Any substance can cause intoxication of the body and even lead to death. And it doesn't have to be medications, toxic substances or poisonous plants. Severe poisoning With lethal outcome may be due to excessive consumption of habitual food products- sugar, salt, water, sausage or coffee. Lethal dose sugar for a person is about 2 kilograms, but even with a smaller amount of the sweet ingredient, irreversible processes in the human body can begin. What danger does sugar pose and how much of it can be consumed per day without consequences, this needs to be sorted out.

What is the harm of sugar?

Not all people know whether sugar is harmful. This product will not cause harm to health if consumed in moderation and without fanaticism. Sugar poisoning in medical practice is quite rare, and poisoning most often occurs not with the pure substance, but with various carbonated drinks and confectionery products. The amount of sugar in terms of pure substance in drinks is 3-4 tablespoons per glass of soda. This is a large volume, so a person who constantly drinks cola, Fanta or other fizzy drinks will certainly encounter various diseases. An overdose of sugar leads to disruption of the functioning of some organs and systems, which is manifested by the following conditions:

• Damage to liver cells, resulting in obstructive jaundice.
• Impairment of the pancreas, which can lead to acute pancreatitis or diabetes.
• Disruption of the central nervous system, signs of which are persistent depressive states.
• Damage to tooth enamel and gum inflammation.

Severe excess of sugar dosage in patients in different forms Diabetes can lead to retinal detachment and blurred vision, as well as kidney, heart and nervous system diseases.

The lethal dose of blood sugar is 28 grams per 1 kg of human body weight, calculated as pure substance. This means that a person weighing 70 kg should eat about 2 kg of pure sugar at a time.

Sugar can be poisonous too

Regular sugar is poison if its consumption is excessive. Poisoning can be caused not only by a sweet substance, but also by harmful microorganisms that multiply well in confectionery. If you treat yourself to a sweet cake with fluffy cream, you may encounter an infection.

The symptoms of sugar poisoning are quite specific and easy to identify:

• increased excitability is noticeable, which after a while gives way to aggression;
• there is pain in the stomach area;
• There may be nausea and vomiting;
• the person is tormented by severe thirst, but urination is impaired.

If a person remains alive after severe poisoning from sweets, then his pancreas is depleted, which is why diabetes develops over time.

The body activates all resources to digest the shock amount of sweets, due to which the functioning of the stomach and intestines is disrupted.

Sugar and children

Many parents do not even suspect that the sweets that children eat in unlimited quantities carry serious danger their health. If you analyze all the holidays that were celebrated with a lot of sweets on the table, you will notice that children, after abusing sweets, become uncontrollable. This leads to the fact that it is simply impossible to put children to sleep or force them to do something; they begin to have severe hysterics.

If parents limit their child's sugar intake Everyday life, then you need to limit it in holidays. If a baby who previously ate properly is overfed with sweet foods, then his blood glucose level sharply increases. As a result, an excess release of insulin into the blood occurs and the child begins to experience severe hunger after 20-30 minutes.

The pancreas in children is a rather weak organ, which with a regular excess of sweets quickly breaks down. It must be remembered that the number of cases of diabetes in children has recently increased.

During the holidays, adults and children overeat heavily, and sugar-containing foods play a significant role here. This leads to persistent disruption of the digestive system.

It must be remembered that even sugar can cause poisoning and death if eaten too much. If a person consumes sweet foods without measure, the result can be quite sad, and nothing will even have time to stick together.

There are toxic substances like mercury - just 200 milligrams can kill you. Authors of the YouTube channel AsapSCIENCE calculated lethal doses and for everyday products such as coffee, sugar, chocolate and fruit.

For example, dangerous for an adult can be 70 cups of coffee, drunk in a row. The lethal dose of caffeine is 150-200 mg per kilogram of body weight. Such an amount can cause not vigor, but increased heart rate or even a heart attack.

Sugar is already associated with many diseases. But a single consumption of 29.7 grams per kilogram of body weight is considered fatal. For a person weighing 75 kilograms, the lethal dose is 10.5 glasses, or 2.2 kilograms of sugar at a time.

If we talk about alcohol, the critical level is 4-12 grams of ethanol per kilogram of weight. It means that 13 consecutive shots drunk strong drink can also be fatal. Ethanol is a depressant that depresses the central nervous system. It suppresses areas of the brain that control basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Even just a large number of liquids can be harmful to the body. If you drink about 6 liters of water, water intoxication will occur - a violation water-salt metabolism in organism. This will cause brain cells to swell, which can cause headaches, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases.

But if you stop drinking water or eat too much salt, your brain cells will begin to shrink. This will lead to a condition known as hypernatremia. 48 teaspoons seasoning at a time - enough to cause a reaction that also leads to seizures, coma and even death. Also deadly 129 teaspoons pepper.

You may have heard that dogs should not be given chocolate. A substance dangerous to them - theobromine - can kill us too. True, our body processes theobromine more efficiently. The lethal dose for humans is 1000 mg per kilogram of weight. This is equivalent 85 chocolate bars eaten at one time.

You shouldn't overeat on toothpaste either. Fluorides are safe in small amounts and can fill cavities. But if you swallow 24 tubes of toothpaste volume of 170 milliliters, this could be fatal.

Everyone always says to eat more fruit. However, to get an overdose of vitamin C, you only need to eat 11 thousand oranges at a time.

What is beneficial in small doses can be deadly in large doses - for example, potassium. Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and muscle contractions. However, potassium chloride is also used for lethal injections. Need to eat about 480 bananas to reach the amount of injection. True, it is not a fact that human stomach it will hold up.

* Do not consume caffeine after 2:00 pm. Staying healthy is very important for normal functioning of the body, and caffeine can remain in the body for 8 hours or longer, so it is recommended to avoid or limit caffeine consumption in the afternoon to avoid sleep disturbances.

* Combine caffeine with fitness. Caffeine is better absorbed before fitness activities - it improves the effectiveness of training, and the positive effect of sports helps increase the body's resistance to stress and gives a boost of energy for the whole day.

Chocolate

The lethal dose of pure chocolate is from 10 to 50 kg. For humans, chocolate is more beneficial than harmful. The Mayans considered chocolate to be the food of the gods. Chocolate contains a substance called theobromine. This is an analogue of caffeine, it gently stimulates the cardiovascular and nervous systems, causing a surge of energy. Its effect is much weaker than that of caffeine, and therefore theobromine is completely harmless. Most theobromine in dark chocolate High Quality. To get a lethal dose of this substance, you need to eat, according to various sources, from ten to fifty kilograms of chocolate.

In addition to the stimulants theobromine, phenylethylamine and caffeine, chocolate contains small amounts of cannabinoids (chemicals from the same family as the constituents of marijuana). It is thanks to them that chocolate is really able to improve mood. The content of these substances is negligible and cannot produce a pronounced narcotic effect.

Alcohol

The lethal dose of alcohol is 7.06 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight). The lethal concentration of alcohol in the blood is 5-6 ppm.
5-6 ppm corresponds to 400-480 ml of pure alcohol drunk for an adult weighing 80 kg, or in other words, this is 1-1.2 liters of vodka, drunk in a short period of time (5-6 hours). A ppm is one thousandth, 1/10 percent. 1 ppm of blood alcohol means that every liter of human blood consists of 999.0 ml of pure blood and 1 ml of pure alcohol. Pure alcohol is pure ethanol. So, 0.5 liters of vodka is approximately 200 ml of pure ethanol. Drank by a healthy 80-kilogram man, this half liter will turn into 2.5 ppm, which qualifies as a strong degree of intoxication.

Approximate scheme for determining the severity of alcohol intoxication:
no influence of alcohol - up to 0.5 ppm
mild degree of intoxication - 0.5 - 1.5 ppm
average degree of intoxication - 1.5 - 2.0 ppm
severe degree of intoxication - 2.0-3.0 ppm
severe poisoning - 3.0-5.0 ppm
fatal poisoning - more than 5.0 ppm
With concentrations of alcohol in the blood of 3 ppm, death may well occur.

Sun

The lethal dose is 8 hours of tanning in the heat. It takes a person 2 to 8 hours to get severe heat stroke. First weakness headache, dizziness, tinnitus, then - an increase in temperature to 40-42ºС, nausea, increased heart rate and breathing, delirium, decreased blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

Nicotine

The lethal dose is 1 mg of nicotine per 1 kg of body weight. A strong 80-kilogram man will be mowed down with 80 mg of nicotine. If we consider that each classic “Java” cigarette contains 0.8 mg, then the lethal dose is 100 cigarettes. Half a block at a time - and you're done

Medicines and medicines

Lethal dose of iodine: more than 3 grams
Lethal dose of analgin: more than 10 g
Lethal dose of aspirin: 0.2 g/kg or more than 30 gr.
Lethal dose of paracetamol: 1.944 g/kg or more than 10 g, however, after 5 g, the consequences and symptoms of an overdose begin with complete and final liver failure.
With medications you can not only be cured, but also suffer from them, especially if, in an attempt to quickly achieve the desired effect, you increase the dose in the hope of a quick recovery.

