Solid dosage forms. Brief rules for writing prescriptions

Recipe in Latin issued in accordance with international rules. There is a certain sequence of elements, words and punctuation marks that cannot be broken. Before you learn how to write a prescription in Latin, you need to know the following points:

• All recipe elements must be written legibly;
• When writing a prescription in Latin, both commercial and international name medicine;
• The amount of the drug should correspond to the duration of treatment. By prescribing more than needed, the doctor increases the likelihood of overdose or abuse of the drug. It is recommended to start treatment with small doses;
• It is necessary to write instructions for the use of the drug as simply and clearly as possible;
• The duration of treatment is not indicated in the prescription.

A recipe in Latin can be written out on any sheet of paper, but only if all its components are correctly formatted there. It is common to use a special form.

Components and forms of the recipe

Any prescription in Latin that a doctor writes must contain:

1. Information about the medical institution where the prescription is issued in Latin, namely: name, address, telephone number (usually everything is reflected in the institution’s stamp);
2. The date the prescription was issued and its validity period, the pharmacist has complete legal right refuse to sell the drug if the prescription has expired. Prescriptions are usually issued for 30 days.
3. Series and number of the recipe;
4. Name and age of the patient;
5. Full name of the doctor;
6. Contact from the doctor to the pharmacist (read about this in the section on prescribing rules);
7. Signature and personal seal of the doctor.

View the prescription forms used in Russia:

There are two types of prescriptions - expanded and shortened.

• Complex compound drugs are prescribed in expanded form, which are most often prepared directly in the pharmacy.
• Ready-made drugs are prescribed in abbreviated form.

Recipe in Latin: step-by-step instructions

Once you have completed all the components described above, you can move on to the next step. Any recipe in Latin begins with the word Recipe, which translated into Russian means – take it. It is usually abbreviated as Rp. for comfort. This is always followed by a colon.

Rp.: (take it)

Then indicate the dosage form of the drug with a capital letter, in the accusative case, singular and in Latin (in cases, for example, with tablets, capsules and suppositories, it can be indicated a little later, after the quantity of the drug, but it is not necessary to indicate it there). For example, “tablets” - in Latin Tabulettas, can be abbreviated as Tab. to save time:

Rp.: Tabulettas (take the tablets)

Then you need to specify name of the drug with a capital letter, in Latin, in genitive case and in the singular. Or list its components and their dosage forms, each on a new line - if this is an expanded type of copybook.

Rp.: Tabulettas Acetylcysteini
(take acetylcysteine ​​tablets)

If we write out commercial name(for example, “aspirin” is a commercial name), then we put it in quotation marks and also write it with a capital letter, but in the nominative case. Rp.: Tab. "Aspirin"

Then you need to write down the dosage of the drug. If the drug is available in only one dosage, it may not be indicated. If this is a detailed type of prescription - dosages of all components.

(take acetylcysteine ​​tablets at a dosage of 0.2 = 200 mg)

Then you need let the pharmacist know how many pieces to dispense. To do this, we write from a new line the Latin expression “Da tales doses numero” - in Russian “give out in quantity.” Usually abbreviated for convenience like this “D.t.d.” N". We indicate how many pieces to issue.

Rp.: Tabulettas Acetylcysteini 0.2
D.t.d. N 30
(take acetylcysteine ​​tablets with a dosage of 0.2. Give 30 pieces)

Then on the same line indicate how to dispense the drug(ampoules, bottles) and, for example, when prescribing tablets or capsules, you can indicate the dosage form here (in tabulettis - in tab., in capsulae - in caps). That is, our recipe in Latin could look different:

Rp.: Acetylcysteine ​​0.2
D.t.d. N 30 in tab.
(take acetylcysteine ​​at a dosage of 0.2. Give 30 tablets)

If the dosage form is, for example, a solution, then it is no longer possible to “give it out in solution”; they can only be given out in some kind of container, in ampoules or bottles. And the “solution” – “Solutionis”, is indicated at the beginning of the recipe after Rp. (see above).

From a new line at the end of the recipe it is written in Latin Signa– abbreviated S. – in Russian “designate”. In this column you must indicate how much and how to use the drug for the patient. Our recipe ends up looking like this, both options are correct:

Rp.: Tabulettas Acetylcysteini 0.2
D.t.d. N 30

Take acetylcysteine ​​tablets with a dosage of 0.2. Give out 30 pieces. Indicate to take 1 tablet orally 2 times a day.

Rp.: Acetylcysteine ​​0.2
D.t.d. N 30 in tab.
S. Orally, 1 tablet 2 times a day

Take acetylcysteine ​​at a dosage of 0.2. Give out 30 tablets. Indicate to take 1 tablet orally 2 times a day.

Table of examples with descriptions

Look for even more examples in our large table -.

Recipe in Latin	Read more on our website, just click on the link:
Rp. Caps. Ampicillini 500 mg D.t.d. N. 20 S. Orally, one capsule 2 times a day.
Rp.: Aer. Salbutamoli 120 doses (and 1 dose – 0.0001) D.t.d. N 1 S. Inhale during an attack bronchial asthma.
Rp.: Supp. "Bethiolum" N 10 D.S. In the rectum, 1 suppository 3 times a day
Rp.: Dec. cort. Quercus 350 ml D.S. Rinse your mouth 5 times a day
Rp.:Extr. Frangulae fluidi 40 ml D.S. Orally 30 drops 4 times a day
Rp.: Pulv. Ceftriaxoni 2.0 D.S. Intramuscularly 2 times a day	And
Rp.: Sir. Ambroxoli 5% -100 ml D.S. Take 1 teaspoon orally 3 times a day
Rp.: Codeini phosphatis 0.18 Solutionis Kalii bromidi 6.0 – 180 ml M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Solid dosage forms include powders, tablets, capsules, dragees, granules, lozenges, caramels, pencils, and polymer plates.

Powders

Powder (Pulvis, abbreviated Pulv.) – dosage form that has the property of flowability. There are simple (single-component) and complex (two or more components) powders, divided into separate doses and undivided.

Powders for external use are prescribed in the form of fine powders (pulveres subtilissimus) not divided into doses with a total amount of from 5.0 to 100.0 g. The name of the medicinal substance, the degree of grinding and the total amount are indicated in the prescription.

Recipe example 1(simple, undivided powder). You need to prescribe 5.0 g of badyagi (powder) ( Spongilla) to prepare a suspension for application to the site of injury.

Comment: In this and other examples, D.S. is written in one line. (dispense and label), since it was previously indicated how much of the drug to give.

If the powder consists of one medicinal substance and excipients (talc), there are several recording options.

Recipe example 2. Prescribe 100.0 g of the finest powder containing 10.0 zinc oxide (Zinci oxydi), for applying to the surface of diaper rash.

1st option:

2nd option: abbreviated notation is possible. In the recipe the word is indicated at the beginning Aspersionis(powder), then the name of the medicinal substance, its concentration and total amount:

Powders for internal use can be undivided into doses (undosed) and divided (dosed).

Low-toxic substances (for example, magnesium sulfate) are prescribed in the form of undivided powders.

Recipe example 3. Prescribe 20.0 g of magnesium sulfate (Magnesii sulfas). 20 g 1 time per day on an empty stomach, after dissolving the drug in a glass of water (200 ml). Taken orally.

When writing a prescription for divided powders, after the word “Rp.:” indicate the name of the medicinal substance and its single dose.

Recipe example 4(dosed powder). Prescribe 10 powders containing 0.2 g of trimethin ( Trimethinum). Prescribe one powder orally 3 times a day.

A comment. In this example, a single dose of powder is indicated, but 10 such doses must be given, so D.t.d is indicated in the second line. N. 20 (give such doses number 10). N. – a generally accepted abbreviation of the word “number” (numero), and not a serial number (#). The next line indicates the signature (S). The signature is written for the patient, indicating how to take the drug. The signature should be clear and without abbreviations.

The mass of one powder should be no less than 0.1 g and no more than 1.0 g. To increase the mass of the medicinal substance, initially less than 0.1 g, it is necessary to add indifferent substances (sugar or glucose). The recipe states: mix to make powder (M.f. pulvis). Then instructions are given on how many powders to dispense, and a signature is written.

