Synthetic vitamins: benefits and harms. Chemical structure of vitamins. Physical, chemical and biological properties

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VITAMINS When will spring come? Don't know. It will rain, the snow will melt

Organic substances responsible for the proper functioning of the human body. Man is unable to produce them, or produces them in insufficient quantities. We get vitamins from food. Vitamins are divided into water-soluble and fat-soluble. Who are we? Vitamins

FROM HISTORY... Vitamins are organic substances that enter the bodies of humans and animals with food or are synthesized by them, necessary for normal metabolism. Vitamins were discovered by N. I. Lunin in 1880. The first to isolate the vitamin in crystalline form was the Polish scientist Casimir Funk in 1911. A year later, he also came up with the name - from the Latin “vita” - “life”. About 50 types of vitamins are now known. As a rule, they are not deposited in the body, and their excesses are eliminated by the excretory organs. Most vitamins are found in plant foods, but some are found only in animal foods. With a lack of vitamins in food, diseases develop in the body - hypovitaminosis.

Vitamin A Products: Egg yolk, carrots, fish oil, sour cream, milk, liver. Overdose: Headache, toxic to the liver, thinning hair, peeling skin. Function: improving vision, restoring skin, strengthening hair, cell regeneration. Symptoms of deficiency: blurred vision, night blindness, skin problems.

Vitamin D, D1, D2 calciferol Products: fish oil, sour cream, liver, egg yolk. Function: division of lymph cells, absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the bones. Symptoms of deficiency: rickets, decreased muscle tone. Overdose: Hypercalcemia, accumulation of calcium in the kidneys, heart, blood vessels and joints.

Vitamin E tocopherol Products: vegetable oil, avocado, nuts, wheat germ, sweet potato. Function: Antioxidant together with A and C, thins the blood, strengthens the immune system. No overdose Symptoms of deficiency: Blood disorders in children, early birth, anemia, swelling.

Function: prevents infection from entering the blood, takes part in the blood clotting mechanism. Products: all types of cabbage, beets, formed with the participation of intestinal bacteria. Symptoms of deficiency: poor blood clotting, inactive liver. Overdose: jaundice, anemia. Vitamin K

Vitamin C ascorbic acid Products: Peppers, cabbage, strawberries, kiwi, citrus fruits, tomatoes, melon, liver. Overdose: oxalate kidney stones. Function: Antioxidant No. 1, anti-cancer, participates in the formation of collagen, strengthens the immune system, helps absorb iron. Symptoms of deficiency: Anemia, impaired immunity, poor wound healing, scurvy, fatigue, bleeding of internal organs.

Vitamin B1 Function: Carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, nervous system function, prevents vascular hypercalcemia, catalyst in the formation of gastric juice. Products: Liver, yolk, nuts, cereals, cereals. Symptoms of deficiency: Weakness, loss of appetite, dysfunction of the nervous system, heart disease. Risk group: teenagers, alcoholics, athletes.

VITAMIN B 2 riboflavin Regulates metabolism, participates in hematopoiesis, reduces eye fatigue, facilitates the absorption of oxygen by cells. If there is a deficiency - weakness, loss of appetite, inflammation of the mucous membranes, impaired vision. Contained in: meat, dairy products, green vegetables, grains and legumes Oh.

VITAMIN B 5 pantothenic acid Regulates the functioning of the adrenal glands, the absorption of vitamins, antibody synthesis, fat metabolism Contained in: peas, yeast, hazelnuts, leafy vegetables, chickens, cereals, caviar

VITAMIN B 6 pyridoxine Participates in the metabolism of amino acids, fats, the functioning of the nervous system, reduces cholesterol levels. If there is a deficiency - anemia, dermatitis, cramps, indigestion Contained in: soybeans, bananas, seafood, potatoes, carrots, legumes

VITAMIN B 9 folic acid Participates in the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, regulates the functioning of the hematopoietic organs Contained in: meat, root vegetables, dates, apricots, mushrooms, pumpkin, bran

VITAMIN PP nicotinic acid Participates in the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, regulates the functioning of the hematopoietic organs. If there is a deficiency - pellagra (skin lesions, dermatitis, diarrhea, insomnia, depression) Contained in pork, fish, peanuts, tomatoes, parsley, rose hips, mint

Vitamin B12 Functions: production of amino acids and fatty acids. Products: internal organs of animals, meat, fish, eggs, cottage cheese and cheeses, formed with the help of intestinal bacteria. Deficiency: anemia, degeneration of the intestinal mucosa, neuralgia. Risk group: vegetarians, old people, ulcer sufferers.

VITAMIN H biotin Affects sleep and appetite, skin and hair condition, blood cholesterol levels Contained in: cabbage, mushrooms, legumes, strawberries, corn, meat

Providing the body with vitamins

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS

Which is better: vitamins - natural or artificial Natural vitamins are a biological complex, it has a special structure and is naturally associated with other substances. But even in summer and autumn, the vitamins contained in fresh products, cannot meet the body's needs. An artificial vitamin is a crystal that becomes active only if it acquires a spatial structure natural vitamin. Typically, only a small portion takes on the structure of the natural vitamin. The “residue” settles on the walls of blood vessels, which leads to their damage. Taking vitamins should take into account gender, age, general condition body, work, diet, after consulting a doctor

"Vitamin myths" MYTH 1. Hypovitaminosis is a seasonal problem. Vitamins should only be taken in spring. MYTH 2. Instead of swallowing pills, you can simply drink more juices and eat fresh vegetables and fruits. MYTH 3. If you constantly take vitamins, you can develop hypervitaminosis. MYTH 4. Some vitamins conflict with each other. Therefore, it makes no sense to take complex vitamin preparations - anyway, in the end there will be no effect. MYTH 5. Vitamins from soluble effervescent tablets are absorbed better than from regular tablets. MYTH 6. Synthesized, “chemical” vitamins are less useful than natural ones. If you really drink, then the so-called nutraceuticals are new generation vitamins obtained from natural vegetables and fruits.

Daily human need for vitamins and their main functions Vitamin Daily requirement Functions Ascorbic acid (C) 50-100 mg Increases the body's resistance to extreme influences Thiamine (B 1) 1.4-2.4 mg Regulator of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, nervous system activity Riboflavin (B 2) 1.5 – 3.0 mg Participates in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates Pyridoxine (B 6) 2.0 – 2.2 mg Protein absorption and the health of the nervous system Niacin (PP) 15 – 20 mg Participates in OVR in cells. Deficiency causes pellagra Folic acid (B 9) 200 mcg Hematopoietic factor, involved in the synthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, choline Cyanocobaltamine (B 12) 2 - 5 mcg Necessary for hematopoiesis, prevents anemia, important for body growth Biotin (H) 50 -300 mcg Participates in acid metabolism reactions Pantothenic acid (B 3) 5 – 10 mg Participates in the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates Choline 250-600 mcg Synthesis of biologically important compounds Retinol (A) 0.5 – 2.5 mg Improves vision, maintains mobility joints Calciferol (D) 2.5 – 10 mcg Calcium and phosphate metabolism, mineralization of bones and teeth Tocopherol (E) 8 – 15 mg Active antioxidant

Chemical vitamin - well, it’s not natural at all

Today, pharmacy shelves are littered with synthetic vitamins. Trading companies constantly advertise the benefits of artificial vitamins. Of course, their “concern” for our health can be understood, because the profit from such chemical crafts ranges from 500% to 1000%.

Lazy parents don’t have to think about what and how to feed their child in order to provide his growing body with vitamins and carbohydrates. It’s easier to buy a colorful box with sugary pills - and all issues are resolved.

The trouble is that the questions just start from “tasty and medicinal” fun.

In just six to eight months of using such chemical pills, the child begins to develop problems with the urinary system, sand and stones appear, high sugar in the blood, heart disease, blood pressure jumps...

Research in Germany has not shown that those smokers who actively consumed synthetic vitamins earned money.

This is understandable - no team of enthusiastic chemists, even with the most modern laboratory, is able to replicate nature. If consists of a complex biological compound of natural molecules (6-8-12...), each of which is responsible for its own action, then the synthetic vitamin is produced by chemists according to the scheme: one molecule is natural, and all the rest are synthetic, which are not even found in nature.

How these synthetic molecules behave in the human body is a mystery to science. Therefore, all these experiments are carried out by consumers themselves and their loved ones, who bought “miracles” at a reasonable and favorable price.

Laziness is a bad adviser! Think and eat natural products!

Do not deceive yourself and your loved ones with cheap crafts from dodgers.

You will have to pay with your health!

