Course work: acute catarrhal stomatitis in a cat. How to prevent the occurrence of stomatitis. Vitamin D - takes part in the regulation of mineral and energy metabolism, increases the permeability of the intestinal mucosa for calcium and phosphorus, stimulation

Do not underestimate the inflammatory process in the mouths of mustachioed pets. Stomatitis, which is harmless at first glance, can affect not only Murka’s lifestyle, but also his health in general, introducing a lot of problems into the functioning of many organs and systems. In cats, this term collectively refers to any inflammatory processes of the gums and mouth in general. Can the owner do anything to help on his own or is specialist intervention necessary? Let's figure it out.

Causes of stomatitis

Depending on the causes, all stomatitis is divided into primary and secondary. The first category develops on its own and has its own specific causes of occurrence. The second category of stomatitis occurs as a concomitant symptom of some other underlying disease of a viral, fungal or bacterial nature.

Causes of primary stomatitis

• any mechanical injuries (scratches, punctures, wounds) due to something foreign getting into the mouth or due to an incorrect bite;
• chemical and thermal effects (the influence of ice water or excessively hot food, irritating chemicals entering the mouth, chewing poisonous-irritating plants, etc.);

Causes of secondary inflammation

• fungal, viral or bacterial infections(for example, panleukopenia - feline distemper, candidiasis, leukemia, etc.);
• food allergic reactions;
• pathologies of the liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract(gastroenteritis, uremic syndrome, hepatitis, etc.);
• endocrine pathologies in metabolism (diabetes mellitus);
• diseases of the masticatory apparatus (tartar, carious processes, autoimmune reactions).

Types of inflammation of the oral cavity, how they manifest themselves

According to their course, inflammation of the oral cavity can be acute or chronic. Acute stomatitis has a clear clinical manifestation and develops quickly. Chronic stomatitis have a sluggish clinical course and can provoke general malaise in the cat.

According to their distribution in the mouth, they are divided into focal and diffuse - focal do not cover the entire mouth, diffuse most often affect the entire mucous membrane of the oral cavity, including the gums, the inner surface of the cheeks, lips and palate. According to the course and manifestation of stomatitis in cats, the symptoms are very diverse:

Catarrh Catarrhal stomatitis is the most common - the onset of all complicated stomatitis in case of improper or neglected treatment. Classic signs inflammation – intense redness, swelling, soreness of the gums, increased salivation, bad smell from the mouth. Plaque may appear on the gums and inner surface of the cheeks. Often develops against the background of diseased teeth or tartar. The saliva is viscous and smells unpleasant.

Papillomatous stomatitis This is the result of the life activity of the papilloma virus in the cat’s body, i.e. full-fledged viral stomatitis. In the area of ​​the cheeks and lips, cauliflower-shaped growths form on the mucous membrane. At normal operation immune system after 7-12 weeks everything goes away on its own as suddenly as it appeared. If this does not happen, surgical removal of papillomas will be accompanied by appropriate antiviral and immunostimulating therapy.

Diphtheritic form It is very rare in cats and is manifested by the formation of a white coating, which is difficult to remove, and underneath there are areas of even greater inflammation or even bleeding ulcers.

Phlegmonous stomatitis It is characterized by an accumulation of pus under the first thin layer of mucous membrane, which changes color from bright pink to gray and bluish. When the places of such accumulations are punctured, pus is released. The risks of sepsis (blood poisoning) are very high; oral cleaning is often carried out under general anesthesia.

Gangrenous stomatitis In most cases, it is a complication of ulcerative or phlegmonous. The mucous membrane simply begins to die. A sharp, foul odor emanates from the mouth. Surgical stripping of the affected tissue is clearly indicated. There are high risks of developing sepsis and death of the pet. Often accompanied by fever and enlargement submandibular lymph nodes.

Ulcerative form Ulcerative - weeping ulcers are found over the entire surface or in places, the size and depth of which depends on the cause of occurrence and the duration of the disease. Body temperature may rise. If during the treatment the healing of ulcers does not occur correctly, then this form turns into ulcerative stomatitis with granulations (overgrowth of pathological connective tissue) and, further, into necrosis (complete death of the mucous membrane with complete violation its functions).

Autoimmune (immune-mediated feline stomatitis or chronic lymphocytic gingivostomatitis) A special form of stomatitis, in which inflammation develops against the background of rejection by the body own teeth. Very clear signs inflammations are observed right around the dental arcades, and near all of them. The course is greatly complicated when infectious agents are attached. Conventional treatment According to the classical scheme, it gives absolutely no results. Tooth extraction cannot be avoided.

Uremic syndrome The most severe complication in chronic renal failure. Usually precedes the death of the animal. This form of stomatitis can only be determined using laboratory blood tests. It occurs due to toxic substances that accumulate in the blood of a sick animal, causing irritation and inflammation from the inside.

Symptoms of stomatitis

5 main signs of stomatitis that should alert the owner and prompt them to examine the cat’s mouth:

• excessive production of saliva, literally dripping from the mouth when the cat is at rest;
• the cat often washes itself, carefully rubbing the mouth area, as if something is bothering it there;
• frequent drinking (drinks almost constantly);
• weak appetite or refusal even of your favorite treats;
• disheveled, unpleasant-smelling fur (the cat, in the process of licking, stains the fur with “bad” saliva).

In addition to the above symptoms, there may also be:

• jumps in body temperature;
• lethargy, inactivity, drowsiness;
• enlarged lymph nodes under the lower jaw;
• unpleasant odor from the mouth;
• complete loss of interest in food;
• pinkish saliva (with impurities of ichor or blood);
• visible swelling and swelling of the lips;
• ulcers, pus, neoplasms, tooth loss.

How to examine a cat's oral cavity?

The entire procedure should be carried out slowly, talking affectionately to the pet. The examination usually begins with the gums and teeth, for which the lips are simply raised and lowered.