Recipe example 5. Prescribe 20 powders containing 0.05 g of diphenhydramine (Dimedrolum). Prescribe 1 powder orally 3 times a day.

Volatile and hygroscopic substances are prescribed in waxed (in charta cerata) or waxed paper (in charta paraffinata).

Recipe example 6. Prescribe 20 powders containing 30 mg of rutin in wax paper (Rutin) and 50 mg ascorbic acid (Acidum ascorhinicum). Prescribe 1 powder 2 times a day.

Powders include crushed medicinal plant materials, such as leaves, roots, flowers.

Recipe example 7(crushed leaves). Prescribe 50 g of salvia officinalis leaves (Folia Salviae officinalis). Prescribe as an infusion for rinsing, 1 glass of infusion 3 times a day, warm. It is necessary to shake before use. To prepare the infusion, place 3 tablespoons in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 cup) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. Cool and filter.

Medicinal plant raw materials - powder are produced in cardboard packs with an inner bag or in the form of a filter bag.

Recipe example 8. Prescribe 20 filter bags containing 1.5 g of dandelion roots (Radices Taraxaci officinalis). Administer internally as

infusion 1/2 cup 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. To prepare the infusion, place 2 filter bags in a glass container, add 100 ml (1/2 cup) boiling water, cover and leave at room temperature for 15 minutes.

Recipe example 9. Prescribe 50 g of corn columns with stigmas ( Styli sit stigmatis Zeae may dis). Administer internally as a decoction. To prepare the decoction, 10 g (2 tablespoons) of raw materials are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes. Cool at room temperature for 10 minutes, filter, and squeeze out the remaining raw materials. The volume of the resulting decoction is adjusted to 200 ml with boiled water. Use 1–3 tablespoons orally every 3–4 hours. Shake the decoction before use.

Recipe example 10. Prescribe 50 g of chamomile flowers ( Flores Chamomillae officinalis). Prescribe as a decoction as an enema. To prepare a decoction, place 10 g (2 tablespoons) of flowers in an enamel bowl, pour in 200 ml (1 glass) of chilled boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. Cool at room temperature for 45 minutes, filter, and squeeze out the remaining raw materials. The volume of the resulting decoction is adjusted to 200 ml with boiled water. In the form of enemas, 50 ml are administered into the rectum.

Recipe example 11. Prescribe 50 g of linden flowers ( Flores Tiliae). Prescribe 1 glass of hot infusion orally 2-3 times a day. To obtain an infusion, place 10 g (3 tablespoons) of flowers in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. Cool at room temperature for 45 minutes, filter, and squeeze out the remaining raw materials. The volume of the resulting infusion is adjusted to 200 ml with boiled water.

Recipe example 12. Prescribe 50 g of rhizomes and roots of elecampane ( Rhizomata sit radicibus Inulae). Prescribe 1/2 cup of infusion orally 2-3 times a day. To prepare the infusion, place 16 g (2 tablespoons) in an enamel bowl, pour in 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 30 minutes. Cool at room temperature for 10 minutes, filter, and squeeze out the remaining raw materials. The volume of the resulting infusion is adjusted to 200 ml with boiled water. The course of treatment is 2 weeks. The decoction must be shaken before use.

Medicinal fees (Species) – a mixture of several types of crushed medicinal raw materials, sometimes with the addition of salts and essential oils.

The collections are used to prepare infusions and decoctions intended for internal and external use.

Types of collections: collection-briquette, collection-powder, collection-raw materials.

Currently, the following are most often used: official fees. The official (namely official, not official) name of the collection indicates that the composition is registered and included in State Register medicines RF.

"Breast collection" (Species pectorales).

“Collection No. 1” – marshmallow roots + oregano herb + coltsfoot leaves;

“Collection No. 2” – coltsfoot leaves + large plantain leaves + + licorice roots;

“Collection No. 3” – marshmallow roots + anise fruits + licorice roots + Scots pine buds + sage leaves;

"Collection No. 4" – marsh rosemary shoots + calendula officinalis flowers + peppermint leaves + chamomile flowers + licorice roots + tricolor violet herb.

"Vitamin collection No. 2" (Species vitaminosae)– rowan fruits + rose hips.

"Cholagogue collection" (Species cholagogae):

“Phytohepatol No. 2” – sandy immortelle flowers + common yarrow herb + peppermint leaves + coriander fruits);

“Collection No. 3” – calamus rhizomes + rhizomes with roots of valerian officinalis + leaves of stinging nettle + alder buckthorn bark + peppermint leaves.

"Diuretic collection" (Species diureticae), or “Fitonephrol” (urological collection) – flowers of calendula officinalis + peppermint leaves + bearberry leaves + dill fruits + rhizomes with roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus.

"Laxative collection No. 1" (Species laxantes) – stinging nettle leaves + alder buckthorn bark + common yarrow herb.

“Gastric collection No. 3” – calamus rhizomes + rhizomes with roots of valerian officinalis + leaves of stinging nettle + alder buckthorn bark + peppermint leaves.

"Gastrointestinal collection" ("Fitogastrol") - calamus rhizomes + + peppermint leaves + chamomile flowers + licorice roots + + dill fruits.

"Sedative collection No. 2" ("Fitosedan") - rhizomes with roots of valerian officinalis + peppermint leaves + motherwort herb + licorice roots + hop fruits.

“Soothing collection No. 3” – rhizomes with roots of valerian officinalis + sweet clover herb + oregano herb + motherwort herb + creeping thyme herb.

"Brusniver" – lingonberry leaves + St. John's wort herb + + tripartite herb + rose hips.

“Proctophytol” (anti-hemorrhoidal collection) – coriander fruits + alder buckthorn bark + senna leaves + licorice roots + yarrow herb.

“Collection to stimulate appetite” – wormwood herb + yarrow herb.

"Arfazetin-E" - St. John's wort herb + chamomile flowers + common bean fruit leaves + horsetail herb + blueberry shoots + rose hips.

“Salvarom” (“Collection for inhalations No. 1”) – chamomile flowers + sage leaves.

"Ingafitol" ("Collection for inhalations No. 2") - chamomile flowers + eucalyptus leaves.

Here are examples of recipes with fees.

Recipe example 13. Write out 100.0 of the official "Breast Fee Xa 1". Prescribe for oral administration.

We'll tell you what you need to know to avoid problems with getting medicine at the pharmacy.

Since 2017, control over the dispensing of prescription drugs from pharmacies has been strengthened. All because of the frequent self-medication of Russians. Experts claim that taking certain medications without medical supervision reduces immunity and susceptibility to the drug. Read on to learn how to get a recipe and what should be in it.

A prescription is required to obtain medications marked “Dispensed by prescription.” It includes narcotic, psychotropic substances and their precursors (used to create narcotic and psychotropic substances- ed.), antibiotics, highly toxic and combination medications. In addition, the prescription helps some Russians receive drugs for free or at a 50% discount. For this purpose, the patient is given a special form.

The medicine is usually prescribed by the attending physician or a paramedic or midwife if such obligations are assigned to them. Therefore, before receiving a prescription, you need to make an appointment with a specialist and undergo a full examination, which can also be carried out by an emergency doctor. And only after this the attending physician can prescribe necessary medicine. People with chronic diseases and benefits you need to make an appointment with your doctor. The exceptions are people with acute pain, as well as cancer patients at stage 4 of cancer. In some cases, a prescription for a particular medicine can be obtained not only by the patient himself, but also by his legal representative (parents, guardians, spouses, as well as those who have a power of attorney).

In total, recipes have four forms of forms, but according to general rules any of them must contain:

• stamp medical organization, signature and personal seal of the health worker, his initials and position;
• full name, surname and patronymic of the patient;
• the date the prescription was written and its validity period (usually from 15 days to 2 months, in exceptional cases, for example, for long-term treatment, prescriptions are valid for up to a year);
• name of the drug by grouping or INN (unique name of the active substance of the drug, recommended by the World Health Organization - ed.) by name, and only in their absence - by trade name;
• the name, dosage, dosage form and composition are written only in Latin. In Russian, only the method and mode of use of the drug is indicated. In addition, it is not recommended to exceed the recommended amount medicinal product for one prescription. This item may not apply to those who need long-term treatment, as well as for people with chronic diseases (mark on the form “For a patient with a chronic disease”);
• if necessary, mark “cito” (urgent) or “statim” (immediately).

