Population of the northwestern region. Federal districts of Russia

2 republics and 1 autonomous region. All of them are located in the north and northwest of the country.

This district of the state was officially recognized in 2000. It included 11 constituent entities, including the administrative center of federal significance, St. Petersburg. The total area is almost 2 million square meters. km, which is about 10% of the total size of Russia. As of 2015, the population is just under 14 million people, of which 80% live in cities.

In economic terms, the Northwestern Federal District is of great importance for the country. Cities that occupy a special place:

• The leader in all respects, of course, is St. Petersburg.
• The capital of the Komi Republic is Syktyvkar.
• Regional center - Kaliningrad.
• City of military glory - Novgorod.
• The largest port in Russia is Murmansk.
• Center of municipal education - Severodvinsk.
• City district - Arkhangelsk.
• Petrozavodsk is the capital of the Republic of Karelia.
• Vologda is a center for the development of science.
• The city of the Vologda region is Cherepovets.

Resources Northwestern district allow him to occupy one of the most honorable places throughout the country. Titanium, gas, oil, and apatite are mined here. The district's lands are full of peat deposits and oil shale. Vast deposits of gold, diamonds, nickel, and uranium allow the economy of not only the region, but also the entire state to rapidly develop.

Komi Republic

The history of Komi begins in 1921. Until 1936, it was equated to an autonomous region, but from December 5 of that year it was awarded the title of a republic, part of Soviet Union. It received its current name on January 12, 1993. During 1994, a constitution was officially adopted, the coat of arms, anthem and flag were approved, and the first elections of the head of the republic were held.

Currently it is part of the Northwestern Federal District. Composition of the Komi Republic:

• administrative districts - 12;
• cities of republican subordination - 8;
• district settlements - 2;
• village councils - 190;
• villages - 37.

The industrial crisis occurred with the collapse of the USSR. This caused mass migration. From 1990 to 2000, the population declined by 20%.

Currently, the economy of the republic is set at high level. It is mainly involved in the extraction and processing of minerals such as precious stones, oil and gas.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this district is a subject of the state. It received official significance in 1926. The city of Naryan-Mar was appointed as the administrative center. It is the most sparsely populated region included in the Northwestern Federal District. The cities in this region are half populated by Russians, and the indigenous population makes up just under 20%. The total population of the district is about 43 thousand people. The charter of the autonomous region allows for activities outside Russian Federation.

The district includes:

• city ​​of administrative significance - 1;
• PGT - 1;
• villages - 42.

The main economic sphere is reindeer husbandry and agriculture.

Republic of Karelia

The first mention of Karelia appeared in the 7th century, these were the tribes that were part of the Baltic-Finnish Union. Since 2001, it has been a full-fledged subject of Russia with its own legislative power. A constitution and basic attributes were adopted. The capital of the republic is Petrozavodsk. Mechanical engineering and metallurgy are the main industry, allowing it to occupy a leading position among other regions included in the Northwestern Federal District.

The regions of the republic can be divided into northern, southern and central parts. Each of them differs in population and economic development.

1. Central part - only 13% of residents from total number.
2. Northern - approximately 14%.
3. The southern regions of the Republic of Karelia are densely populated - 73%.

The main inhabitants are Russians (57%) and Karelians (37%), other nationalities - 6%.

Saint Petersburg

The only city in the federal district is St. Petersburg. It is the cultural capital of a great state. It was founded by Peter I in 1703. One of the main headquarters of the Russian Armed Forces is located here. Thanks to direct access to the sea, the main command was located here Navy states.

St. Petersburg is a scientific, cultural and industrial center with a highly developed economy, part of the Northwestern Federal District. Compound Leningrad region does not include this city, since it is recognized as an independent entity.

The population is more than 5 million people. It bears the proud name of a millionaire. It is an urban agglomeration, the total area is almost one and a half thousand square meters. km.

Leningrad region

The territory of the Leningrad region extends over 84 thousand square meters. km. This is the only region whose authorities are located in another region (Moscow). In 1993, a constitution was adopted, which recognized the Leningrad region as a subject of a great state called Russia. The Northwestern Federal District includes this region with 217 municipalities. This is one urban district and 17 districts, which include 61 urban settlements and 138 villages. The region is inhabited by almost 2 million people. Main industries: construction, metal processing, transport. Approximate annual income is 700-800 billion rubles.

