home Audience 5 Severe anemia in piglets symptoms. Anemia (anemia) of piglets

Severe anemia in piglets symptoms. Anemia (anemia) of piglets

Anemia or anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells per unit volume of blood compared to the norm. This may be due to an absolute decrease in the number of red blood cells or due to their functional failure as a result reduced content they contain hemoglobin. By existing classification There are eight main forms of anemia, but in young animals the most common is anemia associated with a lack of iron. Characterized by activity disorder hematopoietic organs and violation metabolic processes, which leads to growth retardation in young animals and a decrease in disease resistance. Mostly piglets are affected.

Etiology. The main cause of the disease is a lack of iron in the body. The need of young animals for it is determined by two factors - the consumption of iron for the implementation of life processes and the increase in live weight, and thus the volume of blood. Due to the high growth rate of piglets, their need for iron is much greater than that of young animals of other animal species. So, already on the 6-8th day of life after birth, the piglet’s weight doubles, by two months (weaning) it increases by 14-16 times, and by 6-7 months - by 50-60 times.

Piglets have two opportunities to satisfy their iron needs - through that supplied with mother's milk or feed and through internal (endogenous) iron, associated mainly (65%) with red blood cells. Sow milk, rich in plastic substances, is very low in iron. In particular, there is 2 times less of it in their colostrum than in the colostrum of cows. Therefore, a piglet can receive only 1-1.5 mg of iron per day with milk, or only 15-20%.

Endogenous iron, released from hemoglobin during the breakdown of red blood cells, is about 1% per day. From plasma, it is usually absorbed by the reticuloendothelial system and goes to the synthesis of new red blood cells, consumed in the body or deposited. However, a feature of young animals, including piglets, is that their reticuloendothelial system functions poorly.

A factor predisposing piglets to anemia is the fact that at birth their iron reserve is only 50 mg, since the supply of iron to the fetus during the pregnancy of sows is limited by the placental barrier and amounts to only 2% of what the sow receives. Such a small reserve of it is quickly consumed, since only 1 kg of weight gain requires approximately 27 mg of this element. Therefore, by the 7-8th day of life of piglets, they become iron deficient, and by 3-4 weeks of age, anemia reaches its climax.

Deficiencies in the body contribute to the occurrence and severity of the disease. nutrients, vitamins and mineral elements. It is also possible that the lifespan of red blood cells in pigs is 63 days versus 120 days in other animals.

Pathogenesis. Metabolism of iron in the body. In the stomach under the influence of hydrochloric acid and other factors, iron is ionized in the mucous membrane duodenum binds to the iron-specific protein apoferritin, resulting in the formation of a complex of ferritin with ferric iron. This complex is absorbed into the blood, where iron is released from it and absorbed by the reticulohistocyte system.

The importance of iron for the body. Iron deficiency in the body leads to a decrease in hemoglobin levels and a decrease in the activity of iron-containing enzymes, which are closely related to protein synthesis and other important cellular functions. In addition, iron in hemoglobin performs important role in the formation of the “oxygen-hemoglobin” complex and prolongation (increasing the duration) of its existence, in time sufficient for this complex to reach the most peripheral parts of the body, where it gradually disintegrates along the way and releases released oxygen to the tissues. In case of iron deficiency, the duration of existence of such a complex is varying degrees contracts, a state of hypoxia occurs. In this case, breathing and heart function become compensatory and cardiac hypertrophy develops. In addition, iron deficiency in the body leads to a decrease in hemoglobin levels and a decrease in the activity of iron-containing enzymes.

Symptoms IN first 10-15 days, young animals of all animal species experience a decrease in hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells. In foals, calves and lambs it is usually temporary, but in piglets it often progresses severe form diseases.

Nutritional anemia Occurs in piglets most often in well-developed piglets at the age of 3-6 weeks. Pallor of the skin and visible mucous membranes appear, which later acquire a yellow color, swelling of the eyelids, lethargy. The mobility of the piglets is noticeably reduced, they become inactive, bury themselves in the bedding, suck the sow poorly, quickly lag behind in growth, the stubble becomes rough, brittle, and the skin is wrinkled. There may be a perversion of appetite, digestive disorders. The abdomen is often swollen or tightened, diarrhea alternates with constipation. There may be some mucus in the stool. Hemoglobin in the blood sharply decreases from 10 to 3-5 g%. The number of red blood cells usually does not change, but sometimes it can decrease to 2 million per 1 mm3.

