "Mosses". For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided. Mosses are ________ (A) plants, since they reproduce by spores that are formed in special organs - ________ (B). In our forests there are green mosses, for example, cuckoo flax, and white mosses, for example, ________ (B). Water is extremely important for the life of mosses, so they are often found near forest standing bodies of water: lakes and swamps. Centuries-old deposits of moss in swamps form deposits of ________ (D) - valuable fertilizer and fuel.
1) inferior
2) box
3) seed
4) sorus
5) spore
6) sphagnum
7) peat
8) flowering

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the cell and its type: 1) bacterial, 2) fungal, 3) plant. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.
A) absence of membrane organelles
B) storage substance – starch
B) the ability to chemosynthesize
D) the presence of a nucleoid
D) the presence of chitin in the cell wall

Answer

Select three characteristics that distinguish mushrooms from plants.
1) chemical composition of the cell wall
2) unlimited growth
3) immobility
4) way of eating
5) reproduction by spores
6) presence of fruiting bodies

Answer

What features, unlike animal and fungal cells, does a plant cell have?
1) forms a cellulose cell wall
2) includes ribosomes
3) has the ability to divide repeatedly
4) accumulates nutrients
5) contains leukoplasts
6) does not have centrioles

Answer

1) chloroplasts
2) central vacuole
3) endoplasmic reticulum
4) mitochondria
5) Golgi apparatus

Answer

All but two of the following organelles are present in all types of eukaryotic cells. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.
1) plasma membrane
2) endoplasmic reticulum
3) flagella
4) mitochondria
5) chloroplasts

Answer

1. All but two of the terms listed below are used to describe a fungal cell. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) core
2) chemosynthesis
3) cell wall
4) autotrophic nutrition
5) glycogen

Answer

2. All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the structure of a fungal cell. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) presence of a designed core
2) the presence of a cellulose shell
3) ability for phagocytosis
4) the presence of membrane organelles
5) the presence of glycogen as a reserve substance

Answer

All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the structure of most plant cells. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) various plastids
2) cellulose shell
3) centrioles of the cell center
4) glycocalyx
5) vacuoles with cell sap

Answer

All but two of the characteristics listed below are used to describe the structure of most animal cells. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) centrioles of the cell center
2) cell membrane from chitin
3) semi-autonomous organelles
4) plastids
5) glycocalyx

Answer

1. Find three errors in the given text and indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they were made.(1) Plants, like other organisms, have a cellular structure, eat, breathe, grow, and reproduce. (2) As members of one kingdom, plants have characteristics that distinguish them from other kingdoms. (3) Plant cells have a cell wall consisting of cellulose, plastids, and vacuoles with cell sap. (4) The cells of higher plants have centrioles. (5) In plant cells, ATP synthesis occurs in lysosomes. (6) Glycogen is a reserve nutrient in plant cells. (7) According to the method of nutrition, most plants are autotrophs.

Answer

2. Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made.(1) Eukaryotic cells have a separate nucleus. (2) Plastids and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes. (3) The cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contains ribosomes, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum. (4) The cell wall of plant cells contains cellulose, the cell wall of animal cells contains glycogen. (5) A bacterial cell reproduces using spores. (6) A eukaryotic cell divides by mitosis and meiosis. (7) Fungal spores are designed to reproduce.

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and kingdoms of organisms: 1) Animals, 2) Fungi. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell walls contain chitin
B) the presence of mycelium consisting of filaments-hyphae
B) the presence of a glycocalyx on cell membranes
D) growth throughout life
D) ability to move independently

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) Fungi, 2) Animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) rigid cell wall
B) active movement in space
C) absorption of nutrients by the body surface by all representatives of the kingdom
D) unlimited growth for all representatives
D) external and internal fertilization
E) the presence of tissues and organs

Answer

Look at the picture depicting this cell and determine (A) the type of this cell, (B) its type of nutrition, (C) the organelle indicated in the picture by number 1. For each letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.
1) bacterial
2) mitochondria
3) autotrophic
4) vegetable
5) construction
6) heterotrophic
7) animal
8) core

Answer

Match the characteristics and kingdoms of the organisms shown in the figure. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the sequence corresponding to the letters.
A) characterized by an autotrophic type of nutrition
B) have a variety of tissues and organs
C) most representatives have centrioles of the cell center in their cells
D) spare nutrient- glycogen
D) many representatives have a fruiting body
E) are producers in ecosystems

Answer

© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019

Cell theory, its main provisions, role in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world. Development of knowledge about the cell. Cellular structure organisms, the similarity of the cell structure of all organisms is the basis of the unity of the organic world, evidence of the kinship of living nature

unity of the organic world, cell, cell theory, provisions of the cell theory.

We have already said that a scientific theory is a generalization of scientific data about the object of research. This fully applies to the cell theory created by two German researchers M. Schleiden and T. Schwann in 1839.