Alexey Pastushenkov

Magazine "Anti-Cancer"

Vitamin supplements shorten life

Beta-carotene and vitamins A and E, which allegedly reduce the risk of developing a number of dangerous diseases, in fact, they not only do not prolong, but also reduce life expectancy. Danish scientists came to these conclusions as a result of a survey study covering a total of 250 thousand participants.

The Center for Clinical Research at the University of Copenhagen Hospital used the results of 68 large-scale studies on synthetic vitamin supplements, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Summarizing the data, the scientists concluded that taking supplements with beta-carotene and vitamins C, A and E had no overall effect on the life expectancy of study participants.

A more detailed study of the materials of 47 studies, the authors of which, according to Danish scientists, used the most appropriate research methodology, it turned out that the use of some of the listed antioxidants not only did not prolong, but even shortened the life of the participants.

Thus, mortality among people taking beta-carotene supplements increased by 7%, and taking vitamins A and E was associated with an increase in mortality by 16% and 4%, respectively.

A slightly lower mortality rate was observed among people taking selenium supplements. At the same time, taking vitamin C supplements had no effect on life expectancy at all.

Scientists emphasize that the data they collected the data refers exclusively to synthetic additives, containing increased concentrations of vitamins and antioxidants. The benefits of being rich in the same substances plant food is not questioned in the study.

Mass trade propaganda chemical nutrition America is fooling the country's population, ruining its health

200 million Americans can no longer live without daily use various chemical “vitamins”.

On the picture - usual dose an average American schoolgirl who eats them every morning to please her duped parents, poisoning her body with poison.

Chemical vitamins are a death trap for “cool” smart people in a world of fools

Russian doctors have even begun to find stones in the kidneys of infants. After conducting a series of studies, scientists have proven that it’s all about... the multivitamins that parents feed their babies. According to the head of the clinical diagnostic laboratory of MONIKI, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Svetlana Shatokhina, a girl who was less than three years old was recently hospitalized at this hospital.

However, a stone almost a centimeter in size was found in the girl’s kidney.. For the mother, who paid a lot of attention to the baby’s health, this came as a complete surprise. Moreover, the girl was regularly given expensive vitamins, which were specially brought from Switzerland, for preventive purposes. As it turned out, these pills undermined the child’s health. The tests returned to normal as soon as the vitamins were removed from the diet and the kidneys were washed out. Scientists analyzed the condition of patients who regularly take multivitamin complexes and found that these people have an active process of stone formation in the kidneys.

The fact is that vitamins activate the body’s defenses, which fight harmful microorganisms. But these forces, “spurred on” by vitamins, attack not only “strangers”, but also their own altered cells. But it is not possible to “wash off” them and remove them with urine - as a result, a crystallization center is formed in the kidney, and a stone grows.

"MK-Sunday"

Vitamins can be not only useful, but also harmful

Is the absolute usefulness and complete harmlessness of vitamins really a proven fact?

No, not really. It's a matter of reputation, and this reputation developed a long time ago and everywhere. In the former USSR, for example, the concept of “vitaminization” existed in all areas of medicine. They vitaminized everyone everywhere: children in nurseries, kindergartens and schools, pregnant women in consultations, soldiers and sailors - in military units and on ships, workers of hazardous enterprises - right in the workshops. The concept of “vitaminization” even extended to prisoners (!)

The concept of “vitamin deficiency” has completely disappeared from medical use, but the exact opposite concept of “vitamin excess” has firmly taken its place, along with “excess calories” as the main cause of obesity. And this is no coincidence given the excess consumption of vitamins that occurs everywhere. But the truth is that vitamins can be not only useful, but also harmful.

Vitamins do not combine well with a diet intended for weight loss, and such combinations are very common, since people trying to “lose” excess weight, it seems that you can “get enough” with vitamins or, at least, muffle the feeling of hunger. But this is, so to speak, a general remark, but here is a specific example.

Director of the Johns Hopkins University Nutrition Center, Professor Benjamin Caballero, found that between the dose of vitamin A that is necessary for strengthening bone tissue women in menopause and such a concentration of this vitamin that can cause the completely opposite effect, that is, bone fractures, the difference is not so significant. Considering that this vitamin is contained in sufficient quantities in many food products, additional intake of extremely popular “multivitamins” containing vitamin A can lead not to a decrease, but to an increase in bone fragility. In pregnant women, excess vitamin A can cause intrauterine deformities of the fetus, and in children - loss of consciousness due to increased intracranial pressure.

Could vitamin C really be harmful?

Vitamin C has a powerful protective effect, protecting the body's cells from a wide variety of damaging influences. The lack of this vitamin causes numerous pathological changes and even diseases, the most famous of which is scurvy, which often occurred, in particular, during the famine years in Russia. However, in case of overdose, this healing factor can cause nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Can a vitamin be harmful if overdosed?

Actually, yes! Take vitamin E as another example. It has the properties of a so-called antioxidant, that is, a factor that prevents increased oxidation, which leads to damage to cells and its genetic component. But with an excessive concentration of vitamin E in the body, bleeding and even the threat of heart attack and stroke can occur.

What measures should be taken to avoid the harmful effects of an overdose of vitamins?

Firstly, there's something you need to know. In particular, it is necessary to keep in mind that vitamins are found in large quantities in a variety of foods that a person consumes daily.

Thus, carrots, fresh potatoes, green vegetables, mango and papaya are rich in vitamin A, fresh fruits, especially citrus fruits, are rich in vitamin C, and vegetable oil, soybeans, nuts, and eggs are rich in vitamin E. Do you need to this person additional amounts of a particular vitamin and how much exactly? This is decided by the doctor, and without his recommendations there is no need to spend money on countless bottles of multivitamins and “get healthy” with them yourself. Instead of benefit there can be harm!

Secondly,There is no need to self-medicate and try to improve yourself according to your own understanding. The fact that vitamins can be purchased without a prescription does not mean that they should be bought indiscriminately, like seeds or nuts, and then swallowed by the handful.

Vitamins are medicines and they must be taken, if not according to a prescription, then on the recommendation of a doctor and in strict accordance with his advice regarding dosage and regimen. This is exactly how the use of vitamin B12 should proceed - for blood diseases, vitamin D - for menopause in women, B-complex vitamins for neuralgia, and so on. Accessibility does not mean permissiveness; everything must be done expediently and in moderation. This applies to vitamin therapy to the fullest!

Daniil Golubev. Radio Liberty

Municipal educational institution "Nikiforovskaya secondary school No. 1"

Vitamins and the human body

Completed by: student of class 10 B

Polyakov Vitaly

Teacher: Sakharova L.N.

Dmitrievka

Introduction

1.1. Vitamin B1

1.2. Vitamin B2

1.3. Vitamin B3

1.4. Vitamin B6

1.5. Vitamin B9

1.6. Vitamin C

1.7. Vitamin P

1.8. Vitamin PP

1.9. Vitamins H, F and U

Chapter II. Fat-soluble vitamins

2.1. Vitamin A

2.2. Vitamin D

2.3. Vitamin E

2.4. Vitamin K

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Vitamins are low-molecular organic compounds of various chemical natures necessary for the implementation of the most important processes occurring in a living organism.

For normal life human vitamins are necessary for large quantities, but since they are not synthesized in sufficient quantities in the body, they must be supplied with food as a necessary component. Their absence or deficiency in the body causes hypovitaminosis (diseases resulting from prolonged deficiency) and avitaminosis (diseases resulting from a lack of vitamins). When taking vitamins in quantities significantly exceeding physiological norms, hypervitaminosis may develop.

Even in ancient times, people knew that the absence of certain products in the diet can cause serious diseases (beriberi, “night blindness,” scurvy, rickets), but only in 1880 did the Russian scientist N.I. Lunin experimentally proved the need for food components unknown at that time for the normal functioning of the body. They received their name (vitamins) at the suggestion of the Polish biochemist K. Funk (from the Latin vita - life). Currently, over thirty compounds related to vitamins are known.

Since the chemical nature of vitamins was discovered after their establishment biological role, they are conventionally designated by letters Latin alphabet(A, B, C, D, etc.), which has survived to this day.

The unit of measurement for vitamins is milligrams (1 mg = 10–3 g), micrograms (1 μg = 0.001 mg = 10–6 g) per 1 g of product, or mg% (milligrams of vitamins per 100 g of product). A person’s need for vitamins depends on his age, state of health, living conditions, the nature of his activity, time of year, and the content of basic nutritional components in food. General information about an adult’s need for vitamins is given in Table 2 at the end of the abstract (in the Conclusion). And we will look at this in more detail in our chapters.

