home Diseases Fs of valerian officinalis rhizomes with roots. Alcohol tincture of valerian. General medicinal properties

Fs of valerian officinalis rhizomes with roots. Alcohol tincture of valerian. General medicinal properties

Latin name Valeriana officinalis L.

In Russia, among the population, valerian is more often known as maunmyaun, cat root, cat grass. She received such names because of the inexplicable, at first glance, attraction of cats to her. This plant puts them in a state of strong excitement. How can one explain such strange behavior animals? It turns out that valerian roots contain isovaleric acid, which is found in cat sex pheromones - special odorous substances, secreted by cats during the mating season specifically to attract cats.

Family Valerianaceae - Valerianaceae

The healing properties of valerian have been known to people since ancient times. Doctors of Ancient Greece and Rome knew about the calming effect of the plant. Dioscorides (1st century) believed that it was capable of controlling thoughts, and Pliny the Elder classified it as a means of stimulating thought; Ibn Sina believed that it strengthens the brain. In the Middle Ages in Europe, valerian was revered as one of the most popular aromatic remedies. People like her talk about it popular names, like incense, earth incense, forest incense. In Russia, valerian is one of the most popular medicinal plants. Even under Peter I, the industrial collection of its roots for hospitals began.^

Description

This is perennial herbaceous plant with a short vertical rhizome bearing numerous cord-like roots, often with stolons on which daughter specimens are formed.

Root and rhizomes have a strong, distinctive odor. In the first year of life, a rosette of basal leaves develops, in the second - a stem.

Stem erect, ribbed, hollow inside, 0.5-1.5 m tall, simple or branched in the upper part, cylindrical, grooved, glabrous or pubescent in the lower part.

Leaves slender, pair-pinnately divided with 3-11 linear-lanceolate, coarsely toothed leaves. The lower ones are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile. The basal leaves have long, slightly grooved petioles, the apical leaves are sessile.

Flowers small, pale pink, fragrant, collected at the top in thyroid or paniculate inflorescences.

Fruit- flat brown achenes with a tuft 1.5 times their length.

Blooms in May-August and ripens in July-September.

Spreading

Valerian is widespread throughout the European part; it is not found in the Far North and the deserts of Central Asia. This is a polymorphic species. The most famous botanical forms of valerian are: swamp, brilliant, Volga, shoot-bearing, Russian, tall, doubtful.

Habitats. It grows in a wide variety of environmental conditions: in forest and water meadows, peat bogs, along river banks, in steppes, oak forests, pine forests, in clearings and burnt areas. Cultivated in Eurasia and South America.

However, digging out small roots in dense turf is quite difficult. Therefore, it is easier to grow valerian in culture.
The All-Russian Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants has developed highly productive varieties “Maun” and “Ulyana”.

Growing

Vleriana grows well in moist places, but can also tolerate prolonged drought. The best soils are structural chernozems of light mechanical composition, as well as light loams.

The plant is demanding of soil fertility and moisture. The area should be well lit and sufficiently moist. For autumn digging, add 2-3 buckets of compost or rotted manure and 20-25 g of superphosphate per 1 m2. When stored, the seeds quickly lose their viability and should be used in the year of collection or the next.

Reproduction

Valerian can be sown in three periods: early spring, summer and before winter. The choice of period depends on the availability of free time. In the spring, sowing is carried out at the earliest possible date, but usually at this time of year all the energy is consumed by vegetable crops and there is no time left for medicinal purposes. Good results obtained by sowing at the end of summer with fresh, just collected seeds. Before winter, valerian is sown in the Non-Black Earth Zone at the end of October-beginning of November in pre-made furrows, when the soil is already frozen.
0.5-0.8 g of dry seeds are sown per 1 m2, the depth of their planting is no more than 1 cm. The bed is regularly watered before germination so that the soil is constantly moist. Shoots appear on the 5-7th day. Further care: moderate watering, weeding and loosening the soil. To get large roots if the seedlings are too dense, you can thin out, leaving 10-15 plants per 1 meter of row, and transplant the rest of the plants somewhere. Before the cold weather, valerian manages to form a rosette of basal leaves and a well-developed root system.
In the second year of growing season, fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers is carried out in early spring. You can also use any fertilizers for flower crops that are currently sold in garden centers. Valerian blooms in June and produces seeds in July. But in order to get large roots, they carry out “topping” - the buds are cut off during budding. In this case, by the end of the second year you can get a good harvest of raw materials.
The seeds ripen slowly, within 30-45 days. As soon as the first ripe seeds appear in the inflorescence, they are cut off with part of the stem, tied into bunches and hung or laid out on a tarpaulin in the attic for ripening.
Advice. It is advisable to place Valerian in damp places near the fence or in the background of a mixborder, where during flowering it will not block anything. You should not place the plant in front of the windows of your home. The flowers have a peculiar smell that not everyone may like.

Care.

Caring for crops consists of weeding, loosening the soil and fertilizing. During drought, moderate watering is necessary. In the second year of life, in the budding phase, peduncles are pinched, which contributes to a significant increase in the yield of rhizomes.