To look exactly into the mouth, you need to take the cat by the head with one hand along with the upper jaw, so that the thumb and middle finger are at the corners where the jaws meet. Lightly press down on the toothless edge along with the cheek so that it seems to slightly fall into the mouth on the sides. The cat will reflexively open its mouth. Then, with the thumb of your second hand, lightly press the incisors of the lower jaw, holding the chin. The mouth will be open and you can examine it carefully.

Help at home before visiting the veterinarian

A visit to the veterinarian is required! Only a specialist will be able to determine what the exact cause of the inflammation was. Without its definition, treatment of stomatitis in cats at home will be meaningless, the whole process will turn into chronic course, and this already threatens a deterioration in overall health. Moreover, sometimes there may be such pain during examination that processing manipulations are possible only after introducing it under general anesthesia, and this can only be done in a veterinary clinic.

You can try to help yourself at home only with the initial forms of stomatitis. Self-treatment ulcerative stomatitis in an extensive form is a rash decision that can lead to the death of the cat.

What can you do before visiting a veterinarian?

• Remove traumatic objects from the mouth, if any - thorns, bones, blades of grass, etc. If you cannot remove anything from the soft tissues, it makes sense to immediately go to the veterinarian.
• Rinse the mouth using a small rubber bulb, a disposable syringe without a needle with a rubber piston (dispenses liquid smoothly) or a spray bottle (you can take a washed bottle from any old medicine that gave a fine spray):
  • 3% hydrogen peroxide (it is important not to overdo it so as not to provoke vomiting if accidentally swallowed);
  • strong herbal infusions, such as: oak bark, sage, chamomile, string (200-250 ml of boiling water is poured into a container where 1 tsp of one name or mixture of herbs is poured; everything is infused closed for up to half an hour; diluted boiled water up to 500 ml and brought to room temperature);
  • a slightly pink solution of manganese (1:10000) or furatsilin 1:5000 (0.1 g per 0.5 l of boiled water);
  • warm 1% soda solution (1 tsp/l of warm boiled water);
  • alcohol tincture of calendula, diluted with boiled water in a ratio of 1:10 (1 part tincture, 10 parts water);
  • water solution methylene blue for treating single ulcers (sold at any pharmacy).

When rinsing, the stream of liquid should be directed to the surface of the gums, slightly tilting the cat's head forward. All liquid products and so they spread throughout the oral cavity; there is no need to pour anything directly into the mouth (except for the tongue)! It is advisable to do such rinsing after each meal or at least twice a day.

There is no need to do anything additional if tartar, extensive ulcerative or gangrenous stomatitis are detected. Only a specialist can remove tartar, and in case of deep stomatitis, local exposure alone is not enough; antibiotic therapy or even surgical intervention will be required. In such cases, the owner can only help by delivering the pet to the veterinary hospital as soon as possible.

You should definitely transfer your cat to special diet from soft, liquid, slimy and jelly foods. Strictly monitor the temperature of the food - it should not be too cold or too hot. For drinking, it is best to use water at room temperature. At first, only acidophilus is recommended from dairy products. If the ulcers are extensive and deep, after washing the mouth and until the visit to the veterinarian, you can endure a starvation diet with free access to water (up to 24 hours).

Veterinary assistance from a specialist

The diagnosis is made not only on the basis of clinical signs and asking the owner about the pet’s condition and lifestyle over the past few days. Also taken into account are laboratory tests of blood, sometimes urine, and necessarily tests for viral infections. The disease is complex, the clinic is diverse, the correct diagnosis is very important!

At purulent process Before starting antibiotic treatment, it is advisable to culture the secretions from the mouth in order to accurately determine the susceptibility of the pathogen to a particular antibacterial agent. For gangrenous stomatitis, several different types of antibiotics are often used.

Help is provided through medication, surgery or a combination. What type of therapy is needed is decided individually.

• Surgical assistance consists of prompt removal of the affected mucosa, which has undergone such changes that it is no longer possible to restore it. Moreover, such severely affected areas will interfere with the healing process of relatively healthy tissue. This also includes tooth extraction for autoimmune stomatitis - one of the prerequisites successful treatment. Important: when removing teeth, do not remove more than two units at a time and be sure to put sutures on the gum flaps to bring the edges of the socket together - this way healing will occur many times faster.
• Combination therapy consists of surgical cleaning of the oral cavity, tooth extraction and further drug treatment.
• Standard move medication assistance includes the following items:
  • cleansing the oral cavity of pus and traces of tissue decay;
  • suppression of infections during secondary inflammation (antibiotics for stomatitis are prescribed in most cases);
  • healing of ulcerated mucosa (after removing signs of inflammation);
  • increasing the overall immunity of the animal.

Antiseptics and disinfectant solutions for the oral cavity

• Lugol's solution with glycerin or Lugol's spray for stomatitis (glycerin is included) show excellent disinfecting properties: to treat ulcers directly - smear or spray. You can replace it with an iodine glycerin mixture (1 part iodine + 4 parts glycerin). Important: long-term use is avoided, because can provoke the proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is not affected by iodine;
• Chrorgexidine 0.05% - for washing the mouth or treating wounds and ulcers directly;
• Rotocan is rarely used for mouth treatment in cats, because... in most cases it provokes already excessive salivation;
• Dentavedin gel is used up to 2-3 times a day, applied in a thin layer to sore gums, or placed directly into the sockets after tooth extraction;
• Metrogil-denta in the form of a gel is applied in a very thin layer to areas of inflammation or ulceration. It is important not to overdose, so as not to provoke an increase in side effects– vomiting, thirst, indigestion, loss of appetite;
• 1-5% solution of Protargol - irrigate the oral cavity in case of inflammation or cauterize ulcers, wounds or sites to remove papillomas with the same type of stomatitis.

How does a veterinarian treat stomatitis?

Antibiotics, antimicrobials, antivirals and antifungals

• Lincomycin 10% - a course of 3 to 7 days at a dose of 2 ml/10 kg for intramuscular administration and 1 ml/10 kg for intravenous administration;
• Amoxicillin 15% - single injection in a dose of 1 ml/10 kg (or 15 mg/kg) under the skin or into the muscle; if necessary, you can re-inject after 48 hours;
• Oxytetracycline – 0.1 ml/kg body weight once a day for a course of up to 5 days (minimum 3);
• Nystatin and Oxolinic ointment, Levorin, Cholisal and Kamistad gels - applied topically to areas of inflammation and ulceration in a very thin layer, avoiding overdose; have: antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and analgesic effects.