Based on their solubility in water or fat, all vitamins are divided into two groups:

Water-soluble (B1, B2, B6, PP, C, etc.);

Fat soluble (A, E, D, K).

Chapter I. Water-soluble vitamins

The main sources of this class of vitamins are vegetables and fruits. Along with vitamins, they also contain phytoncides that have an antiseptic and disinfectant effect (onions, garlic, Antonov apples, etc.) and essential oils (citrus fruits, spices, herbs, etc.), which help sanitize the digestive system.

1.1. Vitamin B1

Technological progress, an increasing amount of information, a sharp decrease in muscle load - all this and much more contributes to the development of diseases such as neuroses, obesity and obesity, early atherosclerosis, hypertonic disease, cardiac ischemia. They are often called diseases of civilization. The reasons in one case or another may be different, but often the occurrence of these diseases is significantly promoted by a lack of B vitamins, and especially B1.

Vitamin B1, or thiamine, is the first discovered B vitamin. Its structure and content in products is as follows:

Most often, this vitamin is found in the form of a compound with chlorine (thiamin chloride, Thiaminichloridum), but sometimes a compound with bromine (thiamin bromide) is also found.

Vitamin B1 promotes the growth of the body, as well as the normalization of gastric motility and the acidity of gastric juice. Its deficiency is accompanied by a disorder of the body's vital functions, insomnia, irritability, and in severe cases, paralysis lower limbs. The daily requirement for an adult is 2 mg. Sources of vitamin B1 are: wholemeal bread, cereals, meat, nuts. There is especially a lot of vitamin B1 in the germs and shells of wheat, oats, buckwheat, brewer's yeast, and green peas.

People performing heavy physical work and pregnant women require 2.5 mg, nursing mothers - 3 mg of vitamin B1.

Improvements in technological processes and increasingly higher purification of food raw materials have led to the fact that less and less (and sometimes no) vitamin B1 remains in the final product. As a rule, it is located precisely in those parts of the product that are removed using current technology. We eat more and more bread and rolls made from premium flour, cakes, pastries, cookies, our food becomes more refined, and less and less we deal with natural products that have not been subjected to any technological processing.

Table 1. Vitamin content in wheat bread

Bread	Vitamin content, mg%
IN 1	AT 2	RR
Wheat from grade I flour	0,16	0,08	1,54
	0,41	0,34	2,89
Wheat from premium flour	0,11	0,06	0,92
The same from fortified flour	0,37	0,33	2,31

You can increase the intake of B vitamins from food, in particular, by consuming more coarse bread (or bread baked from fortified flour). For comparison, consider the data in Table 1.

It can be seen that in bread baked from premium flour that is poor in vitamins, but then fortified, the vitamin content is quite high.

1.2. Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2, riboflavin (Riboflavinum) regulates sugar and nitrogen levels in the body. It is part of enzymes that accelerate redox processes and are closely related to cellular respiration. Vitamin B2 improves metabolism and normalizes the functional activity of the central nervous system, blood capillaries, secretory glands of the stomach and intestines, liver, skin and mucous membranes, and is necessary for the synthesis of protein and fat. The daily need for it is 2-3 mg.

Vitamin B2 is found in meat, egg whites, cow butter, milk, and cheese. Various amounts of this vitamin are found in bread made from different varieties flour (table 1). It is also found in peas, spinach, tomato, green onions, germs and shells of grain crops, and buckwheat. It is especially abundant in yeast and large liver cattle.

1.3. Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 – pantothenic acid. With a lack of this vitamin, diseases of the heart, nervous system, skin occur, and the absorption of proteins, carbohydrates and fats is impaired. The daily requirement for this vitamin is 5-10 mg. Contained in large quantities in the fruits of black currants, raspberries, sea buckthorn, and cherries.

1.4. Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 – pyridoxine. This vitamin regulates the activity of the nervous system and prevents skin diseases. If there is a deficiency of it in humans (newborns are most sensitive to deficiency), convulsive seizures, nervous disorders, stomach diseases, nausea, loss of appetite, skin and eyes become inflamed, absorption of amino acids and proteins is impaired.

The daily requirement is 2-3 mg.

Typically, the need for vitamin B6 is fully satisfied by food: “pod” vegetables, corn, unrefined cereal grains, bananas, plums, apple trees, sea buckthorn, raspberries, white, black and red currants.

For medicinal purposes, vitamin B6 is used for toxicosis of pregnancy, inflammatory processes accompanied by the formation of large amounts of histamine, irritability, chorea, eczema, pellagra (together with vitamin PP), as well as to activate the production of adrenaline and serotonin, improve the regeneration of the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines and increasing hematopoietic function.

1.5. Vitamin B9

Vitamin B9 - folic acid (folacin, from the Latin folium - leaf) is involved in the processes of hematopoiesis - transports one-carbon radicals - and also (together with vitamin B12) in the synthesis of amino and nucleic acids, choline, purine and pyrimidine bases.

This vitamin is used for weakened and impaired hematopoietic function and various forms of anemia, liver disease (especially in obesity), ulcerative colitis, neurasthenia, viral hepatitis.

With a lack of folic acid, disorders of hematopoiesis, the digestive system, and a decrease in the body's resistance to diseases are observed.

A lot of folic acid is found in greens and vegetables (mcg%): parsley - 110, lettuce - 48, beans - 36, spinach - 80, as well as in liver - 240, kidneys - 56, cottage cheese - 35-40, bread - 16- 27. There is little in milk - 5 mcg%. Vitamin B9 is produced by intestinal microflora.

1.6. Vitamin C

Vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is a vitamin above vitamins. It is the only one directly related to protein metabolism. Little ascorbic acid - you need a lot of protein. On the contrary, with a good supply of ascorbic acid, you can get by with a minimal amount of protein.

Vitamin C is involved in the regulation of redox processes, in carbohydrate metabolism, promotes blood clotting and tissue regeneration, and takes part in the formation steroid hormones and increases the phagocytic function of leukocytes, is a very active antidote for poisoning with mercury and lead salts.

To prevent vitamin C deficiency, large doses of ascorbic acid are not required; 20 mg per day is sufficient. This amount of ascorbic acid was introduced as a preventive measure into the soldier’s diet already at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, in 1941. In all past wars, there were more victims of scurvy than wounded...

After the war, a commission of experts recommended 10-30 mg of ascorbic acid to protect against scurvy. However, the standards now adopted in many countries exceed this dose by 3-5 times, since vitamin C also serves other purposes. To create an optimal internal environment in the body that can withstand numerous adverse effects, it must be consistently provided with vitamin C; this, by the way, contributes to high performance.

Let us note in passing that in preventative nutrition Workers in hazardous chemical industries must include vitamin C as a protective agent against toxicosis - it blocks the formation of dangerous metabolic products.

What can be recommended now as the main and effective measure to prevent vitamin C deficiency? No, not just ascorbic acid, even in a large dose, but a complex consisting of vitamin C, vitamin P and carotene. By depriving the body of this three, we shift the exchange to an unfavorable direction - towards greater body weight and increased nervousness. At the same time, this complex has a beneficial effect on the vascular system and serves as an undoubted prophylactic agent.

Vitamin C, vitamin P and carotene are most fully represented in vegetables, berries, herbs and herbs, In many wild plants. Apparently, they act synergistically, i.e. their biological effects are mutually reinforcing. In addition, vitamin P is in many ways similar to vitamin C, but the need for it is about half as much. When taking care of the C-vitamin adequacy of nutrition, it is necessary to take into account the content of vitamin P.

Let's give a few examples: black currant (100 g) contains 200 mg of vitamin C and 1000 mg of vitamin P, rose hips - 1200 mg of vitamin C and 680 mg of vitamin P, strawberries - 60 mg and 150 mg, respectively, apples - 13 mg and 10-70 mg, in oranges – 60 mg and 500 mg.

If there is a lack of vitamin C in the body, irritability, drowsiness, and easy fatigue occur; the person is susceptible to colds and infectious diseases. Insufficient intake of ascorbic acid or its complete absence causes scurvy. More often, such vitamin deficiency is observed in late winter and early spring.

To combat vitamin deficiency, it is necessary to increase the content of fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet.

It is vegetables and fruits that are the only and monopoly suppliers of vitamins C, P and carotene. Vegetables and fruits are an unrivaled means for normalizing the vital activity of beneficial intestinal microflora, especially its synthetic function - some vitamins are synthesized by intestinal microorganisms, but without vegetables and fruits this process is inhibited. Vegetables and fruits also normalize metabolism, especially fat and carbohydrate metabolism, and prevent the development of obesity.

