5. Salt

No one can live without salt Living being. But the daily need for this substance is extremely small - only 1.5-4 g. If the body experiences a chronic lack of salt, then bone destruction and muscle death begin, the work of the heart and stomach is disrupted, severe depression develops, and others. mental illness. Complete absence salt in food (although this situation rarely occurs) can kill in about 10 days.

Excess salt is no less dangerous than its lack. The fact that "salt is a white poison" when there is too much of it has been known to everyone for a long time. For a person, a lethal dose is a single intake of about 250 g of salt. Death in this case will be very difficult, since you will have to die from numerous edema.

6. Caffeine

Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, cola and many other plants. In small doses, it causes a surge of strength and a feeling of cheerfulness, which, however, after 3-6 hours are replaced by increased fatigue, lethargy and depression. A lethal dose for a person is 10 grams of pure caffeine (provided that all of it enters the bloodstream). That is, in order to poison yourself to death, for example, with a good Italian espresso, you will need not only to drink about 4.5 liters of this excellent drink at a time, but also to thoroughly absorb all the caffeine that it contains.

7. Water

Water is the basis of life. Everyone knows this. Nevertheless, you can not only drown in water - you can also get poisoned by it, moreover, absolutely clean, drinking water, if you drink too much. If the body has received too much water, a state of hyperhydration occurs, leading to a violation of the water-salt metabolism, numerous disorders of all body systems and death. To achieve this state, you need to drink about 7 liters of water during the day.

In June 2002, in the US city of Springville, a mother forced her 4-year-old daughter to drink almost 4 liters of water as punishment. The child died and the mother went to prison.

In January 2007, radio station KDND in Sacramento, California ran a surprisingly stupid contest called Hold Your Wee for a Wii. One of the participants in this competition, Jennifer Strange, who drank 7.5 liters of water, died without reaching the final. And the winner of the competition (Lucy Davidson) became seriously ill. As a result, relatives filed multimillion-dollar lawsuits against the radio station and won them.

8. Electricity

There is no need to warn about the dangers of household electricity - almost everyone who uses electrical appliances sooner or later gets the opportunity to learn from their own experience that an electric discharge can be very unpleasant. In our time, you can get a very painful electric shock without even using any devices. This happens especially often in winter, when the air in the apartments is dried up by central heating, and sparks fall from clothes and hair with every movement. If the strength of the current passing through the human body current exceeds 1 mA, then this already causes a very discomfort. A direct current of 60 mA or an alternating current of 300-500 mA can lead to a malfunction of the heart (or restore the work of a heart that has just stopped).

To kill a person with an electric chair, a voltage of 2700 V and a current of 5 A are used. The voltage is turned on twice for minutes with a break of 10 seconds. Usually this is enough to kill the strongest person. But on October 16, 1985, it took 5 such blows to execute William Wendyver.

9. Mosquitoes

A female mosquito, if not disturbed, can suck about 5 mg of blood from a person. For a person, the loss of about 2.5 liters of blood is fatal. It turns out that about half a million mosquitoes can “seize to death” a person. But in this case, most likely, death will occur much earlier from a reaction to the saliva of mosquitoes, which they inject during a bite (it is their saliva that causes itching, swelling and other reactions).

10. Sausage
100 g of sausage (and any processed meat products) contains about 2 g of salt. Salt in large quantities is deadly to humans.

When using a lethal dose of salt:

11. Chocolate
Chocolate has a lot of sugar. Sugar in large quantities is deadly to humans.

When taking a lethal dose of sugar:

11:42 — REGNUM

As the medieval Swiss alchemist, philosopher and physician Paracelsus said: Everything is poison, nothing is without poison; one dose makes the poison invisible. These words apply to all substances. Even to those habitual ones that are not critical in normal doses, but in large quantities can kill a person. Where is the line when food or liquid, completely harmless, becomes a deadly poison?

The lethal dose of a substance depends on many factors: on concentration, on the weight of the person who eats, on his age, state of health, immune system and metabolism. For this reason, we can only speak about the risky dose of the product.

When it comes to the degree of toxicity, the most acceptable calculation is the lethal dose as the amount in mg per kilogram of body weight that can kill 50% of the people tested. By itself, this idea already contains an inaccuracy. No such test has been carried out in which fifty out of a hundred people died. It's about protecting life, not killing. The figures given by food science are calculated for an average adult weighing 75 kg.

Caffeine: 93 espressos

The possibility of dying from drinking too much coffee is usually the subject of a lot of talk... before a cup of coffee. Luckily for those who can't live without this miraculous drink, the amount of coffee it takes for caffeine to kill a person is 93 espressos.