Kaliningrad region

The Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation includes the smallest area in comparison with other regions of Russia. Its dimensions are slightly more than 15 thousand square meters. km. A special feature of this region is the fact that after the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad region lost its land border with Russia. The population here is about 960 thousand people.

90% of the world's amber reserves are located here. Also in Kaliningrad region rock salt, peat, and oil are extracted.

In 1938, the Murmansk region was formed. It occupies almost 145 thousand square meters. km area with a population of about 766 thousand people. The Northwestern Federal District unites all its regions. Types of industry such as non-ferrous metallurgy, mining, light, metalworking and chemical are well developed. Annual turnover varies around 300 billion rubles, which allows us to maintain an average position in the ranking of Russian entities. It consists of 5 self-government districts and 12 municipal districts.

It was formed in 1944, but its borders were finally formed only in 1958. All 4 years of the Great Patriotic War was occupied by the Germans, which largely influenced its development and population. In 1967, for her courage and rapid recovery after hostilities, she received the highest award - the Order of Lenin.

Currently, according to 2015 data, the population of the region was about 650 thousand people. After entering the Northwestern Federal District, its gross turnover reached almost 80 billion rubles. Agriculture, electricity, and construction are developed here.

The formation of the Vologda region with modern borders took place in 1937. However, in 1944, the Pavinsky and Vokhomsky districts came into the possession of the Kostroma region. The total population is 1.1 million people. The city of Vologda is the administrative center. The indigenous inhabitants are Russians and Vepsians.

Municipalities of the region:

• areas with local government - 26;
• districts - 2;
• urban settlements - 22;
• villages - 322.

The most developed industries are electric power and ferrous metallurgy.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 7 regions within its borders. Novgorodskaya ranks 6th in area with dimensions of 55.3 square meters. km. It was formed in 1944. However, already in 1956 the districts were redistributed, and the village councils of Dmitrovsky and Mozolevsky became subordinate to the Leningrad region. The population is more than 618 thousand people.

In the Novgorod region there are 3 cities of regional significance. These are Veliky Novgorod - the administrative center, Borovichi and Staraya Russa.

There are 1,519 industrial complexes in the territory. Leading areas: woodworking, chemical, metallurgy.

The largest region of Russia, located in the European part, is Arkhangelsk (590 thousand sq. km). Its dimensions can be compared with the areas of some countries, for example:

When the Northern Region was divided in 1937, Arkhangelsk was formed. According to data current for 2015, the population was almost 1.2 million people. The most important industrial sectors are concentrated in this area: shipbuilding, woodworking, pulp and paper production, and diamond mining.

The Northwestern Federal District was formed in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Republic, the Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, the city of St. Petersburg, the Nenets Autonomous District.

The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg (area - 1.4 thousand km2, population as of 01/01/2007 - 4.6 million people).
The area of ​​the Northwestern Federal District is 1,687 thousand km2 or 9.9% of the territory of Russia.

As of January 1, 2007, 13.6 million people (9.53%) lived in the district, of which urban population was 82.2%, rural population- 17.8%, men - 45.9%, women - 54.1%. Population density - 8.0 people. per 1 m2.

The largest cities of the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Severodvinsk, Novgorod, Syktyvkar. St. Petersburg is a millionaire city. The population of other cities does not exceed 230,000 people.

The resource base of the North-Western Federal District is not one of the richest in Russia, however, the district concentrates the production of almost the entire Russian volume of apatite (with reserves of 72% of all-Russian reserves) and titanium (77% of reserves). Oil and gas reserves account for about 8% of all-Russian reserves, coal reserves account for about 3% of Russian reserves. At the same time, the extraction of fuel resources plays a role important role in the district's economy, although it accounts for only 4% of the all-Russian oil and 7% for coal. The district contains large reserves of peat and oil shale. About 19% of nickel and iron ores are mined here, despite the fact that nickel reserves account for 18% of the total Russian reserves. Bauxite reserves (45% of the total Russian reserves) have not yet been fully developed - their production is only 15% of the Russian level. The district contains large diamond reserves (19% of the total Russian reserves), and there are deposits of rare metals, gold, barite, and uranium. Exploration of reserves of manganese and chromium ores is underway.