Wound healing

• Actovegin-gel - apply a thin layer to wounds and ulcers in the mouth 2-3 times a day after signs of inflammation have disappeared;
• rosehip oil - smear ulcers for more fast healing directly on ulcers;
• Levomekol (Methyluracil) - apply a thin layer to ulcers and wounds up to 3 times a day, you don’t have to worry about getting into the gastrointestinal tract.

Immunostimulating agents

• Gamavit - 0.3-0.5 ml/kg once a day up to 3 times every 7 days for 2-4 weeks.
• Catozal – 0.5-2.5 ml/animal, depending on the size and severity of the condition, once, repeated after 3-5 days (as necessary);
• Hemobalance – 2-3 times/week. at a dose of 0.25 ml/animal if the weight is up to 5 kg and 0.5 ml/animal if the weight exceeds 5 kg.

Adjuvant therapy for autoimmune stomatitis

• Cyclosporine - 7 mg/kg once daily for 4-16 weeks, depending on the severity of the cat's condition. If disorders in the gastrointestinal tract appear, then the initial dose is ½ of the main daily dose, increasing to the daily dose in 2-3 days;
• Prednisolone is used to suppress inflammation or for targeted immunosuppression. In the first case, the dose will be 0.5 mg/kg twice a day at the beginning of therapy, and after a few days the maintenance dose will be up to 1 mg/kg every other day. In the second case, the main dosage is 1-3 mg/kg twice a day, maintenance - up to 2 mg/kg also every other day.

How to prevent the occurrence of stomatitis

To prevent stomatitis from bothering your cat, it is enough to eliminate the possibility of encountering the causes that provoke it. It is enough to feed your mustachioed pet high-quality food (without bones and at a normal temperature), do not let him drink ice water, hide all chemical household solutions, monitor the condition of his teeth and get vaccinations in a timely manner.

Stomatitis is an inflammation of the oral mucosa. The disease occurs in animals of all species.
Causes. Most common reasons diseases are injuries to the mucous membrane of the mouth, roughage containing the awns of cereal plants, sharp fragments of stems, bits from rough riding and careless cutting of sharp teeth with a rasp. Stomatitis is also observed when animals are fed moldy, sour, frozen or too hot food. The disease can occur as a result of burns from strong solutions of medicines when given by mouth, due to eating fertilizers (superphosphate), poisonous herbs. Stomatitis is also accompanied by some infectious diseases (foot and mouth disease, malignant catarrhal fever of large cattle etc.).
Signs. Careful intake and sluggish chewing of food, especially rough food, and refusal of warm water, while in cold drinking water a sick animal very willingly lowers its muzzle.
The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is red, swollen and painful, drooling and bad breath are observed. The tongue becomes covered with a grayish coating.
Stomatitis in horses is sometimes accompanied by quite significant swelling hard palate behind the incisors, which is usually called the "pump". Under no circumstances should you pierce the “pump,” as some ignorant people recommend, since this can complicate the disease and only cause harm to the animal. When the causes of stomatitis are eliminated, the swelling of the mucous membrane goes away on its own.
Treatment. Eliminate the cause of the disease and provide the sick animal with soft or liquid food in the form of bran and cake mash, root vegetables, and in summer green food, as well as clean, cool water. Water should be given to the animal as often as possible, as it helps cleanse the oral cavity and eliminate the acute inflammatory process of the mucous membrane.
If stomatitis occurs due to improper abrasion of teeth, their sharp edges are filed down with a dental rasp. Usually, the inner edge of the teeth is cut down on the lower jaw, and the outer edge on the upper jaw.
The oral cavity is washed several times a day with a 0.5-1% solution of alum or tannin, 2-3% soda solutions, boric acid or ichthyol, a solution of potassium permanganate or rivanol at a dilution of 1:1000-3000, chamomile decoction, a solution of pure table salt, etc. Wounds and ulcers in the mouth are lubricated with iodine-glycerin (1 part iodine tincture, 9 parts glycerin), 0 .5% solution copper sulfate or 1% streptocide.
Prevention. To prevent the disease, the following requirements must be met:
1) excessively roughage it is necessary to grind, steam, etc. before feeding;
2) moldy, sour, frozen and very hot feed, as well as feed containing an admixture of poisonous plants, should not be allowed to be fed;
3) periodically inspect the oral cavity of animals and carefully file down the sharp edges of the teeth with a rasp;
4) do not allow rough tugging on the reins and halter while riding a bridled horse and do not administer strong and hot solutions of medicines by mouth.

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Ministry Agriculture Russian Federation

FGOU VPO Vologda State Dairy Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagina

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology

Department of Internal, Non-Contagious Diseases, Surgery and Obstetrics

Course work

Carnivorous stomatitis

Performed:

student 4th year 741/2 groups

Buslaeva M.A.

Vologda-Molochnoye

1. Definition of disease

stomatitis cat oral mucosa

Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosa. In dogs, cats and fur-bearing animals, catarrhal, vesicular and hemorrhagic stomatitis is recorded, less often - ulcerative, diphtheric and phlegmonous stomatitis. According to the course, they distinguish between acute and chronic stomatitis, and according to their origin - primary and secondary. Primary stomatitis occurs independently as a result of irritation and damage to the mucous membrane by thermal, physical, chemical and biological factors. Secondary is concomitant with other infectious and non-communicable diseases.

Etiology

Irritation and damage to the oral mucosa are caused by rough, sharp or caustic food, foreign bodies during teething and changing teeth, as well as the sharp edges of improperly worn teeth. Chemical damage to the mucous membrane is observed when eating poisonous plants, mineral poisons, some medicinal substances, as well as feed contaminated with mold fungi. The cause of inflammation of the oral mucosa can be feeding very cold or hot food. Secondary stomatitis as concomitant lesions appears in some infectious diseases, for example, during the plague, parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, hepatitis. Sometimes they develop with pharyngitis, laryngitis, sore throat and other non-communicable diseases.