The lethal dose of caffeine is 10 grams. However, it varies from one person to another. In general, it is believed that consuming 150 mg of caffeine for every kilogram of body weight can kill. Following this calculation, a person weighing 50 kg can die after consuming 7.5 grams of pure caffeine, 80 kg - after 12 grams. For children, doses are much lower (35 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) because children's bodies process caffeine much more slowly.

According to the Chilean National Coffee Association, a 240 ml cup of espresso coffee contains between 65 and 120 mg of caffeine. The amount of caffeine can vary due to different coffees and brewing methods. Ultimately, if we assume that we take weak coffee (65 mg of caffeine per cup), a person weighing 75 kilograms can die from 173 cups of coffee. If the coffee is strong (120 mg), 93 is enough. In general, it is estimated that a lethal dose of coffee is from 50 to 200 cups, depending on the combination of circumstances.

Symptoms of acute caffeine poisoning include tremor, vomiting, tachycardia, arrhythmia, or hyperglycemia. The recommended daily dose of caffeine for an adult should not exceed 300 mg (5 cups of espresso coffee). In any case, it is not recommended to abuse coffee. Doctors recommend that healthy adults should not consume more than 300 or 400 milligrams of caffeine per day (or 6 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight). Five cups of espresso have the same caffeine content as twelve cans of cola.

Of course, this refers to pure caffeine, and not all other products prepared on its basis. If a person drinks 12 cans of cola a day, the amount of caffeine consumed will be the least of their problems. Coke lovers face death from excess sugar.

Sugar: 2 kg

Everyone loves candy, but modern foods contain way too much sugar. The problem is not so much with the sugar we put in coffee, but with the sugar in many foods, such as soft drinks and carbonated drinks.

The only consolation is that the amount of sugar, from which you can die, is so high that it does not fit in the stomach. According to experiments conducted on rats, the toxicity of sucrose is 29,700 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. If we take into account a person weighing 75 kg, then he should eat 2.17 kg of sugar with a spoon. Ah, pah!

To achieve the average lethal dose of sugar (for a person weighing 50 kg) when drinking Coca-Cola, you need to drink 38 cans, or you need to drink more than 7 bottles of two liters of soda. Never drink soda on a dare!

One can of Coca-Cola already exceeds the daily dose of sugar recommended by the World Health Organization.

The sugar problem is not the dose that causes acute poisoning. Sugar is chronic poisoning. The World Health Organization recommends that only 5 to 10% of the calories we consume per day be sugar. For a healthy adult, that's about 25 grams of sugar per day. One can of cola already provides 39 grams. The list of health problems associated with the use of a sugar diet is so long that you get tired of listing: tooth decay, obesity, diabetes, liver problems, or even pancreatic cancer.

Salt: four tablespoons

Let's move on from the sweetest death to the saltier one. How much salt is enough to kill a person? The answer is that quite a few. There is a good reason not to drink sea water. Salt is the most toxic product even in relatively small doses.

For an adult, 0.75 to 3 grams of salt per kilogram of body weight is enough to die. A person weighing 80 kg can die after eating just 60 grams of salt at once. One teaspoon of salt is already 15 grams, so the urban legend may be true: in some cases, four tablespoons of salt can kill. You'll probably need more, but it's best not to risk it.

It is estimated that in the UK every adult consumes about 11 grams of salt per day, of which 75% comes from processed foods. The fact is that most of this salt is usually excreted through the water we drink.

Salt is deadly not only in its pure form. Some products containing sodium chloride can also be dangerous. In 2011, the Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine reported on a case in which a 55-year-old Japanese woman who had been diagnosed with depression attempted suicide by drinking a bottle of soy sauce. Symptoms of acute salt poisoning include convulsions, cerebral edema, and coma. Do not abuse salt!

Water: 6.7 l

Water is also toxic if we drink enough of it, and this amount is much less than it seems. In fact, if someone tried to commit suicide by drinking Coca-Cola or coffee, he would die sooner from excess water, before caffeine causes irreparable harm. According to Science-Lab, a lethal dose of water by mouth is 90 milliliters per kilogram of body weight. That is, the lethal dose of water is only 6.7 liters (13 bottles) of water.

Just like salt, water affects our body at the cellular level. If we drink too much water, our kidneys are unable to process it, the body retains water in the tissues. In most organs, cells have room to expand after absorbing large amounts of water, but the brain is not one of these areas. Excess water can cause swelling of the brain. This is an extreme case, but unfortunately there have been several deaths.

Alcohol: 13 shots of strong alcohol

Drinking a lot is bad, we already know that, but how many beers do you need to drink to understand that it's time to stop? You only need to look above to see that, in a pinch, beer will kill us before water, and it's all about the percentage of alcohol. The lethal dose of alcohol is 7.060 milliliters of ethanol per kilogram of body weight. In other words, half a liter of alcohol is enough for a person weighing 75 kilograms.