Chemical composition

The roots contain an essential oil of complex composition, alkaloids: valerine, hatinin, etc., glycosides, tannins, sugars, organic acids.

Active ingredients

The underground organs of valerian contain essential oil (0.5-2.4%), the main part of which is the ester of borneol and isovaleric acid, isovaleric acid, borneol, limonene, camphene, myrtenol, caryophyllene. In total, over 70 components were found in essential oil, many of which are contained in very small quantities. In addition, iridoids, alkaloids, valeopatriates, sugars, and organic acids were isolated.

Medicinal raw materials

Rhizomes with roots are used for medicinal purposes. Best time For harvesting raw materials of wild valerian - autumn, when the stems turn brown. The dug up roots are cleared of soil, washed in running water without soaking, and laid out in a thin layer in a well-ventilated room for drying; In this case, exposure of the raw materials to sunlight should be avoided.
Attention! Do not dry valerian in a hot dryer. At the same time, the essential oil evaporates, which has a calming effect.

Application

Use in design

Valerian is an excellent ornamental plant. Its flowers not only delight with their beauty, but also attract beneficial insects that protect fruit trees from pests. It can be planted in flower beds and in the form of separate compositions.

Valerian flowers

Medicinal

Valerian has long been a well-known medicinal plant. Its name comes from the Latin valere - “to be healthy.”

In medicine, aqueous infusion of valerian, mixtures, and preparations from the roots are widely used. These are classic sedatives for states of nervous excitement and neuroses of the cardiovascular system.

Valerian preparations increase bile secretion and glandular secretion gastrointestinal tract.

Application in official and folk medicine

Valerian preparations are prescribed for diseases accompanied by nervous excitement, insomnia, and hysteria. The plant is widely used for mild forms of neurasthenia and psychasthenia, for menopausal disorders, vegetative neuroses, neuroses of cardio-vascular system. Valerian preparations reduce the excitability of the central nervous system; the calming effect is slow but stable. In patients, the feeling of tension, increased irritability disappears, and sleep improves. The therapeutic effect of valerian is more effective with systematic and long-term course use, therefore the timing and dosage of drugs is prescribed by the attending physician.
Valerian preparations are prescribed to pregnant women for early and late toxicosis, and also as a sedative for neuroses during menopause.

Valerian is used to treat many other diseases. It has a beneficial effect on dysfunctions thyroid gland, indicated for heart defects, migraines, asthma, promotes digestion, “warming up” the gastrointestinal tract. Valerian preparations enhance bile secretion and intestinal motor function, serve as a carminative and anthelmintic, soothe abdominal pain, and relieve spasms in the uterus. Even infants with abdominal pain are given 1 hour, a spoonful of aqueous infusion of valerian root.
This plant is used in medical practice in the form of simple herbal preparations, as well as as part of multicomponent infusions, tinctures and other complex remedies. Currently, the domestic pharmaceutical industry produces valerine tincture with 70% alcohol (1:5) and thick valerian extract (coated tablets), as well as complex preparations, which also includes motherwort, mint, lily of the valley and hawthorn.

Valerian is a component of valocormid, valocordin, valosedan, and corvalol.

Valerian

Use at home

There are many ways to prepare and use this plant. In Russia, hot infusion, tincture and powder of rhizomes with roots are more often used. To prepare the infusion 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed raw materials is poured into 1 cup of boiling water, heated in a water bath or in a thermos for 15 minutes, left for 45 minutes and filtered. Take 2-3 tbsp. spoons half an hour after eating. The infusion is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days.

In Germany, a cold infusion of rhizomes with roots is considered the most effective as a sedative: 1 tbsp. pour a spoonful of crushed raw materials into 1 glass of cold boiled water, leave for 12 hours and filter. Take 1 tbsp. spoon 3-4 times a day before meals.
The tincture is prepared with 40% alcohol or vodka, in a ratio of 1:5. The roots are pre-crushed in order for extraction to proceed better. Leave for 7 days and filter. Take 15-20 drops 3-4 times a day. To obtain the powder, the raw materials are ground in a coffee grinder to a powdery state, then sifted through a sieve. The sifted powder is inhaled 1 g 3-5 times a day or taken orally 1-2 g per dose 3-4 times a day, washed down with water.

One of the components of the healing effect of valerian is the smell, so if you want your sleep to be sound and restful, hang valerian roots in a gauze bag over your bed or put a few of its roots between the pillowcase and pillow. The volatile substances they release will calm the nerves, strengthen the heart, and increase health. You can simply sniff the powder from the crushed roots before going to bed.
For toothache, use a cotton swab dipped in an alcoholic tincture of valerian diluted with water to cover the affected tooth and gums on all sides.

Attention! With prolonged and excessive use of valerian, drowsiness, a feeling of depression, decreased performance and depression of general condition are possible.
In some patients with hypertension, valerian has the opposite (stimulating) effect and disrupts sleep.