In the case considered in this work, stomatitis was found in a domestic cat. The disease developed as a result of eating a cactus and mechanical damage to the mucous membrane by plant needles.

3. Pathogenesis

Under the influence of etiological factors, as well as under the influence of pathogenic and saprophytic microflora, an inflammatory process develops on the oral mucosa with a violation of its integrity and swelling. At the same time, normal food intake becomes difficult, malnutrition and weight loss occur. In young animals, growth and development slows down.

In this case, the development of the disease did not depend on the feeding and maintenance of the animal, therefore nothing was changed in the cat’s diet and living conditions. Plants dangerous to the animal were removed from the cat’s reach.

Clinical picture

Disease history

Clinic "Vozrozhdenie"

Diagnosis (initial): stomatitis

Diagnosis (at follow-up): acute catarrhal stomatitis

Owner's last name: Firsova M.M.

Address: Moscow, Federative Avenue, 3a, 27.

Description of the animal: species - cat, gender - female.

Year of birth: 1999

Color, color, features: tortoiseshell with white

Breed: mongrel

Nickname: Manya

Live weight: 3 kg

Date of admission to the clinic: 06/11/2014.

Number of days of treatment in the clinic: the animal was not in the hospital; healing procedures were carried out on the day of treatment, further treatment was carried out by the owner in accordance with the doctor’s recommendations.

Outcome of the disease: complete recovery.

Rice. 1. Cat Manya

Anamnestic data

b) History of illness: The animal fell ill on June 8, 2014 after eating a cactus. The disease causes swelling and damage to the mucous membrane, and refusal to eat. Provided medical assistance - ultrasonic removal tartar, treatment of the oral cavity with an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, treatment is prescribed. The animal had not been sick before.

The condition of the animal at the time of the study.

Traces of mechanical damage to the gums in the form of scratches and puncture marks were found in the oral cavity. No cactus needles, their fragments or remains were found in the oral cavity. In this case, hyperemia and edema spread from the sites of injury to other areas. Also, upon examination of the oral cavity, dental calculus was discovered. Faint comes from the mouth putrid smell.

General research

a) Habitus.

The physique is average, the fatness is good, the position of the body in space is natural. At the time of the study, the cat behaved calmly.

b) Study of leather and its derivatives.

The skin is elastic, moisture is preserved, in non-pigmented parts of the body it is pink and clean. No swelling, overlays, or integrity violations were detected.

c) Lymph nodes.

In cats healthy condition Only inguinal lymph nodes are accessible for examination. The nodes are not enlarged, round in shape, movable. There is no pain, local temperature is not increased.

d) Visible mucous membranes.

The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is hyperemic, edematous, and has mechanical damage.

Rice. 2. Examination of the oral cavity

e) Temperature of the animal.

The animal's temperature is 38.5°C, which corresponds to the norm: 38-39.5°C

Research by systems

.Digestive system.

The examination revealed mechanical damage to the oral mucosa, swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane. A faint putrid odor is felt from the oral cavity. Palpation of the esophagus revealed no pain, lumps, or foreign bodies. Auscultation of the intestines revealed normal peristalsis. There are no complaints about defecation disorders.

.Respiratory system.

The tip of the nose is not pigmented, moderately moisturized. There is no discharge from the nose or deposits around the nostrils. Breathing movements are not hindered by anything. During auscultation, only physiological breathing sounds are heard.

.The cardiovascular system.

No cardiac edema was detected, and there were no complaints about fatigue. No cyanotic mucous membranes were detected. On auscultation, normal heart sounds are heard. Heart rate within physiological norm: 135 beats/min (120-220 beats/min).

.Excretory system.

There are no complaints about violation of the act of urination. Pain sensitivity there are no kidneys in the area, the organs are not enlarged.

.Nervous system.

Reflex motor acts without disturbances. There are no paresis or paralysis. When examining the analyzers, no violations were found.

Additional research.

On the day of contacting the veterinarian (06/11/2014), blood and saliva samples were collected. 06/12/2014 cat owners brought urine and feces samples for laboratory research.

In all forms of stomatitis, the act of chewing is disrupted. When eating food, animals choose the softest food, chew carefully, slowly, with pauses. Hard, cold, hot and irritating foods are expelled from the mouth. At the beginning of the development of stomatitis, the oral mucosa is hyperemic, dry and swollen. Swelling of the mucous membrane impedes the outflow of blood from venous sinuses hard palate, venous congestion occurs. Thickened ridges of the hard palate, especially behind the upper incisors, sometimes even hang down into the oral cavity. Swelling of the mucous membrane of the lips, cheeks and gums is mild. As inflammation develops, the mucous membrane becomes more moist, and accumulating saliva is constantly released from the mouth. If there are wounds, ulcers, vesicles, or aphthae in the mouth, the slurping intensifies. The swollen mucous membrane compresses the lumens salivary glands, as a result of which they increase in size. The exfoliated epithelium, which is a consequence of reducing or stopping food intake, forms a gray or white coating. There is a putrid odor from the mouth. Secondary stomatitis occurs against the background of a primary, often infectious, disease. Catarrhal changes in the mucous membrane are the beginning of other forms of stomatitis. Profound changes in the mucous membrane lead to disturbances in feeding, chewing and are accompanied by indigestion, less often - diarrhea. Acute primary catarrhal stomatitis is usually cured in 5-14 days. Acute secondary stomatitis - on the 15-20th day. Chronic stomatitis lasts a long time - months and years.

The owners of the animal noticed a decrease, and then a lack of appetite in the pet, an apathetic state, and constant meowing. When the cat's owners contacted a veterinarian, traces of mechanical damage to the gums in the form of scratches and puncture marks were found in the oral cavity. No cactus needles, their fragments or remains were found in the oral cavity.

