home Consultations The state of the cardiovascular system is determined by the test. Functional state of the cardiovascular system in adolescents

The state of the cardiovascular system is determined by the test. Functional state of the cardiovascular system in adolescents

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Introduction

1. Methodology for assessing the functional state cordially- vascular system at rest

1.1 Blood pressure

2. Methodology for assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular system using functional tests

2.1 Rufier functional test

2.2 Functional test with running

2.3 Karsh step test

3. Methodology for assessing the functional state of the respiratory system

3.1 Stange test

3.2 Gencha test

Conclusion

Used sources

Introduction

The functional state is a set of available characteristics of physiological and psychophysiological processes that largely determine the level of activity functional systems organism, features of vital activity, working capacity and human behavior. In fact, this is the ability of an athlete to perform his specific specific activity.

Since functional states are complex systemic reactions to the influence of factors of internal and external environment, their assessment should be comprehensive and dynamic. The most significant for identifying the specifics of a particular state are the indicators of the activity of those physiological systems that are leading in the process of performing physical activity.

In a mass examination of those involved in physical exercises, the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is usually examined. To study the functional state of the body, it is examined at rest and under conditions of various functional tests.

vascular arterial respiratory test

1. Method for assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular system in conditions ofoya

The most easily studied indicator of the functional state is heart rate, i.e. the number of heartbeats in 1 minute. As mentioned earlier, the most common measurements are four points on a human gel: on the surface of the wrist above the radial artery, at the temple above the temporal artery, on the neck above the carotid artery and on the chest, directly in the region of the heart. To determine the heart rate, the fingers are placed on the indicated points so that the degree of contact allows the fingers to feel the pulsation of the artery.

Usually heart rate is obtained using the rule of mathematical ratio, counting the number of pulsations in a few seconds. If you need to know the heart rate at rest, you can use any time range (from 10 s to 1 min) to calculate. If the heart rate is measured in the load, then the faster you fix the pulsations in a few seconds, the more accurate this indicator will be. Already 30 seconds after the end of the load, the heart rate begins to recover quickly and drops significantly. Therefore, in the practice of sports, an immediate count of the number of pulsations is used after the termination of the load for 6 s, in last resort- for 10 s, and multiply the resulting number by 10 or 6, respectively. Relatively recently, in sports practice pulse monitors have been introduced - devices that record the heart rate automatically, without stopping the athlete.

The pulse rate varies from person to person. At rest, in healthy untrained people, it is in the range of 60-90 beats / min, in athletes - 45-55 beats / min and below.

Not only the frequency of contractions of the heart per minute is important, but also the rhythm of these contractions. The pulse can be considered rhythmic provided that the number of pulsations for every 10 s for 1 min does not differ by more than one. If the differences are 2-3 pulsations, then the work of the heart should be considered arrhythmic. With persistent deviations in the rhythm of the heart rate, you should consult a doctor.

A heart rate over 90 beats / min (tachycardia) indicates a low fitness of the cardiovascular system or is a consequence of illness or overwork.

1.1 Blood pressure

The pressure in the circulatory vascular system is the force that determines the movement of blood through the vessels. The value of blood pressure is one of the most important constants characterizing the functional state of the body. Pressure is determined by the work of the heart and the tone of arterial vessels and can vary depending on the phases of the cardiac cycle. There are systolic, or maximum, pressure created by the heart during systole (SD), and diastolic, or minimum, pressure (DD), formed mainly by vascular tone. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure (PBP).

A tonometer and a phonendoscope are used to measure blood pressure. The tonometer includes an inflatable rubber cuff, a mercury or membrane manometer. Usually, arterial pressure measured on the shoulder of the subject, who is in a sitting or lying position.

To correctly determine blood pressure, it is necessary that the cuff is applied slightly above the antecubital fossa. In the cubital fossa, a pulsating brachial artery is found, on which a phonendoscope is placed.

Pressure is created in the cuff above the maximum (up to 150-180 mm Hg), at which the pulse disappears.

Then, slowly turning the screw valve and releasing air from the cuff, using a phonendoscope, tones are heard in the brachial artery. The moment of appearance of tones corresponds to systolic pressure. With continued decrease in pressure in the cuff, the intensity of the tones increases, then their gradual weakening is noted, followed by disappearance. The moment of disappearance of tones corresponds to diastolic pressure.

In humans, blood pressure (BP) normally ranges from 110/70 to 130/80 mm Hg. Art. at rest. According to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), in an adult, normal DM is 100-140, and DD is 60-90 mm Hg. Art. At values exceeding these parameters, hypertension develops, and when they decrease, hypotension develops. Under the influence of physical activity, DM increases, reaching 180-200 mm Hg or more. Art., and DD, as a rule, fluctuates within ± 10 mm Hg. Art., sometimes drops to 40-50 mm Hg. Art.

Pulse arterial pressure should be in the range of 40-60 mm Hg. Art. To assess the functional state of the cardiovascular system, indicators of heart rate and blood pressure at rest are not enough. Significantly more information is provided by comparing HR and BP data during mowing with HR and BP after exercise and during the recovery period. Therefore, during self-monitoring of the functional state, simple, but informative functional tests are necessarily carried out.

2. Methodology for assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular systemss using functional tests

Traditionally, in self-control and medical control over the functional state of the body of students and athletes, functional tests with standard physical loads (20 squats for 30.40 s, 15-second run, three-minute run) are used as a criterion for assessing the current state of the athlete's body in dynamics. The simplicity and accessibility of these functional tests, the ability to conduct them under any conditions and to identify the nature of adaptation to different loads allow us to consider them quite useful and informative. The use of self-control tests with 20 squats does not quite satisfy the goals functional research, since with its help it is possible to reveal only extremely low level physical fitness. For self-control, it is most advisable to use more stressful functional tests: a test with 30 squats, running in place for 3 minutes, step tests. These tests require more time, but their results are much more informative.

2.1 Rufier functional test

Conducting a Rufier-Dixon test

To conduct a Rufier test, you will need a stopwatch or clock that displays seconds, a pen and a piece of paper. First of all, you need to rest a little so that you can count the pulse at rest, so it is recommended to lie on your back for 5 minutes. Then measure the heart rate for 15 seconds. Write down the result - this is P1.

Within 45 seconds, you must perform 30 squats and lie down again. In this case, for the first 15 seconds of rest, the pulse is measured - this is P2. After 30 seconds, the heart rate is measured again for 15 seconds, i.e. the last 15 seconds of the first minute of recovery are taken - this is P3.

Calculation of the Rufier index

The data obtained must be substituted into the Rufier formula:

IR \u003d (4 x (P1 + P2 + P3) - 200) / 10

where IR is the Rufier index, and P1, P2 and P3 are heart rate in 15 seconds.

Evaluation of the result of the Rufier-Dixon test

1. 0.1 - 5 - the result is good;

2. 5.1 - 10 - average result;

3. 10.1 - 15 - satisfactory result;

4. 15.1 - 20 bad result.

Thus, you can conduct a Rufier test once a month and monitor the dynamics of your heart's performance.