The qualitative composition of erythrocytes changes, accompanied by anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, and polychromatophilia. Erythroblasts are found in the blood, as well as a decrease in the activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase, carbonic anhydrase and a decrease in ascorbic acid.

Pathological changes. When examining dead animals, attention is drawn to the anemic nature of the skin and mucous membranes. There is a change in the color of the liver. It acquires a light clay color and increases in size. The muscles are pale, the spleen is enlarged. In the kidneys degenerative changes, the lungs are swollen, the heart is dilated. Swelling in the neck, chest and abdomen subcutaneous tissue. At histological studies bone marrow Changes characteristic of increased erythropoiesis and disruption of the structure of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes are detected.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Early diagnosis consists of determining the amount of iron in the blood, liver, spleen, and kidneys. In other cases, an analysis of piglet feeding is carried out, based on clinical symptoms and the results of hematological studies. Piglets with a hemoglobin content below 40% are considered sick.

When differentiating the disease, anemia that occurs due to the influence of other factors on the body of young animals, and, in particular, infectious and invasive factors, is excluded.

Forecast. IN mild cases favorable. In others, the piglets have questionable or unfavorable results. The disease develops quickly, and without treatment, piglets die on the 10-14th day, usually suddenly and the best litters, often without visible signs, but most likely due to acute hypoxia. Death rate can be 60-80%.

Treatment. Use medications containing iron. The most effective are iron dextran, which are obtained by combining iron with the polysaccharide dextran, which easily forms colloidal solutions. These include impoferon, imposil-200, myofer, armidextran, ferrobal, ferrodextran, ferrodex, ferroglucin. They are administered intramuscularly in the thigh area or behind auricle With therapeutic purpose in a dose of 1-2 ml based on their content of 150-200 mg of iron. The most effective treatment of piglets is on the 3-4th day of their life, since in the first two days iron is weak

not yet formed reticulohistiocytic system of the body. Repeated administration of drugs is recommended after 7-10 days.

Of the above drugs, the most practical and effective is ferroglucin. This is due to its ability to create sufficient iron reserves in animals for the construction of the hemoglobin molecule and the functioning of enzyme systems.

In the body, iron is released from its connection with dextran and is utilized (absorbed) by the cells of the reticulohistiocytic system. Its absorption begins 3-4 hours after administration of the drug, is completed within 3-4 days and is consumed by the body within about 30 days. Consequently, as a result of double administration of the drug, piglets are fully provided with the required amount of iron.

In other cases, it is recommended to use iron sulfate in the form of a 1% solution, which is used to irrigate the nipples of sows, or give it orally in the form of a 0.5% solution in combination with a 0.5% solution of copper sulfate, 5 ml each (1 teaspoon) 1 time per day.

Good results are obtained from the use of iron glycerophosphate at a dose of 1-1.5 g per day for 6-10 days in the form of powder, paste or as part of a special granulated feed containing 1-1.5% of the drug.

Piglets 30-40 days old, as well as adults suffering from anemia, in addition to ferroglucin, are given solutions of microelements according to the recipe: 2.5 g of iron sulfate, 1.5 g of copper sulfate and 1 g of cobalt chloride per 1 liter of water. From 10-14 days of age, when piglets eat feed, microelements are added to it in the form of briquettes or mixtures in the following composition: iron sulfate - 2 mg, copper sulfate - 0.25, zinc sulfate - 0.3, manganese chloride - 0, 15 mg per 1 kg of weight gain.

Positive results are obtained by using the drug microanemin, consisting of iron sulfate, copper sulfate and cobalt chloride, for piglets. It is used in the form of a solution and administered intramuscularly. It is believed to be more effective than ferroglucin.

Prevention. It is carried out using the same methods and the same drugs that are used to treat anemic piglets. Important has possible early accustoming of piglets to feeding. They grow faster, develop better, and are more resistant to disease.

A new one has been proposed for Rubens (Sweden) oral route preventive treatment of one-day-old piglets with iron dextran at a dose of 150-200 mg based on ferric iron. It is believed that he is reliable protection them from anemia.