Other uses

Using valerian with for cosmetic purposes quite diverse and is based in most cases on its antibacterial and soothing effect. It is used for dermatitis, especially of nervous origin.

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Rice. 5.18. Valerian officinalis – Valeriana officinalis L.

Rhizomes with valerian roots- rhizomata cum radicibus valerianae
Fresh rhizomes with valerian roots- rhizomata cum radicibus valerianae recentia
Valerian officinalis herb- herba valerianae officinalis
— Valeriana officinalis L.
Sem. valerian-Valeriaceae
Other names: pharmaceutical maun, cat root, magpie grass, shake grass, maun, meun

perennial herbaceous plant height from 50 cm to 2 m. In the first year of life, only a rosette of basal leaves is formed, in the second - flowering shoots.
The rhizome is short, cone-shaped, vertical, with numerous thin cord-like roots.
Stems erect, hollow inside, ribbed, pale purple in color at the bottom.
Leaves unpaired-pinnately dissected, lower ones petiolate, upper ones sessile. In the upper part the stem is branched and bears corymbose-paniculate inflorescences.
Flowers small, corolla white, pink or purple, funnel-shaped. There are three stamens, one pistil with a lower ovary.
Fetus- brown achene with a tuft (Fig. 5.18).
Blooms from late May to August, the fruits ripen in July - September.

Composition of valerian

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Chemical composition of valerian

About 100 individual substances were found in valerian raw materials.

Rhizomes with roots contain from 0.5 to 2.4% essential oil, the main part of which is bornyl isovalerate,

and also present

free isovaleric acid and borneol,
bicyclic monoterpenoids (camphene, pinene, terpineol),
sesquiterpenoids (valerianal, valerenone, valerenic acid),
free valeric acid.

The raw materials also contain

Properties and uses of valerian

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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Sedative.

Pharmacological properties of valerian

Valerian has a multifaceted effect on the body:

depresses the central nervous system, reduces its excitability;
reduces spasms of smooth muscle organs.
Valerian essential oil relieves cramps;
valerian reduces agitation,
prolongs the effect of sleeping pills,
has an inhibitory effect on the medulla oblongata and midbrain systems,
increases the functional mobility of cortical processes.
regulates the activity of the heart, acting indirectly through the central nervous system and directly on the muscle and conduction system of the heart,
improves coronary circulation due to the direct effect of borneol on the blood vessels of the heart.
enhances the secretion of the glandular apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract,
increases bile secretion.

Valerian serves as an example when a total extract from a plant provides a therapeutic effect, while isolated substances do not have a corresponding effect.

Uses of valerian

Valerian officinalis is used for various indications:

as a sedative for chronic functional disorders central nervous system,
for neuroses, hysteria and other neurotic conditions;
for epilepsy along with others therapeutic measures, insomnia, migraine;
with neuroses of the heart and chronic disorder coronary circulation;
at hypertension;
to reduce the excitability of the cerebral cortex and reduce vegetative-vascular disorders;
with tachycardia caused by a neurotic state.

Valerian preparations are used

for stomach neuroses accompanied by spastic pain, constipation and flatulence,
with violations of the secretory function of the glandular apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract;
liver diseases and biliary tract in complex therapy;
with thyrotoxicosis with painful subjective symptoms (feeling of heat, palpitations, etc.);
for menopausal disorders and a number of other diseases accompanied by sleep disturbances and increased irritability.

Valerian is more effective with systematic and long-term use due to the slow development of therapeutic action.

Valerian infusion is used in the complex treatment of obesity as an anorexigenic agent. By suppressing the hypothalamic appetite centers, valerian reduces the feeling of hunger, suppresses appetite, and helps withstand food restriction.

As a rule, valerian preparations are well tolerated, but in some patients with hypertension they have the opposite stimulating effect, disrupt sleep, and cause difficult dreams.

One of the components of the therapeutic effect of valerian is its smell, which has a reflex effect on the central nervous system. Inhalation (through the lungs) entry is also possible. medicinal substances into the body.

Uses of Valerian Herb

A hydroalcoholic extract used in the production of soft drinks is obtained from the valerian herb.

Spreading

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Spreading. Almost all over Russia. It does not form thickets suitable for harvesting, so it is cultivated in the middle zone on many specialized farms. Raw materials are obtained on plantations best quality. The rhizomes of cultivated plants are twice as large.

Habitat. It grows in a variety of environmental conditions: in grass and peat bogs, lowlands, swampy, sometimes saline meadows, along the banks of rivers and lakes, in thickets of bushes, in forest clearings and edges. In the northern regions, valerian has thinner roots, in the southern regions the rhizomes and roots are larger. Cultivated on fertile, moist soils.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Rhizome with valerian roots

Preparation. Harvesting rhizomes with valerian roots should be carried out in late autumn (late September - mid-October), when the growth of the root mass is completed. Harvesting in early spring before the start of the growing season is allowed, but this reduces the quality and yield of raw materials by almost half. Harvesting of raw materials on farms is carried out using a special combine or potato diggers. Rhizomes with roots are cleaned of the remains of aerial parts and soil, thick rhizomes are cut lengthwise, quickly washed with water (no more than 20 minutes) and dried with active ventilation, spread out in a layer of 3-5 cm.