Make sure that there are no corrections in the form, and that information about medications is included in the medical record. If it is prescribed incorrectly, then the pharmacist at the pharmacy does not have the right to dispense the required medicine.

Let us remind you that on September 22, the order of the Ministry of Health came into force banning the sale of prescription drugs in pharmacy kiosks. Experts believe that such points cannot provide adequate conditions for storing prescription drugs. Now some medications can only be purchased at pharmacies, pharmacy points and from individual entrepreneurs with the appropriate license.

Photo: pixabay.com

Brief rules writing prescriptions - methodical student manual

medical, pediatric and pharmaceutical faculties

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RECEPTION

General compounding as a branch of medicinal science combines medical and pharmaceutical compounding. Medical prescription studies the rules for prescribing medications (more precisely, dosage forms). Pharmaceutical formulation includes the rules for the manufacture of dosage forms and is currently separated into a special branch of pharmaceutical knowledge - the technology of dosage forms.

CONCEPT OF DRUG SUBSTANCE, DOSAGE FORM AND MEDICINE

Medicinal substance (or drug) is a chemical compound with pharmacological activity.

Medicine - This is a medicinal raw material that has been subjected to special processing. Sources of medicinal raw materials can be of mineral, plant, animal, synthetic origin and waste products of microorganisms.

Dosage form They call the release form given to a medicinal substance, which best meets the purposes of use and is most convenient to use.

Medicine is a medicinal substance in a specific dosage form.

RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Recipe - This is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine, indicating how the patient should use this medicine. Carrying out the doctor's instructions, the pharmacist (pharmacist) controls the correctness of the prescription (this mainly concerns the dose of the medicine and the compatibility of the prescribed substances). The patient, in turn, must strictly follow the indicated method of using the drug.

The prescription of the medicine is carried out in Latin, and instructions on how to use the medicine to the patient are in Russian (native) language.

Recipe structure

The recipe consists of the following sections:

Stamp of the medical institution;

Name and age of the patient;

Full name of the doctor;

Prescription of medicine;

Instructing the pharmacist to prepare a specific dosage form (not necessary for official and abbreviated prescriptions)

Instructing the pharmacist on the specifics of dispensing medication to a patient

Instructing the patient how to take the medicine correctly

The doctor’s signature, his personal seal and the seal of the institution.

The main section of the prescription is the prescription of the medicine. It always begins with an appeal to the pharmacist: Recipe - take it, after which the medicinal substances are listed in a certain sequence. The only obligatory part of the recipe is the main active substance or basis, which is placed on the first line. It is on its application that the pharmacological effect medicines. In second place in the recipe are auxiliary substances (adjuvans): they are used to enhance the action of the base or weaken its undesirable effects. In third place are corrective substances (corrigens), which are introduced into the composition of a medicine in order to correct its unpleasant organoleptic (taste, color, smell, etc.) properties. In last place are the substances that give a certain form to the medicine - these are form-building substances (constituens): water in solutions, petroleum jelly in ointments, sugar in powders, etc. There may be several auxiliary, corrective and form-building substances in a receptor prescription.

BASIC DESIGNATIONS ACCEPTED IN THE FORMULATION

The amount of medicinal substances included in the prescription is indicated on the right side of the form. Measure weight in the recipe is a gram (1.0) and its fractions: 0.1 - decigram; 0.001 - milligram; 0.0001 - decimilligram; 0.00001 - centigram; 0.000001 - microgram. The measure of volume in the recipe is milliliter (1 ml). The length is indicated in centimeters (sm).

If two or more medicinal substances are indicated in the same dose, then it is indicated only once after the name of the last substance. To indicate that the specified amount applies to all listed substances, the word “ala” (equally) or abbreviated “aa” is used.

If a doctor prescribes a drug in a dose exceeding the highest single dose, then he is obliged to write its quantity in words and put an exclamation point (!).

In the event that the recipe does not fit on one side of the form, you can write “verte” (turn over) at the bottom and finish the recipe on the other side.

ABBREVIATIONS ADOPTED IN THE RECIPE

Reduction	Full name
		no, equally
		distilled floor
		Give out such doses
		extract
		let it be formed
		drop, drops
		liquid ointment, liniment
		liquid
		oil (liquid)
		how much is needed (needed)
	Repete, Repetalur	Repeat, Let it be repeated
		rhizome
		Designate
		tablet
		tincture

TYPES OF PRESCRIPTIONS

There are three main types of drug prescriptions: official, manual and mainline.

A prescription that is legalized by inclusion in the Pharmacopoeia and is not subject to change is called official (from Latin oficina - pharmacy). Pharmacopoeia is a medico-pharmaceutical code that has legislative significance. The State Pharmacopoeia of Russia is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines.

The official prescription is always abbreviated, that is, it indicates only the basis, its quantity and the name of the dosage form. The following dosage forms are only officially prescribed; tablets, dragees, extracts, tinctures, syrups, true emulsions, aerosols.

An example of an official prescription: for a patient chronic hepatitis prescribe Espa-Lipon tablets V dose 0.6.

Rp.: Espa-Liponi 0.6

D.t.d.N30 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 1 time per day on an empty stomach

Example of an official prescription 2: a patient with hypertension is prescribed indapamide tablets at a dose of 0.0025 (with such a low dose of the drug, there are fillers in the tablet, but they are not indicated in the official prescription).

Rp.: Indopamidi 0.0025

S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day in the morning

The prescription of complex drugs carried out according to standard prescriptions placed in the Pharmaceutical Manual is called manual (from Latin manus - guide). A manual prescription is always detailed, that is, it indicates all the ingredients of the medicine and instructs the pharmacist which dosage form to prepare from them.

Example of a manual prescription: to treat neurosis, prescribe Charcot's mixture:

Rp.:Inf. rad. Valerianae 0.6 - 200ral

Sodium bromide 6.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

S.: no 1-2 tablespoon 3 times a day

Prescriptions drawn up by a doctor at his discretion and based on the patient’s condition are called main (from Latin magister - teacher). The main copy is always expanded.

An example of drawing up a master prescription: prescribe a medicine for treatment hypertension, prepared in such a way that individual medicinal substances influence the regulation of various links vascular tone: ednit, by blocking the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduces the formation of angiotensin II; Corvitol, by blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors of the heart, reduces the importance of the cardiac component in increasing vascular tone; Normodipine inhibits calcium entry V vascular smooth muscle cells.

Rp.: Ednyti 0.005

Normodipini 0.0025

Prescriptions can also be expanded and abbreviated, simple and complex, subsidized and under-dosed.

If a prescription prescribes one medicinal substance, then the prescription is called simple .

Example: prescribe Nebilet, a cardioselective beta-blocker with vasodilating activity, for the treatment of hypertension.

Rp.:Nebueti 0.005

D.t.d.N 28 in tab.

S.:no 1 tablet i once a day

When prescribing medications that contain several components, the prescription is called complex .

Example: prescribe a powder containing dihydroergocristine in a single dose of 0.0005, reserpine - 0.0001 and clonamide - 0.005 (the composition of the powder is similar to the drug "Acenosin") to a patient with arterial hypotension.

Rp.: Dihydroergotoxini 0.0005

Reserpini 0.0001

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which all the ingredients included in the medicine are sequentially written out, and also gives instructions to the pharmacist to prepare the dosage form, is called expanded .

Example: prescribe a powder containing digoxin (single dose 0.00025) and veroshpiron (single dose 0.025) to a patient with chronic heart failure.

Rp.: Digoxini 0.00025

Verospironi 0.025

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription that indicates only the name of the dosage form and the main drug substance with the corresponding instructions about the concentration and total amount of the drug dispensed, without a list of its ingredients, is called abbreviated .

Example: prescribe a 0.5% solution of seduxen in ampoules of 2 ml to relieve convulsive syndrome.

Rp.: Sol. Seduxeni 0.5%-2ml

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously

Prescription of a medicine that is dispensed in separate equal doses is called based . In this case, the dose of medicinal substances for 1 dose is written and there must be the phrase “Give these doses by number...” -D.t.d. N.