Biryukov M.V.,
leading veterinarian- consultant of the VIK group of companies,
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences

Introduction

Iron-deficiency anemia, despite ongoing preventive measures, remains one of the most common pathologies in newborn piglets. What underlies the development of this type of anemia? There are several reasons for this. All newborn piglets are born with limited iron stores. The reserves are sufficient to maintain hemoglobin levels for 3-4 days, i.e. pigs are born with a normal hemoglobin level in the blood of 120-130 g/l, but it quickly drops to 60-70 g/l by 10-14 days of life. After which, if they are not given additional iron, the piglets develop iron deficiency anemia. Next reason is the rapid growth rate of a pig compared to most other animals (already on the 6-8th day of life after birth, the piglet’s weight doubles, by two months it increases by 14-16 times, and by 6-7 months - by 50-60 times). This extremely rapid growth rate means that both muscle mass, and the circulating blood volume increases rapidly and the hemoglobin concentration becomes too low. Sow milk is the only source of food for piglets and is an extremely poor source of iron. A liter of milk contains only about 1 mg of iron, but piglets require 7 to 8 mg every day. This means that a piglet must drink 7-8 liters of milk every day (can you imagine a 1.5 kg piglet drinking that much milk per day?) just to get enough iron. Finally, pigs are raised in an environment where they cannot obtain iron from other endogenous sources. IN natural conditions Iron deficiency is not a problem because wild pigs get their iron from the soil, which contains a large number of given element to meet their needs. In industrial pig farming, this is not possible because sows and piglets are kept surrounded by concrete, metal, rubber or plastic.

Why are newborn piglets so vulnerable to iron deficiency? When a pig doesn't get enough iron, its body doesn't produce enough hemoglobin. This leads to slow growth, insufficient weight gain and anemia. Early symptoms Iron deficiency anemia includes pallor and refusal to feed. In more severe cases slow growth, difficulty breathing and chronic diarrhea caused by violations immune system and, as a result, death.

Iron deficiency anemia in piglets can be easily prevented by injecting iron supplements in the first days after birth. At the same time, the quality and composition of the drug is of great importance.

Iron supplements are standardly offered injection solution, containing ferric iron in the form of a molecular complex with dextran. Fe3+ - Dextran complexes have been used for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia since the 60s of the last century, and during this time the parameters/criteria for the quality of these drugs have been determined. Medicines for parenteral administration must meet the following requirements: high bioavailability of iron, safety, ease of use and storage stability. The main parameter is the stability of the Fe3+ - Dextran complex and the presence of free Fe3+ ions in the preparation. The stability of the complex directly depends on the starting material of dextran; dextran molecules must be of a certain mass, only then the complex will be stable. Fe3+ ion is known to cause toxic effects when administered to an animal, therefore good drug practically does not contain these ions - all the iron in it is bound into the Fe3+ - Dextran complex.

Currently on the market veterinary drugs A large number of means are presented for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in piglets. Among them unique product joint development of VIC - Animal Health (Russia) and Serumwerk Bernburg AG (Germany) Ursoferran® - 100, -200, available to consumers since 1997. Distinctive Features this drug are: a special method of production, purification from iron ions and low molecular weight impurities using technology based on fractional ultrafiltration of both dextran raw materials and finished product, patented by Serumwerk Bernburg AG Germany. To increase the stability of the “Fe3+ - Dextran” bond, dextran molecules are chemically activated, which eliminates the accumulation of free Fe3+ ions in the preparation during storage.

Comparative production tests of the effectiveness of iron-containing preparations

The purpose of this study was to comparatively test the effectiveness of the drug Ursoferran®-200 in the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in piglets. Ursoferran®-200 injection solution containing 200 mg/ml iron (Fe3+) in the form of iron(III)-dextran-heptonic acid.

Materials and methods

In a pig farm, using the principle of analogues, two groups of animals of 50 animals each were created. Piglets in the control group were injected with the iron preparation used on the farm twice according to the instructions for use, and pigs in the experimental group were injected once with Ursoferran®-200 at a dose of 0.75-1.0 ml on the third day of life. The drugs were administered deeply intramuscularly in the area of the upper third of the thigh, observing aseptic and antiseptic measures.