Security measures. When harvesting wild-growing raw materials, after digging up the underground parts, the seeds from the plant are shaken off into the same hole where the roots were and covered with earth; in addition, all small plants and some large ones are left at the collection site for the regeneration of thickets. Stems with seeds are trimmed without damaging the rhizomes.

When harvesting, similar plants are sometimes collected. All impurities are easily recognized by the absence of a “valerian” smell in dry raw materials.

Drying. Dried rhizomes with roots are dried in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 35 °C. Dried roots should break, but not bend.

Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, art. 77; Change No. 3 dated March 11, 1997; Change No. 5 dated 10.27.99.

Storage. According to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials, packed in bags and bales, in a cool, dry place. The shelf life of dried raw materials is 3 years. Freshly collected raw materials must be processed within 3 days in pharmaceutical factories.

Valerian herb

Blank. The grass is mowed during the period of budding and flowering or before harvesting rhizomes with roots, cut into pieces up to 20 cm long and dried. Drying in air-shade or in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ºС. Used as a raw material to obtain aqueous-alcoholic extract.

Standardization. TU 64-4-44-83 and Change No. 1 dated 04/10/88.

Storage. The shelf life of dried raw materials is 2 years from the date of procurement.

External signs of raw materials

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Rhizomes with valerian roots

Cspruce raw materials

Whole or cut along rhizomes up to 4 cm long, up to 3 cm thick, with a loose core, often hollow, with transverse partitions. Numerous thin adventitious roots, sometimes underground shoots - stolons, extend from the rhizome on all sides.
Roots often separated from the rhizome; they are smooth, brittle, of varying lengths, up to 3 mm thick.
Color The rhizomes and roots are yellowish-brown on the outside, yellowish to brown at the fracture.
Smell strong, aromatic.
Taste

Crushed raw materials

Pieces of roots and rhizomes various shapes, light brown in color, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. Smell strong, aromatic. Taste spicy, bittersweet.

Powder grayish-brown color, passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.2 mm. The smell is strong, aromatic. The taste is spicy, sweetish-bitter.

Valerian herb

External signs

The raw materials are leafy stems with corymbose-paniculate inflorescences up to 20 cm long and individual leaves, for the most part crushed.
Stems cylindrical, ribbed, hollow, with opposite unpaired pinnately dissected leaves with 6-8 pairs of segments, slightly pubescent; The lower leaves are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile. Leaf segments are linear-lanceolate to ovate, entire or serrated.
whisk funnel-shaped, flowers are pale pink, small, collected in a corymbose-paniculate inflorescence.
Color leaves from green to greenish-brown, stems from brownish-green to brown.
Smell weak.

Microscopy of raw materials

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Whole, crushed raw materials

On a cross section of the root the epidermis (rhizoderm) is visible, the cells of which are often elongated into long hairs or papillae.
Hypodermal cells larger ones, often with drops of essential oil.
Bark wide, consists of homogeneous round parenchyma cells filled with starch grains, simple and 2-5-complex, 3-9 (less often up to 20) microns in size.
Endoderm consists of cells with thickened radial walls.
Young roots have a primary structure.
Old roots in the basal part they have a secondary structure with radiate wood (xylem) (Fig. 5.19).

Rice. 5.19. Microscopy of valerian root

Rice. 5.19. Microscopy of valerian root:

A – root with a diameter of 1–2 mm;
B – root with a diameter of 2–3 mm;
B – root with a diameter of 4 mm:
1 – epidermis and hypodermis;
2 – bark;
3 – xylem;
4 – phloem;
5 – endoderm;
6 – cambium;
D – fragment of a cross section of the root:
1 – epidermis; 2 – hypodermis; 3 – cortex cells with starch; 4 – endoderm; 5 – pericycle; 6 – phloem; 7 – xylem.

Powder

Visible under a microscope

scraps of parenchyma with simple and 2-5-complex starch grains,
fragments of blood vessels,
scraps of covering tissue,
individual starch grains,
occasionally stony cells.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

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Numerical indicators of rhizomes with valerian roots

Whole raw materials

Extractive substances extracted with 70% alcohol, no less than 25%; the amount of valepotriate in terms of valtrate is not less than 1.4%; esters in terms of ethyl ether valerenic acid not less than 2%; humidity no more than 15%; total ash no more than 14%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 10%; other parts of valerian (remains of stems and leaves, including those separated during analysis), as well as old dead rhizomes no more than 5%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 3%.

Crushed raw materials

Extractive substances extracted with 70% alcohol, no less than 25%; humidity no more than 15%; total ash no more than 13%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 10%; other parts of valerian (remnants of stems and leaves), as well as old dead rhizomes no more than 5%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Powder

Extractive substances extracted with 70% alcohol, no less than 25%; humidity no more than 10%; total ash no more than 13%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 10%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.2 mm, no more than 1%.