The synthesized drug is used in the treatment of scurvy, rheumatic processes, tuberculosis, dystrophy, bleeding, etc.

It is now popular to treat many painful conditions using large amounts of pharmaceutical ascorbic acid (including recommendations for self-medication). Pure ascorbic acid should be used with caution. There is information that long-term use Large doses can lead to inhibition of the insulin-producing function of the pancreas. When treating with vitamin C in the form of preparations, one must take into account its ability to stimulate adrenal function, which under certain conditions can cause impaired renal function. Contraindications to the use of vitamin C preparations are thrombophlebitis and a tendency to form blood clots.

The effect of the vitamin in food plants is usually mitigated and is not accompanied by unpleasant effects.

1.7. Vitamin P

Vitamin P gets its name from the Hungarian word for paprika, which means red. Bell pepper, from which it was first isolated. This vitamin reduces the permeability and capacity of blood capillaries. He has important in the prevention of hemorrhages, including the brain and heart muscle, normalizes hematopoiesis and the condition of vascular walls during light radiation exposure. Vitamin P also helps retain vitamin C in the body.

Bioflavonoids (substances with P-vitamin action) normalize the permeability and elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, prevent their sclerosis, maintain normal blood pressure, reducing it to normal in hypertension. A decrease in the elasticity of blood vessels due to a lack of vitamin P can lead to their rupture, especially with increased blood pressure and, consequently, to dangerous internal hemorrhages in the heart muscle and cerebral cortex. The combined action of vitamins C and P is very useful in many infectious diseases, especially when the lesion is pronounced vascular wall, or after an illness, when ulcerative lesions form in the intestines. The daily requirement for vitamin P is about 200 mg.

Sources of vitamin P – green mass of buckwheat, unripe walnuts, flowers of potatoes, marigolds, rose hips, sea buckthorn, black currants, grapes, cherries, lingonberries, chokeberries, green tea leaves, lemon fruits. Most of it is found in the fruits of chokeberry, mountain ash, rose hips, and small apples.

Pharmacy vitamins P: citrine – isolated from lemon juice; rutin – isolated from buckwheat leaves; catechins – isolated from green tea leaves.

1.8. Vitamin PP

Vitamin PP (niacin, vitamin B5). This name refers to two substances with vitamin activity: nicotinic acid and its amide (nicotinamide).

A nicotinic acid. Regulates the activity of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex and other parts of the central and peripheral nervous system. In its absence or lack of nutrition, nervous and mental disorders, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue, catarrhal condition of the stomach (gastritis), diarrhea, and skin lesions occur.

The daily requirement for nicotinic acid in adults and children is 15 mg, in pregnant and lactating women - 20-25 mg.

Nicotinic acid is found in large quantities in meat, liver, kidneys, heart of cattle, brewer's and baker's yeast, wheat, buckwheat, mushrooms, and herring.

Niacin activates the “work” of a large group of enzymes (dehydrogenases) involved in redox reactions that occur in cells. Nicotinamide coenzymes play important role in tissue respiration. With a lack of vitamin PP in the body, lethargy, fatigue, insomnia, palpitations, and decreased resistance to infectious diseases are observed.

Sources of vitamin PP (mg%) – meat products, especially liver and kidneys: beef – 4.7; pork – 2.6; lamb – 3.8; offal – 3.0-12.0. Fish is also rich in niacin: 0.7-4.0 mg%. Milk and dairy products, eggs are poor in vitamin PP. The niacin content of vegetables and legumes is low.

Vitamin PP is well preserved in food products and is not destroyed by light, atmospheric oxygen, or in alkaline solutions. Cooking does not lead to significant losses of niacin, but some of it (up to 25%) can pass into the water when cooking meat and vegetables.

1.9. Vitamins H, F And U

Vitamin H (biotin) is a metabolic regulator. With its deficiency, young children develop skin inflammation with peeling, anemia and cholesterolemia, diseases of the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, drowsiness, strong weight loss, lack of appetite. The need for vitamin (0.3-0.5 mg) is usually met by diet. Contained in beans, peas, cauliflower, onions, mushrooms, strawberries, raspberries, sea buckthorn, red and black currants.

Vitamin F converts cholesterol into soluble compounds and facilitates their removal from the body. Used for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, eczema and ulcerative lesions skin! To satisfy the daily requirement of an adult for this vitamin, 20-30 g of vegetable oil is enough. There is especially a lot of vitamin F in sea ​​buckthorn oil.

Vitamin U is called an anti-ulcer factor. He provides therapeutic effect for gastritis, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, as well as cardiovascular and skin diseases(including cracks in the skin). Contained in significant quantities in the juice of cabbage (including sauerkraut), as well as some other vegetables.

Chapter II . Fat-soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins are distinguished by the following characteristics:

· fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed by the body only in the presence of fats and bile, as they dissolve in them;

· capable of accumulating in the body when entering it in large quantities, which, in turn, can lead to the development of hypervitaminosis;

· the presence of several analogues with a similar structure and identical biological effect. Thus, vitamins A and K have two analogues each, vitamin E has four, and vitamin D has ten.

Since these vitamins are insoluble in water and can be extracted with organic solvents, they are classified as lipids. Fat-soluble vitamins have one common structural feature - their molecules are built from isoprene structures - isoprenoid blocks, like terpenes and steroids.

2.1. Vitamin A

Vitamin A (retinol) participates in biochemical processes associated with the activity of cell membranes, promotes normal metabolism, growth and development of the body, ensures the normal functioning of lacrimal, sebaceous, sweat glands, increases the body's resistance to infection. Vitamin A takes part in the synthesis of hormones of the adrenal cortex and gonads. Vitamin A ensures normal functioning of vision (especially at dusk).

The participation of retinol in the process of vision lies in the fact that the complex compound contained in the retina of the eye - rhodopsin, or visual purple - breaks down into its component parts: protein (opsin) and aldehyde (retinal), which is reduced to retinol:

With its deficiency, vision deteriorates (xerophthalmia - dry corneas; “night blindness”), the growth of a young organism, especially bones, slows down, and damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and digestive system is observed. Found only in products of animal origin, especially in the liver of marine animals and fish. In fish oil – 15 mg%, cod liver – 4; butter– 0.5; milk – 0.025. A person’s need for vitamin A can also be satisfied through plant foods that contain its provitamins – carotenes. Two molecules of vitamin A are formed from a β-carotene molecule. β-Carotene is most abundant in carrots - 9.0 mg%, red pepper - 2, tomatoes - 1, butter - 0.2-0.4 mg%. Vitamin A is destroyed under the influence of light, atmospheric oxygen, and heat treatment (up to 30%).

2.2. Vitamin D

Vitamin D - calciferol - this term refers to two compounds: ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3).

Vitamin D in the human body is formed when the skin is exposed to the sun or rays quartz lamp. Plants contain provitamin D, which is converted into vitamin D also as a result of irradiation with ultraviolet rays.

Vitamin D promotes the retention of phosphorus and calcium in the human body and their deposition in bone tissue, and regulates the content of these elements in the blood. Lack of it leads to the development of rickets in children and softening of bones (osteoporosis) in adults. The consequence of the latter is bone fractures. Calciferol is contained in products of animal origin (mcg%): fish oil – 125; cod liver – 100; beef liver – 2.5; eggs – 2.2; milk – 0.05; butter – 1.3-1.5.

The need is partially satisfied due to its formation in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays from the provitamin 7-dihydrocholesterol. Vitamin D is almost not destroyed during cooking.

2.3 . Vitamin E

Tocopherols (vitamin E) are an active antioxidant. Vitamin E affects the biosynthesis of enzymes. It is used for muscular dystrophy(exhaustion), dermatomyositis, disturbances of the menstrual cycle in women and the function of the gonads in men. In the body, it participates in the regulation of spermatogenesis and embryo development. Vitamin E is necessary during heavy physical activity (especially for athletes during competitions). This vitamin is found mainly in plants and in very small quantities in animal tissues (most notably in the liver). It is soluble in fats, adding it to fats prevents them from going rancid.

With vitamin deficiency, reproductive functions, vascular and nervous systems are disrupted. Vitamin E is important for preventing vascular sclerosis, muscle dystrophy and other diseases.

Sources of vitamin E can be green beans and green peas, lettuce, cabbage, parsley, onions, young sprouts of cereals, as well as vegetable oils of sunflower, corn, cottonseed, sea buckthorn, soybean, and peanut.

Vitamin E is relatively resistant to heat and is destroyed under the influence of ultraviolet rays.