Example: Prescribe Donalgin tablets at a dose of 0.25 to a patient with pain in the spine.

Rp.:Donalgini 0.25

D.t.d. N30 in amp.

S.:no 1 tablet 3 times a day

A prescription where medicinal substances are prescribed in total quantities for all appointments is called undosed . The medicine from the pharmacy is not dispensed divided into separate doses, but is dosed by the patient himself based on the explanations written in the signature.

Example: Prescribe 50 g of Revmogel to a patient with muscle pain.

Rp.:Reumogeli 50.0

S.: Rub a thin layer into the affected area.

2-3 times a day

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Dosage forms are most often classified according to physicochemical properties: hard, soft, liquid, aerosol and gaseous.

Aerosol and gaseous dosage forms are prescribed only officially.

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

The main solid dosage forms include: powders, tablets, dragees and granules. Tablets, dragees and granules are prescribed only officially.

POWDERS

Powders is a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders for external use are called powders; they are not dosed. Powders for internal use are usually dosed. Powders can also be simple or complex.

Powders for internal use

When prescribing dosed powders, there is a rule about 1 decigram, which states: the weight of the powder cannot be less than 0.1. If the weight of the powder is less than 0.1, then add filler. Exceptions to the one decigram rule: if the powder weighs less than 0.1, no filler is added if the powder is in capsules and ampoules. The maximum weight of the powder should not exceed 1.0; otherwise it will be awkward to take.

The filler for powders must meet the following requirements: not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances, not have its own pharmacological activity and irritant effect. The most commonly used fillers: sugar (Saccharum), milk sugar (Saccharum lactis), glucose (Glucosum), sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas).

Complex dosed powder for internal use

Example: to treat ascariasis in a three-year-old child, prescribe decaris powder, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Decarisi 0.05

S.: but 1 powder at night.

Simple dosed powder for internal use

When prescribing a simple powder, the name of the dosage form is indicated only in the signature.

Example: sick chronic gastritis To relieve heartburn, prescribe Gelusil powder, one-time dose 0.5:

Rp: HeJusili 0.5

S.: 1 powder 3 times a day after meals

Bulk powder for internal use

Safe medicinal substances are prescribed orally in the form of non-dosed powders, the accuracy of the dosage for which is not of fundamental importance. They are prescribed in bulk, and the patient himself divides the medicine into separate portions. Depending on the method of application and its duration, the amount of powder ranges from 5 to 200 grams.

Example: sick urolithiasis to dissolve stones, prescribe blemarene powder

Rp.: Blemareni 200.0

S.: 1-2 scoops (3-6 grams) 2-3 times a day. Dissolve in a glass of water before use

CAPSULES

Capsule - this is not a dosage form, but a container (shell) into which dosed powder, granular paste or liquid medicinal substances are placed. Usually, capsules contain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste and/or an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

There are capsules that are soluble in the stomach or only in the intestines. Enteric capsules contain those substances that are destroyed upon contact with the acidic contents of the stomach. Gastric soluble capsules: starch (capsula amylacea) and gelatin (capsula gelatinosa). Intestinal soluble capsules: gluten (capsula glutoidea) and keratin (capsula keratinosa).

When prescribing the powder in capsules, you do not need to add a filler, that is, capsule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule.

Example 1: to treat flatulence (bloating), prescribe zspumizan capsule powder in a single dose of 0.04:

Rp.: Espumisani 0.04

D.t.d. N 100 in caps. gel.

S.: 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Example 2: Prescribe hemomycin capsule powder at a dose of 0.25 to a patient with pneumonia.

Rp.: Hemomycini 0.25

D.t.d. N 6 in caps. amylaceis

S.: no 2 tablets 1 time per day for 3 days

Example 3: prescribe carbapine capsule powder in a single dose of 0.2 to a patient with epilepsy (carbapine should not come into contact with the contents of the stomach):

Rp.: Carbapini 0.2

D.t.d. N60 in caps. keratinosis

S.: no 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Ampoule powder

Ampoule powder is an exception to the one deci-gram rule,

Ampoule powder is an injectable dosage form and is prepared in a factory. It is sterile and after dilution in an appropriate solvent (which is usually included with the ampoule powder), an injection solution suitable for use is obtained. Those medicinal substances that are unstable (quickly destroyed) in a dissolved state are produced in the form of ampoule powders.

Example: for treatment peptic ulcer prescribe quamatel ampoule powder in a single dose of 0.02:

Rp.: Quamateli 0.02

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: dilute the contents of the ampoule with a solvent and administer intramuscularly.

POWDER

Powders for external use are called powders. To prepare powders, the medicinal substance is used in the form of a fine powder (in this may not be indicated in the recipe). Their prescription is not dosed and detailed. They are prescribed in quantities of 5-100 g.

Powders can be simple or complex. In complex powders, talc is most often used as a filler. ( Talcum ), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) and white tire (Bolus alba). To prescribe them, it is necessary to know the concentration of the drug substance and the total amount of the drug.

Example of a simple powder : prescribe 20.0 norsulfazole powder.

Rр.: Norsulfasoli 50.0

An example of a complex powder: prescribe 50 grams of 10% streptocide powder:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

PILLS

Tablets are a dosed solid dosage form prepared by pressing or forming medicinal substances. The weight of the tablets ranges from 0.1 to 2.0. Most often, tablets are intended for oral use, but tablets are also produced for sublingual administration and for the preparation of solutions.

Tablets are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, usually includes several auxiliary substances, the prescription only indicates the basis, its dose and the number of tablets.

Tablets are divided into simple (one medicinal substance) and complex (several medicinal substances).

"Classic" way

Example 1: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe diroton tablets, single dose 0.01:

Rp.: Dirotoni 0.01

D.t.d. N 28 in tab.

S.: no i tablet once a day.

Example: for the treatment of prostate adenoma, prescribe prostaplant tablets in a single dose of 0.32:

Rp.: Prostaplanii 0.32

D.t.d. N60 in tab.

Example: for the treatment of giardiasis, a 12-year-old child is prescribed Macmiror tablets, a single dose of 0.2:

Rp.: Macmirori 0.2

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Some modified methods

For better assimilation of the material according to the modified method of prescribing tablets, the basic prescription in the first recipe is given without abbreviations, and in the second recipe an abbreviated version is given.

Example 1a: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe Ednit tablets, single dose 0.0025:

Rp.: Tabulettarum Ednyti 0.0025 N28

S.: no 1 tablet i times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe altiazem PP tablets, single dose 0.18 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablets” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Tab. Altiazemi RR 0.18 N20

S.:no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Example 2a: for the treatment of angina, prescribe Corvitol tablets, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Tabulettae Corvitoli 0.05

S.: nol tablet 2 times a day.

Example 2b: to treat a fungal infection, prescribe mycosist tablets, single dose 0.05 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablet” is shortened):

Rp.: Tab. Mycosysti 0.05

D.t.d. N7 S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Complex tablets

Example 1a: for the purpose of long-term contraception, prescribe Regulon tablets:

Rp.: Tabulettarum "Regulonum" N21

S.: no I tablet 1 time per day.

Example 16: for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prescribe antibiotic tablets (inhibitor-protected penicillin) Panclava (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablets” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Tab. "Panclavum" N15

D.S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day

Soluble tablets

They are prescribed according to the rules of simple or complex tablets, and the fact that they are soluble (effervescent) is indicated only in the signature.

Example: a patient with urolithiasis should be prescribed complex blemarene tablets to dissolve stones:

Rp.: Tab."Blemarenum" N20

S.: 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Before use, dissolve the tablets in a glass of water.

DROGETS

Dragee is a solid dosed dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeatedly layering medicinal and auxiliary substances onto sugar granules. The weight of the dragee ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g.

The pills are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, also includes auxiliary ones, The prescription only indicates the basis, its dose and the number of tablets. The prescription for a pill begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example 1a: to treat a sore throat, prescribe falimint tablets, single dose 0.025:

Rp.: Dragee Faliminti 0.025

S.: Dissolve 1 tablet in the mouth 3-5 times a day.