Numerical indicators of Valerian herb

Medicines based on valerian

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Medicines.

Valerian rhizomes with roots, crushed raw materials. Sedative (calming) agent.
As part of the collection (carminative; sedatives No. 1-3; gastric No. 3; collection for the preparation of medicine according to the prescription of M.N. Zdrenko).
Valerian tincture (tincture (1:5) in 70% ethanol). Obtained from fresh raw materials. Sedative, antispasmodic.
Valerian extract is thick (p.o. tablets, 0.02 g each). Sedative, antispasmodic.
Valerian extract liquid. Sedative, antispasmodic.
Valerian tincture and extract are included in complex medicines (Cardiovalen, Valokormid, Valosedan, Novo-Passit, Persen, Nervoflux, etc.).

RHIZOMES WITH VALERIAN ROOTS RHIZOMES WITH VALERIAN ROOTS (Rhizomata cum radicibus Valerianaе). Valerian root. Collected in autumn or early spring, peeled, washed and dried rhizomes and roots of the cultivated and wild perennial herbaceous plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.), family. valerian (Valerianaceae). They contain essential oil, the main part of which is the ester of borneol and isovaleric acid, free valeric acid and borneol, organic acids [including valeric acid (C 15 II 22 O 2), which has an antispasmodic effect], alkaloids (valerin and hatinin), tannins, sugars and other substances. Valerian preparations are widely used as sedatives. They reduce the excitability of the central nervous system, enhance the effect of sleeping pills, and also have antispasmodic properties. They are used as sedatives for nervous excitement, insomnia, neuroses of the cardiovascular system, spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, etc., often in combination with other sedatives and cardiac drugs. Release form: rhizomes with roots are sold in the form of crushed raw materials, 100 g in paper bags, enclosed in cardboard packs. For ease of use, briquettes of rhizomes with valerian roots are produced, made from crushed raw materials. Briquettes have rectangular shape, size 120 X 65 X 10) mm, weight 75 g. The briquette is divided by grooves into 10 equal slices (7.5 g each). To prepare valerian infusion, pour 1 - 2 slices of briquette with a glass of cold water, boil for 5 minutes, filter through cheesecloth. Adults are given 1 tablespoon 2 - 3 times a day; older children - 1 tablespoon, children younger age- 1 teaspoon 2-3 times a day. Take before meals. Valerian tincture (Tinctura Valeriaae). Tincture with 70% alcohol (1:5). Clear liquid reddish-brown in color with a characteristic odor and bittersweet spicy taste. Darkens under the influence sunlight. Adults are prescribed 20-30 drops per dose 3-4 times a day, children - as many drops per dose as the child is old. Release form: in bottles of 30 ml. Thick valerian extract (Extractum Valerianae spissum). Thick mass dark brown color with a characteristic smell of valerian, spicy-bitter taste. Used in the form of film-coated tablets, 1-2 tablets per dose. Each tablet contains 0.02 g of thick valerian extract. The tablets are convenient to take, but a freshly prepared infusion of valerian has a more pronounced effect. Infusion of valerian (Infusum Valerianae). Assigned to adults (at the rate of 6 - 10 - 20 g per 180 - 200 ml of water) 1 - 2 tablespoons, older children - 1 dessert spoon, children early age(at the rate of 2 g per 100 ml) - 1 teaspoon 3 - 4 times a day. For preparation method, see Soothing collection. To prepare a decoction, pour 2 teaspoons of crushed valerian root into a glass of cold water, boil for 5 minutes, filter through cheesecloth. Take in the same doses as the infusion. Soothing collection (Species sedativae). Ingredients: rhizomes with valerian roots - 1 part, peppermint and trefoil leaves - 2 parts each, hop cones - 1 part. Place two tablespoons (8 - 10 g) of the collection in an enamel bowl, pour in 200 ml of hot boiled water, cover with a lid, heat in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes, cool for 45 minutes at room temperature, filter, squeeze and bring with boiled water to 200 ml. Take 1/4 - 1/3 cup 1 - 2 times a day after meals. The finished infusion is stored in a cold place for no more than 2 days. Camphor-valerian drops (Tinctura Valerianae cum Camphora). Ingredients: camphor 10 g, valerian tincture up to 100 ml. Transparent reddish-brown liquid with the smell of camphor and valerian. When mixed with water, it becomes cloudy and a white precipitate of camphor is released. It is used as a sedative mainly for cardiovascular neuroses. Prescribe 15 - 20 drops 3 times a day. Release form: in glass bottles of 10 ml. Store in a cool place, protected from light. Rр.: Inf. rad. Valerianae 20.0: 200 ml T-rae Leonurii 20 ml M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day Rp.: Inf. rad. Valerianae 15, O: 200 ml T-rae Menthae 3(5) ml T-rae Leonuri 10 ml M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day Rр.: Inf. rad. Valerianae 10.0:200 ml Natrii bromidi 4.0 M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day Rр.: T-rae Valerianae 30 ml D.S. 20 - 30 drops 3 times a day Rр:. T-rae Valerianae T-rae Convallariae aa 7.5 ml M.D.S. 20 - 30 drops 3 times a day Rp.: T-rae Convallariae T-rae Valerianae aa 10 ml Extr. Crataegi fluidi 5 ml Mentholi 0.05 (0.1) M.D.S. 20 - 25 drops 2 times a day Rр.: Tab. extr. Valeriana obd. 0.02 N. 50 D.S. 2 tablets 3 times a day

. 2005 .