The territory of the Northwestern Federal District produces 10% of the country's gross domestic product (5th place among districts). In terms of the size of the average per capita gross regional product, the district ranks 3rd among.

The economy of the Northwestern Federal District is growing at a lower rate than the Russian economy as a whole.

An important role in the economy of the district is played by the metallurgical complex, consisting of 75% ferrous and 25% non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, as well as mechanical engineering. The district has developed high-tech production, specializing in the production of electronics and electrical engineering, instrument making; shipbuilding is developed.

The Northwestern Federal District of Russia is one of the most developed timber regions of the country, and the timber industry sector is one of the key ones in the economy of the region. Almost 60% of the forests in the European part of Russia grow here. Wood reserves are about 10 billion m3. 30% of Russian lumber, 40% of plywood, about 40% of industrial wood, 50% of cardboard and 60% of paper are produced here.

Based on the use of phosphate raw materials, gas and recycling of metallurgical waste, the production of complex mineral fertilizers and plastics, rubber products, synthetic resins, paints and varnishes are produced, household chemicals. The light industry of the Northwestern Federal District specializes in the production of linen fabrics.

The fishing industry is developed. In terms of fish catch, the Northwestern Federal District ranks second after the Far Eastern. Fishing for cod, herring, sea ​​bass, flounder, halibut, in rivers and lakes - salmon, whitefish, grayling, vendace, smelt. Fish processing is carried out at fish processing plants in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.

The absolute leader among activities is manufacturing, where almost 75% of industrial output is carried out.

On the territory of the Northwestern Federal District, 9% of the housing area in Russia is commissioned annually (5th place among federal districts). In 2006, per 1,000 residents, 340 m2 of housing were commissioned in the district, which is below the Russian average, but according to this indicator, the Northwestern Federal District ranks third among other districts.

Over the past 5 years, per capita cash income in the Northwestern Federal District has been higher than in Russia, reaching 10,640 rubles in 2006, which corresponds to 3rd place among federal districts. The share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level in 2006 was 14.5% of the total population of the district.

At the end of 2006 in the authorities civil service Employment in the Northwestern Federal District, 119 thousand people were registered as unemployed, which amounted to 6.9% of the total number of unemployed in Russia. 103 thousand people received unemployment benefits. The registered unemployment rate in the Northwestern Federal District is 1.6%, one of the lowest in Russia.

The main production potential lies in St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Vologda regions. The economic core of the region is St. Petersburg with a number of satellite cities. The economy of this region is based on knowledge-intensive and highly skilled industries. The production of turbines, generators, compressors is concentrated in the region; instrument making and production of automation equipment are developed. Vyborg specializes in electronics, Gatchina - in the production of agricultural machinery and spare parts. The production potential of the Vologda region consists of ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and mechanical engineering. There are also enterprises in the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries in the region.

– established on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District.” The North-Western region is located in the north and north-west of the European part of the non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg.

Northwestern Federal District (NWFD), which includes 11 subjects of the Federation, plays an important strategic role as the border part of Russia in the European North and west of the country. The Northwestern Federal District unites 2 economic regions: Northern and Northwestern. The territory of the district is located in the zone of mixed forests, taiga, forest-tundra and tundra. The Northwestern Federal District occupies a favorable geopolitical position - it borders on Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, and Kara seas. Within its borders there are very large industrial and vibrant cultural centers, important seaports, unique sites included in the list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (in the cities of St. Petersburg and Novgorod, as well as on the Solovetsky Islands and Kizhi Island).