Electricity

The lethal dose is more than 0.1 ampere. Currently, six American states (Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia) use the electric chair. Voltage - from 1700 to 2700 volts, current - up to 6 amperes (life-threatening - 0.1 amperes), two discharges lasting from 20 seconds to a minute each. If everything goes according to the regulations, the condemned person loses consciousness after 1/240 of a second and dies almost instantly.

Household electricity is also dangerous. Theoretically, by taking a long nail with a wet hand and sticking it into a regular socket with a voltage of 220 volts, you can receive a current discharge of up to 0.1-0.2 amperes (and the maximum current strength, at which a person is still able to independently tear his hand away from the contact, - 0.01 ampere). After 1-3 seconds, respiratory paralysis will occur, heart failure - and death.

The lethal dose is 500,000 bites. A female mosquito, which weighs an average of 2.6 mg, can suck twice its weight in blood from you, that is, about 5 mg, or 0.005 ml. Blood is approximately 7% of the total body weight, 5-5.5 liters for the average man. A person can lose up to 15% of blood without harm to himself, but a one-time loss of 2-2.5 liters is considered fatal. Thus, if during a short walk through the summer forest you allow yourself to be bitten by half a million female mosquitoes, then it will definitely be the end.

Radiation

Lethal dose of radiation: 600 rem at a time. In one fluoroscopy session, a person receives from 3 to 66 rem, depending on the duration of the session and the area of ​​the body being examined (x-ray of the lungs is about 3-7 rem, of the hip joint - 66). Help for a person in case of an overdose should be immediate and begin with a call to an ambulance. Then you need to understand how the overdose occurred; if a person took something internally, then you need to urgently induce vomiting and do a gastric lavage, feed the victim the lion's dose of activated charcoal and give a laxative. If the person is not breathing or has no palpable pulse, perform artificial ventilation and/or chest compressions, depending on the situation, until doctors arrive.

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Lethal dose

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Every day we encounter products, substances and natural phenomena that can deal us a fatal blow. So, salt, sugar, water, coffee that we are used to in a certain dose can simply kill us. Paracelsus expressed all this in one simple phrase: “Everything is poison, everything is medicine, both are determined by the dose.”

• Alcohol

Lethal dose - 1.5 liters of vodka.
In fact, alcohol is not always poison. Tinctures and medicines also contain alcohol, however, they are beneficial for the body. But if they are abused, they will definitely have a negative impact. There is such a unit of measurement - ppm (thousandth part of a substance, not necessarily alcohol). If 1 ppm of alcohol is found in the blood, this means that there is 1 ml in one liter of blood. alcohol. So, if you drink 1.5 liters of vodka in one gulp, it will lead to a guaranteed death. Nevertheless, there are also such daredevils who are capable of drinking an almost lethal dose of alcohol on a dare. You shouldn’t practice Literball; it won’t do any good for you. Don't be foolish, don't play games with death.

• Nicotine

His lethal dose is 94 cigarettes in a row.
By the way, a rat can withstand up to 50 mg of nicotine per 1 kilogram of flesh. A person is not so hardy, so his indicator is much lower - 0.5–1 mg. On average, one cigarette contains 0.8 mg of nicotine. With the help of a simple calculation, it turns out that smoking half a block of cigarettes in a row means inevitable death. By the way, just so you know, nicotine is not only found in tobacco. These include tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, and bell peppers. But, since the concentration of nicotine in them is very low, it is not harmful to health.

• Caffeine

It's no secret that caffeine is found not only in coffee, but also in tea, as well as in all kinds of energy drinks and other drinks. A small amount of caffeine gives us a surge of vigor and strength, however, later (after about 3 hours) this affects us in the form of lethargy and fatigue. So, the lethal dose of caffeine is 10 grams. That is, if it is coffee, then 4.5 liters (about 90 strong cups of espresso), if it is tea, then about 20 liters (130 medium cups of tea).

• Multivitamins

The lethal dose is 1000 tablets per day.
About 10 packs of vitamin D or A can kill. There is such a thing as hypervitaminosis. This means that a person’s body contains an excessive concentration of vitamins. An overdose of vitamin A manifests itself in symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, terrible headache, cramps, rapid pulse and loss of consciousness. And, for example, if you overdo it with vitamin B1, you may risk liver and kidney dysfunction.

• Sun

Staying in nature under the scorching sun for 8 hours is fatal to humans. That's how long since bareheaded and without sun protection, a person unaccustomed to the sun will suffer a fatal sunstroke. To suffer serious heatstroke, a person must spend 2 to 8 hours in the sun. In this case, a person will experience a headache, dizziness, weakness, after all of the above, his temperature rises sharply to 40 degrees, nausea will appear, loss of consciousness is possible, and this is not a final list of consequences.

• Salt

A lethal dose of salt is consuming 250 grams of salt at one time. Due to an excess of salt in the blood, the pressure will rise very sharply, and this process will be accompanied by severe edema. Most likely, cerebral edema will occur.

• Sugar

Unlike salt, sugar can be consumed in much larger quantities. However, even here there is a threshold that cannot be crossed. The lethal dose of sugar is exactly 2 kg in one sitting. And it doesn't matter how you use it. Whether you drink it in the form of a sugar solution or eat it dry with spoons. The result will be the same and nothing will even stick together.

• Water

It turns out that what a person cannot live without can very well kill him. We are talking about water, because a short time spent without water leads to the death of a person. However, water also has its lethal dose. In this case, it is enough to drink 10 liters of this life-giving moisture instead of 10 glasses required for the normal functioning of the body. As a rule, the heart and kidneys, which are the so-called pumps of our body, fail from such an amount of water in the body. Death occurs from extensive pulmonary and cerebral edema.

• Mosquitoes

Blood makes up approximately 6–8 percent of a person's weight. That is, an adult has about 5.5 liters of blood. One female mosquito can suck out approximately 0.005 ml. blood. So, it turns out that the lethal dose is 500 thousand mosquito bites. In fact, it is difficult to imagine such a number of bites, however, there have been cases in history when these small bloodsuckers drank all the blood of a person.
A person can lose up to 15 percent of their blood without harm to their own health. If a person loses more than 40 percent of all blood, then such a loss will be fatal for him.

• Paracetamol

Despite its availability, an overdose of this drug is extremely life-threatening. Be very careful! Doctors everywhere prescribe these pills and you can buy them at any pharmacy. However, even taking one tablet a day will harm your body. And more than 10 tablets taken during the day can easily kill even a healthy person.

There are toxic substances like mercury - just 200 milligrams can kill you. The authors of the YouTube channel AsapSCIENCE calculated lethal doses for everyday products such as coffee, sugar, chocolate and fruits.

For example, dangerous for an adult can be 70 cups of coffee, drunk in a row. The lethal dose of caffeine is 150−200 mg per kilogram of body weight. Such an amount can cause not cheerfulness, but an increased heartbeat or even a heart attack.

Sugar is already associated with many diseases. But a single consumption of 29.7 grams per kilogram of body weight is considered fatal. For a person weighing 75 kilograms, the lethal dose is 10.5 glasses, or 2.2 kilograms of sugar at a time.

If we talk about alcohol, the critical bar is 4-12 grams of ethanol per kilogram of weight. It means that 13 consecutive shots drunk strong drink can also prove fatal. Ethanol is a depressant that depresses the central nervous system. It suppresses areas of the brain that are responsible for basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Even just a large amount of liquid can be harmful to the body. If you drink about 6 liters of water, water intoxication will occur - a violation of the water-salt metabolism in the body. This will cause brain cells to swell, which can cause headaches, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases.

But if you stop drinking water or eat too much salt, your brain cells will begin to shrink. This will lead to a condition known as hypernatremia. 48 teaspoons seasoning at a time - enough to cause such a reaction, which also leads to seizures, coma and even death. Also deadly 129 teaspoons pepper.

You may have heard that dogs should not be given chocolate. A substance dangerous to them - theobromine - can kill us too. True, our body processes theobromine more efficiently. The lethal dose for humans is 1000 mg per kilogram of weight. This is equivalent 85 chocolate bars eaten at one time.

You shouldn't overeat on toothpaste either. Fluorides are safe in small amounts and can fill cavities. But if you swallow 24 tubes of toothpaste volume of 170 milliliters, this could be fatal.

Everyone always says to eat more fruit. However, to get an overdose of vitamin C, you only need to eat 11 thousand oranges at a time.

What is useful in small doses can be deadly in large doses - for example, potassium. Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and muscle contractions. However, potassium chloride is also used for lethal injections. Need to eat about 480 bananas to reach the injection quantity. True, it is not a fact that the human stomach can withstand this.