In the pages of the Compound Interest, however, the calculation of this figure is much lower: 13 shots of strong alcohol such as vodka (40 degrees) to kill a 75 kilogram adult. Each shot glass contains about 45 milliliters. It all depends on the habit and physical condition. Also, the time of admission is very important. If you drink all night, the next day, the hangover will remind us that the consequences of alcohol are not good, even if you do not reach a lethal dose.

Take care of yourself and loved ones!

Materials used es.gizmodo.com

Scientists have established lethal doses for humans of various everyday products, substances and phenomena.

Everything has a lethal dosage, even water, salt and sugar, let alone tobacco, alcohol, and even more so hard drugs like heroin or amphetamine, the slightest excess of which can lead to overdose and death. The article provides a list of lethal doses of what we encounter in everyday life from water to sunlight.

The concept of "lethal dose" means the amount of a substance, after which almost any normal person 100% death occurs. Due to the fact that all people are different, for some, an overdose with subsequent death can occur much earlier and from much smaller amounts, so do not think that “up to” means you can, do not try to find the limit of your body! And remember - the use of any drugs causes irreparable harm to health and leads to the development of drug addiction!

Lethal doses of various substances when taken orally

Doses of acute poisoning are given for adults who are not addicted to poison

1. Water

Lethal dose - 14 liters, drunk in a short time (3 - 5 hours).

1.5-2 liters of water is the daily norm of a healthy person. Busting 3-4 times can lead to the so-called water poisoning, or water intoxication, a violation of the water-salt metabolism in the body. The kidneys simply do not have time to remove everything drunk from the body, the salt concentration will drop, and water will begin to fill the intracellular environment. As a result - swelling of the brain, lungs, etc. Death comes from washing out the salts needed by the body, so when washing the stomach with water, do not forget to salt it.

Every 1000 kilocalories eaten should be washed down with a liter of water. The average daily diet of a city dweller is 2000-2500 kcal, the total daily norm is 2-2.5 liters. A person receives about a liter of liquid with food, in the wet residue - 1.5-2 liters, the daily norm of a healthy person. Busting 3-7 times can lead to the so-called water poisoning, or water intoxication - a violation of the water-salt metabolism in the body. The kidneys simply do not have time to remove everything drunk from the body, the salt concentration will drop, and water will begin to fill the intracellular environment. As a result - swelling of the brain, lungs, etc. In well-known medical cases of water poisoning with a fatal outcome, people drank at least 7 liters in less than a day. If you drain the cooler alone during the working day, and then - the end.

In January 2007, the Nintendo Wii console was played on the morning show at the KDND radio station in the California town of Sacramento. The competition was called Hold Your Wee for a Wii (something like “Don't pee - excel”), and the participants who were in the studio had to drink as much water as possible without the opportunity to “get out”. Jennifer Strange, 28, a mother of three, was one of the finalists but did not win the prize. Later that day, she complained of a severe headache and even had to take time off from work. The next morning, she was found dead - doctors pronounced her dead as a result of water intoxication. During the radio show, Jennifer drank about 7.5 liters of water.

2. Salt

The lethal dose is 3.0 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight).

The daily need for salt is 1.5-4 g, and in hot climates, as a result of increased sweating, it is several times higher.

Ordinary edible salt in large quantities is a poison - the lethal dose is 100 times the daily intake and is 3 grams per 1 kilogram of body weight, that is, for a person weighing 83 kg, a quarter of a kilogram pack is a lethal dose.

Due to an excess of salt in the blood, blood pressure will rise sharply (which is dangerous in itself), and this will be accompanied by severe edema (1 g of sodium chloride leads to a delay in the body of 100 ml of fluid). Most likely, swelling of the brain and lungs will occur, and as a result, the end.

3. Sugar

Lethal dose of sugar: 29.7 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight).

146 reasons why sugar is ruining your health:

According to the latest data from American researchers, sucrose (sugar):