- This is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Full-flowing rivers flow through the territory of the district. Lowland rivers are of navigable importance. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva and others. In hydropower terms highest value have Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa.
The district richest in natural resources in the European part of the country: ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical raw materials, forest and water resources.
The development of the economy of the North-Western District is stimulated by the presence of significant reserves of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy and water resources, which can not only meet the needs of the country’s economic complex, but also be exported to many countries around the world.
The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, and cobalt. Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat. The district is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Industrial reserves of aluminum-containing raw materials are of great value. The forests are very rich fur-bearing animal(Arctic fox, black and brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.). The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).
The presence in the district of significant mineral and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources, is important factor his economic development in the conditions of formation of a market economy.
The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading economic sector is industry.
The Northwestern Federal District produces a significant part of the republican volume of phosphate raw materials, industrial wood, about 33% of cellulose, finished rolled products, and its share in fish catch is large.
The economic and geographical position of the district has a number of advantages. Exits to the seas - the Baltic, Barents and White - provide shipping routes to the west - towards Western Europe and east coast North America, as well as to the east - along the Northern sea ​​route to the Russian Arctic and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Great value have common borders with the countries of the European Union - Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
The main sectors of market specialization in the industrial sphere are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, multi-disciplinary mechanical engineering, forestry and woodworking, chemical, food, fishing industries, and in agriculture - flax growing, dairy and beef cattle breeding, reindeer husbandry, fishing. Leading positions in industrial development The regions of the European North have to date been retained by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, woodworking and pulp and paper industries and the fuel industry.
In terms of foreign trade turnover, the Northwestern Federal District is in third place in Russia after the Central and Ural Federal Districts. At the same time, exports and imports almost balance each other, while in Russia as a whole, exports exceed imports by 2.5 times. We can say that the Northwestern Federal District specializes in importing products foreign countries to Russia.
The Northwestern Federal District ranks one of the first places in Russia in terms of production sea ​​vessels different types, unique steam, hydraulic and gas turbines, optical and mechanical products.
Precision and complex mechanical engineering is widely developed in the district: instrument making, radio engineering, electronic engineering, electrical engineering, which is located in St. Petersburg. Prospects for the development of the industry are associated with the further development of knowledge-intensive and precision industries, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding.
The Northwestern Federal District is one of Russia's largest producers and exporters of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily steel, copper, aluminum, and nickel.
In the Northwestern Federal District, the chemical industry is one of the sectors of market specialization. Both basic chemistry, in particular the production of mineral fertilizers, and the chemistry of organic synthesis were developed. Fertilizers, rubber products, synthetic resins, plastics, paints and varnishes are produced here. various acids and ammonia, pharmaceuticals, phosphate raw materials, household chemical products.
Using wood processing waste, the chemistry of organic synthesis is being developed - the production of alcohol, rosin, turpentine, and viscose fibers. Plastics, alcohols, and dyes are produced using local oil and gas resources in Syktyvkar (Komi Republic).
Level agriculture does not provide the local population with food, and industry with raw materials.
Agriculture specializes in dairy and meat farming, potato growing, vegetable growing and flax growing. Reindeer husbandry is developed in the north of the district. The leading role of agricultural production is animal husbandry.
The city of St. Petersburg occupies a leading position in the district's economy.

NORTHWESTERN Federal District. Area 1,677,900 sq. km.
Administrative center Northwestern Federal District - St. Petersburg

Cities of the Northwestern Federal District.

Cities in the Arkhangelsk region: Velsk, Kargopol, Koryazhma, Kotlas, Mezen, Mirny, Naryan-Mar, Novodvinsk, Nyandoma, Onega, Severodvinsk, Solvychegodsk, Shenkursk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Arkhangelsk.

Cities in the Vologda region: Babaevo, Belozersk, Veliky Ustyug, Vytegra, Gryazovets, Kadnikov, Kirillov, Krasavino, Nikolsk, Sokol, Totma, Ustyuzhna, Kharovsk, Cherepovets. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Vologda.

Cities in the Kaliningrad region: Bagrationovsk, Baltiysk, Gvardeysk, Guryevsk, Gusev, Zelenogradsk, Krasnoznamensk, Ladushkin, Mamonovo, Neman, Nesterov, Ozersk, Pionersky, Polessk, Pravdinsk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk, Svetly, Slavsk, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Kaliningrad.

Cities in the Leningrad region: Boksitogorsk, Volosovo, Volkhov, Vsevolozhsk, Vyborg, Vysotsk, Gatchina, Ivangorod, Kamennogorsk, Kingisepp, Kirishi, Kirovsk, Kommunar, Lodeynoye Pole, Meadows, Lyuban, Nikolskoye, Novaya Ladoga, Otradnoye, Pikalevo, Podporozhye, Primorsk, Priozersk, Svetogorsk, Sertolovo, Slantsy, Sosnovy Bor, Syasstroy, Tikhvin, Tosno, Shlisselburg. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Saint Petersburg.

Cities in the Murmansk region: Apatity, Gadzhievo, Zaozersk, Zapolyarny, Kandalaksha, Kirovsk, Kovdor, Kola, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk, Ostrovnoy, Polyarnye Zori, Polyarny, Severomorsk, Snezhnogorsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Murmansk.