2.2 Functional test with running

Before the test, heart rate and blood pressure are recorded at rest. Then running in place is performed for 3 minutes with a high hip lift at a pace of 180 steps in 1 minute. While running in place, the arms, without straining, move at the pace of leg movements, breathing is free, involuntary. Immediately after 3 minutes of running, calculate the heart rate over a 15-second interval and record the resulting value. Then you should sit down, measure your blood pressure (if possible) and record this indicator in the protocol. Next, the pulse is calculated at the second, third and fourth minutes of recovery. After measuring the heart rate in the presence of the device, it is necessary to measure and record blood pressure indicators in the same minutes of the recovery period.

2.3 Karsh step test

To perform the test, you need a pedestal or bench 30 cm high. On the count of "one", put one foot on the bench, on "two" - the other, on "three" - lower one foot to the ground, on "four" - the other. Temi should be as follows: two full steps up and down in 5 s, 24 in 1 min. The test is performed within 3 minutes. Immediately after the test, sit down and take your pulse.

The pulse should be counted for 1 minute to determine not only its frequency, but also the rate at which the heart recovers after exercise. Compare the result (pulse for 1 minute) with the data in the table and see how well you are prepared.

Table I. Karsh step test

The pulse should be counted for a minute to determine not only the pulse rate, but also the rate at which the heart recovers after exercise.

3. Methodology for assessing functionalthe state of the respiratory system

For self-monitoring of the functional state of the respiratory system, the following tests are recommended.

3.1 Stange test

Stange's test - holding the breath while inhaling. After 5 minutes of rest while sitting, inhale at 80-90% of the maximum and hold your breath. Time is noted from the moment of holding the breath to its termination. The average indicator is the ability to hold your breath while inhaling for untrained people for 40-50 seconds, for trained people - for 60-90 seconds or more. With an increase in training, the breath holding time increases, with a decrease or lack of training, it decreases. In case of illness or overwork, this time is reduced by a significant amount - up to 30-35 s.

3.2 Genchi test

Genchi test - breath holding on exhalation. It is performed in the same way as the Stange test, only the breath is held after a full exhalation. The average indicator is the ability to hold the breath on exhalation for untrained people for 25-30 seconds, for trained people - 40-60 seconds or more.

In infectious diseases of the circulatory, respiratory and other organs, as well as after overexertion and overwork, as a result of which the general functional state of the body worsens, the duration of breath holding decreases both on inhalation and exhalation.

Respiratory rate - the number of breaths in 1 minute. It can be determined by the movement of the chest. The average respiratory rate in healthy individuals is 16-18 times / min, in athletes - 8-12 times / min. Under conditions of maximum load, the respiratory rate increases to 40-60 times / min.

Conclusion

Be a cultured person, take care of your health. And regular physical education will not only improve health and functional condition, but also increase efficiency and emotional tone. However, it should be remembered that independent physical education cannot be carried out without medical supervision, and, more importantly, self-control.

Used sources

Literature

1. Balsevich V.K. Sports vector of physical education in the Russian school / V. K. Balsevich. - M.: Theory and practice of physical. culture and sports, 2006. - 111 p.

2. Barchukov I.S. Physical culture and sport: methodology, theory, practice: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / I.S. Barchukov, A.A. Nesterov; under total ed. N.N. Malikov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 528 p.

3. Kuznetsov V.S., Kolodnitsky G.A. Physical culture. Textbook. - M.: Knorus. Secondary vocational education, 2014. - 256 p.

4. Leoni D., Berte R. Anatomy of human physiology in numbers. - M.: Kron-Press, 1995. - 128 p.

5. Markov, V.V. Fundamentals of a healthy lifestyle and disease prevention: textbook. allowance for students. higher ped. textbook institutions / V.V. Markov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2001. - 320 p.

6. Smirnov N.K. Health-saving technologies and health psychology. - M.: ARKTI, 2005. - 320 p.

Internet sources

1. Studme.org. Physical Culture. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://studme.org/111512124126/meditsina/metodika_individualnogo_podhoda_primeneniya_sredstv_dlya_napravlennogo_razvitiya_otdelnyh_fizicheskih_. Title from the screen. Yaz. Russian, (accessed 30.03.2016)

2. Country of Soviets. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://strana-sovetov.com/health/3047-health-way-life.html Title from the screen. Yaz. Russian, (accessed 30.03.2016)

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With physical activity

Martinet-Kushelevsky test

The test is used in CT, during mass preventive examinations, staged medical control of athletes and athletes of mass categories.

The subject sits at the edge of the table to the left of the doctor.

A tonometer cuff is fixed on his left shoulder.

In a state of relative rest, the heart rate is calculated (determined by 10-second segments - heart rate) and blood pressure is measured.

Then the subject, without removing the cuff from the shoulder (the tonometer is turned off), gets up and performs 20 deep squats in 30 seconds. With each squat, both hands should be raised forward.

After performing physical activity, the subject sits down in his place, the doctor sets the stopwatch to "0" and begins the study of heart rate and blood pressure. During each of the 3 minutes of the recovery period, in the first 10 seconds and the last 10 seconds, the heart rate is determined, and in the interval between 11 and 49 seconds, blood pressure is determined.

With a qualitative assessment of a dynamic functional test, various deviations from the normotonic type of reaction are designated as atypical. These include - asthenic, hypertonic, dystonic, reaction with a stepwise rise in blood pressure and a reaction with a negative phase of the pulse.

Normotonic type of reaction of the cardiovascular system on physical activity is characterized by an increase in heart rate by 30-50%, an increase in maximum blood pressure by 10-35 mm Hg. Art., a decrease in minimum blood pressure by 4-10 mm Hg. Art. The recovery period is 2-3 minutes.

Hypotonic (asthenic) type of reaction

It is characterized by a significant increase in heart rate that is not adequate to the load. Systolic blood pressure increases little or remains unchanged. Diastolic blood pressure rises or does not change. Consequently, the pulse pressure decreases. Thus, an increase in the IOC (minute volume of blood circulation) occurs mainly due to an increase in heart rate. Recovery of heart rate and blood pressure is slow (up to 5-10 minutes). The hypotonic type of reactions is observed in children after diseases, with insufficient physical activity, with vegetative-vascular dystonia, with diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Hypertonic type of reaction characterized by a significant increase in heart rate, a sharp increase in the maximum (up to 180-200 mm Hg) and a moderate increase in the minimum blood pressure. The recovery period is significantly lengthened. Occurs in primary and symptomatic hypertension, overtraining, physical overstrain.

Dystonic type of reaction characterized by an increase in maximum blood pressure up to 160-180 mm Hg. Art., a significant increase in heart rate (more than 50%). The minimum arterial pressure is significantly reduced and often not determined (the phenomenon of "infinite tone").

The recovery period is lengthening. It is observed with instability of vascular tone, autonomic neuroses, overwork, after illnesses.

Response with stepwise rise in maximum arterial pressure characterized by the fact that immediately after exercise, the maximum blood pressure is lower than at the 2nd or 5th minute of recovery. At the same time, there is a pronounced increase in heart rate.