Insulin overdose is a common problem in people suffering from diabetes mellitus 1 type.

This phenomenon occurs for the reason that the violation of the level of glucose in the blood can lead to some consequences, regardless of which way the balance is disturbed.

• general weakness and thirst;
• nausea;
• gastrointestinal disorders;
• circulatory disorders;
• blocking nerve impulses.

Symptoms of insulin poisoning

People who have diabetes mellitus and insulin dependence have need for daily receiving the required amount of hormone by injection.

The frequency and dosage of the hormonal drug must be observed exactly as prescribed. This is due to the fact that an excess of the hormone in the human body leads to quite serious consequences.

Symptoms of overdose can be presented in the following list:

• increased dehydration (thirst);
• numbness of the tongue muscles;
• dizziness and foggy consciousness;
• muscle weakness and mild tremors of the limbs;
• cold sweat.

The observation of such a set of signs indicates a sharp drop in glucose in the blood, that is, the occurrence of hypoglycemic syndrome.

A common belief is that for a completely healthy person, taking even minute amounts of synthetic insulin is fatal.

However this factor is a myth, according to rough calculations by experts, a lethal dose of insulin should exceed 100IU. At the same time, there are known cases of overestimation of this figure by up to 30 times, without any consequences.

If the imbalance is not restored, there is a high risk of developing hypoglycemic coma.

Hypoglycemic coma

With an overdose of insulin, the lack of glucose in the insulin-dependent organs and cells of the body gradually leads to the so-called hypoglycemic coma.

There is a division of the presented state into 4 main stages, each of which is characterized by individual characteristics. The stages of hypoglycemia are as follows:

1. At the first stage of development of hypoglycemic coma, oxygen starvation of the cerebral cortex occurs. The symptoms coincide with primary signs problems such as insulin overdose.
2. The second stage of coma development is expressed in damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary part of the human brain. External manifestations are increased sweating and inappropriate behavior.
3. A condition similar to an epileptic seizure may indicate the beginning of the third stage of coma. Disturbances in the functioning of the midbrain. At this time, dilation of the pupils and convulsions are observed.
4. Insulin poisoning that progressed to fourth stage development of coma is a critical condition. The main characteristic of this position is loss of consciousness and increased heart rate.

In case of inaction at the beginning of the coma processes, cerebral edema gradually develops and death occurs.

If we talk about timely provision of medical care under such circumstances, there are also consequences: the patient becomes more dependent on the use of synthetic hormonal drug.

In addition, such a scenario as chronic insulin overdose syndrome (CHOS) or Somogyi syndrome should be taken into account.

What is SHPI?

It is not entirely correct to equate CPSI with a problem such as Somogyi syndrome. If you look at it more broadly, CSPI gradually leads to the emergence of the presented syndrome.

Somogyi syndrome is a disorder in which there is a sharp rise in blood sugar due to hypoglycemic conditions. Otherwise, it is called rebound syndrome».

Chronic overdoses of insulin gradually lead the body to a situation where, after a decrease in the present glucose level, a sharp increase occurs.

If we talk about chronic insulin overdose, it is possible to indicate the following symptomatic indicators:

1. Observed sharp jumps blood sugar.
2. Frequent hypoglycemic conditions, both obvious and hidden.
3. Increased body weight and constant feeling of hunger.
4. As insulin levels rise, the signs of diabetes only worsen.

There are two main methods for correcting the situation with an insulin overdose: home use and medical use.

Increasing glucose levels in limited conditions is possible by taking sweet foods:

• sweet bun;
• chocolate or chocolate bar;
• tea with sugar;
• sweet compote;
• glucose tablet.

According to medical methodology, the patient is given an injection of glucose - the dosage of the drug is calculated according to the main indications.

When trying to normalize low sugar, you should be careful.

This is due to the fact that excessive amounts of carbohydrates taken by a person suffering from diabetes can lead to serious dehydration.

Ask an expert a question in the comments

Scientists have established lethal doses for humans of various everyday products, substances and phenomena.

Everything has a lethal dosage, even water, salt and sugar, let alone tobacco, alcohol and especially hard drugs like heroin or amphetamine, the slightest excess of the dose when used can lead to an overdose and death. The article provides a list of lethal doses of what we encounter in everyday life, from water to sunlight.

The concept of “lethal dose” means the amount of a substance after which almost any normal person will die 100%. Due to the fact that all people are different, for some, an overdose with subsequent death can occur much earlier and from much smaller quantities, so do not think that “before” means it is possible, do not try to find the limit of your body! And remember - using any drug causes irreparable harm health and leads to the development of drug addiction!

Lethal doses of various substances when taken orally

Doses given acute poisoning for adults who are not addicted to poison

Name	Lethal dose (gram/person)	Type of damage to the body
Adrenalin	0.005-0.010 (s.c., orally - harmless)	Hypertensive crisis
Nitric acid (25%)	5-10	Chemical burn
Aymalin	2-3
Aconite (dry plant)	1-2
Aconitine	0,0015-0,006
Aminorex	1,0
Amphetamine	0,12-0,2
Analgin	5-8	Inhibition of hematopoiesis
Aniline	4-25
Antipyrine	5-30
Apomorphine	0,6
Arecoline	0,05
Aspirin	10
Atropine	0,1-1
Acetanilide	4
Acetone	75
Barium carbonate	0,5-4,0
Colchicum (seeds)	2-5
Benzene	10-30
Pale grebe (fresh mushroom)	30-50	Liver damage
Boric acid	2-20
Bromine	1,0
Bromized	3-10
Bromoform	15
Warfarin	3,5-5
Veratrine	0,01-0,02
Bismuth nitrate basic	8
Heroin (for non-addicts)	0,05-0,075
Hydroquinone	2
Hyoscyamine	0,1-1,0
Glycerol	50-500
Homatropine	0,7-7,0
1,2-Dibromoethane	6
Diphenhydramine	0,5-2
Dimethyl sulfate	1-5
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol	0,35-2
2,4-Dinitrophenol	1,0
Dichlorobenzene (ortho- and meta-)	15
1,2-Dichloroethane	6
Diethyl ether	25-30
Dulcin	5	Liver damage
Iron dichloride	30
inkstone	3-50
Iodine	2-3
Iodine tincture (pharmacy)	30
Iodoform	3
Iproniazid	0,6
Cadmium sulfate	0,03-0,05
Potassium bichromate	0,7-3,0
Potassium bromide	20
Potassium carbonate	20
Potassium nitrate	8
Potassium permanganate	5
Potassium chlorate	10-15
Potassium chloride	15
Cantharidin	0,04-0,08
Cocaine	0,5-1,0	Stimulation followed by depression of the central nervous system.
cocculus seeds	2-3	Convulsions
Colchicine	0,05-0,1
Konyin	0,5-1,0
Corazol	6	Convulsive
Caffeine	10
Lemon acid	20
Lithium chloride	8
Maleic acid	10
Copper sulfate (copper sulfate)	8
Methadone	0,1
Metaldehyde	4
Methylene chloride	20
Methamphetamine	0,35-1,5
Methyl alcohol (methanol)	20-100
Juniper (medicinal raw material)	20
Morphine	0,3	Respiratory depression
Formic acid	30
Arsenic(III) oxide (white arsenic)	0,06-0,3
Nalorphine	0,2
Sodium azide	0,3-0,5
Sodium iodide	10
Sodium nitrate	10-15
Sodium nitrite	2-4	Methemoglobinemia
Sodium oxalate	15
Naphthalene	2-20
Nicotine	0,04-0,1
Paraldehyde	25-30
Parathion	1
Paracetamol	15	Liver damage
Pethidine	1,0
Picrotoxin	0,02	Convulsions
Pilocarpine	0,06	Dehydration
Primalin	0,4
Prozerin (neostigmine)	0,06
Hazelnut seeds	0,75-3,0	Convulsive
Sabinol	0,1-0,2
Lead acetate	5-30
Sevin	0,3-0,5
Rochelle salt	20-50
Silver nitrate	10-30
Sulfuric acid conc.	1-10	Chemical burn
Turpentine	60
Hydrochloric acid conc.	20	Chemical burn
Streptocide	20
Strychnine	0,1-0,3	Convulsions
Corrosive sublimate	0,2-1,0	Kidney damage
Tavegil	0,5-2
Thallium sulfate	0,6
Carbon tetrachloride	3-5	Liver damage
Tranylcyproline	0,5
Tricresyl phosphate	2
Tripelennamine	2
Acetic acid (70%)	50	Chemical burn
Acetic acid (96%)	20	Chemical burn
Phenacetin	5-10	Liver damage
Phenol	1-30
Physostigmine	0,006-0,01
Formalin (35%)	10-50
Quinine	5-8
Chloroform	20-70	Liver damage
Chlorocholine chloride	0,7-7,0
Chromium(VI) oxide	1-2
Cyanamide	40-50
Cyclodol	1-7
Zinc oxide	10
Zinc chloride	3-5
Zinhofen	2-6
Hellebore roots	1-2
Hellebore seeds	10
Saffron sativa	5-10
Oxalic acid	5	Precipitation of calcium oxalate in the kidneys, acidosis.
Eucalyptus oil	20
ethylene glycol	150	Kidney damage
Ethanol	300-800
Ephedrine	1-2	Hypertensive crisis

1. Water

Lethal dose - 14 liters, drunk in a short time (3 - 5 hours).

