How to increase immunity and body resistance using folk remedies. What is resistance and why is it dangerous?

During the treatment process, many are faced with the problem of body resistance to antibiotics. For many, such a medical conclusion becomes a real problem in treatment. various kinds diseases.

What is resistance?

Resistance is the resistance of microorganisms to the action of antibiotics. In the human body, in the totality of all microorganisms, there are individuals resistant to the action of antibiotics, but their number is minimal. When the antibiotic begins to act, the entire cell population dies (bactericidal effect) or stops developing altogether (bacteriostatic effect). Antibiotic-resistant cells remain and begin to actively multiply. This predisposition is inherited.

The human body develops a certain sensitivity to the action of a certain kind of antibiotics, and in some cases, a complete replacement of links metabolic processes, which makes it possible for microorganisms not to react to the action of the antibiotic.

Also, in some cases, microorganisms themselves may begin to produce substances that neutralize the effect of the substance. This process is called enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics.

Those microorganisms that are resistant to a particular type of antibiotic may, in turn, be resistant to similar classes of substances with similar mechanisms of action.

Is resistance really that dangerous?

Is resistance good or bad? The problem of resistance in this moment acquires the effect of the “post-antibiotic era”. If previously the problem of antibiotic resistance or non-acceptance was solved by creating more strong substance, then at the moment this possibility no longer exists. Resistance is an issue that needs to be taken seriously.

The most main danger resistance is the untimely entry of antibiotics into the body. The body simply cannot immediately respond to its action and is left without proper antibiotic therapy.

The main danger levels include:

• disturbing factors;
• global problems.

In the first case, there is a high probability of the problem of developing resistance due to the prescription of groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins, macrolides, and quinolones. These are fairly strong broad-spectrum antibiotics that are prescribed for the treatment of dangerous and complex diseases.

The second type - global problems - represents everything negative sides resistance, including:

1. Extended hospitalization periods.
2. Large financial costs for treatment.
3. A large percentage of mortality and morbidity in humans.

Such problems are especially pronounced when traveling to Mediterranean countries, but mainly depend on the type of microorganisms that can come under the influence of the antibiotic.

Antibiotic resistance

The main factors leading to the development of antibiotic resistance include:

• drinking water of poor quality;
• unsanitary conditions;
• uncontrolled use of antibiotics, as well as their use on livestock farms for the treatment of animals and the growth of young animals.

Among the main approaches to solving problems in combating infections due to antibiotic resistance, scientists have come to:

1. Development of new types of antibiotics.
2. Change and modification of chemical structures.
3. New developments of drugs that will be aimed at cellular functions.
4. Inhibition of virulence determinants.

How to reduce the possibility of developing antibiotic resistance?

The main condition is the maximum elimination of the selective effect of antibiotics on the bacteriological course.

To overcome antibiotic resistance, certain conditions must be met:

1. Prescribe antibiotics only for a clear clinical picture.
2. The use of simple antibiotics in treatment.
3. Application short courses antibiotic therapy.
4. Taking microbiological samples to determine the effectiveness of a specific group of antibiotics.

Nonspecific resistance

This term is commonly understood as the so-called innate immunity. This is a whole complex of factors that determine susceptibility or immunity to the action of a particular drug on the body, as well as antimicrobial systems that do not depend on prior contact with the antigen.

Such systems include:

• Phagocyte system.
• Skin and mucous membranes of the body.
• Natural eosinophils and killer cells (extracellular destroyers).
• Compliment systems.
• Humoral factors in the acute phase.

Factors of nonspecific resistance

What is a resistance factor? The main factors are not specific resistance include:

• All anatomical barriers ( skin, ciliated epitile).
• Physiological barriers (Ph, temperature, soluble factors - interferon, lysozyme, complement).
• Cell barriers (direct lysis of foreign cells, endocytosis).
• Inflammatory processes.

Main properties of nonspecific protective factors:

1. A system of factors that precedes the encounter with an antibiotic.
2. No strict specific reaction, since the antigen is not recognized.
3. There is no memory of a foreign antigen upon secondary contact.
4. Effectiveness continues in the first 3-4 days until adaptive immunity comes into play.
5. Rapid response to antigen exposure.
6. Formation of fast inflammatory process and immune response to antigen.

Summing up

This means resistance is not very good. The problem of resistance currently occupies a fairly serious place among antibiotic treatment methods. In the process of prescribing a certain type of antibiotics, a doctor must carry out the entire range of laboratory and ultrasound examinations to set an accurate clinical picture. Only after receiving this data can you proceed to prescribing antibiotic therapy. Many experts recommend prescribing mild groups of antibiotics for treatment first, and if they are ineffective, moving on to more wide range antibiotics. This step-by-step approach will help avoid possible development problems such as body resistance. It is also not recommended to self-medicate and uncontrolled use of medications in the treatment of people and animals.