Such a reaction reflects the inferiority of the regulatory mechanisms of blood circulation and is observed after infectious diseases, with fatigue, hypokinesia, and insufficient fitness.

In school-age children, after performing 20 squats at the 2nd minute of recovery, there is sometimes a temporary decrease in heart rate below the initial data ("negative phase" of the pulse) . The appearance of the "negative phase" of the pulse is associated with a violation of the regulation of blood circulation. The duration of this phase should not exceed one minute.

The assessment of the test by changing the pulse and blood pressure is also carried out by calculating the quality index of the response of the cardiovascular system to the load (RCR).

Where: Pa 1 - pulse pressure before the load;

Ra 2 - pulse pressure after exercise;

P 1 - pulse to load for 1 min;

P 2 - pulse after exercise for 1 min.

The normal value of this indicator is 0.5-1.0.

Test with a two-minute run in place at a pace of 180 steps in 1 minute.

The pace of running is set by the metronome. It is necessary to ensure that when performing this load, the angle between the trunk and the thigh is approximately 110 degrees. The procedure is similar to the previous test. It should only be taken into account that the recovery time for pulse and blood pressure is normal with this test - up to 3 minutes, and with a normotonic type of reaction, the pulse and pulse pressure increase from the initial data to 100%.

Kotov-Deshin test with a three-minute run at a pace of 180 steps per minute

It is used in people who train endurance. When evaluating the results of the test, it is assumed that the recovery time is normal up to 5 minutes, and the pulse and pulse pressure increase from the original figures to 120%.

Fifteen-second run at the fastest pace possible

It is used for people who train speed qualities. Recovery time is normally up to 4 minutes. The pulse in this case increases to 150% of the original, and the pulse pressure increases to 120% of the original.

Four-minute run test at a pace of 180 steps per minute

Fifth minute - running at the fastest pace.

This load test is used for well-trained individuals. The recovery period is normally up to 7 minutes.

Rufier's test

The subject, who is in the supine position for 5 minutes, determines the pulse at 15-second intervals (P 1), then within 45 seconds the subject performs 30 squats. After the load, he lies down and his pulse is counted for the first 15 seconds (P 2), and then for the last 15 seconds of the first minute of recovery (P 3).

less than or equal to 3 - excellent functional state of the cardiovascular system;
from 4 to 6 - good functional state of the cardiovascular system;
from 7 to 9 - the average functional state of the cardiovascular system;
from 10 to 14 - a satisfactory functional state of the cardiovascular system;
greater than or equal to 15 - unsatisfactory functional state of the cardiovascular system.

It is carried out similarly to the previous one. Index difference:

His assessment is as follows:

from 0 to 2.9 - good;
from 3 to 5.9 - medium;
from 6 to 7.9 - satisfactory;
8 or more is bad.

Serkin's test - Ionina

Refers to two-stage samples. Designed for athletes training different qualities.

1) Twice 15-second run at the fastest pace with 3-minute rest intervals, during which recovery is assessed.

2) Three-minute run with a frequency of 180 steps in 1 minute, a rest interval of 5 minutes (recovery is recorded).

3) Kettlebell weighing 32 kg. the subject raises to the level of the chin with both hands. The number of lifts is equal to the number of kg of the subject's body weight. One lift takes 1 - 1.5 seconds. Performs two calls with an interval of 5 minutes (recovery is recorded). In the first case, speed qualities are evaluated, in the second - endurance, in the third - strength. The rating "good" is given if the reaction to the sample at the first and second moments is the same.

Letunov's test

A three-moment test is used to assess the adaptation of an athlete's body to speed work and endurance work. Due to its simplicity and informativeness, the test has become widespread in our country and abroad.

During the test, the subject performs sequentially 3 loads:

1st - 20 squats in 30 seconds (warm-up);
2nd load - it is performed 3 minutes after the first and consists of a 15-second run in place at the fastest pace (imitation of high-speed running).

And, finally, after 4 minutes, the subject performs the 3rd load - a three-minute run in place at a pace of 180 steps per 1 minute (simulates endurance work). After the end of each load throughout the rest period, the restoration of heart rate and blood pressure is recorded. The pulse is counted in 10 second intervals. In well-trained athletes, the reaction after each stage of the test is normotonic, and the recovery time after the first stage does not exceed 3 minutes, after the second - 4 minutes, after the third - 5 minutes.

Performed for 5 minutes without rest 4 loads:

1st - 30 squats in 30 seconds,
2nd - 30 seconds run at the fastest pace,
3rd - 3-minute run at a pace of 180 steps per 1 minute,
4th - skipping rope for 1 min.

After the last load, the pulse is recorded in the first (P 1), third (P 2) and fifth (P 3) minutes of recovery. The pulse is counted in 30 seconds.

Grade: more than 105 - excellent,
104-99 - good
98 - 93 - satisfactory,
less than 92 - unsatisfactory.

With other disturbing factors

Strain test

Has an interest in sports where straining is constituent element sports activities(weightlifting, shot put, hammer throw, etc.). The effect of straining on the body can be assessed by measuring heart rate (according to Flack). For dosing the straining force, any manometric systems are used, connection with a mouthpiece into which the subject exhales. The essence of the test is as follows: the athlete takes a deep breath, and then simulates exhalation to maintain the pressure in the pressure gauge equal to 40 mm Hg. Art. He must continue dosed straining to failure.

During this procedure, the pulse is counted at 5-second intervals. The time during which the subject was able to perform the test is also recorded. In untrained people, the increase in heart rate compared to the initial data lasts 15-20 seconds, then it stabilizes. With insufficient quality of regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system and in people with increased reactivity, the heart rate may increase throughout the procedure. A poor reaction, usually observed in patients, consists of an initial increase in heart rate and its subsequent decrease. In well-trained athletes, the reaction to an increase in intrathoracic pressure up to 40 mm Hg. Art. slightly expressed: for every 5 s, the heart rate increases by only 1-2 beats per minute.

If straining is more intense (60-100 mm Hg), then an increase in heart rate is observed throughout the study and reaches 4-5 beats per fifteen-second interval. It is also possible to evaluate the reaction to straining according to the measurement of maximum blood pressure (according to Burger). The duration of straining in this case is 20 s. The manometer holds a pressure of 40-60 mm Hg. Art. (BP is measured at rest). Then they are asked to complete 10 deep breaths for 20 s. After the 10th breath, the athlete exhales into the mouthpiece. Blood pressure is measured immediately after the end of it.

There are 3 types of reaction to the sample:

1st type - maximum blood pressure almost does not change throughout the entire straining;
Type 2 - BP even increases, returning to baseline 20-30 seconds after the termination of the experiment; noted in well-trained athletes;
3rd type ( backlash) - there is a significant drop in blood pressure during straining.

cold test

Most often used for differential diagnosis borderline conditions of the disease itself (hypertension, hypotension). Proposed in 1933. The essence of the test is that when lowering the forearm into cold water(+4°С...+1°С) there is a reflex constriction of arterioles and blood pressure rises, and the more, the greater the excitability of the vasomotor centers. The day before the study, it is necessary to exclude the intake of coffee, alcohol, and all medicines.