2.4. Vitamin K

Vitamin K gets its name from the Latin word “coagulation,” which means coagulation (of blood). The general name “Vitamin K” refers to several compounds. It is an antihemorrhagic agent: it promotes normal blood clotting and tissue regeneration, and also has an analgesic effect. It is used for jaundice, acute hepatitis, bleeding, burns, injuries and wounds, frostbite, radiation sickness and hemorrhoids. Vitamin K deficiency is often observed with inflammation of the stomach, liver and cardiovascular diseases. The vitamin is found in spinach, cabbage, green tomatoes, nettle leaves, pine needles, etc. It should be noted that vitamin K is quickly destroyed by exposure to sun rays.

With a lack of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), blood clotting decreases, which can cause severe internal hemorrhages, entails liver and heart disease, poor wound healing, and weakened intestinal motility. Daily requirement – ​​10 mg. It is found in sufficient quantities in the berries of black currant, rowan, sea buckthorn, chokeberry and rose hips.

Conclusion

Complete absence The presence of any vitamin in the body causes vitamin deficiency - a serious disease of the body. More common are cases of partial vitamin deficiency - hypovitaminosis, which is manifested by mild malaise, fatigue, decreased performance, increased irritability, and decreased body resistance to infections.

In winter and spring, the body depletes its vitamin resources, their reserves in food products are significantly reduced, so it is necessary to replenish the vitamin deficiency.

The causes of hypovitaminosis can be:

Monotonous and, as a rule, inadequate nutrition;

Limited nutrition during religious fasts;

Increased need for vitamins during pregnancy and lactation, body growth, etc.;

Various diseases, destroying the absorption or assimilation of vitamins, etc.;

In some cases, lack of sunlight.

Both extremes are harmful: both deficiency and excess of vitamins. Thus, with excessive consumption of vitamins, poisoning (intoxication) of the body develops, called hypervitaminosis. It is very often observed in guys who are involved in bodybuilding, which is so fashionable now, and often consume immoderately. nutritional supplements and vitamins.

It is clear that excess doses of fat-soluble vitamins, which can accumulate in the body, have a more toxic effect, and excess doses of water-soluble vitamins are less toxic, because they are more easily removed from the body through the kidneys.

And all the material on the main vitamins can be seen in the table:

Table 2. Daily human need for vitamins and their main functions

Vitamin	Daily requirement	Functions
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	50-100 mg	Participates in redox reactions, increases the body's resistance to extreme influences
Vitamin B1 (thiamine, aneurin)	1.4-2.4 mg	Necessary for the normal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. Regulator of fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)	1.5-3.0 mg	Participates in redox reactions
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)	2.0-2.2 mg	Participates in the synthesis and metabolism of amino acids, metabolism of fatty acids and unsaturated lipids
Vitamin PP (niacin)	15.0-25.0 mg	Participates in redox reactions in cells. Deficiency causes pellagra
Vitamin B9 (folic acid)	200 mcg	Hematopoietic factor, a carrier of one-carbon radicals, is involved in the synthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, choline
Vitamin H (biotin)	50-300 mcg	Participates in carboxylation reactions, metabolism of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
Vitamin B3 (pantothenic acid)	5-10 mg	Participates in biochemical acylation reactions, metabolism of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
Vitamin A (retinol)	0.5-2.5 mg	Participates in the activity of cell membranes. Necessary for the growth and development of the body, for the functioning of mucous membranes. Participates in the process of photoreception (in the perception of light)
Vitamin D (calciferol)	2.5-10 mcg	Regulation of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, mineralization of bones and teeth
Vitamin E (tocopherol)	8-15 mg	Prevents lipid oxidation, affects the synthesis of enzymes. Active antioxidant

Bibliography

1. Aleksentsev V.G. Vitamins and people. – M.: Bustard, 2006. – 453 p.

2. Gabrielyan O.S. and others. Chemistry. 10th grade: textbook. for general education institutions. – M.: Bustard, 2002. – 304 p.

3. Gabrielyan O.S., Ostroumov I.G. Chemistry. 10th grade: method. allowance. – M.: Bustard, 2001. – 160 p.

4. Tsvetkov L.A. Organic chemistry: textbook for 10th grade avg. school – M.: Education, 1988. – 240 p.

5. Yakovleva N.B. The chemical nature of vitamins necessary for life. – M.: Education, 2006. – 120 p.

Vitamins.

General information about vitamins.

Vitamins usually called organic substances, the presence of which in small quantities in the food of humans and animals is necessary for their normal life.

Vitamins participate in many biochemical reactions, performing a catalytic function in the composition active centers a large number of different enzymes, or acting as information regulatory intermediaries, performing signaling functions of exogenous prohormones and hormones.

The term "vitamins", i.e. “amines of life” (from the Latin Vita - life), owes its origin to the fact that the first isolated vitamins belonged to the class of amines. However, it later became clear that the presence of an amino group in vitamins is not necessary.

Vitamins are not a special group of organic compounds, so they cannot be classified on the basis of chemical structure, but they can be divided into water-soluble (hydrovitamins) and fat-soluble (lipovitamins).

Water-soluble vitamins include:

• B vitamins,
• pantothenic acid,
• vitamin PP,
• vitamin P,
• vitamin C,
• biotin,
• folic acid, etc.

Fat-soluble vitamins include:

• carotene (provitamin A),
• vitamin A,
• vitamin D,
• vitamin E,
• vitamin K,
• vitamin F, etc.

Vitamins in cosmetics.

Vitamins They not only have a local “rejuvenating” effect on the skin, but are absorbed through the skin by the body, exerting a beneficial effect on it.

In various local pathological processes due to disruption of cell nutrition or other reasons (destruction of vitamins by microorganisms, etc.), the supply of vitamins to the tissue does not meet its needs. As a result of such a lack of vitamin, the pathological process is complicated. Local administration of the missing vitamin can greatly facilitate and speed up recovery due to its overall stimulating effect on tissue growth.

With regard to cosmetics, this hypothesis should be expanded, since laxity of exposed skin areas (face, neck, arms) and early wrinkles depend not only on the insufficient supply of vitamins to the skin, but also on the leaching of fat-soluble vitamins due to frequent washing with soap or grease.

Due to the fact that vitamins favor the stimulation of cells, they began to be used in cosmetics - creams, toilet milk, toilet waters and oils.

Vitamins have a very beneficial effect, eliminating sagging, open pores, wrinkles, eczema (especially dry), darkening of the skin. They promote skin metabolism, speed up and facilitate the skin’s absorption of food products delivered by the blood, and thereby increase its tone: a decrease in tone is precisely a consequence of skin aging and the appearance of wrinkles.

First of all there was question about the possibility of vitamin absorption by the skin. It has now been proven that the cutaneous route for administering vitamins is certainly effective. Hydrovitamins are very easily absorbed by the skin, and lipovitamins require special conditions: the presence of fatty substances in the preparation and always in the form of a thin emulsion or, even better, a colloidal suspension.

The advisability of using fat-soluble vitamins in the form of a colloidal suspension or thin emulsion is explained as follows. It is known that when taken orally, vitamins (for example, A and D) can only exert their effect if a small amount of fat is introduced together with them. This is due to the fact that vitamins dissolved in fat under the influence of bile in the intestines simultaneously transform partly into a state of the smallest emulsion, partly into a colloidal suspension, and only in this form can they be absorbed by the body. In other words, fats are conductors of fat-soluble vitamins.

From here another conclusion can be drawn: any fat or fat-like substance, which the tissue is unable to absorb, interferes with the absorption of the vitamin. Therefore, adding high-melting fats, especially petroleum jelly, petroleum jelly, is not rational.

The literature describes experiences with the use of vitamin-containing preparations in cosmetics, which have given positive results and had a beneficial effect on eliminating sagging, open pores, wrinkles, darkening of the skin, eczema.

Vitamins along with steroids and phosphatides deserve special attention. The introduction of such valuable substances into the skin, especially combinations of them, is very useful. Cosmetologists should be interested in them as means that greatly increase vital activity and maintain its tone.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A(retinol, axerophthol) C20H30OH - fat-soluble vitamin. In its pure form it is unstable and is found in both plant products and animal sources. Therefore, it is produced and used in the form of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate. It is synthesized in the body from beta-carotene. Essential for vision and bone growth, healthy skin and hair, normal operation immune system, etc.

The structure of vitamin A

Retinol can be obtained by us from food or synthesized inside our body from beta carotene.

One molecule of beta-carotene is broken down in the body into 2 molecules of retinol. We can say that beta-carotene is a plant source of retinol and is called provitamin A.