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State Pharmacopoeia (SF RB) Volume 2 pp. 328-330. Valerian rhizomes with roots.

VALERIAN RHIZOMES WITH ROOTS
Valerianae rhizomata cum radicibus
VALERIAN ROOT
DEFINITION
Dried whole or fragmented underground parts of the plant Valeriana officinalis L. s.l., including rhizomes with roots and stolons.
Contain:
- whole and fragmented raw materials: not less than 0.17% (m/m) of the amount of sesquiterpene acids in terms of valerenic acid (C 15 H 22 O 2; MW 234.3) in dry raw materials or not less than 2% of the amount esters in terms of valerenic acid ethyl ester in dry raw materials;
- crushed raw materials: not less than 0.10% (m/m) of the sum of sesquiterpene acids in terms of valerenic acid (C15H22O2; MW 234.3) in dry raw materials or not less than 2% of the amount of esters in terms of ethyl ester valerenic acid in dry raw materials.

AUTHENTICITY (IDENTIFICATION)
A. External signs (#2.8.3). The rhizomes are yellowish-gray to pale brownish-gray, conical to cylindrical in shape, up to approximately 50 mm long and 30 mm in diameter, with an elongated or compressed base, usually completely covered by numerous roots. The apex usually has a cup-shaped scar from the aerial parts; sometimes the bases of the stems are present. In a longitudinal section, a cavity with transverse partitions is visible in the center of the core. The roots are numerous, almost cylindrical in shape, the same color as the rhizomes, with a diameter of 1 to 3 mm, the length sometimes exceeds 100 mm. A small number of thread-like, fragile secondary roots are present. The stolons have protruding nodes separated by grooved internodes, 20 mm to 50 mm long, with a fibrous fracture.

B. Microscopy (#2.8.3). The crushed raw materials are examined (355). Color ranges from pale yellowish-gray to pale grayish-brown. Visible: cells containing pale brown resin or drop-shaped inclusions of essential oil; groups of small rectangular sclereids with thick walls; rare groups larger sclereids at the base of the stem with thinner cell walls; lignified vessels with reticulate thickenings, occurring in groups or individually; individual fragments of cortical and epidermal cells, some of which have root hairs; rare fragments of cork.
When using a 50% (v/v) solution of glycerol R in crushed raw materials (355), numerous starch grains are visible, mostly complex, containing up to 4-6 components, but often breaking up into individual granules of round or irregular shape diameter up to 15 microns; most granules have indistinct cracks or a radial center of bedding.

(EF) C. Thin layer chromatography (2.2.27).
Test solution. 1 g of crushed raw material (355) is suspended in 10 ml of methanol R and sonicated for 10 minutes. The supernatant is filtered through a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm. Use the filtrate.
Reference solution. 5 mg of acetoxyvalerenic acid R and 5 mg of valerenic acid R are dissolved in 20 ml of methanol R.
Plate: TLC plate with a layer of silica gel R (5-40 µm) [or TLC plate with a layer of silica gel R (2-10 µm)].
Mobile phase: glacial acetic acid R - ethyl acetate R - cyclohexane R (2:38:60, v/v/v).
Sample volume applied: 20 µl in the form of strips.
Mobile phase front: at least 10 cm from the start line.
Drying: air.
Manifestation: the plate is sprayed with anisealdehyde solution R. Heated at a temperature from 100°C to 105°C for 5-10 minutes. View in daylight.
Results: Below is the sequence of zones of the chromatograms of the reference solution and the test solution. In the chromatogram of the test solution, other violet zones may be detected.

TESTS (NUMERICAL INDICATORS)
Acceptable impurities (#2.8.2). Non-raw material parts of the plant: remains of leaves and stems, including those separated during analysis, as well as old dead rhizomes - no more than 5%. Organic impurities: no more than 2%. Mineral impurities: no more than 1%.

Weight loss on drying (2.2.32). No more than 15.0%. 1,000 g of crushed raw materials (2000) are dried at a temperature of 100°C to 105°C.

Total ash (2.4.16). No more than 13.0%.

Ash, insoluble in hydrochloric acid (2.8.1). No more than 10.0%.