The basis of the cellular theory was the work of many researchers who were looking for the elementary structural unit of living things. The creation and development of cell theory was facilitated by the emergence in the 16th century. and further development of microscopy.

Here are the main events that became the precursors to the creation of the cell theory:

– 1590 – creation of the first microscope (Jansen brothers);

– 1665 Robert Hooke – the first description of the microscopic structure of the elderberry branch plug (in fact, these were cell walls, but Hooke introduced the name “cell”);

– 1695 Publication by Anthony Leeuwenhoek about microbes and others microscopic organisms, seen by him through a microscope;

– 1833 R. Brown described the nucleus of a plant cell;

– 1839 M. Schleiden and T. Schwann discovered the nucleolus.

Basic provisions of modern cell theory:

1. All simple and complex organisms consist of cells capable of exchange with environment substances, energy, biological information.

2. A cell is an elementary structural, functional and genetic unit of a living thing.

3. A cell is an elementary unit of reproduction and development of living things.

4. In multicellular organisms, cells are differentiated by structure and function. They are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems.

5. The cell is an elementary, open living system capable of self-regulation, self-renewal and reproduction.

The cell theory developed due to new discoveries. In 1880, Walter Flemming described chromosomes and the processes occurring in mitosis. Since 1903, genetics began to develop. Since 1930, electron microscopy began to develop rapidly, which allowed scientists to study the finest structure of cellular structures. The 20th century was the century of the flourishing of biology and such sciences as cytology, genetics, embryology, biochemistry, and biophysics. Without the creation of the cell theory, this development would have been impossible.

So, the cell theory states that all living organisms are made up of cells. The cell is the one minimal structure living, which has all vital properties - the ability to metabolism, growth, development, transmission of genetic information, self-regulation and self-renewal. The cells of all organisms have similar structural features. However, cells differ from each other in their size, shape and function. An ostrich egg and a frog egg consist of the same cell. Muscle cells have contractility, and nerve cells conduct nerve impulses. Differences in the structure of cells largely depend on the functions they perform in organisms. The more complex an organism is, the more diverse its cells are in their structure and functions. Each type of cell has a specific size and shape. The similarity in the structure of cells of different organisms and the commonality of their basic properties confirm the commonality of their origin and allow us to draw a conclusion about the unity of the organic world.

A cell is a unit of structure, vital activity, growth and development of organisms. Diversity of cells. Comparative characteristics of cells of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi

Basic terms and concepts tested in the examination paper: bacterial cells, fungal cells, plant cells, animal cells, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells.

We have already said that cells can differ from each other in shape, structure and function, although the basic structural elements of most cells are similar. Biologists distinguish two large systematic groups of cells - prokaryotic And eukaryotic . Prokaryotic cells do not contain a true nucleus and a number of organelles. (See the section "Cell Structure".) Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which the organism's genetic apparatus is located. Prokaryotic cells are cells of bacteria and blue-green algae. The cells of all other organisms are eukaryotic.

Any organism develops from a cell. This applies to organisms that were born as a result of both asexual and sexual methods of reproduction. That is why the cell is considered the unit of growth and development of the organism.

Modern taxonomy distinguishes the following kingdoms of organisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Plants, Animals. The basis for this division is the feeding methods of these organisms and the structure of cells.

Bacterial cells have the following structures characteristic of them - a dense cell wall, one circular DNA molecule (nucleotide), ribosomes. These cells lack many organelles characteristic of eukaryotic plant, animal and fungal cells. Based on the way they feed, bacteria are divided into autotrophs, chemotrophs And heterotrophs. Plant cells contain plastids characteristic only of them - chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts; they are surrounded by a dense cell wall of cellulose and also have vacuoles with cell sap. All green plants are autotrophic organisms.

Animal cells do not have dense cell walls. They are surrounded by a cell membrane through which the exchange of substances with the environment occurs.

Fungal cells are covered with a cell wall that differs in chemical composition from the cell walls of plants. It contains chitin, polysaccharides, proteins and fats as its main components. The reserve substance of fungal and animal cells is glycogen.

1. Select features characteristic only of plant cells

1) there are mitochondria and ribosomes

2) cell wall made of cellulose

3) there are chloroplasts

4) storage substance - glycogen

5) reserve substance – starch

6) the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane

2. Select the characteristics that distinguish the kingdom of Bacteria from the rest of the kingdoms of the organic world.

1) heterotrophic mode of nutrition

2) autotrophic method of nutrition

3) the presence of a nucleoid

4) absence of mitochondria

5) absence of a core

6) presence of ribosomes

Chemical organization of the cell. The relationship between the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell. Justification of the relationship of organisms based on an analysis of the chemical composition of their cells

Basic terms and concepts tested in the examination paper: nitrogenous bases, active center enzyme, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, amino acids, ATP, proteins, biopolymers, denaturation, DNA, deoxyribose, complementarity, lipids, monomer, nucleotide, peptide bond, polymer, carbohydrates, ribose, RNA, enzymes, phospholipids.

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