Before the study - rest for 15-20 minutes. In a sitting position, blood pressure is measured, after which the right forearm is immersed in water for 60 seconds 2 cm higher wrist joint. On the 60th s, i.e. at the moment the hand is taken out of the water, blood pressure is measured again, since its maximum rise is observed by the end of the first minute. In the recovery period, blood pressure is measured at the end of each minute for 5 minutes, and then every 3 minutes for 15 minutes. The results are evaluated according to the table. 3.

Pharmacological tests

The most commonly used samples with potassium chloride, obzidan, corinfar.

Potassium chloride test

It is mainly used to clarify the cause of the T-wave inversion of the ECG. 1-2 hours after a meal, potassium chloride is given orally (at the rate of 1 g per 10 kg of body weight), dissolved in 100 g of water. ECG is recorded before taking the drug and every 30 minutes after taking it for 2 hours. The most pronounced effect is usually observed after 60-90 minutes. The results of the test are considered positive with complete or partial restoration of the negative T waves. In the absence of such a positive reaction, or even with the deepening of the negative teeth, the results of the test are considered as negative.

Cold test evaluation

Clinical evaluation hypertension	BP increase (mmHg.)	Level rise in blood pressure (mmHg.)
"Hyperreactors"		more often up to 129/89
Patients with GB 1A stage		more often up to 139/99
Patients with GB stage 1B	20 or more	140/90 and above
Regulations	rise in blood pressure	recovery time (min.)
Physiological response
Hypotonic reaction
Secondary reaction (due to the presence of foci of chronic infection, due to overwork)

Obzidan test

It is used when the polarity of the T waves changes, the ST segment is displaced, for the differential diagnosis of functional changes from organic ones. In sports medicine, this test is most often used to clarify the genesis of myocardial dystrophy due to chronic physical overstrain. An ECG is recorded before the test. 40 mg of obzidan is given orally. ECG is recorded 30, 60, 90 minutes after taking the drug. The test is positive with normalization or a tendency to normalize the T wave, negative - with a stable T wave or with its deepening.

Pirogova L.A., Ulashchik V.S.

Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation

Bashkir Institute physical education(branch) UralGUFK

Faculty of Sports and Adaptive Physical Education

Department of Physiology and Sports Medicine

Course work

by discipline adaptation to physical activity of persons with handicapped in a state of health

FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN ADOLESCENTS

Performed by a student of the AFC 303 group

Kharisova Evgenia Radikovna,

specializations " Physical rehabilitation»

Scientific adviser:

cand. biol. Sciences, Associate Professor E.P. Salnikova

Ufa, 2014

INTRODUCTION

1. LITERATURE REVIEW

1 Morphofunctional features of the cardiovascular system

2 Characteristics of the influence of hypodynamia and physical activity on the cardiovascular system

3 Methods for assessing the fitness of the cardiovascular system using tests

OWN RESEARCH

1 Materials and research methods

2 Research results

REFERENCES

APPS

INTRODUCTION

Relevance. Diseases of the cardiovascular system are currently the main cause of death and disability in the population of economically developed countries. Every year the frequency and severity of these diseases are steadily increasing, more and more diseases of the heart and blood vessels occur at a young, creatively active age.

Recently, the state of the cardiovascular system makes you seriously think about your health, your future.

Scientists from the University of Lausanne prepared for the World Health Organization a report on cardiovascular statistics - vascular diseases in 34 countries since 1972. Russia took first place in mortality from these ailments, ahead of the former leader - Romania.

Statistics for Russia looks simply fantastic: out of 100,000 people, only 330 men and 154 women die from myocardial infarction in Russia every year, and 204 men and 151 women die from strokes. Among the total mortality in Russia, cardiovascular diseases account for 57%. There is no other developed country in the world with such a high rate! Every year, 1 million 300 thousand people die from cardiovascular diseases in Russia - the population of a large regional center.

Social and medical measures do not give the expected effect in maintaining people's health. In the improvement of society, medicine went mainly along the path "from illness to health." Social activities are aimed primarily at improving the environment and consumer goods, but not at educating a person.

The most justified way to increase the adaptive capacity of the body, maintain health, prepare the individual for fruitful labor, socially important activities - physical education and sports.

One of the factors influencing this system of the body is motor activity. Identification of the dependence of the health of the human cardiovascular system and physical activity will be the basis for this course work.

The object of research is the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

The subject of the study is the functional state of the cardiovascular system in adolescents.

The aim of the work is to analyze the influence of physical activity on the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

-to study the influence of motor activity on the cardiovascular system;

-to study methods for assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular system;

-to study changes in the state of the cardiovascular system during physical exertion.

CHAPTER 1. THE CONCEPT OF MOTOR ACTIVITY AND ITS ROLE FOR HUMAN HEALTH

1Morphofunctional features of the cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system - a set of hollow organs and vessels that provide the process of blood circulation, constant, rhythmic transportation of oxygen and nutrients in the blood and excretion of metabolic products. The system includes the heart, aorta, arterial and venous vessels.

The heart is the central organ of the cardiovascular system that performs a pumping function. The heart provides us with the energy to move, to speak, to express emotions. The heart beats rhythmically with a frequency of 65-75 beats per minute, on average - 72. At rest for 1 minute. the heart pumps about 6 liters of blood, and in severe physical work this volume reaches 40 liters or more.

The heart is surrounded by a connective tissue membrane - the pericardium. There are two types of valves in the heart: atrioventricular (separating the atria from the ventricles) and semilunar (between the ventricles and large vessels - the aorta and pulmonary artery). The main role of the valvular apparatus is to prevent the backflow of blood into the atrium (see Figure 1).

In the chambers of the heart, two circles of blood circulation originate and end.

The large circle begins with the aorta, which departs from the left ventricle. The aorta passes into arteries, arteries into arterioles, arterioles into capillaries, capillaries into venules, venules into veins. All veins great circle collect their blood in the vena cava: the upper one - from the upper part of the body, the lower one - from the lower one. Both veins drain into the right.

From the right atrium, blood enters the right ventricle, where the pulmonary circulation begins. Blood from the right ventricle enters the pulmonary trunk, which carries blood to the lungs. Pulmonary arteries branch to the capillaries, then the blood is collected in venules, veins and enters the left atrium, where the pulmonary circulation ends. The main role of the large circle is to ensure the metabolism of the body, the main role of the small circle is to saturate the blood with oxygen.

The main physiological functions of the heart are: excitability, the ability to conduct excitation, contractility, automatism.

Cardiac automatism is understood as the ability of the heart to contract under the influence of impulses arising in itself. This function is performed by atypical cardiac tissue which consists of: sinoauricular node, atrioventricular node, Hiss bundle. A feature of the automatism of the heart is that the overlying area of automatism suppresses the automatism of the underlying one. The leading pacemaker is the sinoauricular node.

A cardiac cycle is understood as one complete contraction of the heart. Cardiac cycle It consists of systole (contraction period) and diastole (relaxation period). Atrial systole supplies blood to the ventricles. Then the atria enter the diastole phase, which continues throughout the entire ventricular systole. During diastole, the ventricles fill with blood.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats in one minute.