In piglets from the experimental groups, the indicators of safety and weight gain during the period of the experiment were taken into account. Also, on day 21 after the administration of iron-containing drugs, blood was taken from animals of both groups for hematological studies (determining the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin).

Hematological studies were carried out in the laboratory of the testing center of the All-Russian Scientific Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Voronezh).

Research results

The production indicators of the experimental groups are reflected in Table 1. From the data obtained, it can be seen that the safety of piglets in the experimental group was 88%, which is 3.3% higher than the control group (84.7%). There is also a difference in average daily weight gain between pigs treated with Ursoferran®-200 and animals treated with another iron-containing drug. During the observation period it amounted to 700 g (10.14%). These criteria are essential when assessing the effectiveness and economics of veterinary preventive measures carried out in pig farming.

When analyzing the data obtained as a result of hematological studies, there is also a significant difference in the indicators of the experimental and control groups. As can be seen from Figure 1, the number of red blood cells on average in piglets that were injected with Ursoferran®-200 is 12% higher compared to animals in the control group. The data obtained from the study of hemoglobin indicate more content it is 16.4% in the blood of piglets of the experimental group compared to the control group, which also indicates positive impact Ursoferran®-200 injections on pig hematopoiesis.

The above data indicate that Ursoferran®-200 more intensively stimulates erythropoiesis, due to the active inclusion of iron in hemoglobin and tissue enzymes (cytochromes, cytochrome oxidases, peroxidases, etc.) and, as a result, increases the overall resistance of the body of suckling piglets. Ursoferran®-200 is a long-acting drug. Produced using patented technology, the iron(III)-dextran-heptonic acid complex slowly releases Fe3+ ions, which ensures a long-lasting effect of the drug in the body of piglets after a single use.

Conclusion

The conducted comparative experiment allows us to conclude that the administration of the drug Ursoferran®-200 to piglets on the 3rd day of life compensates for iron deficiency, optimizes the number of red blood cells and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. A single injection of Ursoferan®-200 to piglets is effective and economically justified, as evidenced by the data obtained as a result of this experiment.

I would also like to note the fact that Ursoferran® - 100, -200 contains iron dextran molecules with increased stability of the “Iron-Dextran-Complex®” bond, which is achieved thanks to a unique patented technology of chemical activation of molecules. That is why free iron ions do not accumulate in the Ursoferran® - 100, -200 solution throughout the long shelf life (5 years).

In young animals, anemia is most common and is associated with a lack of iron.

It is characterized by a disorder in the activity of the hematopoietic organs and a disorder of metabolic processes, which leads to growth retardation in young animals and a decrease in the resistance of the disease.

Mostly piglets are affected.

Etiology

The main cause of the disease is a lack of iron in the body. The need of young animals for it is determined by two factors - the consumption of iron for the implementation of life processes and the increase in live weight, and thus the volume of blood. Due to the high growth rate of piglets, their need for iron is much greater than that of young animals of other animal species. So, already on the 6-8th day of life after birth, the piglet’s weight doubles, by two months (weaning) it increases by 14-16 times, and by 6-7 months - by 50-60 times.

Deficiencies in the body of nutrients, vitamins and minerals contribute to the occurrence and severity of the disease. It is also possible that the lifespan of red blood cells in pigs is 63 days versus 120 days in other animals.

Pathogenesis

Metabolism of iron in the body. In the stomach, under the influence of hydrochloric acid and other factors, iron is ionized and in the mucous membrane of the duodenum it binds to the iron-specific protein apoferritin, resulting in the formation of a complex of ferritin with ferric iron. This complex is absorbed into the blood, where iron is released from it and absorbed by the reticulohistocyte system.

The importance of iron for the body. Iron deficiency in the body leads to a decrease in hemoglobin levels and a decrease in the activity of iron-containing enzymes, which are closely related to protein synthesis and other important cellular functions. In addition, hemoglobin iron plays an important role in the formation of the “oxygen-hemoglobin” complex and prolonging (increasing the duration) of its existence, time sufficient for this complex to reach the most peripheral parts of the body, where it gradually disintegrates along the way and releases released oxygen to the tissues. With a lack of iron, the duration of existence of such a complex is reduced to varying degrees, and a state of hypoxia occurs. In this case, breathing and heart function become compensatory and cardiac hypertrophy develops. In addition, iron deficiency in the body leads to a decrease in hemoglobin levels and a decrease in the activity of iron-containing enzymes.