1.5-2 liters of water is the daily requirement for a healthy person. Too much 3-4 times can lead to so-called water poisoning, or water intoxication - a disruption of water-salt metabolism in the body. The kidneys simply will not have time to remove everything that has been drunk from the body, the salt concentration will drop, and water will begin to fill the intracellular environment. The result is swelling of the brain, lungs, etc. Death comes from washing out needed by the body salts, so when rinsing your stomach with water, do not forget to salt it.

Every 1000 kilocalories eaten should be washed down with a liter of water. The average daily diet of a city resident is 2000-2500 kcal, the total daily requirement is 2-2.5 liters. A person receives about a liter of liquid from food, in the wet residue - 1.5-2 liters, the daily norm for a healthy person. Too much 3-7 times can lead to so-called water poisoning, or water intoxication - a disruption of water-salt metabolism in the body. The kidneys simply will not have time to remove everything that has been drunk from the body, the salt concentration will drop, and water will begin to fill the intracellular environment. The result is swelling of the brain, lungs, etc. In cases of fatal water poisoning known to medicine, people drank at least 7 liters in less than 24 hours. If you drain the cooler alone during the working day and then it’s over.

In January 2007, the Sacramento, California radio station KDND featured a Nintendo Wii console in its morning show. The competition was called Hold Your Wee for a Wii (something like “Don't pee - excel”), and the participants in the studio had to drink as much water as possible without the opportunity to “go out”. Jennifer Strange, 28, a mother of three, was one of the finalists but did not win the prize. Later that day, she complained of a severe headache and even had to take time off from work. The next morning she was found dead - doctors declared death as a result of water intoxication. During the radio show, Jennifer drank about 7.5 liters of water.

2. Salt

The lethal dose is 3.0 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight).

The daily need for salt is 1.5-4 g, and in hot climates, as a consequence increased sweating, - several times higher.

Ordinary table salt in large quantities is poison - the lethal dose is 100 times higher than the daily intake and is 3 grams per 1 kilogram of body weight, that is, for a person weighing 83 kg, the lethal dose is a quarter of a kilogram pack.

Due to an excess of salt in the blood, blood pressure will rise sharply (which is dangerous in itself), and this will be accompanied by severe edema (1 g of sodium chloride leads to 100 ml of fluid being retained in the body). Most likely, swelling of the brain and lungs will occur and as a result - the end.

3. Sugar

Lethal dose of sugar: 29.7 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight).

146 Reasons Why Sugar Is Ruining Your Health:

According to the latest data from American researchers, sucrose (sugar):

1. Helps reduce immunity (an effective immunosuppressant).

2. May cause disruption of mineral metabolism.

3. Can lead to irritability, anxiety, impaired attention, and childish whims.

4. Reduces the functional activity of enzymes.

5. Helps reduce resistance to bacterial infections.

6. May cause kidney damage.

7. Reduces the level of high-density lipoproteins.

8. Leads to a deficiency of the microelement chromium.

9. Contributes to the occurrence of breast, ovarian, intestinal, prostate, and rectal cancer.

10. Increases glucose and insulin levels.

11. Causes deficiency of the microelement copper.

12. Interferes with the absorption of calcium and magnesium.

13. Impairs vision.

14. Increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

15. May cause hypoglycemia (low glucose levels).

16. Helps increase the acidity of digested food.

17. May increase adrenaline levels in children.

18. Leads to malabsorption of nutrients.

19. Accelerates the onset of age-related changes.

20. Contributes to the development of alcoholism.

21. Causes tooth decay.

22. Promotes obesity.

23. Increases the risk of developing ulcerative colitis.

24. Leads to aggravation peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum.

25. May lead to the development of arthritis.

26. Provokes attacks of bronchial asthma.

27. Contributes to the occurrence of fungal diseases.

28. Can cause the formation of gallstones.

29. Increases risk coronary disease hearts.

30. Provokes exacerbation of chronic appendicitis.

31. Promotes the appearance of hemorrhoids.

32. Increases the likelihood of varicose veins.

33. May cause elevated glucose and insulin levels in women using hormonal birth control pills.

34. Contributes to the occurrence of periodontal disease.

35. Increases the risk of developing osteoporosis.

36. Increases acidity.

37. May impair insulin sensitivity.

38. Leads to decreased glucose tolerance.

39. May reduce growth hormone production.

40. Can increase cholesterol levels.

41. Helps increase systolic pressure.

42. Causes drowsiness in children.

43. May cause multiple sclerosis.

44. Causes headaches.

45. Interferes with the absorption of proteins.

46. ​​Causes food allergies.

47. Contributes to the development of diabetes.

48. May cause toxicosis in pregnant women.

49. Provokes eczema in children.

50. Predisposes to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

51. May disrupt DNA structure.

52. Causes disruption of protein structure.

53. By changing the structure of collagen, it promotes the early appearance of wrinkles.

54. Predisposes to the development of cataracts.

55. May cause damage to blood vessels.

56. Leads to the appearance of free radicals.

57. Provokes the development of atherosclerosis.

58. Contributes to the occurrence of pulmonary emphysema.

59. Sugar reduces the functionality of enzymes.

60. People suffering from Parkinson's disease consume sugar in large quantities.

61. Sugar can cause permanent changes in the action of proteins in the body.

62. Sugar can cause the liver to enlarge because it promotes cell division.

63. Sugar can lead to an increase in fat deposits in the liver area.

64. Sugar can cause an increase in the size of the kidneys and pathological changes in this organ.

65. Sugar can damage the pancreas.

66. Sugar promotes fluid retention in the body.

67. Sugar is the number one enemy of digestion.

68. Sugar can contribute to the development of myopia.

69. Sugar can harm the mucous membrane of the capillaries.

70. Sugar leads to weakening and fragility of tendons.

71. Sugar can cause headaches and migraines.

72. Sugar plays a significant role in the occurrence of pancreatic cancer in women.

73. Sugar can negatively affect children's academic results, as it causes difficulties in learning new material.

74. Sugar can cause an increase in delta, alpha and theta brain waves.

75. Sugar can cause depression.

76. Sugar increases the risk of developing stomach cancer.

77. Sugar is the cause of dyspepsia (indigestion).

78. Excess sugar can increase the risk of developing gout.

79. Excess sugar can increase glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test for complex carbohydrates.

80. Excess sugar can increase insulin responses in people with a lot of high-sugar diets compared to low diets Sahara.

81 High sugar refined diets reduce learning ability.

82. Sugar can cause the less efficient functioning of two blood proteins, albumin, and lipoproteins, which can decrease the body's ability to handle fat and cholesterol.

83. Sugar may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

84. Sugar can cause platelets to become sticky.

85. Excess sugar can cause hormonal imbalance, and some thyroid hormones become hyperactive and others become hyperactive.

86. Sugar can lead to the formation of kidney stones.

87. Sugar can cause the hypothalamus to become very sensitive to a wide variety of stimuli.

88. Sugar can make you dizzy.

89. Diets high in sugar can cause free radical damage and oxidative stress.

90. high diets sucrose of patients with peripheral vascular disease significantly increases platelet adhesion.

91. High sugar diets can lead to bile duct cancer.

92. Sugar channels cancer.

93. High sugar intake in pregnant adolescent girls is associated with a two-fold increase in risk for delivering small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants.

94. High sugar intake can lead to a significant reduction in the duration of pregnancy among adolescents.

95. Sugar slows down the transit time of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

96. Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in the stool and bacterial enzymes in the colon. It may change bile production causing cancer connections and colon cancer.

97. Sugar increases estradiol (most effective form natural estrogen) in men.

98. Sugar combines and destroys phosphatase, an enzyme that makes the process of digestion more difficult.

99. Sugar may be a risk factor for gallbladder cancer.

100. Sugar addiction.

101. Sugar can be intoxicating, similar to alcohol.

102. Sugar can make PMS worse.

103. Sugar given to premature babies may affect the amount carbon dioxide they produce.

104. Reducing your sugar intake can improve emotional stability.

105. The body metabolizes 2 to 5 times more blood sugar than it does starch.

106. Rapid absorption of sugar is promoted by excessive food intake in obese subjects.

107. Sugar may worsen symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

108. Sugar negatively affects the urinary electrolyte composition.

109. Sugar can slow down the adrenal glands' ability to function.

110. Sugar has the potential to cause abnormal metabolic processes in normal healthy people and contribute to chronic degenerative diseases.