Arrhythmia - violation of the rhythm of heart contractions, tachycardia - increased heart rate (HR), often occurs with increased influence of sympathetic nervous system, bradycardia - a decrease in heart rate, often occurs with an increase in the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system.

The indicators of cardiac activity include: stroke volume - the amount of blood that is ejected into the vessels with each contraction of the heart.

Minute volume is the amount of blood that the heart pumps into the pulmonary trunk and aorta in a minute. The minute volume of the heart increases with physical activity. With a moderate load, the minute volume of the heart increases both due to an increase in the strength of heart contractions and due to the frequency. With loads of high power only due to an increase in heart rate.

The regulation of cardiac activity is carried out due to neurohumoral influences that change the intensity of heart contractions and adapt its activity to the needs of the body and the conditions of existence. The influence of the nervous system on the activity of the heart is carried out due to the vagus nerve (parasympathetic division of the central nervous system) and due to the sympathetic nerves (sympathetic division of the central nervous system). The endings of these nerves change the automatism of the sinoauricular node, the speed of the conduction of excitation through the conduction system of the heart, and the intensity of heart contractions. Nervus vagus when excited, it reduces heart rate and the strength of heart contractions, reduces the excitability and tone of the heart muscle, and the speed of excitation. Sympathetic nerves, on the contrary, increase heart rate, increase the strength of heart contractions, increase the excitability and tone of the heart muscle, as well as the speed of excitation.

In the vascular system, there are: trunk (large elastic arteries), resistive (small arteries, arterioles, precapillary sphincters and postcapillary sphincters, venules), capillaries (exchange vessels), capacitive vessels (veins and venules), shunt vessels.

Blood pressure (BP) refers to the pressure in the walls blood vessels. The pressure in the arteries fluctuates rhythmically, reaching the most high level during systole and decreases during diastole. This is due to the fact that the blood ejected during systole meets the resistance of the walls of the arteries and the mass of blood filling the arterial system, the pressure in the arteries increases and some stretching of their walls occurs. During diastole, blood pressure decreases and is maintained at a certain level due to the elastic contraction of the walls of the arteries and the resistance of the arterioles, due to which the blood continues to move into the arterioles, capillaries and veins. Therefore, the value of blood pressure is proportional to the amount of blood ejected by the heart into the aorta (i.e. stroke volume) and peripheral resistance. There are systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), pulse and mean blood pressure.

Systolic blood pressure is the pressure caused by the systole of the left ventricle (100 - 120 mm Hg). Diastolic pressure - is determined by the tone of the resistive vessels during the diastole of the heart (60-80 mm Hg). The difference between SBP and DBP is called pulse pressure. Mean BP equals the sum of DBP and 1/3 pulse pressure. Average blood pressure expresses the energy of the continuous movement of blood and is constant for a given organism. An increase in blood pressure is called hypertension. A decrease in blood pressure is called hypotension. Normal systolic pressure ranges from 100-140 mm Hg, diastolic pressure 60-90 mmHg .

Blood pressure in healthy people is subject to significant physiological fluctuations depending on physical activity, emotional stress, body position, meal times, and other factors. The lowest pressure is in the morning, on an empty stomach, at rest, that is, in those conditions in which the main metabolism is determined, therefore this pressure is called the main or basal. A short-term increase in blood pressure can be observed with great physical exertion, especially in untrained individuals, with mental arousal, drinking alcohol, strong tea, coffee, with excessive smoking and severe pain.

The pulse is called the rhythmic oscillations of the wall of the arteries, due to the contraction of the heart, the release of blood into the arterial system and the change in pressure in it during systole and diastole.

The following properties of the pulse are determined: rhythm, frequency, tension, filling, size and shape. At healthy person contractions of the heart and pulse wave follow each other at regular intervals, i.e. the pulse is rhythmic. IN normal conditions the pulse rate corresponds to the heart rate and is equal to 60-80 beats per minute. The pulse rate is counted for 1 min. In the supine position, the pulse is on average 10 beats less than standing. In physically developed people, the pulse rate is below 60 beats / min, and in trained athletes up to 40-50 beats / min, which indicates an economical work of the heart.

The pulse of a healthy person at rest is rhythmic, without interruptions, good filling and tension. Such a pulse is considered rhythmic when the number of beats in 10 seconds is noted from the previous count for the same period of time by no more than one beat. For counting, use a stopwatch or an ordinary watch with a second hand. To obtain comparable data, you must always measure the pulse in the same position (lying, sitting or standing). For example, in the morning, measure the pulse immediately after sleeping while lying down. Before and after classes - sitting. When determining the value of the pulse, it should be remembered that the cardiovascular system is very sensitive to various influences (emotional, physical stress, etc.). That is why the most calm pulse is recorded in the morning, immediately after waking up, in a horizontal position.

1.2 Characteristics of the influence of physical inactivity and physical activity on the cardiovascular system

Movement - natural need human body. Excess or lack of movement is the cause of many diseases. It forms the structure and functions human body. Physical activity Regular exercise and sports are essential for a healthy lifestyle.

IN real life the average citizen does not lie motionless, fixed on the floor: he goes to the store, to work, sometimes even runs after the bus. That is, in his life there is a certain level of physical activity. But it is clearly not enough for the normal functioning of the body. There is a significant debt volume of muscle activity.

Over time, our average citizen begins to notice that something is wrong with his health: shortness of breath, tingling in different places, periodic pain, weakness, lethargy, irritability and so on. And the further - the worse.

Consider how the lack of physical activity affects the cardiovascular system.

IN normal condition the main part of the load on the cardiovascular system is the provision of return venous blood from the lower body to the heart. This is facilitated by:

.suction action of the chest due to the creation of negative pressure in it during inhalation;

.vein device.

With a chronic lack of muscle work with the cardiovascular system, the following occur: pathological changes:

-the effectiveness of the “muscle pump” decreases - as a result of insufficient strength and activity of the skeletal muscles;

-the effectiveness of the "respiratory pump" to ensure venous return is significantly reduced;

-cardiac output decreases (due to a decrease in systolic volume - a weak myocardium can no longer push out as much blood as before);

-the reserve of increase in the stroke volume of the heart is limited when performing physical activity;

-heart rate increases. This happens because the action cardiac output and other factors to ensure venous return has decreased, but the body needs to maintain a vital level of blood circulation;

-despite the increase in heart rate, the time for a complete blood circulation increases;

-as a result of an increase in heart rate, the autonomic balance shifts towards increased activity sympathetic nervous system;

-vegetative reflexes from the baroreceptors of the carotid arch and aorta are weakened, which leads to a breakdown in the adequate informativeness of the mechanisms for regulating the proper level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood;

-hemodynamic provision (the required intensity of blood circulation) lags behind the growth of energy demands in the process of physical activity, which leads to an earlier inclusion of anaerobic energy sources, a decrease in the threshold of anaerobic metabolism;

-the amount of circulating blood decreases, i.e., a larger volume of it is deposited (stored in the internal organs);

-the muscular layer of the vessels atrophies, their elasticity decreases;

-myocardial nutrition worsens (ischemic heart disease looms ahead - every tenth dies from it);

-the myocardium atrophies (and why do we need a strong heart muscle if high-intensity work is not required?).