1. Helps reduce immunity (effective immunosuppressant).

2. May cause a violation of mineral metabolism.

3. Able to lead to irritability, excitement, impaired attention, childish whims.

4. Reduces the functional activity of enzymes.

5. Helps reduce resistance to bacterial infections.

6. May cause kidney damage.

7. Reduces the level of high density lipoproteins.

8. Leads to a deficiency of the trace element chromium.

9. Contributes to the occurrence of cancer of the breast, ovaries, intestines, prostate, rectum.

10. Increases glucose and insulin levels.

11. Causes a deficiency of the trace element copper.

12. Violates the absorption of calcium and magnesium.

13. Impairs vision.

14. Increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

15. May cause hypoglycemia (low glucose levels).

16. Promotes an increase in the acidity of digested food.

17. May increase adrenaline levels in children.

18. Leads to malabsorption of nutrients.

19. Accelerates the onset of age-related changes.

20. Promotes the development of alcoholism.

21. Causes caries.

22. Promotes obesity.

23. Increases the risk of developing ulcerative colitis.

24. Leads to aggravation peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum 12.

25. Can lead to the development of arthritis.

26. Provokes attacks of bronchial asthma.

27. Promotes the occurrence of fungal diseases.

28. Can cause the formation of gallstones.

29. Increases Risk coronary disease hearts.

30. Provokes exacerbation of chronic appendicitis.

31. Promotes the appearance of hemorrhoids.

32. Increases the likelihood of varicose veins.

33. May lead to an increase in glucose and insulin levels in women using hormonal birth control pills.

34. Contributes to the occurrence of periodontal disease.

35. Increases the risk of developing osteoporosis.

36. Increases acidity.

37. May impair insulin sensitivity.

38. Leads to a decrease in glucose tolerance.

39. May reduce the production of growth hormone.

40. Can increase cholesterol levels.

41. Promotes an increase in systolic pressure.

42. Causes drowsiness in children.

43. Can cause multiple sclerosis.

44. Causes a headache.

45. Violates the absorption of proteins.

46. ​​Causes food allergies.

47. Promotes the development of diabetes.

48. In pregnant women, it can cause toxicosis.

49. Causes eczema in children.

50. Predisposes to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

51. May disrupt the structure of DNA.

52. Causes a violation of the structure of proteins.

53. By changing the structure of collagen, it contributes to the early appearance of wrinkles.

54. Predisposes to the development of cataracts.

55. May cause vascular damage.

56. Leads to the appearance of free radicals.

57. Provokes the development of atherosclerosis.

58. Contributes to the occurrence of emphysema.

59. Sugar reduces the functionality of enzymes.

60. People with Parkinson's disease consume large amounts of sugar.

61. Sugar can cause permanent changes in the action of proteins in the body.

62. Sugar can lead to an increase in the size of the liver, as it promotes cell division.

63. Sugar can lead to an increase in the amount of fatty deposits in the liver area.

64. Sugar can cause kidney enlargement and pathological changes this organ.

65. Sugar can damage the pancreas.

66. Sugar contributes to fluid retention in the body.

67. Sugar is the #1 enemy of digestion.

68. Sugar can contribute to the development of myopia.

69. Sugar can harm the lining of the capillaries.

70. Sugar leads to weakening and fragility of the tendons.

71. Sugar can cause headaches and migraines.

72. Sugar plays a significant role in causing pancreatic cancer in women.

73. Sugar can negatively impact children's learning outcomes by making it difficult to learn new material.

74. Sugar can cause an increase in delta, alpha and theta brain waves.

75. Sugar can cause depression.

76. Sugar increases the risk of stomach cancer.

77. Sugar is the cause of dyspepsia (indigestion).

78. Excess sugar can increase the risk of developing gout.

79. Excess sugar can increase glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test for complex carbohydrates.

80. Excess sugar can increase insulin responses in people much on high sugar diets compared to low sugar diets.

81 High refined sugar diets impair learning ability.

82. Sugar can cause the less efficient functioning of two blood proteins, albumin, and lipoproteins, which can decrease the body's ability to handle fat and cholesterol.

83. Sugar can contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

84. Sugar can cause platelet stickiness.

85. Excess sugar can cause hormonal imbalances, as some thyroid hormones become overactive and others become overactive.

86. Sugar can lead to kidney stones.

87. Sugar can cause the hypothalamus to become very sensitive to a wide variety of stimuli.

88. Sugar can make you dizzy.

89. Diets high in sugar can cause free radical damage and oxidative stress.

90. High sucrose diets in patients with peripheral vascular disease greatly increases platelet adhesion.

91. High sugar diets can lead to cancer of the biliary tract.

92. Sugar feeds cancer.

93. High level Sugar intake in pregnant adolescent girls is associated with a two-fold increase in risk for delivering small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants.

94. High sugar intake can lead to a significant reduction in the duration of pregnancy among adolescents.

95. Sugar slows down the transit time of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

96. Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in the stool and bacterial enzymes in the colon. It can change bile production cancer-causing compounds and colon cancer.