Carotene- yellow-red plant pigment.

Retinol has a pale yellow color.

Sources of Vitamin A

Vitamin A(retinol) is found in animal products (especially in the liver oil of some marine fish). Carotene is found in vegetables and fruits (carrots, persimmons, alfalfa, etc.).

Carotene and vitamin A are fat soluble and can withstand heating up to 120°C for 12 hours in the absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen they are easily oxidized and inactivated.

Currently, the synthesis of vitamin A has been carried out. In its pure form, these are pale yellow needle-shaped crystals, with a melting point of 63-64 ° C, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents.

Functions of vitamin A

Vitamin A is part of visual purple and takes part in the process of vision. With a lack of vitamin A in the body, keratinization of the epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes, damage to the glands is observed. internal secretion and gonads, the body’s resistance to infection is weakened.

Vitamin A participates in redox processes, regulation of protein synthesis, promotes normal metabolism, the function of cellular and subcellular membranes.

The role of vitamin A in cell regeneration. For this reason, it is widely used in the treatment of dermatological diseases, in cases of skin damage (wounds, burns, frostbite), and in cosmetics.

Vitamin A in cosmetics

Vitamin A applied in the form oil solution various concentrations both directly inside and in external cosmetics. It gives the skin a good color, softens it, and ensures normal functioning. Vitamin A cream is also used for sunburn, seborrheic eczema, burns, and frostbite.

Vitamin A dosage: 75,000 i.u. (international units) per 1 kg of cream. Adding egg or soy lecithin is very good.

The minimum daily requirement for an adult is 1 mg (3300 i.u.) of vitamin A or double the amount of carotene.

To strengthen and soften the epidermis, you can use a mixture of 44 g of egg yolk and 56 g of glycerin. This mixture contains a lot of cholesterol, lecithin and vitamin A and is used to maintain and renew tissues.

A weak color of the egg yolk indicates a lack of vitamin A. Such yolks are less valuable for cosmetic purposes.

Some fragrant substances are similar in action to carotene: beta-ionone and citral, which are therefore useful to add to the corresponding creams as part of fragrances.

When choosing carotene or vitamin A for medical and cosmetic preparations, one cannot fail to take into account research according to which it has been established that vitamin A can exhibit its stimulating effect only in the presence of vitamin D, then vitamin A is equal in vitamin activity contained in fish oil. Thus, the value of fortified preparations can be increased by the complex use of these two vitamins.

B vitamins.

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1(thiamine) - a heterocyclic compound with the composition C12H18ON4SCl2 - is involved in fat metabolism and tones the nervous system.

In the body, it combines with two molecules of phosphoric acid and forms the active group of the enzyme carboxylase, which promotes the decomposition of the intermediate product of carbohydrate breakdown - pyruvic acid.

Vitamin B1 is stable when heated in acidic environment, but is quickly inactivated in alkaline.

Contained in yeast, cereal seeds and legumes (in outer shell and seed embryos), in the liver of animals.

The daily requirement for an adult of vitamin B1 is 2-3 mg.

It is used in emulsion creams with an acidic emulsifier for skin nutritional disorders.

Vitamin B1 takes part in various metabolic processes in the body. Thiamine is a catalyst in the oxidative processes of tissue respiration, a regulator of carbohydrate, protein, fat and water metabolism.

Vitamin B1 necessary for the normal functioning of the skin. Experimental data suggest that vitamin B1 reduces the inflammatory response of the skin. In addition, it has an itching effect.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) C8H11O3N is a derivative of pyridine.

It is phosphorylated in the body and is part of enzymes involved in fat metabolism and transamination of amino acids. Recommended as a product that promotes hair growth and prevents baldness. Perfectly softens the skin (like fresh egg yolk).

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12(cyanocobolamine) C63H90N14O14PCo.

A special feature of vitamin B12 is the presence in its molecule of cobalt and cyanogroup, forming a coordination complex.

Vitamin B12 is needle-shaped crystals of dark red color, odorless and tasteless, soluble in water.

It has powerful hematopoietic properties. It also works well for photodermatoses, eczema, some forms of dermatitis, etc. Participates in the synthesis of nucleoproteins and purines, enhances the formation of folic acid and increases the oxidation of alpha amino acids.

Both through the stomach and through the skin (unlike other vitamins) it is poorly absorbed unless simultaneously present " internal factor Kasla" is a special preparation from the mucous membrane of the pyloric part of the stomach of animals (gastromucoprotein).

Due to the fact that the use of vitamin B12 leads to an increase not only in the amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells and leukocytes, but also platelets, its use without medical supervision, especially in cosmetic products, unacceptable, since there is a danger of increasing blood clotting in cases where this is undesirable.

Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid(C19H17O5N) is part of the B group of vitamins. A compound of dioxydimethylbutyric acid and the amino acid beta-alanine.

Light yellow oily substance, easily soluble in water. Melting point 75-80°C.

Widely distributed in plant and animal tissues. It is especially abundant in yeast and in the internal organs of animals (for example, in the liver).

Biological significance of pantothenic acid as a factor involved in metabolism is very large. Together with thioethylamine, adenosine and three phosphoric acid residues, it makes up coenzyme A1 (coenzyme A1), which is part of the enzymes that catalyze the oxidation reactions of many organic acids and the acetylation reaction.

Coenzyme A catalyzes a large number of reactions, in particular the formation of acetylcholine from choline, the oxidation of acetic and pyruvic acids, the formation of citric and fatty acids, sterols, esters and many other substances.

There is numerous information in the literature about the very beneficial effects of pantothenic acid (especially in combination with vitamin F).

For cutaneous use it increases metabolism in the skin of the face and head and therefore increases the turgor of facial tissues, reduces, and in some cases stops hair loss. Recommended for serious circulatory problems on the face and scalp. The drug "Panthenol" is known - pantothenic alcohol, corresponding to the B vitamin.

Lack of pantothenic and folic acids in the body leads to accelerated graying. The use of pantothenic acid and panthenol can achieve favorable results.

Vitamin P

Vitamin P- a number of substances from the flavonoid group; found in the form of glucosides in many plants: rose hips, citrus fruits, black currant berries, green tea leaves, etc.

Many plant dyes and tannins have P-vitamin activity:

• flavones - rutin, quercetin (tetra-hydroxy-flavonol C15H10O7),
• quercitrin (found in buckthorn berries - Rhamnus tinctoria);
• catechins (1-epicatechin, 1-epigallocatechin) contained in tea;
• coumarins (esculin),
• gallic acid, etc.

A complex of catechins from tea leaves (vitamin P itself) and rutin, obtained from the green mass of buckwheat and Japanese sophora flowers, have become widespread.

Vitamin P from tea leaves is an amorphous powder of yellow-green color, bitter-astringent taste, soluble in water and alcohol.

Rutin- yellow crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless, difficult to dissolve in cold water, but easy to dissolve in hot water.

Together with vitamin C, vitamin P participates in the redox processes of the body. Reduces permeability and fragility of capillaries. Used in hair growth products (0.2% vitamin P, 0.3% ascorbic acid by weight of liquid or cream), to enhance metabolism in the skin, to accumulate vitamin C in tissue, against fragility of blood vessels, for many skin diseases accompanied by inflammatory phenomena, eczema, dermatitis.

Vitamin P is not toxic.

Vitamin PP

The name Vitamin PP comes from the word Pellagra preventive - preventing pellagra.

Vitamin PP is beta-nicotinic (beta-pyridinecarboxylic) acid C6H5O2N or its amide. They are part of the vitamin B complex.

Vitamin PP - White powder, sparingly soluble in cold water (1:70) and readily soluble in alcohol. It is part of dehydrases - enzymes involved in biological oxidation processes. The body uses it in the form of an amide compound.

A nicotinic acid participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates, sulfur, proteins and in the transformation of pigments. In case of insufficiency nicotinic acid In the body, the skin peels off greatly, loses elasticity, darkens, and hair falls out.

Thanks to its ability to dilate blood vessels, vitamin PP improves blood circulation, which has a beneficial effect on hair growth and skin nutrition.

Vitamin PP It is successfully used in the treatment of skin redness and red acne. It softens the skin well and is similar to egg yolk.

The dose of nicotinic acid or its amide is 0.1% in liquid and up to 0.3% in emulsion creams.

The combination with calendula infusion is especially good. Widely used in hair strengthening products for dry scalp and hair.

Biotin(vitamin H, coenzyme R, factor X, factor N, antiseborrheic vitamin, skin factor) C10H16O3N2S - water-soluble B complex vitamin.