Rice. 3. Lesions of the mucous membrane

In this case, hyperemia and edema spread from the sites of injury to other areas. Also, upon examination of the oral cavity, dental calculus was discovered. A faint putrid odor emanates from the mouth.

To clarify the diagnosis, a number of tests were carried out: samples of blood, urine and feces were examined, as well as special tests for panleukopenia (PCR diagnostics) and viral rhinotracheitis (serological diagnostics).

A blood test revealed a picture of inflammation; the predominance of mature forms of neutrophils indicates a favorable course of inflammation.

Rice. 4. Clinical analysis blood

There are no signs of inflammation in the urine test; the detected cocci are explained by the method of collecting urine samples - the owners collected urine from a tray, which cannot provide sterile conditions for taking samples.

Rice. 5.Clinical urine analysis

No major abnormalities were found in the stool analysis.

Rice. 6. Stool examinations

Feeding the animal includes dry food for castrated cats, as well as vitamin and mineral supplements, specially sprouted grass (oats, millet, wheat), as well as meat, fish and dairy products.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

The diagnosis of “acute catarrhal stomatitis” was made based on the medical history (the animal’s owners discovered a lack of appetite a few hours after the cat ate a cactus, and contacted a veterinarian three days later). Also, the basis for the diagnosis was characteristic clinical signs - mechanical damage, swelling of the mucous membrane, hyperemia, accumulation of saliva. Laboratory data were also taken into account.

During the diagnosis, the following diseases were excluded:

actinomycosis: absence of fistulas and other lesions of the oral cavity. Microbiological examination was not carried out, since actinomycetes can normally occur in healthy animals, and with this disease it is necessary to wait for clinical manifestations.

pharyngitis: inflammation has not spread beyond the gums (discovered during examination), there is no cough, there is no history of drinking cold water, being kept in a draft, or burns.

blockage of the esophagus: clinical examination did not reveal pain or swelling in the esophagus; There is no history of difficulty swallowing.

poisoning: no history of use toxic substances, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, absent.

idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis of cats: a blood test did not reveal a hypersensitive state of the body

panleukopenia and feline viral rhinotracheitis: special laboratory tests were performed and showed a negative result.

6. Forecast

The disease is acute, and the process is not expected to become chronic. Conditions of detention are excellent, instructions veterinarian are carried out by animal owners strictly. Immune status corresponds healthy body. Therefore, the prognosis is favorable.

Treatment

Avoid foods that cause damage to the oral mucosa. Beef, chicken or fish broths, slimy liquid porridges, jelly, milk, kefir, yogurt, acidophilus are prescribed. If the injury to the mucous membrane is strong and deep, then you can prescribe starvation diet for a period of 24-48 hours, the water is not canceled. Artificial nutrition in such cases, it is carried out using intravenous and subcutaneous injections physiological solutions, blood and plasma substitutes, vitamins, and enemas. To disinfect the oral cavity, use aqueous solutions in low concentrations of potassium permanganate (1:10,000), ethacridine lactate (1:1000), boric acid (3%), furatsilin (1:10,000). Irrigation of the mouth with decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants- chamomile, calendula, string, sage, coltsfoot, violet, etc. Irrigation of the oral mucosa with the indicated means is carried out using a rubber bulb, a disposable syringe, or the mucous membrane is lubricated with the indicated substances, previously applied to a cotton or bandage swab. For the treatment and cauterization of deep ulcers and wounds, use a solution of iodine with glycerin (1:4), 0.2% solution of silver nitrate (lapis), 0.1% solution of flavacaridine hydrochloride, 1-2% solution of copper sulfate, syntomycin emulsion, Vitaon etc. Vitamin preparations are indicated.

In the case considered in this work, the choice of drugs for treatment was carried out taking into account their effectiveness and availability for animal owners.

.IN veterinary clinic A procedure was performed to remove tartar using ultrasound.

.A diet is prescribed: irritating and solid substances are excluded from the diet. It is recommended to soak dry food in warm water before giving to the animal. Natural components of the diet (meat, fish, dairy products) must be chopped and bones removed. Damage to the mucous membrane is shallow, so there is no need for infusion of nutrient solutions and enemas.

.To irrigate the oral cavity, an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate in a concentration of 1:10,000 was prescribed for three days, and then an infusion of chamomile until recovery.

.Prescribed vitamins Beaphar Top 10 for cats, 2 tablets per day.

Prevention

As a preventive measure, you only need to remove plants that are dangerous to it from the cat’s reach; other conditions of detention comply with all preventive measures against stomatitis.

Course of the disease and treatment

It was not possible to record all the changes occurring in the patient’s body, since the treatment was not carried out in a hospital.

Rice. 7. Condition of the oral cavity after treatment

Rationale for treatment

.Tartar removal was carried out in order to remove mechanical damage them gums, and also prevent infection of the mucous membrane by microorganisms.

.Special diet prescribed to prevent irritation of the affected mucous membrane.

.Water solution low concentration of potassium permanganate has a bactericidal effect and also has astringent action, since when interacting with body protein it forms albuminates.

.Vitamin complex prescribed to support the body in fighting infection and accelerating convalescence.

Epicrisis

The animal was admitted to the clinic with the owners complaining of lack of appetite.

An examination was carried out, blood and saliva samples were taken, and tartar was removed.

The initial diagnosis was acute catarrhal stomatitis, which was later confirmed (by studying the results of laboratory tests and anamnesis).

Treatment was prescribed in the form of a diet and irrigation of the oral cavity with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. It was also recommended to remove all dangerous plants from the animal’s reach.

Conclusion

After treatment, the animal is in good condition.

Treatment period is 8 days.

During treatment, the animal’s condition improved, and after a course of all therapeutic measures, complete recovery was observed, therefore, the diagnosis was made correctly and the treatment was carried out competently.

Bibliography

1.Diseases of dogs and cats in tables and diagrams. - Harvest, 2007. - 320 p.

.Yin S. A Complete Guide to Small Animal Veterinary Medicine. - M: Aquarium-Print, 2008 - 1024 p.