Example 1b: to treat insomnia, prescribe Radedorm tablets, single dose 0.005 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “dragee” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Dr. Radedormi 0005

S.: 1 tablet 20 minutes before bedtime.

GRANULES

Granules are a solid, non-dosed dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of medicinal and excipients.

Granules are prescribed only officially. Their prescription begins with the name of the dosage form

Example: to treat tuberculosis, prescribe sodium para-aminosalicylate granules.

Rp.: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0

S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day, an hour after meals.

FEATURES OF PREPARATION OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used in the production of solid dosage forms. In this case, the word “pulvis” is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant. The word “pulvis” only indicates that all anatomical parts of plants (bark, root, leaf, etc.) must be ground into powder before making medicine.

Powders from anatomical parts of plants are a partial exception to the one decigram rule, because filler is added to them only when the powder weight is less than 0.05.

Example 1: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe powder from digitalis leaves, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Digitalis 0.05

S.: no 1 powder at night.

Example 2: for abdominal pain, prescribe belladonna leaf powder, single dose 0.01:

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

Example 3: for abdominal pain, prescribe tablets from belladonna leaves, single dose 0.01:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

D.t.d. Nl0 in tab.

S.:no 1 powder 3 times a day.

SOFT DOSAGE FORMS

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, patches, suppositories. During classes and tests, soft dosage forms should only be prescribed in full. With the exception of suppositories, these are not dosage forms.

All soft dosage forms are united into one group by the fact that they contain fats and fat-like substances, which are called "ointment base". The main properties of ointment bases are:

1. high smearing ability;
2. indifference (do not interact chemically with medicinal substances and do not cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes);
3. mix well with medicinal substances;
4. do not change properties under the influence of light and air;
5. melting point is close to body temperature.

Classifications: the main characteristics of ointment bases

Ointment bases are classified according to their origin. The basics of animal, plant, mineral and synthetic origin are distinguished.

Ointment bases of animal origin

Ointment bases of animal origin are relatively well absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for deep action.

Purified pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus). Its source is visceral fat pigs. It is closest in structure to human fat, is well absorbed from the skin, and melts at body temperature. It burns out quickly (within 2 weeks) in the light.

Lanolin (Lanolinum). It is extracted from the washing water obtained during the processing of sheep wool. It has a very viscous consistency, which is why it is not used independently, but added to other ointment bases. Hydrophilic (100 g of anhydrous lanolin absorbs 150 g of water without loss of ointment consistency), which allows it to be used in wet processes. Melts at body temperature.

Yellow wax (Cera flava). It is obtained by melting bee honeycombs. It melts at a temperature of 63-65°C, so it is added to regular ointment bases to increase their melting point (which is important in hot climates). When stored in the sun it becomes white and brittle.

Spermacetum. It is obtained from the cavities of sperm whales located above the skull and along the spine. Melts at a temperature of 45-54°C. It is added to other ointment bases as a sealant, as well as to give them hygroscopicity and elasticity. It has its own pharmacological activity: it enhances the processes of regeneration and local immunity.

Fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). It has liquid consistency, as a result of which it is used for the preparation of liniments. Has its own pharmacological activity: contains a large number of vitamins A and D.

Ointment bases of plant origin

Ointment bases of plant origin are liquid oils (with the exception of cocoa butter, which has a solid consistency) and are used in the manufacture of liniments or added to ointments to make them softer. They penetrate the skin relatively poorly.

The main vegetable oils used in pharmaceuticals: sunflower oil (Oleum Helianthi), linseed oil (Oleum Lini), olive oil(Oleum Olivarum), almond oil (Oleum Amygdalarum), peach oil (Oleum Persicorim), sesame oil (Oleum Sesami), bleached oil (Oleum Hyoscyami), cottonseed oil (Oleum Gossypii). castor oil (Oleum Ricini), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao).

Ointment bases of mineral origin

Mineral ointment bases are products of petroleum processing and are mixtures of solid and liquid saturated hydrocarbons. They have high chemical resistance. They are practically not absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for surface action.

The most important mineral bases are petroleum jelly (Vaselimim), petroleum jelly (Oleum Vaselini) or liquid paraffin and solid paraffin (Paraffmum soHdum). Vaseline and paraffin are used to prepare ointments, and petroleum jelly is used for liniments.

Recently, ointment bases of synthetic origin, which are essentially artificial polymer materials, have become increasingly important.

OINTMENTS

Ointment is a dosage form that is a homogeneous mass of soft consistency and is intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing the base with form-building substances, which are called ointment bases. If the composition of the ointment, in addition to the ointment base, includes one active principle, then it is a simple ointment; if two or more, it’s a complex ointment. The amount of ointment prescribed usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple ointment: to treat muscle pain, prescribe 50 grams of 5% butadiene ointment:

Rp.:Butadioni 2.5

Vaselini ad 50.0

M.,f.unq. D .

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of a complex ointment: for the treatment of candidal colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by yeast-like fungi - candida), prescribe 30 grams of ointment containing 100 mg of Macmiror and 40,000 units of nystatin in 1 g (corresponds to the composition of the vaginal cream "Makmiror complex 500 "):

Rp.: Macmirori 3.0

Nistatini 120000ED

Vaselini ad 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

For a number of ointments, there is an official prescription (in this case, the ointment is produced in a factory way and contains a clearly defined amount active beginnings and ointment bases).

An example of an official prescription for ointment N1a: for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, prescribe "Fastum" ointment (contain 1 gm of 25 mg of ketoprofen):

Rp.: Unguentum "Fastum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N16 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “ointment” is abbreviated): for the treatment of purulent-necrotic skin lesions, prescribe Iruksol ointment (contains antimicrobial agent and proteolytic enzyme):

Rp.: Ung. "Iruxohun" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N2: to treat skin manifestations of psoriasis, prescribe “Psoriaten” ointment (contains several ingredients of plant origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Psoriatenum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N3: to treat pain syndrome in traumatic, inflammatory and neurological diseases, acidify the “Apizartron” ointment (contains several ingredients of animal and synthetic origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Apisarthromum" 20.0

Eye ointment

There are three main differences between ophthalmic ointment and regular ointment (i.e., applied to the skin and mucous membranes): 1) its total weight is no more than 10.0; 2) for its production, lanolin is necessarily used in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the main ointment base; 3) it is sterile.

Example: to treat eye herpes, prescribe 5 grams of 3% acyclovir ointment:

Rp.: Acicloviri 0.15

M.,f.imq. Sterilis!

D.S.: Apply under the eyelids of the affected eye.

PASTES

Paste is a soft dosage form with a solids content of at least 25%, but not more than 65%. If the powdery substances are less than 25%, then indifferent substances are added: talc (Talcum), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), white clay (Bolus alba) and some others.

The presence of a large amount of powdery substances gives the pastes a denser consistency, as a result of which they do not melt at body temperature, but soften. Therefore they longer than ointments remain on the skin and last longer.

Example 1: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 30% streptocidal paste:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

Example 2: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocidal paste:

Rp.: Sireptocidi 5.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

LINEMENTS

Liniment is a soft dosage form where liquid oil is used as an ointment base.

Example: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% liniment streptocide:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

Ol. Vaselini ad 50.0

M.,f. linimentum.

D.S.: apply to affected areas.

CANDLES

Suppositories are a dosage form that is solid at room temperature and melts at body temperature. Based on shape and weight, rectal (1.1-4.0) and vaginal (1.5-6.0) suppositories are distinguished. If the weight of the suppositories is not specifically indicated, then rectal suppositories are prescribed with a weight of 3.0, vaginal - 4.0. The prescription of candles in classes and in control work is main, detailed and dosed.

For making candles, the best ointment base is considered to be cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao), which is hard and brittle at a temperature of 15-20°C, and turns into a clear liquid at a temperature of 30-34°C.

Example of rectal suppositories: for treatment rheumatoid polyarthritis prescribe rectal suppositories with indomethacin, single dose 0.05

Rp.rujdomeracini 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale. D.t.d. N10.

S.: administer 3 times a day.

Example of vaginal suppositories: for the treatment of trichomonas colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by protozoa - Trichomonas), prescribe vaginal suppositories with Klion, single dose 0.1

Ol. Cacao ad 4.0

M.,f.supp.vaginale

S.: administer 1 time per day.