The cardiovascular system is detrained. Its adaptability is reduced. Increases the likelihood of cardiovascular disease.

A decrease in vascular tone as a result of the above reasons, as well as smoking and an increase in cholesterol, leads to arteriosclerosis (hardening of blood vessels), the vessels of the elastic type are most susceptible to it - the aorta, coronary, renal and cerebral arteries. The vascular reactivity of hardened arteries (their ability to contract and expand in response to signals from the hypothalamus) is reduced. Atherosclerotic plaques form on the walls of blood vessels. Increased peripheral vascular resistance. Fibrosis, hyaline degeneration develops in small vessels, which leads to insufficient blood supply to the main organs, especially the myocardium of the heart.

Increased peripheral vascular resistance, as well as a vegetative shift towards sympathetic activity, becomes one of the causes of hypertension (an increase in pressure, mainly arterial). Due to the decrease in the elasticity of the vessels and their expansion, the lower pressure decreases, which causes an increase in pulse pressure (the difference between the lower and upper pressures), which eventually leads to an overload of the heart.

hardened arterial vessels become less elastic and more fragile, and begin to collapse, thrombi (blood clots) form at the site of ruptures. This leads to thromboembolism - the separation of the clot and its movement in the blood stream. Stopping somewhere in the arterial tree, it often causes serious complications that hinders the flow of blood. This often causes sudden death if a blood clot clogs a vessel in the lungs (pneumoembolism) or in the brain (cerebral vascular incident).

Heart attack, heart pain, spasms, arrhythmia and a number of other cardiac pathologies arise due to one mechanism - coronary vasospasm. At the time of attack and pain, the cause is potentially reversible nerve spasm coronary artery, which is based on atherosclerosis and ischemia (insufficient oxygen supply) of the myocardium.

It has long been established that people engaged in systematic physical labor and physical education have wider heart vessels. Coronary blood flow in them, if necessary, can be increased to a much greater extent than in physically inactive people. But, most importantly, thanks to the economical work of the heart, trained people expend less blood for the same work for the work of the heart than untrained people.

Under the influence of systematic training, the body develops the ability to very economically and adequately redistribute blood to various organs. Recall the unified energy system of our country. Every minute, the central control panel receives information about the need for electricity in various zones of the country. Computers instantly process incoming information and suggest a solution: increase the amount of energy in one area, leave it at the same level in another, reduce it in a third. The same is true in the body. With increasing muscle work, the bulk blood is coming to the muscles of the body and to the muscle of the heart. Muscles that do not take part in work during exercise receive much less blood than they received at rest. It also reduces blood flow in the internal organs (kidneys, liver, intestines). Decreased blood flow in the skin. The blood flow does not change only in the brain.

What happens to the cardiovascular system under the influence of long-term physical education? In trained people, myocardial contractility improves significantly, central and peripheral blood circulation increases, efficiency increases, heart rate decreases not only at rest, but also at any load, up to maximum (this condition is called training bradycardia), systolic, or shock, blood volume. Due to the increase in stroke volume, the cardiovascular system of a trained person is much easier than an untrained person to cope with increasing physical exertion, fully providing blood to all the muscles of the body that take part in the load with great tension. A trained person's heart weighs more than an untrained one. The volume of the heart in people engaged in physical labor is also much larger than the volume of the heart of an untrained person. The difference can reach several hundred cubic millimeters (see Figure 2).

As a result of an increase in stroke volume in trained people, the minute volume of blood also increases relatively easily, which is possible due to myocardial hypertrophy caused by systematic training. Sports hypertrophy of the heart is an extremely favorable factor. This increases not only the number muscle fibers, but also the cross section and mass of each fiber, as well as the volume of the cell nucleus. With hypertrophy, the metabolism in the myocardium improves. With systematic training, the absolute number of capillaries per unit surface of skeletal muscles and heart muscles increases.

Thus, systematic physical training has an extremely beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system of a person and, in general, on his entire body. The effects of physical activity on the cardiovascular system are shown in Table 3.

1.3 Methods for assessing cardiovascular fitness using tests

To assess fitness important information about the regulation of the cardiovascular system give the following samples:

orthostatic test.

Count the pulse for 1 minute in bed after sleep, then slowly get up and after 1 minute while standing, count the pulse again. Going them horizontal position vertical, accompanied by a change in hydrostatic conditions. Venous return decreases - as a result, the output of blood from the heart decreases. In this regard, the value of the minute volume of blood at this time is supported by an increase in the heart rate. If the difference in pulse beats is not more than 12, then the load is adequate to your capabilities. An increase in the pulse with this sample up to 18 is considered as a satisfactory reaction.

Squat test.

squats in 30 seconds, recovery time - 3 minutes. Squats are deep from the main stance, raising the arms forward, keeping the torso straight and spreading the knees wide. When analyzing the results obtained, it is necessary to focus on the fact that when normal reaction cardio - vascular system (CVS) on the load of increased heart rate will be (for 20 squats) + 60-80% of the original. Systolic pressure will increase by 10-20 mmHg. (15-30%), diastolic pressure drops to 4-10 mm Hg. or remain normal.

Recovery of the pulse should come to the original within two minutes, blood pressure (syst. and diast.) by the end of 3 minutes. This test makes it possible to judge the fitness of the body and get an idea of the functional ability of the circulatory system as a whole and its individual links (heart, blood vessels, regulating the nervous apparatus).

CHAPTER 2. OWN RESEARCH

1 Materials and research methods

The activity of the heart is strictly rhythmic. To determine the heart rate, place your hand in the region of the upper part of the heart (5th intercostal space on the left), and you will feel its tremors following at regular intervals. There are several methods for recording the pulse. The simplest of them is palpation, which consists in probing and counting pulse waves. At rest, the pulse can be counted in 10, 15, 30, and 60 second intervals. After exercise, count your pulse in 10-second intervals. This will allow you to set the moment of recovery of the pulse to its original value and to fix the presence of arrhythmia, if any.

As a result of systematic physical exercises, the heart rate decreases. After 6-7 months of training sessions, the pulse decreases by 3-4 bpm, and after a year of training - by 5-8 bpm.

In a state of overwork, the pulse can be either rapid or slow. In this case, arrhythmia often occurs, i.e. shocks are felt at irregular intervals. We will determine the individual training pulse (ITP) and evaluate the activity of the cardiovascular system of 9th grade students.

To do this, we use the Kervonen formula.

from the number 220 you need to subtract your age in years

from the received figure, subtract the number of beats of your pulse per minute at rest

multiply the resulting figure by 0.6 and add to it the value of the pulse at rest

To determine the maximum possible load on the heart, add 12 to the training pulse value. To determine the minimum load, subtract 12 from the ITP value.