.Usha B.V., Belyakov I.M., Pushkarev R.P. Clinical diagnosis internal non-communicable diseases of animals. - M.: Kolos, 2004. - 487 p.

.Shcherbakov G.G., A.V. Korobov A.V. Internal illnesses animals. - M.: Kolos, 2002

.www.veterinarka.ru

.www. veterinarymedicine.ru

.www .zoovet.ru› Encyclopedia of diseases

Inflammatory processes affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth, including the gums, tongue, palate and lips - all this is stomatitis in a cat, in which painful ulcers form in its oral cavity.

Which cats are at risk?

Stomatitis can be primary (self-developing) or secondary, occurring as a parallel symptom of another disease.

Causes of primary stomatitis:

• mechanical injuries (scratches, punctures, wounds) due to a defective bite or a sharp object caught in the mouth;
• chemical/thermal exposure, including excessively hot or icy food, burns from household chemicals and poisonous plants.

Causes of secondary stomatitis:

• allergic reaction to food;
• bacterial, viral and fungal infections(panleukopenia, candidiasis, leukemia and others);
• endocrine diseases, such as diabetes;
• diseases of the liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract (hepatitis, gastroenteritis and others);
• dental pathologies (autoimmune reactions, caries or tartar deposits).

Important! Cats at risk for stomatitis include cats with a weakened immune system (sick, lactating and elderly), with an incorrectly formed bite, and those who have microtraumas/burns in the oral cavity.

The oral cavity is the Achilles heel of British Shorthair cats, in which stomatitis is diagnosed more often than in other breeds. Young animals that exhibit “juvenile” stomatitis are also susceptible to it during the period of teeth change.

Symptoms of stomatitis in a cat

There are a few alarming manifestations, which will tell you that the cat’s oral cavity is sick and needs urgent examination:

• frequent washing, with an emphasis on the mouth, where something is bothering the pet;
• pathological secretion of saliva, even during moments of rest;
• foul-smelling, disheveled fur that catches infected saliva;
• decreased appetite;
• unpleasant odor from the mouth;
• unquenchable thirst (the cat drinks constantly).

Select a row additional symptoms, signaling the presence of stomatitis:

• apathy and excessive drowsiness;
• sudden increase in temperature;
• swelling of the lips;
• pinkish saliva (mixed with blood);
• enlarged lymph nodes under the lower jaw;
• loosening/loss of teeth;
• tumors, ulcers and ulcers.

As a rule, animal owners notice signs of stomatitis (with inflammation and ulcers) when the disease has reached a progressive stage.

Types of disease

According to the distribution in the oral cavity, stomatitis is divided into focal (with narrow localization) and diffuse, affecting the entire mucous membrane of the mouth with the palate, gums, lips and inner surface cheeks In addition, any inflammation of the oral cavity takes an acute or chronic form. ABOUT severe stomatitis is characterized by bright clinical picture and rapid development. Chronic ones provoke general malaise and have a sluggish clinical course.

Catarrhal stomatitis

The most common type, which marks the onset of complicated stomatitis when the disease is neglected or its treatment is erroneous. Often noted against the background of tartar/sore teeth. Signs of catarrhal inflammation - excessive drooling with stringy saliva, redness, swelling and soreness of the gums, unpleasant odor from the mouth, plaque inside cheeks and gums.

Papillomatous stomatitis

Typical viral stomatitis, resulting from the action of the papilloma virus, which leads to the formation of characteristic growths on the mucous membranes of the cheeks and lips. The shape of papillomas resembles cauliflower and disappear without outside intervention with strong immunity after 7–12 weeks.

Important! If the immune system I couldn’t cope with the virus - the papillomas are removed surgically, including antiviral and immunostimulating drugs.

Ulcerative stomatitis

It is characterized by the formation of weeping ulcers (along the entire mouth or in individual places), the size of which is determined both by the duration of the disease and the causes of its occurrence. In some cases, the cat's temperature rises. With ineffective therapy, ulcers on the mucous membrane become overgrown with pathological connective tissue, turning into ulcerative stomatitis with granulations, which threatens necrosis - death of the mucous membranes with complete loss of function.

Gangrenous stomatitis

As a rule, it is a complicated continuation of ulcerative or phlegmonous stomatitis, in which the mucous membrane begins to die, as evidenced by the foul odor from the cat’s mouth. This type of stomatitis, in most cases accompanied by enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes and fever, threatens the animal with sepsis and fatal. The only salvation is emergency surgical intervention.

Phlegmonous stomatitis

The mucous membrane, under which pus accumulates (protrudes outward during punctures), changes its bright pink color to bluish/gray. With this type of stomatitis, there is also a high risk of blood poisoning (sepsis), which is why immediate cleaning of the oral cavity, carried out under general anesthesia, is indicated.

Autoimmune stomatitis

A specific form of stomatitis, in which the inflammatory process begins against the background of the cat’s body rejecting its own teeth. Severe symptoms of inflammation, often complicated concomitant infection, are observed at the bases of all teeth. Standard therapy for autoimmune stomatitis is completely ineffective, so tooth extraction is recommended.

Uremic stomatitis

Appears as severe complication in case of renal failure (usually chronic), due to the accumulation of toxins in the blood of a sick animal, causing inflammation/irritation of the mucous membrane. Uremic stomatitis, determined solely by a blood test, often becomes a harbinger of the imminent death of a cat.

Diphtheritic stomatitis

It is rare in cats and is characterized by the formation of a whitish coating. After removing the plaque, which is quite difficult to do, foci of severe inflammation or bleeding ulcers are found in the animal’s mouth.

Help at home

Independent actions are possible with the initial form of stomatitis or with high competence/experience of the cat owner. If the nature of the disease is in question and you are not sure own strength, you need to go to the clinic.

Oral examination

This is the first thing to do if you notice strange behavior cats. Perform the manipulations slowly, constantly talking to the animal.