97. Sugar increases estradiol (most effective form natural estrogen) in men.

98. Sugar combines and destroys phosphatase, an enzyme that makes the process of digestion more difficult.

99. Sugar may be a risk factor for gallbladder cancer.

100. Sugar addiction.

101. Sugar can be intoxicating, similar to alcohol.

102. Sugar can make PMS worse.

103. Sugar given to premature babies can affect the number carbon dioxide they produce.

104. Reducing sugar intake can increase emotional stability.

105. The body changes sugar for 2 to 5 times more fat in the blood than does starch.

106. Rapid absorption of sugar contributes to excessive food intake in obese subjects.

107. Sugar can worsen symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

108. Sugar has a negative effect on the urinary composition of the electrolyte.

109. Sugar can slow down the ability of the adrenal glands to function.

110. Sugar has the potential to induce abnormal metabolic processes in normal healthy individuals and contribute to chronic degenerative diseases.

111. Intravenous administration sugar with water can block the supply of oxygen to the brain.

112. High intake of sucrose can be an important factor lung cancer risk.

113. Sugar increases the risk of polio.

114. High sugar intake can cause epileptic seizures.

115. Sugar causes high blood pressure in obese people.

116. In offices intensive care limiting sugar saves lives.

117. Sugar can cause cell death.

118. Excess sugar can increase the amount of food you eat.

119. In juvenile rehabilitation camps, when children were put on a sugar diet, there was a 44% drop in antisocial behavior.

120. Sugar can lead to prostrate cancer.

121. Sugar dehydrates newborns.

122. Sugar increases estradiol in young men.

123. Sugar can cause low birth weight babies.

124. Large intake of refined sugar is associated with worse outcome in schizophrenia

125. Sugar can raise the level of homocysteine ​​in the blood.

126. Sugary foods increase the risk of breast cancer.

127. Sugar is a risk factor for small bowel cancer.

128. Sugar can cause throat cancer.

129. Sugar causes salt and water.

130. Sugar can contribute to minor memory loss.

131. As sugar increases in the diet of 10 years of age, there is a linear decrease in intake of many essential nutrients.

132. Excess sugar can increase the total amount of food consumed.

133. Giving neonatal sugar results in an increased preference for sucrose over water at 6 months to 2 years of age.

134. Sugar causes constipation.

135. Sugar causes varicose veins.

136. Sugar can cause brain breakdown in prediabetic and diabetic women.

137. Excess sugar can increase the risk of stomach cancer.

138. Sugar can cause metabolic syndrome.

139. Sugar intake by pregnant women increases neural tube defects in embryos.

140. Sugar can be a factor in asthma.

141. The higher the sugar intake the more likely to get irritable bowel syndrome.

142. Sugar can affect central systems rewards.

143. Sugar can cause rectal cancer.

144. Sugar can cause endometrial cancer.

145. Sugar can cause kidney cancer.

146. Sugar can cause liver tumors.

The World Health Organization considers the norm of sugar consumption - harmless to health - 38 kg per person per year.

4. Coffee

Lethal dose of caffeine: 150 to 200 mg per kilogram of body weight.

In a good espresso, which in native Italy is more like a sip of adrenaline, a standard “shot” (30 ml) contains no less than 100 mg of caffeine. Order 150 cups (only 4.5 liters) and you’re done.

Considering the possible negative and positive effects on health, caffeine can be a friend to us, unless, of course, its “friendship” is abused. Here's what to remember about caffeine:

* Do not consume caffeine in large quantities. Due to the health risks (see above) and the potential for physical dependence, caffeine intake is recommended to be limited to 2 cups of coffee per day (abstinence symptoms: cravings, headaches, fatigue and muscle pain).

* Do not consume caffeine after 2:00 pm. Healthy sound sleep is very important for the normal functioning of the body, and caffeine can remain in the body for 8 hours or longer, so it is recommended to avoid or limit caffeine intake in the afternoon in order not to avoid sleep disturbances.

* Combine caffeine with fitness. Caffeine is better absorbed before fitness sessions – it improves the effectiveness of training, and the positive effect of sports helps to increase the body's resistance to stress and gives you a boost of energy for the whole day.

5. Chocolate

The lethal dose of pure chocolate is from 10 to 50 kg.

For humans, chocolate is more useful than harmful. The Mayans considered chocolate to be the food of the gods.

Chocolate contains a substance called theobromine. This is an analogue of caffeine, it gently stimulates the cardiovascular and nervous systems, causes a surge of strength. Its action is much weaker than that of caffeine, and therefore theobromine is completely harmless. Most of the theobromine is in high quality dark chocolate. To get a deadly dose of this substance, you need to eat, according to various sources, from ten to fifty kilograms of chocolate.

In addition to the stimulants theobromine, phenylethylamine, and caffeine, chocolate contains small amounts of cannabinoids (chemicals from the same family as the ingredients in marijuana). It is thanks to them that chocolate is really able to improve mood. The content of these substances is negligible and cannot give a pronounced narcotic effect.

6. Alcohol

The lethal dose of alcohol is 7.06 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight).