Iron deficiency in the body leads to a decrease in hemoglobin levels and a decrease in the activity of iron-containing enzymes, which are closely related to protein synthesis and other important cellular functions.

Symptoms

In the first 10-15 days, young animals of all animal species experience a decrease in hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells.

In foals, calves and lambs it is usually temporary, and in piglets it often develops into a severe form of the disease.

Nutritional anemia occurs more often in well-developed piglets at the age of 3-6 weeks.

Pallor of the skin and visible mucous membranes appear, which later acquire a yellow color, swelling of the eyelids, and lethargy.

The mobility of piglets noticeably decreases, they become inactive, bury themselves in the litter, suckle the sow poorly, are stunted, the stubble becomes rough, brittle, and the skin becomes wrinkled.

There may be a perversion of appetite, digestive disorders. The abdomen is often swollen or pulled up, diarrhea alternates with constipation. There may be some mucus in the stool. Hemoglobin in the blood sharply decreases from 10 to 3-5 g%. The number of red blood cells usually does not change.

The qualitative composition of erythrocytes changes, accompanied by anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromatophilia, erythroblasts are detected.

Pathological changes

When examining dead animals, attention is drawn to the anemic nature of the skin and mucous membranes.

The liver is light clay in color and enlarged. The muscles are pale, the spleen is enlarged. There are degenerative changes in the kidneys, the lungs are swollen, the heart is enlarged. In the neck, chest and abdomen there is swelling of the subcutaneous tissue.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

Early diagnosis involves determining the amount of iron in the blood, liver, spleen, and kidneys. In other cases, an analysis of piglet feeding is carried out, based on clinical symptoms and the results of hematological studies. Piglets with a hemoglobin content below 40% are considered sick. Important diagnostic value has a definition of the color indicator of blood.

When differentiating the disease, anemia that occurs due to the influence of other factors on the body of young animals, and, in particular, infectious and invasive factors, is excluded.

Favorable in mild cases.

In others, the piglets have questionable or unfavorable results. The disease develops quickly, and without treatment, piglets die on the 10-14th day, usually suddenly and in the best litters, often without visible signs, but most likely due to acute hypoxia.

Death rate can be 60-80%.

Use medications containing iron. The most effective are iron dextran, which are obtained by combining iron with the polysaccharide dextran, which easily forms colloidal solutions. These include impoferon, imposil-200, myofer, armidextran, ferrobal, ferrodextran, ferrodex, ferroglucin. They are administered intramuscularly in the thigh area or behind the ear.

Treatment of piglets with them is most effective on the 3rd-4th day of their life, since in the first two days iron is poorly absorbed by the not yet formed reticulohistiocytic system of their body. Repeated administration of drugs is recommended after 7-10 days.

Good results are obtained from the use of iron glycerophosphate in the form of powder, paste or as part of a special granulated feed.

In addition to ferroglucin, piglets 30-40 days old are given solutions of microelements: iron sulfate, copper sulfate and cobalt chloride.

From 10-14 days of age, when piglets eat feed, microelements are added to it in the form of briquettes or mixtures of iron sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese chloride.

Positive results are obtained by using the drug microanemin, consisting of iron sulfate, copper sulfate and cobalt chloride, for piglets.

Prevention.

It is carried out using the same methods and the same drugs that are used to treat anemic piglets. It is important to accustom piglets to feeding as early as possible. They grow faster, develop better, and are more resistant to disease.

Diseases often affect young animals because they are born with limited supplies of Fe, a vital component in blood cells. If newborn pigs do not have access to iron in the first 2-3 weeks, the ability of red blood cells to absorb oxygen is reduced and piglet anemia develops.

Iron deficiency anemia of piglets is a blood condition in which oxygen starvation. Hemoglobin in red blood cells functions to carry oxygen from the lungs to body tissues to support cellular metabolism and transport carbon dioxide resulting from cellular metabolism back to the lungs. Iron is a vital component in the formation of hemoglobin, a protein that makes up about one-third of the weight of red blood cells.