111. Intravenous administration sugar with water can block the flow of oxygen to the brain.

112. High sucrose intake may be important factor lung cancer risk.

113. Sugar increases the risk of polio.

114. High sugar intake can cause epileptic seizures.

115. Sugar causes high blood pressure in obese people.

116. In intensive care units, limiting sugar saves lives.

117. Sugar can cause cell death.

118. Excess sugar can increase the amount of food you eat.

119. In juvenile rehabilitation camps, when children were put on a sugar diet, there was a 44% drop in antisocial behavior.

120. Sugar can lead to prostrate cancer.

121. Sugar dehydrates newborns.

122. Sugar increases estradiol in young men.

123. Sugar can cause low birth weight babies.

124. High intake of refined sugar is associated with worse outcome in schizophrenia.

125. Sugar can raise homocysteine ​​levels in the blood.

126. Sugary foods increase the risk of breast cancer.

127. Sugar is a risk factor for small intestinal cancer.

128. Sugar can cause laryngeal cancer.

129. Sugar causes salts and water.

130. Sugar may contribute to minor memory loss.

131. As sugar increases in the diet by 10 years of age, there is a linear decrease in the intake of many essential nutrients.

132. Excess sugar can increase your total food intake.

133. Providing newborn sugar results in an increased preference for sucrose over water at 6 months to 2 years.

134. Sugar causes constipation.

135. Sugar causes varicose veins.

136. Sugar can cause brain breakdown in prediabetic and diabetic women.

137. Excess sugar may increase the risk of stomach cancer.

138. Sugar can cause metabolic syndrome.

139. Sugar intake by pregnant women increases neural tube defects in embryos.

140. Sugar may be a factor in asthma.

141. The higher your sugar intake, the greater your chance of getting irritable bowel syndrome.

142. Sugar can affect central systems rewards.

143. Sugar can cause colon cancer.

144. Sugar can cause endometrial cancer.

145. Sugar can cause kidney cancer.

146. Sugar can cause liver tumors.

The World Health Organization considers the norm for sugar consumption - harmless to health - to be 38 kg per year per person.

4. Coffee

Lethal dose of caffeine: 150 to 200 mg per kilogram of weight.

In a good espresso, which in its native Italy is more like a sip of adrenaline, a standard “shot” (30 ml) contains no less than 100 mg of caffeine. Order 150 cups (4.5 liters in total) - and you’re done.

Considering the possible negative and positive health effects, caffeine can be a friend for us, if, of course, we do not abuse its “friendship”. Here's what to remember about caffeine:

*Do not consume caffeine in large quantities. Due to the health hazard (see above) and the likelihood of formation physical addiction It is recommended to limit caffeine consumption to 2 cups of coffee per day (symptoms during abstinence: cravings, headaches, fatigue and muscle pain).

* Do not consume caffeine after 2:00 pm. Healthy deep sleep is very important for normal functioning of the body, and caffeine can remain in the body for 8 hours or longer, so it is recommended to avoid or limit caffeine consumption in the afternoon to avoid sleep disturbances.

* Combine caffeine with fitness. Caffeine is better absorbed before fitness activities - it improves the effectiveness of training, and the positive effect of sports helps increase the body's resistance to stress and gives a boost of energy for the whole day.

5. Chocolate

The lethal dose of pure chocolate is from 10 to 50 kg.

For humans, chocolate is more beneficial than harmful. The Mayans considered chocolate to be the food of the gods.

Chocolate contains a substance called theobromine. This is an analogue of caffeine, it gently stimulates the cardiovascular and nervous systems, causing a surge of energy. Its effect is much weaker than that of caffeine, and therefore theobromine is completely harmless. High quality dark chocolate contains the most theobromine. To get a lethal dose of this substance, you need to eat, according to various sources, from ten to fifty kilograms of chocolate.

In addition to the stimulants theobromine, phenylethylamine and caffeine, chocolate contains small amounts of cannabinoids (chemicals from the same family as the constituents of marijuana). It is thanks to them that chocolate is really able to improve mood. The content of these substances is negligible and cannot produce a pronounced narcotic effect.

6. Alcohol

The lethal dose of alcohol is 7.06 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight).

The lethal concentration of alcohol in the blood is 5-6 ppm.

5-6 ppm corresponds to 400-480 ml of pure alcohol drunk for an adult weighing 80 kg, or in other words, this is 1-1.2 liters of vodka, drunk in a short period of time (5-6 hours). A ppm is one thousandth, 1/10 percent. 1 ppm of blood alcohol means that each liter of human blood consists of 999.0 ml pure blood 1 ml of pure alcohol. Pure alcohol is pure ethanol. So, 0.5 liters of vodka is approximately 200 ml of pure ethanol. Drank by a healthy 80-kilogram man, this half liter will turn into 2.5 ppm, which qualifies as a strong degree of intoxication.

Approximate scheme for determining the severity of alcohol intoxication:

• no influence of alcohol - up to 0.5 ppm
• mild degree of intoxication - 0.5 - 1.5 ppm
• average degree of intoxication - 1.5 - 2.0 ppm
• severe degree of intoxication - 2.0-3.0 ppm
• severe poisoning - 3.0-5.0 ppm
• fatal poisoning - more than 5.0 ppm

With concentrations of alcohol in the blood of 3 ppm, death may well occur.

7. Sun

The lethal dose is 8 hours of tanning in the heat.

It takes a person 2 to 8 hours to get severe heat stroke. First, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus, then - an increase in temperature to 40-42? C, nausea, increased heart rate and breathing, delirium, decreased blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

First aid:

The victim must be moved to the shade, made cold compress. IN severe cases- artificial respiration.

URGENTLY! Eliminate heat effect:

• remove the victim from the overheated zone;
• lay in an open area in the shade;
• inhalation of ammonia vapor from cotton wool;
• free from outer clothing;
• wetting the face with cold water, patting the chest with a wet towel;
• put a bottle of cold water on your head;
• frequent fanning;
• call an ambulance.

To avoid sunstroke, in hot sunny weather it is recommended to wear hats made of light-colored material that reflects sunlight more strongly.

8. Nicotine

The lethal dose is 1 mg of nicotine per 1 kg of body weight.

A strong 80-kilogram man will be mowed down with 80 mg of nicotine. If we consider that each classic “Java” cigarette contains 0.8 mg, then the lethal dose is 100 cigarettes. Half a block at a time and you're done.

9. Multivitamins

The lethal dose is 5000 tablets per day.

Vitamins can also be deadly. There is even such a concept - hypervitaminosis. For example, the consequences of an overdose of vitamin A: headache, dizziness, nausea, increased heart rate, loss of consciousness and convulsions; vitamin B1 - liver and kidney dysfunction; vitamin B12 - increased heart rate, increased blood clotting; vitamin D2 - weakness, thirst, vomiting, fever, increased blood pressure, difficulty breathing, slow heart rate; vitamin E - metabolic disorders, thrombophlebitis, necrotizing colitis, kidney failure, hemorrhage in retina eyes, hemorrhagic stroke.

For fidelity it is necessary to take, of course, multivitamin complexes. To get a lethal dose of, for example, vitamins A and D, you will have to take up to 5,000 tablets. Moreover, in a short period of time, so that the body does not have time to remove them with urine.

The lethal dose of vitamin C is 11.9 g/kg.

10. Medicines and medicines

Lethal dose of iodine: more than 3 grams

Lethal dose of analgin: more than 10 g

Lethal dose of aspirin: 0.2 g/kg or more than 30 gr.

Lethal dose of paracetamol: 1.944 g/kg or more than 10 g, however, after 5 g, the consequences and symptoms of an overdose begin with complete and final liver failure.

With medications you can not only be cured, but also suffer from them, especially if, in an attempt to quickly achieve the desired effect, you increase the dose in the hope of a quick recovery.

11. Electricity

The lethal dose is more than 0.1 ampere.

Currently, six American states (Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia) use the electric chair. Voltage - from 1700 to 2700 volts, current - up to 6 amperes (life-threatening - 0.1 amperes), two discharges lasting from 20 seconds to a minute each. If everything goes according to the regulations, the condemned person loses consciousness after 1/240 of a second and dies almost instantly.

Household electricity is also dangerous. Theoretically, by taking a long nail with a wet hand and sticking it into a regular socket with a voltage of 220 volts, you can receive a current discharge of up to 0.1-0.2 amperes (and the maximum current strength, at which a person is still able to independently tear his hand away from the contact, - 0.01 ampere). After 1-3 seconds, respiratory paralysis will occur, heart failure - and death.

12. Drugs

Lethal dose of heroin: 22 mg/kg.