The lethal concentration of alcohol in the blood is 5-6 ppm.

5-6 ppm corresponds to 400-480 ml of drunk pure alcohol for an adult weighing 80 kg, or in other words - this is 1-1.2 liters of vodka drunk in a short period of time (5-6 hours). A ppm is one thousandth, 1/10 percent. 1 ppm blood alcohol means that each liter of human blood consists of 999.0 ml of pure blood 1 ml of pure alcohol. Pure alcohol is pure ethanol. So, 0.5 l of vodka is about 200 ml of pure ethanol. Drunk by a healthy 80-kilogram man, these half-liters will turn into 2.5 ppm, which qualifies as a strong degree of intoxication.

An indicative scheme for determining the severity of alcohol intoxication:

• no influence of alcohol - up to 0.5 ppm
• slight degree of intoxication - 0.5 - 1.5 ppm
• average degree of intoxication - 1.5 - 2.0 ppm
• a strong degree of intoxication - 2.0-3.0 ppm
• severe poisoning - 3.0-5.0 ppm
• fatal poisoning - more than 5.0 ppm

With concentrations of alcohol in the blood of 3 ppm, death may well occur.

7. Sun

The lethal dose is 8 hours of tanning in the heat.

It takes a person 2 to 8 hours to get severe heat stroke. First, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus, then - fever up to 40-42? C, nausea, increased heart rate and respiration, delirium, lowering blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

First aid:

The victim must be moved to the shade, made cold compress. In severe cases - artificial respiration.

URGENTLY! Eliminate heat effect:

• remove the victim from the overheating zone;
• lay in an open area in the shade;
• vapor inhalation ammonia from cotton wool;
• free from outerwear;
• wetting the face with cold water, patting the chest with a wet towel;
• put a bubble with cold water on your head;
• frequent fanning;
• call an ambulance.

In hot sunny weather, it is recommended to wear hats made of light-colored material that reflects sunlight more strongly to avoid sunstroke.

8. Nicotine

The lethal dose is 1 mg of nicotine per 1 kg of body weight.

A strong 80-kilogram man will be mowed down with 80 mg of nicotine. If we take into account that each cigarette of the classic "Java" contains 0.8 mg, then the lethal dose is 100 cigarettes. Half a block at a time and you're done.

9. Multivitamins

The lethal dose is 5000 tablets per day.

Vitamins can also be deadly. There is even such a thing as hypervitaminosis. For example, the consequences of an overdose of vitamin A: headache, dizziness, nausea, increased heart rate, loss of consciousness and convulsions; vitamin B1 - dysfunction of the liver and kidneys; vitamin B12 - increased heart rate, increased blood clotting; vitamin D2 - weakness, thirst, vomiting, fever, increased blood pressure, shortness of breath, slowing of the pulse; vitamin E - metabolic disorders, thrombophlebitis, necrotizing colitis, kidney failure, hemorrhage in retina eyes, hemorrhagic stroke.

For fidelity it is necessary to take, of course, multivitamin complexes. To get a lethal dose of, for example, vitamins A and D, you will have to take up to 5,000 tablets. Moreover, in a short period of time, so that the body does not have time to excrete them with urine.

The lethal dose of vitamin C is 11.9 g/kg.

10. Medicines and medicines

Lethal dose of iodine: more than 3 grams

Lethal dose of analgin: more than 10 g

Lethal dose of aspirin: 0.2 g/kg or more than 30 gr.

Lethal dose of paracetamol: 1,944 g/kg or more than 10g, but after 5g the effects and symptoms of an overdose begin with complete and final liver failure.

Medicines can not only cure you, but also suffer from them, especially if, in an attempt to quickly achieve the desired effect, you increase the dose in the hope of a quick recovery.

11. Electricity

The lethal dose is more than 0.1 ampere.

Currently, six US states (Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia) use the death penalty in the electric chair. Voltage - from 1700 to 2700 volts, current - up to 6 amperes (life-threatening - 0.1 amperes), two discharges lasting from 20 seconds to a minute each. If everything goes according to the rules, the condemned loses consciousness after 1/240 of a second and dies almost instantly.

Household electricity is also dangerous. Theoretically, taking a long nail with a wet hand and sticking it into a regular outlet with a voltage of 220 volts, you can get a current discharge of up to 0.1-0.2 amperes (and the maximum current at which a person is still able to independently tear his hand away from the contact, - 0.01 ampere). After 1-3 seconds, respiratory paralysis will occur, heart failure - and death.

12. Drugs

Lethal dose of heroin: 22 mg/kg.

Lethal dose of amphetamine: 120 mg

Lethal dose of LSD: 0.0165 g/kg. Death, as a consequence and symptom of an overdose, occurs from respiratory arrest.