Let's do some research in 9th grade. The study involved 11 people, students of the 9th grade. All measurements were taken before the start of classes in the school gym. The children were offered to rest in a lying position on mats for 5 minutes. After that, by palpation on the wrist, the pulse was calculated for 30 seconds. The result obtained was multiplied by 2. After that, according to the Kervonen formula, an individual training pulse - ITP was calculated.

In order to trace the difference in heart rate between the results of trained and untrained students, the class was divided into 3 groups:

.actively involved in sports;

.actively involved in physical education;

.students with deviations in health related to the preparatory health group.

We used the method of questioning and the data of medical indications placed in the class journal on the health sheet. It turned out that 3 people are actively involved in sports, 6 people are engaged only in physical education, 2 people have health deviations and contraindications in performing some physical exercises (preparatory group).

1 Research results

Data with the results of the pulse are presented in tables 1.2 and figure 1, taking into account the physical activity of students.

Table 1 Summary table data heart rate V peace, AND SO ON, estimates performance

Surname of the student Heart rate at rest 9. Khalitova A.8415610. Kurnosov A.7615111. Gerasimova D.80154

Table 2. Pulse readings of 9th grade students by groups

HR at rest in trained HR at rest in students engaged in Physical EducationHR at rest in students with low physical activity or with health problems. 6 pers. - 60 bpm 3 people - 65-70 bpm 2 people - 70-80 bpm. Norm - 60-65 bpm. Norm - 65-72 bpm. Norm - 65-75 bpm.

Rice. 1. Heart rate indicator at rest, ITP (individual training pulse) of 9th grade students

This chart shows that trained students have a much lower resting heart rate than untrained peers. Therefore, the ITP is also lower.

From the test, we see that with little physical activity, the performance of the heart deteriorates. Already by heart rate at rest, we can judge the functional state of the heart, because. the faster the resting heart rate, the higher the individual training heart rate and the longer the recovery period after exercise. The heart adapted to physical loads in conditions of relative physiological rest has moderate bradycardia and work more economically.

The data obtained in the course of the study confirm the fact that only with high physical activity can we speak of a good assessment of the working capacity of the heart.

cardiac vascular hypodynamia pulse

1. Under the influence of physical activity in trained people, myocardial contractility improves significantly, central and peripheral blood circulation increases, efficiency increases, heart rate decreases not only at rest, but also at any load, up to maximum (this state is called training bradycardia), increased systolic, or shock, blood volume. Due to the increase in stroke volume, the cardiovascular system of a trained person is much easier than an untrained person to cope with increasing physical exertion, fully providing blood to all the muscles of the body that take part in the load with great tension.

.Methods for assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular system include:

-orthostatic test;

-squat test;

-Kervonen method and others.

As a result of the studies, it was found that in trained adolescents, the pulse and ITP at rest are lower, that is, they work more economically than among untrained peers.

REFERENCES

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APPS

Annex 1

Figure 2 Structure of the heart

Vascular network of the heart of an untrained person Vascular network of the heart of an athlete Figure 3 Vascular network

Appendix 2

Table 3. Differences in the state of the cardiovascular system of trained and untrained people

Indicators Trained Untrained Anatomical parameters: weight of the heart heart volume capillaries and circumferential vessels of the heart 350-500g 900-1400ml large amount250-300g 600-800ml small amountPhysiological parameters: pulse rate at rest stroke volume blood minute volume at rest systolic blood pressure coronary blood flow at rest myocardial oxygen consumption at rest coronary reserve maximum minute blood volume less than 60 bpm 100 ml more than 5 l/min up to 120-130 mmHg 250 ml/min 30 ml/min high 30-35 l/min 70-90 bpm 50-70 ml 3-5 l/min Up to 140-160 mmHg 250 ml/min 30 ml/min Small 20 l/min Vessel condition: vascular elasticity in the elderly Presence of capillaries on the periphery Elastic Large amount Lose elasticity Small amount Susceptibility to diseases: Atherosclerosis Myocardial infarction Hypertension Weak Weak Weak Severe Severe Severe

Modern diagnostics of the cardiovascular system relies on instrumental and laboratory methods research.

Thanks to objective data, the doctor accurately establishes the diagnosis. Determines if an operation is needed. Prescribes treatment with long-term results.

Instrumental diagnostic methods

The cardiovascular system is responsible for the blood supply to all human organs. The heart is a pump that transports food to the body. In case of violation of the work of this organ, acute and chronic vascular pathology develops.

Important! Patients who turn to the doctor on time undergo an examination that allows them to avoid heart attacks and strokes.

After collecting an anamnesis and examining the patient, they are sent for blood tests. At the same time, the necessary functional research methods are carried out. The scope of the measures taken depends on the clinical picture and the proposed diagnosis.

Electrocardiogram

If a heart disease is suspected, the patient must be given a cardiogram. The technique reveals violations of the rhythm and heart rate. The doctor determines the type of arrhythmia, without which it is impossible to prescribe the right drugs. The tape also displays malnutrition of the heart muscle - hypoxia of the myocardium.

According to the ECG (electrocardiogram), the doctor diagnoses a heart attack, which allows you to immediately prescribe treatment, saving a person's life. An ECG indicates a decrease in potassium in the body. Hypokalemia is a common cause of arrhythmias. According to ECG deviations, hypertension is recognized.

Echocardiogram

Ultrasound examination reveals the pathology of the pumping function of the heart. Echocardiography or ultrasound allows you to see the structure of muscle tissue - wall thickness, cavity size, valve changes. In other words, it determines the contractility of the myocardium.

Thanks to the study, the doctor detects an aortic aneurysm, a tumor, hypertension, and heart defects. The method allows you to determine the zone of infarction, thrombosis.

The examination makes it possible to observe the function of the heart for several days - up to 3 days. The method is used to detect paroxysms of tachycardia, arrhythmia. ECG captures episodes of ischemia during sleep and wakefulness.

The essence of Holter monitoring is a constant recording of heart impulses at night and daytime. During the study, the sensors are attached to the chest. The device is worn on a strap attached to the belt or shoulder. Throughout the study, the patient keeps a diary of actions, records the time of onset of pain. The doctor compares the changes on the ECG with the state of the person - rest or physical activity. Attention! With the help of Holter monitoring, the doctor can catch changes that cannot be detected on an ECG taken at rest, when the patient was not in pain.

Treadmill test

The "bicycle" technique gives an idea of the work of the heart during physical activity. While the patient is pedaling or walking on a treadmill, the device takes a cardiogram and records blood pressure. As a result, the method determines the performance of the heart. The main purpose of the treadmill test is to distinguish angina pectoris from heart pain of another origin.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

The state of the cardiovascular system is determined by the level of blood pressure throughout the day. Objective data cannot be obtained in one measurement at the doctor's office and at home. Some people develop hypertension at rest, others after exercise or excitement. to install correct diagnosis, it is necessary to know the level of pressure in different time days under load and at rest.

Before the study, a cuff connected to a pressure gauge is put on the forearm. The device records pressure and heart rate throughout the day every half an hour, saving information during internal memory. Analysis of the results helps the doctor determine the cause of hypertension.