Lethal dose of amphetamine: 120 mg

Lethal dose of LSD: 0.0165 g/kg. Death, as a consequence and symptom of an overdose, occurs from respiratory arrest.

Lethal dose of cocaine: 0.5-1.2 g.

U human body There is a feature that has already caused many deaths from drug overdoses, namely the gradual acquisition of immunity to certain poisons and pushing back the threshold for a lethal dose. Thus, a person using a drug for the first time under the guidance of an experienced drug addict may foolishly take the same dose as him, which will certainly lead to tragedy.

13. Mosquitoes

The lethal dose is 500,000 bites.

A female mosquito, which weighs an average of 2.6 mg, can suck twice its weight in blood from you, that is, about 5 mg, or 0.005 ml. Blood is approximately 7% of the total body weight, 5-5.5 liters for the average man. A person can lose up to 15% of blood without harm to himself, but a one-time loss of 2-2.5 liters is considered fatal. Thus, if during a short walk through the summer forest you allow yourself to be bitten by half a million female mosquitoes, then it will definitely be the end.

14. Radiation

Lethal dose of radiation: 600 rem at a time.

In one fluoroscopy session, a person receives from 3 to 66 rem, depending on the duration of the session and the area of ​​the body being examined (x-ray of the lungs is about 3-7 rem, hip joint — 66).

Radioactivity can be measured in various units - in becquerels, curies, roentgens, rutherfords, grays, sieverts, etc., and radiation power - in the same units per unit of time (second, hour, day, week, month, year ). Let's talk about the basic units of measurement of radioactivity, most often found in periodicals.

1 roentgen is a dose of x-rays (or gamma rays) that produces 2.08*109 ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air (or 1.61*1012 ion pairs in 1 g of air).

1 rem (biological equivalent of a roentgen) is a dose of any radiation that produces the same biological effect as 1 roentgen of x-rays or gamma radiation.

The degree of exposure is measured in rads. The word “rad” is derived from the English radiation absorbed dose - absorbed dose of radiation. 1 rad is radiation at which each kilogram of mass of a substance (say, human body) absorbs 0.01 J of energy (or 1 g of mass absorbs 100 ergs). For ordinary practical calculations, we can assume that roentgens, rads and rem are equal to each other: 1 roentgen = 1 rad = 1 rem.

The figure shows the power of various radioactive sources and shows their effect on living organisms. The upper central scale indicates the radiation that can be observed at the epicenter of the explosion of an atomic and hydrogen bomb at certain time intervals - an hour, a day, etc. The lower left scale shows the power of radioactive sources that we encounter in everyday life. Natural radioactive background is formed due to cosmic rays, radiation from soil containing radioactive substances, and from radioactive fallout.

The scale on the right shows the average lethal doses for various animals. If a person receives a radiation dose of 400 roentgens in a short time, say, an hour, then with a 50% probability it can be said that it is fatal. If the radiation dose increases to 600 roentgens, the probability of death will increase to 98%.

What to do in case of overdose?

Help for a person in case of an overdose should be immediate and begin with a call to an ambulance. Then you need to understand how the overdose occurred; if a person took something internally, then you need to urgently induce vomiting and do a gastric lavage, feed the victim the lion's dose of activated charcoal and give a laxative. If the person is not breathing or has no palpable pulse, perform artificial ventilation and/or chest compressions, depending on the situation, until doctors arrive.

Materials used

Consider which glucose indicators are critical for a person and how to help him.

What does "critical level" of glucose mean?

In principle, for a healthy body, any increase in glucose above 7.8 mmol can be considered critical, since irreversible processes of destruction of the body are triggered above this line. The same can be said when this level falls below 2.8 mmol.

However, in diabetes, these figures jump over a very wide range, sometimes reaching prohibitive 55 mmol and even more. In order to somehow imagine what this figure means, we note that in this state, one liter of blood contains 10 grams of sugar - two teaspoons.

The danger to the body is the excess of glucose to 13–17 mmol per liter. In this condition, acetone is present in the urine. All patients can independently determine the presence of ketone in the urine using test strips.

If blood sugar is over 10 mmol, then it also appears in the urine, and this indicator is also dangerous. In both cases, insulin should be administered. If this is not done, then there is high danger occurrence of hyperglycemic coma.

A critical level of glucose also occurs with a sudden decrease in it. Not all people tolerate low blood sugar equally: some experience clear symptoms of hypoglycemia at 3.2 mmol, while others feel well at a level of 2.5 millimol or even less.

Sometimes in diabetes, a sharp relative decrease in glucose (to normal limits) also causes signs of hypoglycemia. In all these cases, the patient should be given some easily digestible carbohydrates. If this is not done, glucose levels will continue to fall, causing loss of consciousness, seizures and, ultimately, death.

What level of sugar is considered deadly

In patients with diabetes, the sugar level is 15-17 millimoles per liter. This contributes to the development of hyperglycemic coma. However, not everyone develops hyperglycemia at the same glucose levels. In some people, levels even up to 17 millimoles per liter do not clearly cause severe symptoms. That is why there are no certain indicators that are fatal for humans.

There are some differences in the clinical course of hyperglycemic coma in patients depending on the type of diabetes. Thus, with insulin-dependent diabetes, dehydration and ketoacidosis quickly develop. On the contrary, with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, only dehydration progresses in patients. However, it can be very pronounced, so it can be difficult to remove the patient from this dangerous state.

Pharmacies once again want to make money from diabetics. There is a smart modern European drug, but they keep quiet about it. This.

In severe diabetes, a person develops ketoacidotic coma. Most often, this condition occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, complicated by an infectious disease. It is not uncommon to develop ketoacidotic coma with a low dose of insulin. The main symptoms of this condition are as follows:

• excretion of sugar in the urine, which causes a lot of it;
• rapid development of dehydration;
• accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood due to the fact that body cells begin to consume fats for energy purposes;
• weakness, drowsiness;
• dry mouth;
• dry skin;
• the appearance of acetone odor from the mouth;
• deep and noisy breathing (as a result of compensation for the increased carbon dioxide content in the blood).

With a further increase in blood sugar, hyperosmolar coma develops. This condition is characterized by extremely high glucose levels (its level can rise to 55 mmol). Such numbers are limiting for the body. The state of hyperosmolarity is not accompanied by ketoacidosis. Despite this, such a coma requires emergency care. It develops gradually. The main signs of the development of hyperosmolar coma:

• copious urine output;
• the patient drinks a lot of liquid, but despite this, cannot quench his thirst;
• following water, the body loses a large amount of minerals;
• dehydration, weakness, drowsiness rapidly increases;
• facial features become sharp;
• dryness of the skin and oral cavity increases;
• shortness of breath develops.

Only immediate hospitalization can prevent the death of a person. No home methods will help normalize the condition.

Critical sugar level during hypoglycemia

With a rapid decrease in glucose, hypoglycemia develops. This condition can develop spontaneously and is always life-threatening. Since the brain is the largest consumer of glucose, it is the first to suffer during hypoglycemia. People suffering from hypoglycemia require emergency medical attention.

With mild hypoglycemia, the following symptoms occur:

• trembling and chills;
• loss of sensation on the tip of the tongue;
• limb weakness;
• dizziness;
• pallor, sweating;
• the person is confused, cannot navigate in time and space.

If you immediately eat something sweet, this condition disappears. However, this must be done as early as possible, otherwise, as hypoglycemia progresses, the person may lose consciousness, and it will be much more difficult to save him.

In severe hypoglycemia, the patient loses consciousness. In this case, an injection of glucagon can save him. The patient or his relatives need to constantly measure blood sugar levels in order to achieve their normalization.

What to do with the onset of hyperglycemic coma

If the patient experiences increasing nausea, vomiting, and signs of general malaise, it is likely that he has not only an upset stomach, but a sign of an incipient hyperglycemic coma. The principle of helping a person in this condition is frequent subcutaneous administration of short-acting insulin.

If two attempts to self-correct glucose are unsuccessful, you should urgently call a doctor.

The patient must learn to correctly calculate the corrective dose of insulin in case of hyperglycemia, depending on the presence of acetone in the blood. The simplest method for calculating the correction dose is to administer 1 additional unit of insulin if the glucose level is elevated by 1.5 to 2.5 millimoles. When acetone appears, the amount of insulin should be doubled.

If you manage to achieve a decrease in glucose, you need to take quickly digestible carbohydrates. This must be done in order to prevent the development of so-called starvation ketosis. When the urge to vomit, sweet tea is recommended.

Diabetes mellitus is often called the “silent killer.” After all, approximately 25% of patients are unaware of the development of a serious pathology. But diabetes is no longer a death sentence! Chief diabetologist Alexander Korotkevich told how to treat diabetes once and for all. Read more.