Cities in the Novgorod region: Borovichi, Valdai, Malaya Vishera, Okulovka, Pestovo, Soltsy, Staraya Russa, Kholm, Chudovo. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Veliky Novgorod.

Cities in the Pskov region: Velikiye Luki, Gdov, Dno, Nevel, Novorzhev, Novosokolniki, Opochka, Ostrov, Pechory, Porkhov, Pustoshka, Pytalovo, Sebezh. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Pskov.

Cities in the Republic of Karelia: Belomorsk, Kem, Kondopoga, Kostomuksha, Lakhdenpokhya, Medvezhyegorsk, Olonets, Pitkyaranta, Pudozh, Segezha, Sortavala, Suoyarvi. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Petrozavodsk.

Cities in the Komi Republic: Vorkuta, Vuktyl, Emva, Inta, Mikun, Pechora, Sosnogorsk, Usinsk, Ukhta. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Syktyvkar.

Cities and administrative center in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug - city Naryan-Mar.

Cities in the city of St. Petersburg: Zelenogorsk, Kolpino, Krasnoye Selo, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Peterhof, Pushkin, Sestroretsk. Administrative center of the federal district, city of federal significance, capital of the Leningrad region - city Saint Petersburg.

Federal districts Russia: , .

Introduction 3

1. Composition and place of the Northwestern Federal District in the all-Russian territorial division of labor. Features of its economic and geographical location 4

2. Industrial complex of the region. Development and placement of sectors of market specialization of industry 11

3. Main problems and innovative directions of socio-economic development of the region 21

Conclusion 24

References 26

Introduction

In a market economy, it is necessary to consider the sectoral structure and location of the most important sectors of the economic complex of each federal district separately in order to analyze the economic and geographical state of Russia as a whole.

The Northwestern Federal District is an administrative-territorial formation in the north of the European part of Russia. Established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 subjects of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov region, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Northwestern Federal District includes all subjects of the Russian Federation belonging to the Northwestern and Northern economic regions.

The purpose of this work is to study the problem of development and location of industries in the Northwestern Federal District

The following tasks are aimed at achieving this goal:

1. Consider the composition and place of the Northwestern Federal District in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, explore the features of its economic and geographical position.

2. Analyze the industrial complex of the region, evaluate the development and location of sectors of market specialization of industry.

3. Study the main problems and innovative directions of socio-economic development of the region.

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the Northwestern Federal District is one of the industrially developed regions of the Russian Federation and plays an important role in the formation of the market as the largest supplier of various industrial products, primarily mechanical engineering.

1. Composition and place of the Northwestern Federal District in the all-Russian territorial division of labor. Features of its economic and geographical position

The Federal District is a top-level economic region, which is a large territorial production complex that combines industries of market specialization with industries that complement the territorial complex and infrastructure. 1

The Northwestern Federal District occupies a favorable geopolitical position - it borders Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, and Kara Seas (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Geopolitical position of the Northwestern Federal District

The area of ​​the district is 1677.9 thousand square meters. kilometers - 10.5% of the territory of Russia. The Northwestern Federal District is home to 14,484.5 thousand people, of which the urban population is 11,844.6 thousand people (81.8%). The region has the highest rate of urbanization among federal districts: more than 80% of residents are urban, with a significant portion concentrated in the country's largest agglomeration, St. Petersburg. The average population density in the district is 8.6 people per 1 sq. kilometer. The national composition is heterogeneous: most of the population are Russians; other nations are dominated by Komi, Karelians, Sami, and Nenets.

The Northwestern Federal District consists of the following entities: the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, the Arkhangelsk Region, the Vologda Region, the Kaliningrad Region, the Leningrad Region, the Murmansk Region, the Novgorod Region, the Pskov Region, St. Petersburg, the Nenets Autonomous District. The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Composition of the Northwestern Federal District

The considerable size of the district's territory determines the diversity of its natural conditions. The predominant terrain is flat and slightly hilly, turning to the east into the mountainous belt of the Northern, Subpolar and Polar Urals. In the north of the district, within the Kola Peninsula, there are low-mountain massifs of the Khibiny and Lovozero tundras. The territory of the district is located in zones of mixed forests, taiga, forest-tundra, as well as tundra (in areas adjacent to the coast of the Northern Arctic Ocean, and on the Arctic islands).