Coronary angiography

Interesting! The radiopaque method is the most precise research coronary arteries. In the diagnosis of coronary heart disease, angiography occupies a leading position. The method determines the localization of a thrombus, an atherosclerotic plaque. Allows you to see the localization and degree of narrowing of the branches of blood vessels.

After the femoral artery is punctured, a long probe is inserted through the catheter. Through it, a contrast agent enters the vessel. With the blood flow it spreads to all branches. Absorbing x-rays, the contrast creates a picture of blood vessels on the monitor screen that the doctor sees. Coronary angiography determines the need for surgery. Allows you to plan the tactics of further treatment.

dopplerography

By using ultrasound diagnostics(ultrasound) examine not only the myocardium and valves, but also the vessels of the heart. One of the modes, color Doppler, allows you to see the movement of blood in the coronary arteries and inside the heart.

Using duplex scanning, the doctor determines the rate of blood flow in the ventricular cavity. With the pathology of the valves, regurgitation is visible on the screen - the reverse flow of blood. Dopplerography reveals diseases of large and narrow vessels, detects the slightest changes in heart valves.

Note! To conduct such a study, multifunctional high-class equipment, enhanced by the Doppler effect, is used. The advantage of dopplerography is the absence of the harmful effects of x-rays.

Aortography

A modern accurate method for studying the human vascular system is aortography. A comprehensive study of the aorta on an X-ray machine is carried out after filling with a contrast agent. Methods differ depending on the type of procedure:

Aortography of the heart is used for circulatory disorders, anomalies and tumors.
Thoracic aortography. In this way, its branches, diseases of the lungs, mediastinum are diagnosed.
Abdominal aortography is used to examine the liver, Bladder, intestines, uterus, spleen.
Renal aortography is used to diagnose cysts, pyelonephritis, and cancer.

Indications for research:

stenosis of the aortic mouth;
aneurysm;
mediastinal tumor;
clinical symptoms of vasoconstriction of various organs.

The procedure is carried out on an empty stomach. The night before, the patient cleanses the intestines with an enema. Before the session, doctors check if there is an allergy to the contrast agent. Then do local anesthesia.

Research methodology

During the procedure, a puncture is made on the passable femoral, radial or axillary artery. A conductor is inserted inside it, through which a catheter is inserted. After the guidewire is removed, the catheter is advanced into the aorta under the control of X-ray television. Upon reaching the vessel, a contrast agent is injected - diodeon, cardiotrast, hypak. Immediately after this, a series of pictures are taken, which are stored in the internal memory of the computer. Information can be transferred to flash drives.

During the session, the person feels warm. Some patients feel discomfort or nausea. After the procedure, a sterile dressing is applied to the puncture site.

What tests are done for pathology of the heart and blood vessels

At the stage of diagnosing diseases, it is necessary to conduct a study of blood and urine. In terms of information content, laboratory tests are superior to echocardiography, and are inferior only to magnetic resonance imaging.

In the cardiology department, all incoming patients undergo a general urinalysis and a blood test with leukocyte formula. They study for a preliminary assessment of the patient's condition. To establish the final diagnosis, special laboratory tests are carried out:

determination of blood serum enzymes;
biochemical analysis of urine;
acid-base state;
coagulogram - blood coagulation system;
cholesterol research.

Serum enzymes

The analysis for enzymes consists of several indicators:

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is a substance that accelerates the process of converting ATP. In healthy women, its level is less than 145 U / l, in men - no more than 171 U / l. With a heart attack, CPK rises after 4 hours.
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is involved in the metabolism of myocardial amino acids. With a heart attack, AST rises earlier than the characteristic curve on the cardiogram. Normally, the indicator in men is not more than 37 mmol / l, in women - 31 mmol / l.
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) is involved in the conversion of glucose. Normally, the level of the enzyme does not exceed 247 U / l. A persistent increase in LDH means the development of myocardial infarction. The indicator begins to grow 8 hours after thrombosis of the coronary arteries.

Important! A blood test for enzymes is a marker cardiovascular disease. The tests are sensitive for infarction or prolonged myocardial ischemia. Therefore, if acute coronary pathology serum analysis for enzymes is always determined.

Blood is taken from a vein during the first hours after the onset of pain in the region of the heart. With angina pectoris or a heart attack, the level of enzymes is the basis for emergency measures.

Coagulogram

The analysis is done to determine the viscosity of the blood. With an increase in the indicator, the risk of heart attack and stroke increases. Complicated course of hypertension. A standard analysis consists of several indicators. Decryption is carried out by a specialist who analyzes all the information in the complex.

lipid metabolism

Diagnosis of atherosclerosis includes the study of lipid metabolism. Blood for cholesterol, triglycerides is checked for coronary heart disease, obesity, myocardial infarction. In overweight people, with menopause, the risk of developing early vascular sclerosis increases. high cholesterol also found in hypertensive patients and people suffering from arrhythmia. Therefore, these individuals must determine lipid metabolism.

Cholesterol enters the body with food, but some is formed in the liver. An increase in the level warns of the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Normally, the average level of total cholesterol varies between 3.2 and 5.6 mmol / l. In old age, it rises to 7.1.

Interesting! In the United States, where people are addicted to hypocholesterol diets, the number of cases of Alzheimer's disease has increased. Studies have shown that it was the lowering of cholesterol that caused this disease in older people.

The level of HDL - "good" and LDL - "bad" cholesterol is examined at the stage of diagnosing the cardiovascular system. Three glycerides also form part of lipid metabolism. The normal content in the blood plasma is from 0.41 to 1.8 mmol / l.

With coronary heart disease and chronic heart failure, protein is determined in the urine. In addition, the analysis reveals hyaline casts. With concomitant diabetes there is a smell of acetone of the emitted liquid.

In diseases of the heart and blood vessels at the first stage apply available methods research - electrocardiogram and ultrasound. Laboratory tests are necessary at the stage of establishing a diagnosis and monitoring treatment. Contrast angiography plays a decisive role in the prognosis of the disease. This method indicates whether an operation is needed, determines the amount of therapeutic measures.

Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation

Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture (branch) UralGUFK

Faculty of Sports and Adaptive Physical Education

Department of Physiology and Sports Medicine

Course work

by discipline adaptation to physical activity of persons with disabilities in health status

FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN ADOLESCENTS

Performed by a student of the AFC 303 group

Kharisova Evgenia Radikovna,

specialization "Physical rehabilitation"

Scientific adviser:

cand. biol. Sciences, Associate Professor E.P. Salnikova

INTRODUCTION

1. LITERATURE REVIEW

1 Morphofunctional features of the cardiovascular system

2 Characteristics of the influence of hypodynamia and physical activity on the cardiovascular system

3 Methods for assessing the fitness of the cardiovascular system using tests

OWN RESEARCH

2 Research results

REFERENCES

APPS

INTRODUCTION

Recently, the state of the cardiovascular system makes you seriously think about your health, your future.

Scientists from the University of Lausanne have prepared for the World Health Organization a report on the statistics of cardiovascular disease in 34 countries since 1972. Russia took first place in mortality from these ailments, ahead of the former leader - Romania.