Prevention of hypo- and hyperglycemia

A diabetic should always know how to help himself in case of an unexpected low blood sugar.

1. You should always have glucose medication with you.
2. When stable, there are no fast digestible carbohydrates.
3. It is absolutely necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, give up alcohol and cigarettes, and exercise.
4. It is necessary to ensure that the type and amount of insulin administered fully corresponds to blood glucose levels.
5. To always know these indicators, it is imperative to have an accurate glucometer at home that allows you to quickly determine your glucose level. Having a glucometer will help you detect the moment of onset hyperglycemia and quickly respond to this process.
6. You need to learn how to independently calculate the dosage of insulin.

Remember that every person is fully capable of controlling diabetes and preventing glucose levels from deviating to critical levels.

How to quickly lower blood sugar levels for diabetics?

The diabetes incidence statistics are getting sadder every year! The Russian Diabetes Association states that every tenth inhabitant of our country has diabetes. But the cruel truth is that it is not the disease itself that is terrible, but its complications and the lifestyle to which it leads.

Critical blood sugar levels: causes and symptoms

A critical blood sugar level is a serious disorder that is more often encountered by people suffering from pathologies carbohydrate metabolism especially diabetes mellitus. The concentration of sugar is not a constant value. Its changes can be caused by both physiological and pathological conditions organism. Any violation is considered dangerous and threatens human health and life.

Causes of high and low glucose levels

There are many reasons why the sugar level exceeds the norm. They are divided into groups:

Physiological ones include the following:

• severe stress;
• unhealthy diet, consumption of large quantities of flour foods;
• PMS in women (premenstrual syndrome);
• pregnancy;
• recovery period after illnesses.

These factors more often lead to a short-term increase in sugar, which refers to the body’s compensatory reactions.

The list of pathological factors is much wider.

Diseases accompanied by high sugar concentrations include:

• type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus;
• gestational form of diabetes during pregnancy;
• toxicosis of pregnancy;
• respiratory failure in newborns;
• congenital insulin deficiency;
• pancreatic tumors;
• autoimmune processes associated with the production of antibodies to one’s own insulin;
• liver diseases;
• sepsis;
• kidney disease, especially renal failure;
• stomach ulcer.

Glucose is a participant in many processes in the human body. Therefore, many diseases can lead to the diagnosis of extreme blood sugar levels.

The following factors lead to a decrease in glucose:

• overdose of glucose-lowering drugs, mainly insulin;
• stress;
• increased loads;
• emotional stress;
• fasting and diets;
• lack of production of adrenal and pituitary hormones;
• pathology of the nervous system;
• stomach pathologies;
• pancreatic tumor.

Blood glucose: how to understand the indicators

The level of sugar in a person’s blood, depending on the indicator, may relate to the following conditions:

Blood sugar levels:

Minimum critical level glucose - 2.8 mmol/l. It is dangerous due to the rapid increase in symptoms and the development of hypoglycemic coma. The maximum glucose level at which serious irreversible changes begin in the body is 7.8 mmol/l. This threshold can be considered critical.

Exceeding this value will result in damage. internal organs, blood vessels, eyes, heart muscle and tissues of the nervous system. Acetone appears in the urine and blood, which threatens health and life.

People react differently to high blood sugar. Some easily tolerate even significant fluctuations, while others require emergency assistance already upon reaching upper limits norms. In patients suffering from serious illnesses, especially diabetes, glucose levels can be many times higher than the established norms. It is important to be able to provide timely assistance in order to prevent the most dangerous complication - hypoglycemic coma. This condition can occur when a lethal sugar concentration reaches 15-17 mmol/l.

Signs of an increase and decrease in sugar, emergency help

It is important to know what symptoms distinguish between high blood sugar and hyperglycemic (ketoacidotic, hyperosmolar) coma in order to provide timely assistance to the victim.

Typical manifestations of hyperglycemia:

• • detection of high concentrations of sugar in the urine;
  • excessive thirst;
  • severe weakness;
  • dry skin;
  • polyuria - education increased volumes urine;
  • dyspnea;
  • trembling of limbs;
  • dry mouth;
  • attacks of nausea and vomiting;
  • sharp facial features;

• disturbances of consciousness and speech indicate a critical condition.

With further deterioration of the condition, additional manifestations appear. The increase in sugar levels occurs gradually in most cases. It is important to recognize hyperglycemia in a timely manner so that the patient can receive timely medical assistance to prevent his death. Having suspected indicated symptoms, it is important to quickly call an ambulance and determine your blood sugar level using a glucometer.

As a first aid measure for hyperglycemia, only insulin administration is effective. To correctly calculate the dose, the rule should be taken into account: 1 unit of insulin is administered for 2 mmol/l exceeding the norm. If acetone appears in the urine, then the dose of insulin is doubled. To detect acetone in urine, the use of test strips is indicated.

Dangerous complications of hyperglycemia:

• hyperglycemic coma;
• vascular damage;
• metabolic disorders;
• fatal dehydration;
• death of the victim.

Characteristic manifestations of hypoglycemia:

• cardiopalmus;
• chills;
• tremor of the limbs;
• fear;
• increased sweating;
• aggression;
• strong feeling of hunger;
• weakness, practically complete absence strength;
• dizziness.

The difference between hypoglycemia is its sudden onset pathological process, rapid increase in symptoms and deterioration of the condition. If you suspect the first signs of hypoglycemia, you should give the victim sweet food or liquid, call emergency help if there is no effect within a few minutes.

Dangerous complications of hypoglycemia:

• hypoglycemic coma;
• brain damage;
• death of the patient.

Overdose of insulin-containing drugs

Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates the pancreas. This substance is responsible for the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Thanks to this compound, glucose is absorbed, which is a source of energy.

If the dose of the drug is exceeded, there is a threat of dangerous consequences. This condition threatens hypoglycemic coma (a sharp decrease in blood sugar), which can be fatal.

How can diabetics get an overdose of insulin?

In most cases, insulin preparations are used in diabetes mellitus. However medicine used in sports (bodybuilding).

If a person suffers from insulin-dependent diabetes, then the β-cells of the pancreas do not produce this substance. For this reason, the patient must regularly inject insulin from the outside. IN similar drugs contains an artificial substitute for this hormone. They are used to provide maintenance therapy for type 1 diabetes. After the injection, the concentration of sugar in the blood decreases, and the patient’s condition improves.

This takes into account the level of glucose in the body. To ensure that the drug does not cause harm, the patient must constantly monitor the disease.

Doctors identify several reasons that provoke an insulin overdose:

• A doctor administers an insulin drug to a healthy person;
• The endocrinologist or patient chose the wrong insulin dose;
• Sometimes patients exceed the dose of medication when switching to the new kind medications or using another type of syringe;
• The patient injects insulin not under the skin, but into the muscle;
• High physical activity with a lack of carbohydrates after the injection;
• A diabetic makes a mistake when he takes both fast and slow insulin;
• The patient skips meals after the administration of an insulin-containing drug.

In addition, sensitivity to insulin increases up to the 13th week of pregnancy, with chronic functional kidney failure, steatosis ( fatty degeneration liver).

Diabetics are prohibited from using alcoholic drinks, but if the patient nevertheless decided to take a chance, then he must observe the following rules:

• Before drinking alcohol, reduce the usual dose of the drug;
• Before and after drinking strong drinks, you need to eat food that is a source of slow carbohydrates;
• It is recommended to drink drinks with low alcohol content;
• If the patient drank strong alcohol, then the next day you need to measure the level of glucose in the blood and adjust the dose according to these measurements.

By following these rules, a diabetic can avoid an insulin overdose.

Symptoms of insulin overdose in diabetics

Exceeding the dosage of insulin-containing drugs provokes a sharp decrease in the level of sugar in the body. Hypoglycemia occurs when the amount of sugar in the blood is below 5 mmol/l. Using different types drug, the rate at which symptoms appear differs. If the patient injects rapid insulin, then the symptoms appear faster than after the administration of the long-acting drug.

An overdose of insulin in the body is manifested by the following symptoms:

• On early stage the patient's condition worsens a few minutes after the administration of the drug. Then the body becomes weak, cardiopalmus, headache, sharp increase appetite;
• In the first phase of an overdose, doctors recommend eating or drinking something sweet. If the patient does not take action, his condition continues to worsen. Then there arises over-allocation sweat, saliva, tremors upper limbs(trembling), weakness continues to increase. Visual disturbances appear, pupils dilate. At this stage, it is still possible to avoid hypoglycemia; for this, the patient must eat foods that contain fast carbohydrates (confectionery or sugar);
• In the third phase, the patient's weakness continues to increase, and he is no longer able to take any measures. The patient cannot move independently, excessive sweating is observed, tachycardia, tremor, and clouding of consciousness intensify. In addition, mental disorders appear. During this period, it is necessary to inject glucose into a vein, otherwise there is a risk of hypoglycemic coma;
• Extreme hypoglycemia is manifested by a sharp decrease in glucose concentration (by more than 5 mmol/l). The patient turns pale, the heart rate slows down, and the diameter of the pupil does not change depending on the light intensity.