The district's water resources are significant, accounting for almost half of the resources of the European part of the country. The largest rivers are the Northern Dvina with its tributaries the Vychegda and Sukhona, as well as the Pechora. There are exceptionally many lakes, especially in the northwestern part of the district. Here are the largest lakes in Europe - Ladoga and Onega.

The district contains about 50% of the forest resources of the European part of Russia, with coniferous species occupying most of the forested area, mainly in the Arkhangelsk region, the Komi and Karelia republics.

Most of the Northwestern Federal District is located in the European north. The territory of the district is predominantly flat. It is distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic conditions. The predominant part of the territory is located in an area favorable for human habitation, industrial and economic activities.

The climatic conditions of the Northwestern Federal District are not favorable enough. The seas of the Arctic Atlantic Ocean washing its territory influence the formation of the climate, which differs in the north-west of the district by relatively warm winters and cool summers and harsh winters and relatively short warm summers in the north. There is little precipitation, but due to low evaporation, it contributes to the formation of a large number of swamps, rivers and lakes.

Climatic conditions ensuring the development of agricultural production are limited to the southern territories of the region. They are suitable mainly for livestock breeding. Only the Kaliningrad region is characterized by a more temperate climate.

The Northwestern Federal District is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Full-flowing rivers flow through the territory of the district. Lowland rivers are of navigable importance. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva, etc. In terms of hydropower, Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa are of greatest importance. 2

The development of the economy of the North-Western District is stimulated by the presence of significant reserves of mineral, raw material, fuel, energy and water resources, which can not only meet the needs of the country's economic complex, but also be exported to many countries around the world. The district contains almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of apatite production, about 77% of titanium reserves, 43% of bauxite, 15% of mineral waters, 18% of diamonds and nickel. The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, and cobalt. Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, and peat. There are large reserves of peat, which are located in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod, Leningrad regions and the Komi Republic. The district's potential hydropower resources are estimated at 11,318 thousand kW, and the potential electricity generation is 89.8 billion kW. h.

The district is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Industrial reserves of aluminum-containing raw materials are of great value. The Tikhvin bauxite deposit with a high percentage of alumina (up to 55%) is located in the Leningrad region. In the Arkhangelsk region, the North Onega bauxite deposit is distinguished; bauxite reserves have also been explored in the area of ​​​​the city of Plesetsk.

Non-ferrous metal ores are also represented by copper-nickel ores of Monchegorsk and Pecheneg. Iron ore deposits are located on the Kola Peninsula, in the Murmansk region (Olenegorskoye and Kovdorskoye deposits). With a low iron content in the ore (28-32%), they are easy to process and provide high quality smelted metal. The Kostomuksha deposit is located in the Republic of Karelia, the ore of which contains 58% iron.

The Northwestern Federal District contains 40% of the forest resources and 38% of the water resources of the European part of Russia. In terms of forest resources, the district ranks first in the European part of Russia. The forests are very rich in fur-bearing animals (arctic fox, black-brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.). The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.). The presence in the district of significant mineral and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources, is an important factor in its economic development in a market economy. 3

The population of the Northwestern Federal District is 13.5 million people. For 1992-2005 the number of inhabitants living on its territory was declining. The highest rates of natural population decline were observed in the Vologda region, the Republic of Karelia, and St. Petersburg. The population decline is associated with an unfavorable demographic situation in all regions of the district, characterized by both negative natural growth rates and increased migration processes.

Currently, a steady decline in natural population growth is taking place in all subjects of the Federation that are part of the district. Migration processes in the district are multidirectional: in the southern regions there is an increase in migrants, in the northern regions, especially in the Murmansk, Arkhangelsk regions and the Komi Republic, there is a significant outflow of the population, which is associated with extremely unfavorable living conditions in conditions of a systemic crisis.

Steady population growth is observed only in the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions of the district, which is explained by the high level of migration. The migration influx of population to St. Petersburg is quite high, but it is covered by natural decline. 4

The district's population is unevenly distributed; the average population density is 8.2 people. per 1 km 2. The bulk of the population is in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (73.2 people per 1 km 2). The highest population density is characteristic of the Kaliningrad region (63.1 people per 1 km 2), Pskov and Novgorod regions (13.1 and 12.3 1 person per 1 km 2, respectively).