Procedure algorithm:

1. Examine the teeth and gums by carefully lifting/lowering your pet's lips.
2. Then look into the mouth, holding the cat by the head (with the upper jaw) so that the large and middle fingers hit the corners where the jaws meet.
3. Lightly press on the edge (without teeth) and the cheek so that it falls slightly into the mouth. So the cat will reflexively open its mouth.
4. Using the thumb of your other hand, holding your chin, lightly press on the incisors of the lower jaw.
5. If everything is done correctly, the mouth will be as accessible as possible for inspection.

This is interesting! If you see a large affected area, which indicates ulcerative/gangrenous stomatitis, take your cat to the doctor. In case of deep stomatitis, local treatment is not enough: antibiotics or surgical methods will be needed.

Detection of tartar will also require dental intervention.

First aid

It is within your power to pull out traumatic foreign bodies(bones, spines) from the mouth. If it doesn’t work, take the animal to the clinic. If you are sure that you are dealing with primary stomatitis, which does not have serious pathologies behind it, rinse your mouth with a spray bottle, a syringe without a needle, or a rubber bulb.

• strong infusions (sage, string, oak bark, chamomile);
• methylene blue solution;
• alcohol tincture of calendula (1 teaspoon per 10 teaspoons of water);
• solution of soda (1 tsp per 1 liter of warm water);
• hydrogen peroxide (3%);
• solution of furatsilin or potassium permanganate (0.1 g per 0.5 l of water).

This is interesting! When irrigating, the stream is directed to the surface of the gums, slightly tilting the pet’s head forward. The liquid itself will spread throughout the oral cavity, so do not pour anything into the mouth, if necessary, treat only the tongue.

Antiseptic rinses are done twice a day, usually after each meal.

Oral disinfection

Others will also help get rid of wounds/wetting ulcers medicines:

• Lugol's solution with glycerin or Lugol's spray;
• Protargol solution (1-5%) – for mouth irrigation or spot cauterization;
• a mixture of 1 part iodine/4 parts glycerin;
• dentavedin gel - applied in a thin layer to the gums 2-3 times a day or placed in the sockets after tooth extraction;
• chlorhexidine (0.05%) - for mouth irrigation or treatment of wounds/ulcers.

Important! Metrogyl denta gel is applied in a thin layer to areas of inflammation/ulceration. Overdose is not allowed, otherwise there will be side effects– thirst, food refusal and digestive disorders, including vomiting.

Diet

A strict (with access to water, but not food) diet is recommended when extensive and deep ulcers are detected. In this case, you can rinse the mouth and give the cat a therapeutic fasting no more than a day until you get to the vet.

Rough food is removed from the diet, replacing dry food with wet food or soaking the granules in warm water. Instead of meat/fish pulp, give porridges, mousses, purees and soups, making sure that the food is lukewarm. From fermented milk products acidophilus is indicated.

Painful processes in the mouth of a beloved pet are an unpleasant surprise. Stomatitis (from Latin stomatits) is an inflammation of the oral mucosa. The disease affects animals regardless of lifestyle, age and breed. Stomatitis affects the cat's tongue, gums, and palate, filling the entire oral cavity of the animal with ulcers.

The nature of the disease depends on its form. If you do not notice the signs of stomatitis in time, your pet may experience complications from tooth loss to necrosis of the cells of the oral mucosa.

Etiology of the disease

The causes of mucosal damage are divided into two types: primary and secondary. The root cause of stomatitis lies in the weakening of the animal’s immunity under certain circumstances. Secondary causes occur against the background of existing viral or bacterial diseases in the animal.

Primary causes of stomatitis

The underlying reasons include:

• Insufficient oral hygiene. Veterinarians recommend examining the cat's mucous membrane at least once a week. The health of an animal depends on proper oral care.
• Any mechanical injuries, be it minor damage, or broken and damaged teeth. Broken or damaged teeth should be examined by a veterinarian. Often these situations require tooth extraction because the damage can increase the risk of oral infection and abscess formation.
• Exposure to aggressive chemicals. Your pet may lick it off the surface of the fur. medicinal ointments. To avoid this, the animal is wearing special collar. Poisonous house plants, the juice of which can enter the stomach, are also a risk factor.
• Thermal burns Pets can get it when their mucous membranes are exposed to hot steam, hot oil, or hot water. Therefore, the kitchen is a dangerous place for an animal to be, since it is there that the cat can injure the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.

Secondary causes of stomatitis

• Infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria.
• Tartar neglected form increases the risk of stomatitis.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Hormonal imbalances, a complication of which may be the development.
• Decreased defenses and weakening of the body in adult animals.
• Allergic reactions.

Forms of stomatitis

Veterinarians distinguish several types of disease:

Species name	Description	Consequences
Catarrhal	This type of stomatitis is different light current and the possibility of self-treatment without mandatory hospitalization. The main symptoms are: excessive salivation, swelling and redness of the oral mucosa, unpleasant odor and strong thirst of the animal. Timely treatment will alleviate the cat’s condition and lead to a quick recovery.	Lack of proper treatment and proper care for your pet’s oral cavity can lead to the transition of catarrhal stomatitis to ulcerative stomatitis.
Papillomatous	The main cause of the disease is the entry of the papilloma virus into the body. Characteristic feature is the appearance of growths in the mouth that resemble cauliflower. With a good immune response, all symptoms of the disease disappear within 2-3 months. If the cat’s immunity cannot cope with the virus that has entered the blood, surgical intervention is performed. After removing the growths, the animal needs to be taken antiviral agents and immunomodulators.	The disease in this form is easily tolerated, but complete recovery takes time.
Diphtheria	This form occurs when ingested diphtheria bacillus, as a result of which gray-yellow films are found in the oral cavity.	The form is characterized acute course, so you should consult a doctor immediately.
Phlegmonous	It is characterized by infection of a large area, as a result of which pus begins to accumulate and spread under the mucosa. The color of the mucous membrane changes to a blue or even black tint.	The danger lies in the rapid progression of the disease and complications in the form of sepsis. Veterinarians clean the cat's mouth under anesthesia to remove pus.
Gangrenous	Occurs in the absence of proper treatment of phlegmonous stomatitis. Characterized by the death of mucosal cells. A frequent companion to the disease is fever and increased lymph nodes.	An extremely dangerous form that can lead to blood poisoning and death of the pet.
Ulcerative	It manifests itself as small weeping ulcers that quickly fill the entire oral cavity. The number of wounds depends on the infection that has affected the animal’s body.	Improper treatment or ignoring the disease can lead to complete death of cavity tissue and disruption of its functions.
Autoimmune	The specific nature of this type of stomatitis is that the body’s immune cells stop recognizing dental tissue cells and begin to destroy them. After the inflammatory effect begins, viruses and bacteria enter the wounds, which aggravate the course of the disease. Characteristic features is the localization of inflammation at the roots of the teeth. And only as the disease progresses, the palate, pharynx, and tongue of the animal are affected.	Progression of the disease can lead to complete or partial removal the animal's teeth for the benefit of complete recovery.
Uremic	It is characterized by damage to the gums and the appearance of an animal “uremic odor” from the cavity, which is associated with impaired kidney function. The disease is the most serious complication renal failure.	This form is usually not treatable and can be fatal.