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used to make candles. In this case (see “Solid dosage forms”) the word “pulvis” is injected before the name of the anatomical part of the plant.

Example: to treat hemorrhoids, prescribe rectal suppositories with belladonna leaf, one-time date 0.01:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale

S.: administer 3 times a day.

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Liquid dosage forms include solutions and medicinal extracts from plants: decoctions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, emulsions.

SOLUTIONS

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in a solvent, in which the dissolved substances are in a molecularly dispersed state and distributed in the form of individual molecules and ions.

There are solutions for external use, internal use and injection.

The solvent, which ideally should be neutral and not foreign to the body, is important when preparing solutions. Basic properties of solvents:

1) must dissolve the medicinal substance without chemical interaction with it;

2) should not have an irritating effect, its own pharmacological activity and toxicity.

Water (Aqua destillata, and for injections - Aqua bidestillata) most fully satisfies this requirement; however, not all substances are soluble in it, so oils can be used as solvents. ethanol(Spiritus aethylicus), ether (Aether aethylicus), chloroform (CMorofonnum), glycerin (Glicerinum) - the last three are only for preparing solutions for external use.

Solutions for external use

They are prescribed in a non-dosed and abbreviated form; to prescribe them you need to know the concentration and volume of the solution; Concentration is expressed only in % or as ratios.

Example: to wash a wound, prescribe 500 ml of 0.02% (J: 5000) furatsilin solution:

Rp.: Sol. Furacilim 0.02%-500ml(1:5000-500ml)

Eye drops

Eye drops are solutions for external use. There are three main differences between them and conventional solutions:

1) their total volume usually does not exceed 10 ml;

2) small dosing volume;

3) sterility.

Example: for treatment allergic conjunctivitis prescribe 10 ml of 0.5% allergodil solution:

Rp.: Sol. Allergodili 0.5%-10ml

D.S.: no 2-3 drops in each eye

Solutions for internal use

Prescription of solutions for internal use, non-dosed, expanded or abbreviated (optional ). To prescribe them, you need to know the single dose, the volume of intake (spoons, drops) and the total number of doses (10-12 when taken by spoon and 20-60 drops). The patient doses the solutions himself, based on the doctor’s instructions written in the signature.

The volume of a tablespoon is 15 ml, a dessert spoon is 10 ml and a teaspoon is 5 ml; in 1 ml of water - 20 drops, alcohol and ether (conditionally) - 50 and 80 drops, respectively.

Example: to treat allergies, prescribe a Zyrtec solution for internal use, a single dose of 10 mg, dosed in tablespoons, dessert spoons, teaspoons and 10 drops. for the appointment (we write out 10 doses with a spoon and 20 with drops):

expanded abbreviated

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.07%-150ml

Aq.destill. ad 150.0 D.

M.S.: l tablespoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.1%-100 ml

Aq.destill. ad 100.0 D.

M.S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sot. Zyrteci 0.2%-50ml

Aq.destill. ad 50.0 D.

M.S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.2 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 2%-10mI

Aq.destill. ad 10.0 D.

M.S.: no 10 drops 3 times a day

D.S.: 10 drops 3 times a day

For a number of solutions (both for external and internal use) there is an official prescription (in this case, the solution is produced at the factory and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and solvent).

An example of an official solution for internal use: prescribe a solution of cordiamine 20 drops per dose (the number of drops in a single dose corresponds to the total volume in ml):

Rp.: Cordiamini 20ml

S.: 20 drops 3 times a day

An example of an official multicomponent solution for internal use: a patient with bronchitis should prescribe a solution of “eucabal” 20 drops per dose:

Rp.: Eucabali 20m!

D.S: 20 drops 3 times a day

Examples of official solutions for external use:

1. for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, prescribe the Tantum Rose solution:

Rp.: Tantirosae 120ml

D.S.: douche 1-2 times a day

2. for the treatment of acute rhinitis, prescribe the Nafazol solution:

Rp.: Nafesoli 10ml

S.: instill 2 drops into each nostril 2-4 times a day

Injection solutions

Injection solutions are ready-made dosage forms for parenteral use. When preparing injection solutions, 3 rules must be followed: they must be sterile, pyrogen-free and isotonic (the latter is important for large volumes of administration).

There are ampoule solutions (prepared in the factory) and in pharmaceutical packaging (prepared in a pharmacy).

Ampoule solutions

Ampoule solutions are a dosage form. Olives are written down in abbreviated form, the concentration of the solution is expressed in %.

Example 1: to treat allergy complications, prescribe an ampoule solution of prednisolone (single dose 30 mg) in 1 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Prednisoloni 3%-l ml

D.t.d. N3 in amp.

S.: administered intramuscularly 1 time per day

Example 2: for the treatment of osteoporosis, prescribe an oil solution of retabolil (single dose 50 mg) in 2 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Retabolili oleosae 5%-I ml

D.t.d. N1 in amp.

S.: administered deeply intramuscularly once every 4 weeks

Solutions in pharmaceutical packaging

Solutions in pharmaceutical packaging are a non-dosed dosage form and are prescribed in full. The expanded copybook allows you to show what to prepare of this solution not distilled, but double-distilled (pyrogen-free) water is used. For prescription, you need to know the single dose of the substance, the single volume of the solvent and the total number of injections.

Example: prescribe a solution of diphenhydramine (single dose i 0 mg) in a pharmaceutical package for 50 injections of 1 ml:

Rp.: Oimedroli 0.5

Aq. bidestill. ad 50.0

MEDICINAL EXTRACTS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS.

To prepare medicinal forms from plant raw materials, the part of the plant where greatest content operating started.

Anatomical parts of plants

Russian name	Latin name
rhizome

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

The active principles determine the therapeutic effect of drugs from medicinal plants. The main groups of active principles include alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, tanning substances.

Along with them, plant raw materials contain many different substances that do not have medicinal activity (fiber, proteins, starch, sugars and others) and are called “ballast substances”.

Alkaloids (alcali - alkali, cidos - similarity) - a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of races of crucible and animal origin, which has a pronounced pharmacological effect. Most plant hells belong to the group of alkaloids. IN pure form alkaloids are crystalline substances or liquids, usually poorly soluble or insoluble in water. In medical practice, their water-soluble salts (atropine sulfate, papaverine hydrochloride, etc.) are used.

Glycosides - These are complex two-component organic compounds, consisting of a sugar part (glycone) and a non-sugar part (aglycone or genin), connected by an oxygen or nitrogen bridge. Genin have a wide variety of chemical structure, being arbitrary phenols, anthracenes, steroids, flavones, etc. Glycones can be represented both by sugars familiar to the body (glucose, manose, lactose, etc.) and foreign ones (digitoxose of cardiac glycosides). They can be six-membered (then the corresponding glycosides will be called pyranosides) and five-membered (furanosides). Glycones determine the pharmacokinetic properties of glycosides, and pharmacodynamics are determined by genins. Glycosides in most cases are crystalline substances, easily soluble in water and alcohol.

Saponins (sapo - soap) are structurally similar to glycosides, but have surface-active properties; with water they form foaming soap solutions. Saponin genins are called sapogenins. Saponins have a bitter taste and an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes. When taken orally in large doses, they cause nausea and vomiting; in small doses, they have an expectorant effect. If they enter the blood, they can cause hemolysis of red blood cells.

Essential oils - these are organic compounds of plant nature and are oily liquids with a strong characteristic odor, pungent taste and high volatility. They are insoluble in water, but when shaken, they impart their taste and smell to it, which is the basis for the preparation of aromatic waters and their use as a means of improving the organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) properties of the medicine. Essential oils are also used as medicinal substances: many of them have neurotropic, irritant, choleretic, expectorant, antimicrobial and other types of action.

Tannins are nitrogen-free organic compounds of complex structure that have an astringent and tanning effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The main tannin in plants (oak bark, alder fruit, etc.) is tannin. Tannin also forms insoluble compounds with salts heavy metals and alkaloids, which makes it possible to use it as an antidote for poisoning with these compounds.

The active principles of plants can also include mucus, resins, organic acids, vitamins, phytoncides and plant antibiotics.