The northern part of the district is sparsely populated, with the most sparsely populated region being the Nenets Autonomous District (2.4 people per 1 km 2), located in the Arctic.

The district is characterized by a high level of urbanization - more than 80% of the population lives in urban settlements, while a significant part of the population is concentrated in the St. Petersburg agglomeration, the largest in the country. The smallest part of the urban population is observed in the Kaliningrad, Pskov, Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi Republic. 5

The national composition of the population is heterogeneous. Most of it is Russian. Other nationalities are dominated by Komi, Karelians, Sami, and in the north-east of the Arkhangelsk region - Nenets. In the European North, the problem of survival of indigenous peoples is acute due to the reduction of their habitat.

Over the years of reform in the district, employment in the economy has decreased significantly, while at the same time the level of unemployed has increased. The problem of employment is especially acute in areas with traditionally established sectors of the economic complex - coal, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, mechanical engineering - in the Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Novgorod regions, the Republics of Karelia and Komi.

In the structure of the employed population by economic sector, the share of those employed in trade, public catering, consumer services and healthcare is increasing, while at the same time there is a reduction in those employed in industry, agriculture, and construction. Solving socio-demographic problems is possible by stabilizing and boosting the economy, taking effective national and regional measures to implement social programs at the federal and regional levels aimed at social protection of the population. 6

The North-Western Federal District is an administrative formation in the north and north-west of the European part of Russia, includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Number of cities 152

Established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. The center of the district is the federal city of St. Petersburg.

The territory of the Northwestern Federal District makes up 9.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the district as of January 1, 2009 was 13,462,000 people. (9.5% of the Russian population). The majority of the population consists of city dwellers.

The Northwestern Federal District occupies a favorable geopolitical position - it borders Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, and Kara Seas.

Center of the Federal District of St. Petersburg Territory - area 1,689 thousand km² (9.8% of the Russian Federation)

Population 13,652,525 thousand people. (9.545% of the Russian Federation, January 1, 2012) Density 8 people/km² (2012)

% urban us. 82.4%

Industrial volume production 671 billion rubles. (2002

The economy of the Northwestern Federal District is heavily focused on raw materials. Almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of apatite mining, about 77% of titanium reserves, 45% of bauxite reserves, 19% of mineral water reserves, and about 18% of diamond and nickel reserves are concentrated here. The most important link for the district's economy is oil and coal production.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk; Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous District. The Northwestern Federal District includes all subjects of the Russian Federation belonging to the Northwestern and Northern economic regions.

The district covers an area of ​​1,687 thousand square meters. km, which is 9.9% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Northwestern Federal District is home to 13,501 thousand people (9.5% of the Russian population). The majority of the population consists of city dwellers. The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg. The largest cities of the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Severodvinsk, Ukhta, Velikiye Luki. In total, there are 152 cities in the district.

The Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Northwestern Federal District is Ilya Iosifovich Klebanov.

1. Economic and geographical position of the region

The North-Western region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The most striking feature of the North-Western region is the discrepancy between the historical role of the region and the very modest territory of the region. This discrepancy is due to the following features:

1. The location of the area is on the outskirts, distance from the center of Russia. This situation prevented the region from the Tatar-Mongol yoke; there were not even serfs in the north) Pomors).

2. The area is sharply pushed towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Novgorod the Great - the most notable cities, long connected with European countries through trade as part of the Banza (medieval union of the Baltic states). The region, along with Kiev and Veliky Novgorod, is the third historical center of the formation of East Slavic culture.

3. Coastal and border location of the region. The North-Western region is inferior to most economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, which is why it is called the region of one city - St. Petersburg. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.

In the North-Western region, inhabited by ancient Slavic tribes, trade and crafts developed; international trade, industry and qualified personnel were concentrated in St. Petersburg, and the outlying location of the region contributed to the development of the economy. All these reasons played a certain role in the formation of the modern image of the area.

The region occupies one of the leading places in terms of the level of economic development, the scale and diversity of industrial production, research and development products, the training of highly qualified specialists in the national economy, the pace of formation of market relations, and the scale of participation in Russia's world economic relations.

The Northwestern region is located on the Russian Plain. The climate in the area is maritime, temperate continental. The air has high humidity, the soils are soddy-podzolic