Lethal dose of cocaine: 0.5-1.2 gr.

At human body there is a feature that has already caused many deaths from drug overdoses, namely the gradual acquisition of immunity to certain poisons and the removal of the lethal dose bar. Thus, a person who uses a drug for the first time under the guidance of an experienced addict may foolishly take the same dose as he did, which will certainly lead to tragedy.

13. Mosquitoes

The lethal dose is 500,000 bites.

A female mosquito, which weighs an average of 2.6 mg, can suck blood from you twice its weight, that is, about 5 mg, or 0.005 ml. Blood is about 7% of the total body weight, 5-5.5 liters for the average man. A person without harm to himself can lose up to 15% of blood, but a one-time loss of 2-2.5 liters is already considered fatal. Thus, if during a short walk through the summer forest you allow yourself to be bitten by half a million female mosquitoes, then it’s definitely the end.

14. Radiation

Lethal dose of radiation: 600 rem at a time.

For one session of fluoroscopy, a person receives from 3 to 66 rem, depending on the duration of the session and the area of ​​the body being examined (X-ray of the lungs is about 3-7 rem, of the hip joint - 66).

Radioactivity can be measured in various units - in becquerels, curies, roentgens, rutherfords, grays, sieverts, etc., and radiation power - in the same units related to a unit of time (second, hour, day, week, month, year ). Let's talk about the basic units of measurement of radioactivity, more often than others found in the periodical press.

1 X-ray is such a dose of X-ray (or gamma) rays, at which 2.08 * 109 pairs of ions are formed in 1 cm3 of air (or 1.61 * 1012 pairs of ions in 1 g of air).

1 rem (the biological equivalent of a roentgen) is a dose of any radiation that produces the same biological effect as x-ray or gamma radiation in 1 roentgen.

The degree of exposure is measured in rads. The word "rad" is derived from the English radiation absorbed dose - the absorbed dose of radiation. 1 rad is such radiation at which each kilogram of the mass of matter (say, the human body) absorbs 0.01 J of energy (or 1 g of mass absorbs 100 ergs). For ordinary practical calculations, we can assume that roentgens, rads and rems are equal to each other: 1 roentgen \u003d 1 rad \u003d 1 rem.

The figure shows the power of various radioactive sources and shows their impact on living organisms. The upper central scale indicates the radiation that can be observed at the epicenter of the explosion of an atomic and hydrogen bomb at certain intervals - an hour, a day, etc. The lower left scale shows the power of radioactive sources that we encounter in everyday life. The natural radioactive background is formed due to cosmic rays, radiation from soil containing radioactive substances, and from radioactive fallout.

On the right scale are the average lethal doses for various animals. If a person in a short time, say, an hour, receives a radiation dose of 400 roentgens, then with a probability of 50% it can be argued that it is fatal. If the radiation dose is increased to 600 roentgens, then the probability of a lethal outcome will increase to 98%.

What to do with an overdose?

Helping a person with an overdose should be immediate and begin with a call to an ambulance. Then you need to understand how the overdose occurred, if a person took something inside, then you need to urgently induce vomiting and do a gastric lavage, feed the victim with a lion's dose of activated charcoal and give a laxative. If the person is not breathing or has no pulse, give mechanical ventilation and/or chest compressions, as appropriate, until medical help arrives.

Materials used

LETHAL DOSES

WATER

Lethal dose - 14 liters, drunk in a short time (3 - 5 hours). 1.5-2 liters of water is the daily norm of a healthy person. Busting 3-4 times can lead to the so-called water poisoning, or water intoxication, a violation of the water-salt metabolism in the body. The kidneys simply do not have time to remove everything drunk from the body, the salt concentration will drop, and water will begin to fill the intracellular environment. As a result - swelling of the brain, lungs, etc. Death comes from washing out the salts needed by the body, so when washing the stomach with water, do not forget to salt it.

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SALT

lethal dose - 250 g in one sitting
The lethal dose is 3.0 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight). The daily need for salt is 1.5-4 g, and in hot climates, as a result of increased sweating, it is several times higher.
Ordinary edible salt in large quantities is a poison - the lethal dose is 100 times the daily intake and is 3 grams per 1 kilogram of body weight, that is, for a person weighing 83 kg, a quarter of a kilogram pack is a lethal dose.
Due to an excess of salt in the blood, blood pressure will rise sharply (which is dangerous in itself), and this will be accompanied by severe edema (1 g of sodium chloride leads to a delay in the body of 100 ml of fluid). Most likely, there will be swelling of the brain and lungs, and as a result - the end.