Colorless crystals dissolve easily in water and alcohol. Heat resistant. Widely distributed in nature. There is a lot of it in the liver, kidneys, and yeast.

With a lack of biotin in the body, seborrhea develops ( biotin - antiseborrheic factor). Takes part in the exchange of carbon dioxide.

Aqueous extract from yeast, canned 25%, gives a good result for seborrhea. ethyl alcohol. In this case, the entire complex of hydrovitamins is extracted, exhibiting a synergistic effect.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C(C6H8O6) - ascorbic acid.

The chemical nature and biological effects of this vitamin have been well studied. Ascorbic acid is one of the links in redox enzyme systems and a hydrogen carrier according to the following scheme:

The presence of an enol group (adjacent to the carbonyl) determines the acidic nature of the compound. The carbonyl group and the adjacent alcohol group cause easy dissociation of hydrogen, due to which salts are easily formed when reacting with metals while maintaining the lactone ring.

The enol group, which is easily oxidized into the diketo group, determines the very high reducing properties of ascorbic acid.

Of the different isomers of ascorbic acid, the L-isomer is the most active as an antiscorbutic agent, and some isomers, for example, the d-isomer, have no effect at all.

Pure L-ascorbic acid is colorless crystals of monoclinic form, easily soluble in water (1:5), worse in alcohol (1:40), insoluble in most fatty oils, as well as in benzene, chloroform and ether.

Aqueous solutions- strongly acidic reaction (pH for 0.1 N solution - 2.2).

Ascorbic acid produces a number of derivatives. Under the influence of oxidizing agents, as well as at high temperatures, it quickly breaks down.

Oxidizing, it turns into dehydroascorbic acid. In this case, the vitamin properties of the substance disappear, and ascorbic acid can again be restored from the dehydroform. This transition of ascorbic acid into the oxidized form and back is believed to determine its pharmacological action.

In dry form, ascorbic acid is well preserved.

Vitamin C affects intracellular respiration, i.e. promotes oxygen consumption by the cells of our body, participates in protein and oxygen metabolism.

IN natural conditions vitamin C found in leaves, root tubers, fruits, vegetables and fruits. Rose hips and black currants are especially rich in it.

A constant companion vitamin C is vitamin P- one of the factors contributing to the strengthening of blood vessels.

Vitamin C is found in small quantities in animal tissues. Currently it turns out synthetically.

Vitamin C is very sensitive to oxidation, to alkalis and high temperature, to heavy metals, especially to copper, whose ions catalytically accelerate the oxidative destruction of the vitamin.

Vitamin C in cosmetics It is used mainly in the form of fruit juices (lemon, rosehip) or a synthetic product in masks, creams, and toilet milk.

Vitamin C has been successfully used in dermatology. With vitamin C deficiency, clear hair fragmentation and dry skin begin to develop. These lesions have been shown to quickly resolve with just vitamin C.

Indications for the use of vitamin C - yellow faces, withered wrinkled skin, freckles. The use of vitamin C in creams leads to almost complete removal freckles.

For cosmetologist vitamin C It is of interest as a means of reducing cholesterol in the skin, which is one of the factors of skin aging, and as a whitening agent against freckles, tanning and age spots.

Dosage: 20 g of ascorbic acid per 1 kg of cream (preferably emulsion with an acidic or neutral emulsifier). The daily requirement of an adult is 50-75 mg.

The use of vitamins in nail polishes, as well as in nail polish removers, is impractical, since the horny formation that makes up the nail is an accumulation of dead and keratinized cells that are incapable of absorption processes.

Great difficulties arise in preserving vitamin C in a biologically active state in cosmetic products and protecting it from destruction.

One of the methods preservation of vitamin C is the addition of 0.3-0.5% sodium benzoate to cosmetic products. At the same time, the activity of vitamin C is retained by 75-80% when introduced into an acidic or neutral environment.

Vitamin D

Currently, there are two main vitamins D: D2 and D3.

D2(C28H44O) is formed from the provitamin ergosterol, common in plants.

D3(C27H44O) is formed from the provitamin of animal tissues - 7-dehydrocholesterol.

In the opening vitamin D played a big role cholesterol. It has been proven that when cholesterol is irradiated in a normal atmosphere or under conditions of an indifferent gas (nitrogen), photochemical reactions occur and it acquires antirachitic properties.

The reason for the activation of cholesterol is considered to be a sterol with three double bonds found in it in small quantities - ergosterol(C27H42O). Further work showed that vitamin D, obtained by ultraviolet irradiation from ergosterol, is a polymer or isomer of ergosterol. It was discovered that ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol changes the tautomeric equilibrium of its molecule towards the formation of a catalytically active tautomer, which is vitamin D.

Thus, as a result of irradiation of the provitamin, the inactive (enol) form of the molecule is converted into a catalytically active tautomer, which gradually accumulates and manifests its chemical and physiological effects.

Overexposure leads to the onset chemical reaction, transforming the molecule into a new form, as a result of which tautomerism disappears, and with it the vitaminogenic effect caused by it should disappear.

When overirradiated, ergosterol produces a number of intermediate and final products, of which some do not have vitamin properties, while others - toxicstyrene - are poisonous. This explains bad influence on the body due to excessive illumination of the body by the sun or other sources of ultraviolet rays (quartz lamp, etc.)

Changes in the chemical structure of sterols and their transformation into vitamins are based on the fact that molecules of various substances, absorbing light rays, can undergo chemical changes. In this case, the energy of light rays is converted into chemical energy of the products of such a photochemical reaction.

In photochemical phenomena, the greatest activity belongs to light rays with a short wavelength, mainly ultraviolet rays. Only those of them cause photochemical reactions that are absorbed by this substance. Long wavelength rays turn out to be completely inactive.

The vitamin properties of vitamin D are currently attributed to several substances with similar structures.

Most studied vitamin D2-calciferol. All active drugs vitamin D are obtained by irradiating sterols (ergosterol, cholesterol and their derivatives) with ultraviolet rays.

Vitamin D3 obtained by irradiating ergosterol.

The formation of vitamin D from sterols under the influence of ultraviolet rays indicates enormous influence on the human body from sunlight as a source of ultraviolet rays.

Natural source of vitamin D are fish oil, cod oil, burbot, salmon, irradiated yeast and milk. Vitamin D produced by the pharmaceutical industry contains mainly D2. Its activity is defined in international or international units (i.e. or i.e.). One unit corresponds to 0.000000025 g of pure vitamin.

Vitamin D is not used independently in cosmetic products, with the exception of cosmetics intended for children. However, in minimal doses it could be useful in cosmetics for any age, primarily as a vitamin A activator.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E(C29H50O2). The coloring substances of fats (in particular, carotene and chlorophyll) are usually accompanied by an orange-yellow or pale yellow oily viscous fat-soluble substance. This substance is called tocopherol or vitamin E.

Chemical structure

Tocopherol is a derivative of the diatomic phenol hydroquinone with an isoprenoid side chain linked simultaneously to the aromatic oxygen of one of the hydroxyl groups and the adjacent carbon atom of the benzene ring. The remaining hydrogen atoms of the benzene ring are replaced by methyl groups.

According to the number and place of attachment of methyl groups, α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol are distinguished:

Properties of vitamin E

The pour point of tocopherol is 0°C. Tocopherol is distilled in vacuum without decomposition. During saponification, it passes along with vitamins A and D into the unsaponifiable fraction, but unlike them, during the distillation process at 180 ° and 50 mm of pressure, it is not destroyed and is completely distilled.

Tocopherol is very resistant to air, light, temperature, acids and alkalis. Biologically, it is very active, and its deficiency leads to infertility.

Factors that destroy vitamin E include the effects of permanganate, ozone, chlorine, and ultraviolet irradiation. The loss of vitamin E activity in fats is associated with the rancidity of the fats in which it is found. This is explained by the presence of organic peroxides in fats, formed as a result of autoxidation, which leads to the oxidation of vitamin E.

Vitamins of group E found in vegetable oils.

We provide data on the approximate content of alpha-tocopherol in some fats:

Use of vitamin E in cosmetics

Tocopherols serve antioxidants in relation to unsaturated lipids, inhibiting the process of peroxide oxidation of the latter.

Antioxidant function of tocopherols determined by their ability to bind active substances appearing in cells free radicals(participants in lipid peroxidation) into phenoxide radicals that are relatively stable and therefore incapable of chain continuation.

Vitamin E added to creams and lotions for hair care together with vitamin A to soften the skin and improve skin nutrition at the rate of 3% of a 2% oil solution of alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocpherol acetate by weight of the product.