Symptoms of the disease

All symptoms of stomatitis in cats are divided into main and accompanying, depending on the connection with the cause of the disease.

The main symptoms include:

1. Fever bodies. When foreign cells enter the body, the immune system begins to attack them, which contributes to the onset of fever in the animal.
2. Swelling, redness of the oral mucosa. At various types stomatitis, the color of the mucous membrane can vary from red to blue.
3. The presence of ulcers, diphtheria growths and wounds. With ulcerative, diphtheria and gangrenous stomatitis, weeping scarlet wounds form on the cat’s cheeks and tongue.

Associated symptoms appear during the active course of the disease and indicate possible problems in the pet's body. These include:

1. Profuse salivation. Saliva can drain from a cat's mouth even if the animal is at rest.
2. Intense thirst. Due to infection of the body and loss large quantity liquid along with saliva, the cat needs frequent and drinking plenty of fluids.
3. Lack of appetite. The animal can for a long time do not eat and give up your favorite foods. This symptom occurs not only with peptic ulcers, but also with other types of illness.
4. Lethargy, apathy. The cat loses playfulness, interest and activity. Most she spends time alone.
5. The appearance of bad breath may be associated not only with stomatitis, but also with other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is precisely with stomatitis that the animal emits a peculiar uremic odor. The reason for this is impaired kidney function.
6. Enlarged lymph nodes as a consequence of an infectious or viral infection cells.

Diagnostics

If your pet's oral cavity becomes inflamed and one or more signs of disease appear, it is important to perform an examination. In order for the animal to allow the manipulation, you need to gently turn to the cat and raise your lips. While performing these steps, you can examine your teeth and gums.

How to independently examine your cat's oral cavity.

To open the pet's mouth, you need to grab the animal's head, grabbing upper jaw, while with the other hand take hold of lower jaw. After this, the cat will open its mouth and a visual inspection of the mucous membrane will become possible to determine the area affected by stomatitis.

After examination, you should contact a veterinarian. Treatment at home is possible only after consulting a specialist and receiving recommendations for caring for the animal. You can help an animal yourself only by initial stage development of stomatitis. Otherwise, self-medication in the worst case may result in the death of your pet. You need to approach the situation especially responsibly when signs of stomatitis are observed in a kitten.

To clarify the diagnosis, the veterinarian will examine the cat's oral cavity to determine the severity of the disease. In the fight against a disease, the main thing is to find the cause. Therefore, in order to confirm the root cause of the disease, eliminating the possibility dangerous diseases, the animal is prescribed a list of tests:

• general analysis blood and urine;
• biochemical analysis blood
• cytology of inflamed areas;
• culture from the oral cavity.

Useful video:

Only with proper diagnosis and testing can you count on success in treating your animal. After the veterinarian becomes aware of the causative agent of the disease, they begin to treat the pet.

Treatment

The doctor prescribes a number of medications:

• In the presence of an infectious pathogen, prescribed antibiotics(amoxiclav, erythromycin, oxytetracycline) - the course of treatment ranges from one week to two weeks, depending on the type of stomatitis and the degree of its progression.
• If the cause of the disease is a virus or fungus, antiviral and antifungal drugs.
• Antiseptics to treat the affected area and relieve inflammation, they are prescribed until the inflammation is eliminated.
• Vitamin complex.
• Immunomodulator to strengthen the immune system - Interferon. The drug is instilled 5 drops into each nostril of the cat up to 5 times a day. The duration of therapy depends on the severity of the disease.
• Antipyretic drugs are used when the animal’s body temperature rises above 38-39 degrees. Normal temperature Each cat is individual, so it is best for the owner to know the temperature of the cat at rest.

Only a veterinarian can prescribe medications that will eliminate the cause of the disease and remove symptoms in the cat.

Important! Self-medication of a pet with medications intended for humans can result in the death of the animal.

Caring for a cat when sick

When diagnosing stomatitis in a cat, you need to exclude hot and cold foods so that the inflamed area of ​​the mucous membrane is not irritated.

Due to the fact that stomatitis affects large areas of the oral mucosa, the owner should take care of preparing food for his beloved pet in ground or liquid form. To eliminate the infection, the animal must be given water frequently. clean water.

If inflammation is detected and before visiting the veterinarian, you can alleviate the animal’s condition at home by irrigating the oral cavity with a soda solution or water with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, you can use a decoction of oak bark.

Prevention

In order to prevent stomatitis in your beloved animal, you should adhere to certain rules. First of all, pay close attention to the pet’s hygiene. Veterinary stores sell special toothbrushes. By taking care of your teeth, you can reduce the likelihood of developing inflammatory processes in the oral cavity.

The cat's diet should be complete, excluding bones and cartilage, which can damage the teeth. It is worth paying more attention to the temperature of the food your animal eats.

One of the preventive measures is timely vaccination. Monitor your pet's health, do not delay visits to the veterinarian, take care of a nutritious diet, and your animal will thank you.