INfusions and decoctions

Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extraction of active principles from medicinal raw materials of plant origin. Infusions are prepared from soft (flowers, leaves, grass), and decoctions from hard (bark, roots, rhizomes) anatomical parts of plants. There are exceptions to this rule. Thus, due to the volatility or easy destructibility of the active principles, infusions (valerian, ipecac) are prepared from roots and rhizomes, and infusions are prepared from dense leathery leaves (bearberry).

Infusions are heated in a water bath (infusion apparatus) for 15 minutes, decoctions for 30 minutes. After the specified time has passed, they are filtered: the decoctions are still hot after 10 minutes, and the infusions after complete cooling (after about 45 minutes). Before preparing infusions and decoctions from alkaloid-containing raw materials, it is moistened with a solution of citric acid, which sharply increases the extraction of alkaloids into the aqueous phase.

The main disadvantage of infusions and decoctions is their short shelf life: 3-4 days in the refrigerator.

Infusions and decoctions are non-dosed medicinal forms and are always prescribed in abbreviated form. The prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then indicates the anatomical part of the plant, the name of the plant, its total dose and the total amount of the finished dosage form. They are dosed with spoons and drops. As a rule, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for 10-12 doses.

An example of an infusion: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe an infusion of digitalis leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Inf. fol. Digitales 0.5-150 ml

D.S.:no 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Example of a decoction: to treat constipation, prescribe a decoction of buckthorn bark, single dose 0.5:

Rp.: Dec. cort. Frangulae 5.0-150 mI

D.S.: 2 tablespoons at night.

GALENIC MEDICINES

Herbal remedies include tinctures, extracts, cnpoifbi and mucus. They are extracts obtained through complex mechanical and physical-chemical processing of medicinal raw materials. This makes it possible to increase the content of active ingredients in the preparation and reduce the amount of ballast substances. The most commonly used extractors are water, ethyl alcohol and ether.

All herbal preparations are prescribed officially; the anatomical parts of plants are not indicated in the prescription.

Tinctures

Tinctures are liquid, transparent alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials. They are prepared by methods of maceration, percolation and dissolution of extracts. Most tinctures are intended for internal use, less often they are used externally (rinsing, rubbing).

Tinctures are prescribed in small doses. When they are prescribed, the name of the dosage form, the plant from which it is prepared, and the total amount of tincture are indicated first. There is a rule: the total volume of tincture is equal to the number of drops per dose.

Example: to treat constipation, I prescribed a tincture of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp.: Tinct Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: no 25 drops per dose.

Extracts

Extracts are condensed (compared to tinctures) extracts from medicinal raw materials. Technological process their production is similar to the production of tinctures. Currently, there are two types of extracts: liquid and dry.

The rules for prescribing liquid extracts are the same as for tinctures. Since, the total number of decrees repents in volumetric units (ml), then the word “liquid (fluidum)” after the name of the plant is not necessary.

Example: to treat constipation, prescribe a liquid extract of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp: Extr.Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: 25 drops per dose.

Dry extracts are prescribed in the form of tablets, powders, dragees, and suppositories. They are dosed in weight units; It is not necessary to write the word “dry (siccum)” after the name of the plant.

Example: to treat constipation, prescribe dry extract of buckthorn bark in powders, tablets and suppositories, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

S.:no 1 Zraz powder per day.

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

D.t.d. N10 in tab.

S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale.

S.: enter Z once a day.

In the event that pharmaceutical manufacturing companies assign drugs from herbal raw materials trade names, then their prescription is carried out according to the rules for prescribing chemicals.

Example: if cerebral blood flow is impaired, prescribe Memoplant (a standard preparation of dry extract from ginko leaves) at a dose of 0.04:

Rp.; Memoplanti 0.04

D.t.d. N120 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 3 times a day.

EMULSIONS

Emulsions are liquid dosage forms that are formed by mixing water with insoluble liquids. Emulsions consist of three components: a medium, a suspended substance and an emulsifying substance. In appearance they resemble milk.

Emulsions are used to mask bad taste liquid oils, to soften the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as for the uniform distribution of drugs in fats. Emulsions are prescribed internally and externally. For parenteral use, it is obtained by ultra-emulsification using ultrasonic vibrations.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are divided into oil (false) and seed (true). To prepare oil emulsions, a variety of liquid oils are used (see the topic “Ointment bases”). In the case where the weight of the oil is not indicated, it is prescribed as 1/10 of the weight of the emulsion. In order for the emulsion to be stable, an emulsifier is added, which envelops the oil particles and prevents them from merging. By their nature, emulsifiers are carbohydrates (Arabic gum - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - Gummi Armeniacae; tragacanth - Tragacanthum; dextrin - Dcxtrinum) or proteins (gelatose - Gelatosa; egg yolk. Vitellum ovi). The emulsifier, as a rule, is taken in half the amount of oil. Exceptions: for 10.0 oil take apricot gum - 3.0, tragacanth - 0.5 and one egg yolk for 15.0 oil.

Oil emulsions

The recipe for oil emulsions is expanded and dosed. An emulsion where there are only three required components (oil, emulsifier, water) is called simple; if one or more medicinal substances are additionally prescribed, then it is a complex or medicinal emulsion. In a medicinal emulsion, the main medicinal substance (base) comes first.

Emulsions for internal consumption are dosed with spoons and prescribed in 10-12 doses; the total amount of emulsion for external use usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple emulsion for internal use: to treat simple dyspepsia in a child, prescribe an emulsion castor oil, one dessert spoon per serving:

Rp.: Ol. Ricini 10.0

Aq. destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: no dessert spoon for the reception.

An example of a medicinal emulsion for external use: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 100 ml of a 15% streptocide emulsion:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Aq.destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: apply to the affected surface

An example of a medicinal emulsion for internal use: for treatment increased anxiety Prescribe rudotel emulsion in a single dose of 0.01, dose in teaspoons:

Rp.:Rudoteli 0.1

Ol.Persicori 10.0

Aq.destill. ad 50.0

D.S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

SLIME

Mucilages are thick viscous liquids and are obtained by treating plant materials with water that contain mucous substances (flax seed - semen Lini, orchis tuber - tuber Salep, marshmallow root - radix Althaeae, seaweed - Laminaria), or they themselves represent pure mucus (Arabic gum - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - GummiArmeniacae). Mucus is also obtained by brewing starch (Amylum) with hot water in a ratio of 1:50.

Mucus softens the irritating properties of medicinal substances, slows down their absorption in the digestive tract, and corrects unpleasant taste and smell. They are prescribed officially and always with an equal amount of water.

Example: to treat gastric ulcer, prescribe flax seed mucilage:

Rp.: Mucilagtnis Lini

Aq.destill. ana 75.0

D.S.: one tablespoon 3 times a day

MEDICINE ENEMAS

When prescribing medicinal enemas, two rules must be observed: 1) their volume should not exceed 50 ml; 2) they always contain mucus. Copybook medicinal enemas expanded.

Example: to relieve psychomotor agitation, prescribe a medicinal enema with atarax, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Ataraxi 0.025

Mucilaginis Amyli

Aq.destill. ana 20.0

D.S.: for insertion into the rectum.

NEW HALEN PREPARATIONS

New galenic preparations are extracts from medicinal raw materials obtained by special treatment with alcohol, ether and/or water. Thanks to high degree cleaning, they contain a minimal amount of ballast substances, which allows them to be used parenterally (unlike herbal preparations).

Novogalenic drugs are the official dosage form: when writing a prescription, only their name and total quantity are indicated.

An example of a novogalenic drug for internal use: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe lantoside 10 drops per dose:

Rp.:Lantosidi 10.0

D.S.: no 10 drops 2 times a day.

An example of a novogalenic drug for parenteral use: for the treatment of acute heart failure, prescribe corglycone in 1 ml ampoules, a single dose of 0.0006:

Rp.: Sol. Corglyconi 0.06%-l ml

D.t.d. N10 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously drip once a day

AEROSOLS

Aerosols are air dispersion systems in which the dispersion medium is various gases, and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to several tens of microns.

Aerosol preparations are used for both internal and external use. Aerosols for internal use are often equipped with a special dispensing device.