Deficiency, which is often observed in pigs, leads to a decrease in the body's resistance.

Characteristic manifestations of anemia are the following:

Changes in the mucous membrane. Gums, tongue or inner part pale eyelids ( normal color mucous membranes - pink).
Loss of appetite.
Piglet is weak and inactive.
Shiver.

If the disease is not treated, the condition worsens and the amount of iron in the body decreases. The resistance of young animals to infections weakens, and enteritis is more common in chronically anemic pigs.

Pork milk is low in Fe (1 mg per 1 liter). At daily requirement 10 mg leads to a decrease in hemoglobin levels during the first week of life in young animals, the situation when the only source of the microelement is the sow.

Veterinary drugs are more suitable for prevention and treatment. There are 2 ways to administer microelements to pigs:

Orally.
Parenterally (injection).

Most oral iron is not absorbed and is excreted in the feces.

Intramuscularly administered drugs, which are used in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in piglets, are a common way to quickly cope with the disease.

For injections to be effective, you must use correct shape medications, amount of iron and method of administration.

Ferrous sulfate is the most commonly used form because it is fairly accessible and economical.

The appropriate amount of Fe to inject depends on the age at which the pigs are weaned. Up to 200 mg of the drug is injected into the muscles of the neck or shoulder blades of piglets. When weaning age is around 21 days, this is enough to cover the animal's daily needs.

Nutritional anemia can occur at any time in a pig's life. However, anemia caused by micronutrient deficiency occurs in premature piglets kept in pens without access to soil. Therefore, in such farms, newborn piglets should be given special attention in order to identify the first signs of the disease in time.

TO common features include:

pale skin;
hematomas;
pale mucous membrane of the eyes;
lethargy, apathy.

To make this diagnosis, you need to undergo a blood test for specific red blood cells. Depending on their type, there are 3 forms of the disease.

Nutritional anemia of piglets

Appears before 3 weeks of life and is observed in suckling animals. Special symptoms:

pallor;
lethargy;
refusal to suck;
increased heart rate and breathing.

The cause of nutritional anemia is an incorrectly composed diet. It includes fertilizing and mother's milk. If the sow herself suffers from anemia, she will not be able to provide the young animals with the necessary microelements.

Iron deficiency anemia of piglets

Affects pigs of any age. More often these are mature, early-maturing and highly productive breeds. Symptoms include a hunched back, dry skin, and paleness. It is formed in piglets if the mother has iron deficiency. The mortality rate from the disease is 38%.

During the analysis, the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin will be indicative. A common type of anemia in pig farms. The disease occurs less frequently during industrial housing and feeding.

Hemolytic anemia of piglets

Dangerous condition of newborn animals. Occurs due to incompatibility of antibodies between the mother and the piglet. They penetrate the animal's body through colostrum and reduce normal iron levels. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia in piglets:

yellowness of mucous membranes;
pallor;
low red blood cell count.

Treatment and prevention of anemia in piglets

The alimentary type is treated by introducing supplements of iron, manganese, cobalt, and zinc into the diet. Vitamins of groups A and B are prescribed. Iron-containing premixes can be given. Injections of iron dextran preparations are also common. They are replaced with nitrated blood of the sow, injecting it into the piglets 5-7 ml at a time.

Iron deficiency anemia is treated in 2 ways:

A single injection of ferroglucin, ferrodex or imposil up to 3 days of age.
Adding copper and iron salts to your daily diet. The concentration of the solution of iron sulfate is 2.5 g and copper 1 g per 10 l. One pig needs 10 ml per day.

The hemolytic type is not treated with drugs. It is necessary to transfer the piglets to another sow for 2-5 days, then return them to the same one if necessary. When breeding animals, always ensure that they are healthy.

Preventative measures on the farm:

balanced complementary feeding for piglets and diet for adult pigs, add premixes or separate vitamins;
monitor newborn animals and the mother in order to recognize anemia in time;
cull individuals that have given birth to offspring with hemolytic deviation.

When administering drugs, the dose is calculated for a specific age and weight. It is better to make a diagnosis directly after a blood test. Because hemolytic anemia Clinically, it is easily confused with leptospirosis. Normal level- 9-15 g per 100 ml of blood.