QUANTITATION
(EF) Determination of the content of the total sesquiterpene acids. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).
Test solution. 1.50 g of crushed raw material (710) is placed in a 100 ml round-bottom flask with a ground section, 20 ml of methanol R1 is added, mixed and heated in a water bath with reflux for 30 minutes. Cool and filter. The filter with the residue is placed in the same 100 ml round-bottom flask, 20 ml of methanol R1 is added and heated in a water bath with reflux for 15 minutes. Cool and filter. The filtrates are combined and diluted with methanol R1 to a volume of 50.0 ml, rinsing the round-bottom flask and filter with the same solvent.
Reference solution. The amount of PSO dry extract of standardized valerian, corresponding to 1.0 mg of valerenic acid, is dissolved in methanol R1 and brought to a volume of 10.0 ml with the same solvent.
Chromatography conditions:
- a column with a length of 0.25 m and an internal diameter of 4.6 mm, filled with octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography P with a particle size of 5 microns;
- mobile phase:
- mobile phase A: acetonitrile R - solution of 5 g/l phosphoric acid R (20:80, v/v);
- mobile phase B: solution of 5 g/l phosphoric acid R - acetonitrile R (20:80, v/v);

- mobile phase speed: 1.5 ml/min;
- spectrophotometric detector, wavelength 220 nm;
- volume of injected sample: 20 µl.
Peak identification: for identification
peaks of acetoxyvalerenic acid and valerenic acid on the chromatogram of the reference solution, use the chromatogram attached to the FSO of a standardized dry extract of valerian.
Suitability of chromatographic system: reference solution:
- relative retention time (relative to valerenic acid, retention time is about 21 minutes): acetoxyvalerenic acid - about 0.5.
The content of the total sesquiterpene acids in terms of valerenic acid as a percentage is calculated using the formula:

Where:
S 1 - peak area of acetoxyvalerenic acid in the chromatogram of the test solution;
S 2 - peak area of valerenic acid in the chromatogram of the test solution;
S 3 - peak area of valerenic acid in the chromatogram of the reference solution;
m 1 - mass of a sample of the tested raw material, g;
m 2 - weight of a sample of FSO dry extract of standardized valerian, g;
P is the content of valerenic acid in the FSO dry extract of standardized valerian, %.
Determination of the content of the total esters in terms of valerenic acid ethyl ester.
Place 5,000 g of crushed raw material (500) in a 100 ml conical flask, add 50 ml of a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) and shake for 45 minutes. Filter through a paper filter moistened with a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) into a 100 ml volumetric flask, avoiding any particles of raw material getting onto the filter. Add 40 ml of a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) to the flask with the remaining raw material and shake for 15 minutes. Filter into the same volumetric flask and dilute with a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) to a volume of 100.0 ml (solution A).
Test solution. 5.0 ml of solution A is placed in a 50 ml round-bottom flask and evaporated to dryness in vacuum at a temperature of 40°C to 50°C. To the resulting dry residue add 5.0 ml of hydroxylamine alkaline solution R3, leave for 20 minutes, add 10.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid solution, 5.0 ml of 10 g/l solution of iron (III) chloride R in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution, mix and filter through a paper filter moistened with water R.
Compensation solution. To 5.0 ml of hydroxylamine alkaline solution R3 add 10.0 ml of a 1 M solution of hydrochloric acid and 5.0 ml of a solution of 10 g/l iron (III) chloride R in a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid.
Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of the test solution at 512 nm.
The content of the total esters in terms of ethyl ester of valerenic acid in percent is calculated using the formula:

Where:
10.5 - specific absorption rate of valerenic acid hydroxamate;
A is the optical density of the test solution;
m is the mass of a sample of the tested raw material, g.

STORAGE
In a place protected from moisture and light at a temperature of 15°C to 25°C.

Flower formula

Valerian officinalis flower formula: *H0-∞L(5)T3P(3).

In medicine

Rhizomes with valerian roots are used for chronic functional disorders of the central nervous system; with nervous excitement, neuroses of the cardiovascular system, hysteria, acute agitation due to mental trauma, with migraine, insomnia, with angina pectoris, pain in the heart, epilepsy (in combination with other medicinal drugs), with stage I hypertension, extrasystole, paroxysmal tachycardia, acute myocarditis, with menopausal disorders; also for stomach neuroses, disorders of the secretory function of the glandular apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract, spasm of the esophagus, diseases of the liver and biliary tract in complex therapy.

In dermatology, valerian preparations are used for atopic dermatitis, true and microbial eczema, erythroderma, skin itching, psoriasis, urticaria.

Rhizomes and roots of valerian are included in preparations, teas, and dietary supplements.

For children

In pediatric dermatological practice, if available atopic dermatitis ointment dosage forms based on valerian are prescribed.

Crushed rhizomes and roots of valerian in the form of an infusion are approved for use by children from 3 years of age.

In homeopathy

Homeopathic remedies from dry valerian roots are used for increased irritability, heart neuroses, headaches, insomnia, menopausal disorders and flatulence.

Classification

Valerian officinalis (lat. Valeriana officinalis L. s. l.) belongs to the valerian family (lat. Valerianaceae). The Valerian family includes 13 genera, over 400 species. The genus Valerian (lat. Valeriana) includes about 200 species growing in temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, North and South Africa.