Aerosols are prescribed officially, the prescription is not dosed. Example: to relieve attacks of bronchial asthma, prescribe an aerosol of salbutamol:

Rp.: Aerosolum SaIbutamoli 50ml

D.S.: no l inhalation 3 times a day

HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES

Last time wide use received homeopathic medicines, which are available in a variety of dosage forms, the main of which are solutions, tablets, granules and ointments. Official prescription of homeopathic medicines.

Example 1: to prevent ARVI, prescribe influcid 10 drops per dose:

Rp.: influcidi 30,0

D.S.: but 10 drops once a day

Example 2: To treat pathologically occurring menopause, prescribe Climactoplan tablets:

Rp.: tab. "Klimaktoplan" N60

S.: no 10 drops 1 pat per day

Example 3: to treat eczema, prescribe Iricar ointment:

Rp.: Ung. "Iricar" 50.0

S.: apply to affected areas 3 times a day.

THE CONCEPT OF DURANT DRUGS

Durant (retard, prolonged) drugs are drugs with a slow release of the active substance from the dosage form, which leads to an increase in the time of its action. The main dosage forms with prolonged action include tablets, spansules (capsules containing many microgranules), patches, and some injection forms.

The mechanisms for slowing the release of the active substance in different dosage forms are different. For example, in a number of injectable dosage forms (powders, suspensions), the base is associated with an indifferent substance, which gradually releases it from the muscle depot. Tablets may consist of several shells, which gradually dissolve as the medicine passes through the digestive tract. Tablets can also be compressed from microgranules with different disintegration times.

Example: for the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis, prescribe a retard form of diclofenac in a single dose of 0.1:

Rp.: Diclofenaci-retardi 0.1

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet per day.

Compared to other types of texts, cooking descriptions are difficult to write. By at least, if you are doing a rewrite. You need to make every effort to make the article unique. Things are simpler if you own experience tell us how to cook or fry meat. But theoretically and physically you cannot prepare everything yourself, so we will learn to write culinary recipes correctly.

I’ll be realistic and say that almost all descriptions of cooking dishes are rewrites of articles. The author finds the source and reworks the text based on it, adding some things and subtracting some proportions of ingredients.

As I said, rewriting recipes is very difficult. Therefore, by making the text unique, copywriters can distort the process of preparing a dish so that you cannot do anything according to the description.

How does unique content allow you to promote websites?

There were completely absurd culinary recipes online, in which you needed to take 1000 grams of salt for 1 kg of meat to prepare shish kebab. It is clear that the author wrote a culinary recipe, and so that this figure would not be determined in the program for checking the uniqueness, he added a zero. Or he simply hurriedly rewrote the article, nothing worked, and in the end he was delighted with the high uniqueness, forgetting about the implausibility of what was stated.

There may also be unintentional errors. But if the recipe clearly shows a presentation in which not only the amount of salt, but also other ingredients has been changed, this is a rewrite. Moreover, without being an expert in cooking, you may not notice the error, mistaking a beautifully designed article for a unique recipe.

Ignorance of the rules for writing culinary recipes leads to various force majeure situations. If you don’t understand anything about cooking, it’s better not to start writing recipes and familiarize yourself with the rules in advance.

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And without wanting to mess around in your thoughts, you can easily stumble upon unreliable information and use it to rewrite the article. Can you imagine what the reader will get if he decides to cook the dish? If you write culinary recipes, then find

I compare writing culinary recipes to medical topics. One wrong word and the patient will be ruined. Although you do not manipulate human health as, for example, in the description of medicines, you can still be the organizer of indigestion in the person who prepared the dish according to your advice.

Therefore, before you start writing a recipe, you need to gain your own understanding of the matter. Don’t bother doing a rewrite without understanding the differences in meat products and especially in seasonings.

Where to start writing recipes

First you need to collect as much information as possible. Moreover, this should not only be some article. It would be better if this was a full description with pictures. You need to check the accuracy of the recipe using at least three sources. And it’s better if at least one is from a well-known culinary site.

Let's read the most first detailed recipe, then other sources. We compare the information, and if there are no strong discrepancies, then we take note of all three sources. As you read, you should have an understanding of cooking in your head. Let's start writing a unique culinary recipe.

We are writing an introduction. IN different options the beginning may vary. We can tell you briefly. Where and in what years was it first prepared, and in what form has it survived to our times?

On a note. The beginning is most important in recipes. I advise you to hook the reader by making him salivate. In the first paragraph, for example, about barbecue, describe in vivid colors how provocatively the finished dish smells and focus on how the golden crust beckons in the light of the bright lights of the fire and the night sky.

The second step is to start compiling the ingredients. This is the hardest part because there are thousands of recipes online and you need to make yours stand out as unique. Rearrange ingredients. Add words to numbers.

Four signs of useful content.

For example, I’ll take the ingredients of the same kebab. Let's say you have a source like this:

• 2 kg of meat;
• 200 grams of onion;
• 100 grams of salt;
• 300 grams of mayonnaise.

To make the description unique, I suggest the following option.

• To prepare a large portion for a company of 5 people, you will need 2 kg of fresh meat;
• Onions will make the cutting softer and add a piquant smell, 200 grams is enough;
• To salt such a portion you will need 100 grams of salt;
• You can marinate in 300 grams of mayonnaise or ketchup (to taste).

That's about it. Just don’t rewrite the ingredients, I took the quantities from my head.

The third point is the climax of the performance. It is necessary to describe in all colors how the dish is prepared. Here you can give free rein to your imagination. Write everything: how tender the meat will be after marinade; how to properly place pieces on a skewer so that they don’t burn, don’t forget to describe the unique smell of cinnamon and garlic. In general, you can talk about anything to make the reader salivate.

Write everything accurately. If there personal experience, tell us what a large amount of pepper in a dish can entail. How does open fire affect cooking? The description of the preparation should be colorful, not faceless.

In conclusion, write in the culinary recipe how the dish can be served, what it can be used with, and with what drinks. Describe the original setting of a country table for barbecue. In general, use your imagination.

And finally, completion. You can simply write bon appetit. But if you want to please the customer, there is an option to finish writing a recipe beautifully. But for this you will need to find additional information. I won’t describe the method in detail, I’ll give an example.

Shish kebab is one of the oldest dishes. Its preparation is a real art that improves over the years. In the ancient writings of the “Vikings” there is an excerpt - that it is customary to serve meat to the table “raw”. Thus, the special taste of the dish is emphasized.

This is complete improvisation. I don't know about any Vikings. This is just an example, but I think it will be clear?

In what key are recipes written?

There are no special regulations here. You can write culinary recipes in a free style. Just so that the story is clear to the reader. Third or first person - it doesn't matter. If you work to order, the client will express his wishes. If not, then you can write a copywriter’s “brief” and ask additional questions.

I will highlight two directions in this case:

• Recommendatory. It is written something like this: first, cook the meat by marinating it in mayonnaise;
• Affirmative. First, the meat is cooked. Marinate it in mayonnaise and garlic paste.

Choose what you like and how easier it will be for you to write a recipe. Only if you have outlined one style, support it. There is also a third option. You tell us how you cook yourself. Following the example of Yulia Vysotskaya’s program on NTV. But bloggers usually write this way, but the customer can also ask.

Where can I get content for the site?

And finally, a little about the structure. It can be different, only the introduction does not change. It always comes first. Above I said how you can hook the reader. You can only add that you, as when writing texts on other topics, must keep to the minimum.

The second point is always the ingredients. You can sometimes make a digression after the introductory paragraph, write a few more words from the history of the preparation of the dish or something else. But this is at your discretion if you write culinary recipes for yourself or if the customer has asked.

Advice. Remember that if a reader searches for the query “how to cook shish kebab,” then he is most likely not interested in which country was the first to cook it.

Following the ingredients is a step-by-step cooking guide. Clear actions should be described here. Remember to tell the truth and nothing but the truth. So that after your description it doesn’t turn out to be a casserole instead of kebab.

Well, in the end you can attract the reader additional information, but as they say, “if you’re lucky.” You can make an additional paragraph with recommendations or talk about original barbecue seasonings. The main thing here is to make the title correctly and display several original ideas, after which the user will prepare delicious dish and share the recipe with friends.