If there is no attempt to eliminate the symptoms of excess insulin, death occurs. Death is possible if all functions are suppressed (breathing, blood circulation, lack of reflexes).

First aid for insulin overdose

Many patients are interested in how to prevent hypoglycemic coma and death after administering excessive amounts of insulin.

According to doctors, the victim must be given emergency assistance within a few minutes after the onset of characteristic symptoms.

The patient can independently help himself to avoid a hypoglycemic coma; to do this, the following rules must be followed:

• At the early stage of an overdose of an insulin-containing drug, you need to eat 100 g of white bread. This product will help normalize the concentration of sugar in the body;
• If after 5 minutes the signs do not disappear, then it is recommended to eat foods that contain fast carbohydrates (sweets, jam or 2 teaspoons of sugar);
• If symptoms persist after 5 minutes, you must re-take fast carbohydrates.

At extreme manifestations of hypoglycemia (fainting, convulsions), the patient is administered a glucose solution intravenously. To restore sugar levels at the critical stage of an overdose, the victim is given an injection of glucose (40%) in a volume of about 50 ml. If the victim does not regain consciousness 10 minutes after the injection, then the procedure is repeated.

Consequences of insulin overdose

Complications after the administration of an excess amount of insulin depend on the severity of the reaction. Mild hypoglycemia occurs in all diabetics.

Then main danger represents a chronic overdose of insulin that develops in patients with poor disease control. As a result, the treatment is carried out incorrectly, the diabetic's condition does not improve, and the likelihood of ketoacidosis increases ( dangerous condition, which threatens ketoacidotic coma and death).

Even a slight excess of insulin in the blood leads to such consequences as:

• Meningitis;
• Brain swelling;
• Mental disorders;
• Stroke;
• Heart attack;
• Bleeding into the retinal tissue.

According to doctors, high probability mild hypoglycemia in elderly patients and diabetics with cardiovascular disease.

At the critical stage of overdose, there is a risk of hypoglycemic coma. In this case, it is necessary to provide emergency assistance to the victim, as the likelihood of cardiac arrest increases.

Hypoglycemic shock develops when glucose levels drop to 5 mmol/L below normal.

If the patient did not have time to inject glucose solution intravenously, then death occurs. This is due to the inhibition of the functions of the respiratory organs and the circulatory system.

Chronic insulin overdose syndrome

Regularly exceeding the dose of insulin threatens chronic overdose. This condition is accompanied by the production of hormones (adrenaline, corticosteroids, glucagon), which prevent a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Somogyi syndrome (chronic overdose) is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Diabetes mellitus occurs in severe form;
• Appetite increases;
• Weight increases, sugar concentration in urine increases;
• Predisposition to ketoacidosis;
• Increased levels of acetone in the urine;
• Sudden changes in the amount of sugar throughout the day;
• As a rule, increased glucose levels appear;
• Hypoglycemia often develops (several times in 24 hours).

Typically, sugar levels decrease in the morning (from 5 to 7 o'clock), this is due to an increase in the production of counter-insular hormones (adrenaline, cortisone, glucagon, growth hormone). Hypoglycemia also occurs as a result of a weakening of the therapeutic effect of the evening dose of an insulin-containing drug.

Hypoglycemic coma develops from 2 to 4 hours, then the glucose concentration decreases to 4 mmol/l and below. Then the body's compensatory reactions appear. As a result, in the morning the diabetic feels the symptoms of hyperglycemia, which resulted from an overdose of the evening portion of the drug.

Lethal dose of insulin for a healthy person and for a diabetic

The decision to determine the appropriate dose of insulin is made by the endocrinologist based on the concentration of sugar in the blood.

The lethal dose is different for each patient. Some diabetics suffer from mild hypoglycemia after 300-500 IU, while others develop hypoglycemic shock as early as 100 IU. The body's response to insulin depends on many factors, but the most important is body weight.

For example, a person weighs 60 kg, then the dose suitable for him is 60 IU. And a portion of an insulin-containing drug of 100 units already threatens death. The optimal insulin dosage for a diabetic weighing 90 kg is 90 units.

An overdose is very dangerous for a sick and healthy person. At the same time, not only the signs and general deterioration of the condition, but also the consequences of hypoglycemic coma, carry a mortal threat.

What happens if you inject insulin into a healthy person?

A safe dose of insulin for a healthy person is from 2 to 4 IU. And athletes inject about 20 IU of a substance per day to increase muscle mass.

Adult patients who suffer from diabetes can use 20 to 50 IU.

Sometimes doctors make mistakes and administer the drug to a healthy person. Then the solution has a detrimental effect on the body, poisoning it.

As a rule, the following symptoms appear during intoxication:

• Heart dysfunction;
• Hypertension;
• Headache;
• Panic attack;
• Coordination disorders;
• A sharp increase in appetite;
• General weakness of the body.

Based on the foregoing, an overdose of insulin is an extremely dangerous condition that threatens severe consequences right up to death. Mild hypoglycemia can be prevented with foods containing fast carbohydrates, and critical hypoglycemia with glucose solution. To avoid an overdose, it is necessary to constantly monitor the level of glucose in the blood, and follow the recommendations of the endocrinologist.

What dose of sugar is considered lethal?

Any substance can cause intoxication of the body and even lead to death. Moreover, these do not necessarily have to be medications, toxic substances or poisonous plants. Severe poisoning with a fatal outcome can be due to excessive consumption of familiar foods - sugar, salt, water, sausage or coffee. The lethal dose of sugar for a person is about 2 kilograms, but even with a smaller amount of the sweet ingredient, irreversible processes in the human body can begin. What danger does sugar pose and how much of it can be consumed per day without consequences, this needs to be sorted out.

What is the harm of sugar?

Not all people know whether sugar is harmful. This product will not cause harm to health if consumed in moderation and without fanaticism. Sugar poisoning in medical practice is quite rare, and poisoning most often occurs not with the pure substance, but with various carbonated drinks and confectionery products. The amount of sugar in terms of pure substance in drinks is 3-4 tablespoons per glass of soda. This is a large volume, so a person who constantly drinks cola, Fanta or other fizzy drinks will certainly encounter various diseases. An overdose of sugar leads to disruption of the functioning of some organs and systems, which is manifested by the following conditions:

• Damage to liver cells, resulting in obstructive jaundice.
• Impairment of the pancreas, which can lead to acute pancreatitis or diabetes mellitus.
• Disruption of the central nervous system, signs of which are persistent depressive states.
• Damage to tooth enamel and gum inflammation.

Severely exceeding the dosage of sugar in patients with various forms of diabetes can lead to retinal detachment and visual impairment, as well as to diseases of the kidneys, heart and nervous system.

The lethal dose of blood sugar is 28 grams per 1 kg of human body weight, calculated as pure substance. This means that a person weighing 70 kg should eat about 2 kg of pure sugar at a time.

Sugar can be poisonous too

Regular sugar is poison if its consumption is excessive. Poisoning can be caused not only by a sweet substance, but also by harmful microorganisms that multiply well in confectionery products. If you treat yourself to a sweet cake with fluffy cream, you may encounter an infection.

The symptoms of sugar poisoning are quite specific and easy to identify:

• increased excitability is noticeable, which after a while gives way to aggression;
• there is pain in the stomach area;
• There may be nausea and vomiting;
• the person is tormented by severe thirst, but urination is impaired.

If a person remains alive after severe poisoning from sweets, then his pancreas is depleted, which is why diabetes develops over time.

The body activates all resources to digest the shock amount of sweets, due to which the functioning of the stomach and intestines is disrupted.

Sugar and children

Many parents do not even suspect that candy, which children eat in unlimited quantities, poses a serious danger to their health. If you analyze all the holidays that were celebrated with a lot of sweets on the table, you will notice that children, after abusing sweets, become uncontrollable. This leads to the fact that it is simply impossible to put children to sleep or force them to do something; they begin to have severe hysterics.

If parents limit their child’s consumption of sweets in everyday life, then they should also limit it on holidays. If a baby who previously ate properly is overfed with sweet foods, then his blood glucose level sharply increases. As a result, an excess release of insulin into the blood occurs and the child begins to experience severe hunger within minutes.

The pancreas in children is a rather weak organ, which with a regular excess of sweets quickly breaks down. It must be remembered that the number of cases of diabetes in children has recently increased.

During the holidays, adults and children overeat heavily, and sugar-containing foods play a significant role here. This leads to persistent disruption of the digestive system.

It must be remembered that even sugar can cause poisoning and death if eaten too much. If a person consumes sweet foods without measure, the result can be quite sad, and nothing will even have time to stick together.

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