The anti-sclerotic properties of vitamin E and its ability to increase the absorption and effect of vitamin A are known.

Vitamin F

Vitamin F called a combination of several essential fatty acids that exhibit extreme activity. These acids include:

• linoleic,
• linolenic,
• oleic,
• archaidnova, etc.

It has long been noticed that some animals and vegetable fats have great chemical and biological activity, so they have been used as a medicinal and cosmetic product since ancient times ( lard, olive and almond oil). In particular, haulmugra oil is still considered an effective remedy for the treatment of leprosy. Fish fat used to treat wounds, linseed oil with lime water - as a remedy for burns.

It turned out that good action These fats are largely explained by the content in them of a more or less significant amount of glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids of the following series:

• CnH2n-4O2
• CnH2n-6O2
• .................. before
• CnH2n-10O2

Acids of the first row can have triple or two double bonds. These include primarily linoleic acid:

Included in many liquids vegetable oils, mainly flax, hemp, poppy, sunflower, soybean, cotton. It is found in small quantities in animal fats, such as fish oils.

The CnH2n-6O2 series includes linolenic acid, having three double bonds:

The content of linoleic and lenolenic acids in various fats is shown in the table below:

Name of fats
Oil linen
cotton
soy
corn
nutty (from walnuts)		15,8
almond		-
peach		-
black mustard		2
hemp		Up to 12.8
poppy		5
sunflower		-
peanut		-
Pork lard		10,7
Beef fat		-
Cacao butter		-
Cow butter

The use of vitamin F in cosmetics

Unsaturated fatty acids carry out biocatalytic functions in the animal body for the oxidation of saturated fatty acids, thereby participating in the process of fat absorption and fat metabolism skin.

Specific action unsaturated fatty acids is expressed in the prevention and cure of dermatitis in humans and animals. They strengthen the walls of blood vessels and increase their elasticity, reduce their fragility and permeability, reduce toxic effects from excessive secretion of the thyroid gland, and increase the body's resistance to infection.

With a lack of these acids in food, there is roughness and dryness of the skin, and a tendency to rash. Hair becomes brittle and thin, loses its shine and begins to fall out. The scalp becomes covered with dandruff. Nails become brittle and cracks form on them.

Vitamin F of plant origin has biogen-stimulating properties, improves metabolic processes, causes epithelization of wounded areas, and restores tissue. When applied to the skin, it penetrates into the tissue, while having a deep effect: it helps to increase the content of estrogenic substances and increase hormonal functions in women, leads to a decrease blood pressure, affects the metabolism of vitamin A, etc.

Linolenic acid is absorbed into the blood 20 minutes after applying it to the skin.

Vitamin F increases protective properties the body in general, and the skin in particular. The dermatological effect is also expressed in its ability to increase skin elasticity due to the presence of a carboxyl group and a hydrogen ion and therefore the formation of a durable molecular layer on the surface of the tissue.

Therefore, blocking the carboxyl group (for example during esterification) leads to a decrease or complete loss activity of unsaturated fatty acids.

It has now been established that vitamin F is biologically active unsaturated fatty acids that have double bonds at positions 9-12 (relative to the COOH group). The absence of double bonds in acids at this position leads to loss of activity.

With an increase in the number of double bonds towards the COOH group, the activity of acids increases. Biologically, the most active are unsaturated fatty acids that have the cis configuration inherent in the fatty acids that make up vegetable oils.

The main effect of vitamin F- this is the formation of peroxides at the site of double bonds of acids and the dissociation of these peroxides with the release of oxygen. Therefore, unsaturated fatty acids should act as oxygen carriers, and the more energetic they are, the more double bonds they contain. For cosmetics, vitamin F is an excellent product.

Vitamin F is included in skin cleansing creams, stimulating creams, fatty, non-greasy creams to soften the skin, against cracks in the skin, rashes, sunburn, in hair products (against dandruff and hair loss).

In addition to a number of positive properties inherent in vitamin F itself, it also has the ability to activate the actions of other vitamins (A, D2, E, carotene) contained in vegetable oils.

Sometimes slight skin irritation is observed when highly unsaturated fatty acids are consumed in concentrated form, but in lower concentrations (for example, 10-15%) irritation never occurs. This is all the more important because these acids are usually added to liquid emulsion creams up to 3%, and to thick creams - up to 6-7%.

In addition to proteins, fats and carbohydrates that form the basis of cells and tissues, some nitrogenous and nitrogen-free organic substances that accumulate in animal tissues during metabolism, mineral elements that play a significant role in the life of the body, it constantly contains particularly active, vital substances - vitamins, which are contained in very small quantities. Vitamins are not plastic or energetic material, but their deficiency or excess causes profound changes in metabolism. They perform the functions of catalysts in the body.

Vitamins are low molecular weight organic substances that perform the functions of biological catalysts independently or as part of enzymes. It is now known that many vitamins perform the catalysis function as part of enzymes (cofactors). Most vitamins in the body are not synthesized or are formed in quantities that do not meet the body's needs. The source of vitamins for animals is mainly food of plant and, to a lesser extent, bacterial and animal origin.

Vitamins are unstable substances; they are easily destroyed by high temperatures, the action of oxidizing agents and other factors. If there are no vitamins in the feed, diseases develop - avitaminosis, and if there is a deficiency in the diet - hypovitaminosis. In animal husbandry, the phenomenon of hypovitaminosis is common. There are also hypervitaminosis, when the disease is caused by an excess amount of vitamins; In livestock farming, this phenomenon is not typical, but in medical practice it can be a result of excessive use of vitamin preparations. In practice, polyhypo(a)vitaminosis occurs - the absence or deficiency of not one, but several vitamins. The main causes of vitamin deficiencies:

1. Lack or deficiency of vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract.

2. The presence of antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs in feed, which suppress the intestinal microflora that produces certain vitamins.

3. Physiological state organism – pregnancy, acute and chronic diseases, hard work, growth and development of young animals, which increases the need for vitamins. With high productivity (dairy, meat, eggs), increased consumption of vitamins is necessary.

4. The presence of antivitamins can also lead to a- or hypovitaminosis. Antivitamins are close in structure to the corresponding vitamins and, when involved in metabolic reactions, lead to disruptions in the normal course of metabolic reactions. For example, dicoumarol is an antivitamin for vitamin K; sulfonamide drugs - for p-aminobenzoic acid; aminopterin – for folic acid; deoxypyridoxine – for vitamin B 6; pyrithiamine – for thiamine (B 1); pyridine-3-sulfonic acid – for nicotinic acid amide.

Vitamin deficiencies, as a rule, are manifested by nonspecific signs of absence or deficiency of the corresponding vitamin in the feed. In this case, there is general weakness, retarded growth and development of young animals, low productivity, and reduced resistance to harmful environmental factors.

Story. In 1882, the Japanese doctor Takaki made an interesting observation about the crews of two ships (300 people). During the 9-month voyage, one crew received the usual food accepted in the fleet, and the second received additionally fresh vegetables. It turned out that from the crew of the 1st ship, 170 people fell ill with beriberi disease (lack of thiamine (B 1) during the voyage, 25 of them died.

Of the crew of the second ship, only 14 people developed a mild form of the disease. He concluded that fresh vegetables contain some substances necessary for the functioning of the body.

In 1896, the Dutchman Eijkman, who worked as a prison doctor on the island. Java (Indonesia), where polished rice was the staple food, observed that chickens fed polished rice developed a disease similar to beriberi in humans. When Aikman switched the chickens to eating brown rice, recovery occurred. Based on these data, he came to the conclusion that the rice shell (rice bran) contains some substance that has a medicinal effect. Indeed, an extract made from rice husks had a healing effect on people suffering from beriberi.

The development of the doctrine of vitamins is associated with the works domestic doctor N.I. Lunin (1880). He came to the conclusion that in addition to protein (casein), fats, milk sugar, salts and water, animals need some still unknown substances that are essential for nutrition. This important scientific discovery was later confirmed in the works of K.A. Sosin (1890), Hopkins (1906), Funk (1912). Funk in 1912 isolated a crystalline substance from extracts of rice husks that protects against beriberi disease and gave it the name vitamin (vita - life, amin - organic substance containing amine). Currently, more than 30 vitamins are known. A study of their chemical nature has shown that most of them do not contain nitrogen or an amino group in their molecule. However, the term “vitamins” is retained and accepted in the literature.

Thus, vitamins - nutritional factors, which are present in small quantities in food, ensure the normal course of biological and physiological processes by participating in the regulation of metabolism of the whole organism.