SUGAR

Sweet tooth? not even funny anymore. And if you are now grinning, I hasten to disappoint you, the consequences and symptoms of an overdose of sugar are no less painful. The lethal dose is not much higher. Believe it or not, an ordinary package of granulated sugar can kill 5 people.
Lethal dose of sugar: 200 grams.

COFFEE

Lethal dose of caffeine: 150 to 200 mg per kilogram of body weight. In a good espresso, which in native Italy is more like a sip of adrenaline, a standard “shot” (30 ml) has no less than 100 mg of caffeine.

Order 150 cups (only 4.5 liters) and you're done.

CHOCOLATE

The lethal dose of pure chocolate is 10 grams per 1 kilogram of live weight. This is about 5 to 10 kg. For a person, chocolate is more useful than harmful. The Mayans considered chocolate to be the food of the gods. Chocolate contains a substance called theobromine. This is an analogue of caffeine, it gently stimulates the cardiovascular and nervous systems, causes a surge of strength. Its action is much weaker than that of caffeine, and therefore theobromine is completely harmless. Most of the theobromine is in high quality dark chocolate. To get a deadly dose of this substance, you need to eat, according to various sources, from ten to fifty kilograms of chocolate.

In addition to the stimulants theobromine, phenylethylamine, and caffeine, chocolate contains small amounts of cannabinoids (chemicals from the same family as the ingredients in marijuana). It is thanks to them that chocolate is really able to improve mood. The content of these substances is negligible and cannot give a pronounced narcotic effect. But chocolate is also known to be addictive. Cases of chocolate addiction and chocolate breaking are known. This is when, without a portion of chocolate, a person begins to have tachycardia, pressure rises, mood worsens ...

ALCOHOL

The lethal dose of alcohol is 7.06 g/kg (grams per kilogram of body weight). The lethal concentration of alcohol in the blood is 5-6 ppm.
5-6 ppm corresponds to 400-480 ml of pure alcohol drunk for an adult weighing 80 kg, or in other words, this is 1-1.2 liters of vodka drunk in a short period of time (5-6 hours). A ppm is one thousandth, 1/10 percent. 1 ppm blood alcohol means that each liter of human blood consists of 999.0 ml of pure blood 1 ml of pure alcohol. Pure alcohol is pure ethanol. So, 0.5 l of vodka is about 200 ml of pure ethanol. Drunk by a healthy 80-kilogram man, these half-liters will turn into 2.5 ppm, which qualifies as a strong degree of intoxication

An indicative scheme for determining the severity of alcohol intoxication:
no influence of alcohol - up to 0.5 ppm
slight degree of intoxication - 0.5 - 1.5 ppm
average degree of intoxication - 1.5 - 2.0 ppm
a strong degree of intoxication - 2.0-3.0 ppm
severe poisoning - 3.0-5.0 ppm
fatal poisoning - more than 5.0 ppm
With concentrations of alcohol in the blood of 3 ppm, death may well occur.

SUN

Lethal dose - 8 hours of sunburn in the heat. It takes a person 2 to 8 hours to get severe heat stroke. First, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus, then - fever up to 40-42ºС, nausea, increased heart rate and respiration, delirium, lowering blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

NICOTINE

The lethal dose is 1 mg of nicotine per 1 kg of body weight. A strong 80-kilogram man will be mowed down with 80 mg of nicotine. If we take into account that each cigarette of the classic "Java" contains 0.8 mg, then the lethal dose is 100 cigarettes. Half a block at a time - and you're done

MEDICINES AND MEDICINES

ASPIRIN

Lethal dose of aspirin: 0.2 g/kg or more than 30 gr.

IODINE

Lethal dose of iodine: more than 3 grams

ANALGIN

Lethal dose of analgin: more than 10 g

PARACITAMOL

Lethal dose of paracetamol: 1,944 g/kg or more than 10g, but after 5g the effects and symptoms of an overdose begin with complete and final liver failure.

MULTIVITAMINS

lethal dose -5000 tablets per day
Vitamins can also kill you. There is even such a thing as hypervitaminosis. For example, the consequences of an overdose of vitamin A: headache, dizziness, nausea, increased heart rate, loss of consciousness and convulsions. Vitamin B1: liver and kidney dysfunction. Vitamin B12: increased heart rate, increased blood clotting. Vitamin D2: weakness, thirst, vomiting, fever, increased blood pressure, shortness of breath, slow heart rate. Vitamin E: metabolic disorders, thrombophlebitis, necrotizing colitis, renal failure, retinal hemorrhage, hemorrhagic stroke.
For fidelity it is necessary to take, of course, multivitamin complexes. To get a lethal dose of, for example, vitamins A and D, you will have to take up to 5,000 tablets. Moreover, in a short period of time, so that the body does not have time to excrete them with urine.