Botanical description

Valerian officinalis is a perennial herbaceous plant 60-150 cm high. Valerian has a short vertical rhizome up to 1.5 cm long with numerous brown-yellow adventitious roots densely located on it. The rhizome and roots have a strong specific odor. The stem is erect, grooved, hollow inside, branched in the inflorescence. In the first year of life, the leaves are rosette petiolate. The leaves of the second year of life are odd-pinnate, opposite, lanceolate, coarsely toothed; the basal ones are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile. The flowers are small, pale pink, pale purple or white, collected in corymbose inflorescences. Valerian officinalis flower formula: *H0-∞L(5)T3P(3). The fruit is a ribbed, oblong, ovoid flying achene with a tuft 2.5-4.5 mm long. The plant blooms from the second year of life from June to August.

Spreading

Valerian officinalis grows in floodplains, in damp, swampy meadows, among bushes, in ravines, and along the edges of swamps. Distributed throughout almost the entire territory of the CIS, from the south of the Arctic region and throughout the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part. Grows in the Far East, Eastern and western Siberia south of 70ºN latitude. In the wild it rarely forms more than a thicket. Valerian is cultivated in Russia.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

Valerian rhizomes and roots (Valerianae rhizomata cum radicibus) are used as medicinal raw materials. Rhizomes and roots are collected in the fall (after the seeds fall in September and October) or early spring. The dug up rhizomes with roots, separated from the stem, are cleaned of soil and quickly washed in cold water(you can’t keep it in water for a long time, because the roots lose active substances). Next, the raw materials are dried for 1-2 days and dried at a temperature not exceeding 36-40ºС.

Chemical composition

Rhizomes and roots of valerian contain essential oil (up to 2%), consisting of bornyl isovalerate (the main part), valeric and isovaleric acid, camphene, terpineol, pinene, borneol, etc.; more than 10 alkaloids (valerine, actinidin hatinin, etc.); sugars, tannins, saponins, glycoside valeride, enzymes and organic acids: malic, acetic, formic, palmitic, stearic. Valepotriates have also been isolated from the underground organs of valerian: valtrate, homovaltrate, dihydrovaltrate, acetoxyvaltrate, homo-acetoxyvaltrate, homodihydrovaltrate, valerosidate, deoxydihydrovaltrate, valtrahydrin; macro- and microelements.

Pharmacological properties

Valerian has a multifaceted effect on the body. It exhibits a moderately pronounced sedative effect, depresses the central nervous system, reduces its excitability, and has antispasmodic properties (reduces spasms of smooth muscle organs). Valerian also enhances the secretion of the glandular apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract and bile secretion.

Through the central nervous system, valerian preparations regulate the activity of the heart, and also directly affect the muscle and conduction system of the heart. Valerian essential oil reduces arousal caused by caffeine, prolongs the effect of sleeping pills, increases the functional mobility of the cerebral cortex, and has an inhibitory effect on the medulla oblongata and midbrain systems. Essential oil borneol, acting on the blood vessels of the heart, improves coronary circulation.

Valerian preparations reduce reflex excitability in the central parts of the nervous system and enhance inhibitory processes in the neurons of the brain, and also prolong sleep caused by various hypnotic compounds, have coronary dilator and hypotensive properties, and have a noticeable anticonvulsant effect in relation to the convulsive effects of analeptics. The calming effect of valerian manifests itself slowly, but quite steadily. The effectiveness of valerian appears to be higher with systematic and long-term use due to the slow development of the therapeutic effect.

Valerian officinalis has long been widely used in medicinal practice, both in the form of individual galenic dosage forms, and as part of multi-component infusions, tinctures, drops and other complex products that soothe and improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

However, you should not abuse valerian, because... Its continued use over a long period of time can cause disruption of the gastrointestinal tract (constipation).

Use in folk medicine

Already in Ancient Greece it was known about the influence of valerian on higher nervous activity. During the time of Hippocrates (V-IV centuries BC), the plant was used in the treatment of female diseases. Dioscorides considered valerian a remedy capable of “controlling” thoughts. Pliny classified it as a means of stimulating thought. In the Middle Ages, it was spoken of as a medicine that brings complacency, harmony and tranquility.

They have long known about medicinal valerian in Russia. It is mentioned in an old Russian handwritten herbal book from 1614, which talks about healing properties rhizomes and roots and the uselessness of the aboveground part of the plant. The “Uvarovsky” handwritten herbal book talks about preserving the medicinal properties of valerian for 3 years. Under Peter I, the industrial collection of plants for hospitals began.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, numerous works were devoted to experimental and clinical research of valerian. But even now it attracts the attention of researchers.

IN folk medicine Valerian is used mainly as a sedative for mild heart ailments and stomach diseases, and also as a remedy for menopausal disorders. Valerian root is used to prepare an infusion used for insomnia, hypertension, headaches, asthma, convulsions, spasms, and hysteria.

Literature

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2. State Register medicines. Moscow 2004.

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6. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Handbook of medicinal plants (herbal medicine). – M.: VITA, 1993.

7. Mannfried Palov. "Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants". Ed. Ph.D. biol. Sciences I.A. Gubanova. Moscow, "Mir", 1998.

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