Resistance is resistance to something. Moreover, such a property can be both quite useful and lead to disruption of the functioning of the entire human body. It is for this reason that it is necessary to explain what exactly there is resistance to. This is very important, since resistance to the effects of bacteria and the influence of one’s own hormones naturally affects one’s health differently.

Resistance to certain microbes

This type of stability seems to be very useful. At the same time, a person does not always have full resistance. This is due to the fact that when the body’s defenses decrease, the ability to suppress the growth and development of not only harmful, but also opportunistic microflora decreases. As a result, one or another disease occurs. A clear example may be tuberculosis. Humans have relative resistance to it. This causes the absence of clinical manifestations and the non-development of the corresponding disease in conditions when the body’s immunity is sufficiently strong. high level. At the same time, it is not always capable of completely destroying mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a result, if he remains alive, he gets excellent opportunities for growth and reproduction when he begins to decline. Ultimately, if immunity continues to be at a low level for long enough, the development of full-fledged tuberculosis is quite possible.

Antibiotic resistance - a modern problem

It is worth noting that not only humans are resistant to certain foreign substances. Microorganisms also often have good resistance. At the same time, it is formed in them by The fact is that during the treatment of infectious diseases, not all pathogens often die. Especially for those cases when a person was treated with antibiotics not for 5-7 days, as prescribed by the doctor, but for only 2-3 days. Until the moment when they disappeared during treatment clinical manifestations. Undoubtedly, such a person will most likely recover, but the surviving microorganisms may become resistant to the antibiotics with which they were treated. So resistance is not always beneficial for the body. In some cases, this is a factor that must be taken into account when treating patients.

This property allows red blood cells to survive under changing conditions. chemical composition blood. The fact is that normal level NaCl content in blood plasma - 0.9%. The level of change in erythrocyte resistance can often serve as a diagnostic sign certain pathological processes occurring in the body. With its help, it is possible to establish the presence of certain diseases.

As you can see, resistance is a very, very versatile term. It can often mean concepts that both bring great benefit, and are harmful to human health.

The term is more often used in relation to microorganisms (the emergence of mechanisms of immunity to antimicrobial medicines, to antibiotics); or plants (to diseases).

In relation to humans and animals, the term immunity is more often used.
The body's resistance is not a constant value, but depends on environmental conditions, weakening with severe hypothermia, malnutrition, and physical fatigue. Mammals that hibernate show high resistance to infections and toxins during hibernation; yes, even so acute infection, like a plague, takes a latent form in hibernating gophers and marmots.

VV microbiology

This term is often referred to as antibiotic resistance.
Resistance in microorganisms - complete or partial insensitivity to antimicrobials, in particular antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, etc. Can be achieved due to the biosynthesis of enzymes by the microorganism that inactivate medicinal product, or such a change in the structure of the compounds attacked by the antibiotic, in which the microorganism could continue to live in the presence of the antimicrobial drug.

An example of the first method is the synthesis by bacteria of beta-lactamases, which degrade antibiotics of the penicillin family and other beta-lactam antibiotics.

The second way is to protect against methicillin-resistant drugs. Staphylococcus aureus, the most dangerous nosocomial infection. In this staphylococcus, the structure of the PBP2a protein, to which antibiotics bind, changes penicillin series. Staphylococcus with an altered protein structure becomes β-lactam-resistant, i.e. resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics.

Resistance is closely related to the reactivity of the body, representing one of its main consequences and expressions. There are nonspecific and specific resistance. Under nonspecific resistance understand the body’s ability to withstand the effects of factors that are diverse in nature. Specific resistance characterizes high degree the body's resistance to the effects of certain factors or their close groups.

The resistance of an organism can be determined by relatively stable properties various organs, fabrics and physiological systems, incl. not related to active reactions to this impact. These include, for example, barrier physicochemical characteristics skin, preventing the penetration of microorganisms through it.

Subcutaneous tissue has high thermal insulation properties, bone is highly resistant to mechanical loads, etc. Such mechanisms of resistance include such properties as the absence of receptors with affinity for a pathogenic agent (for example, a toxin) or the underdevelopment of the mechanisms necessary for the implementation of the corresponding pathological process(for example, allergic reactions).

In other cases of formation of R.o. active protective-adaptive reactions aimed at maintaining homeostasis under potentially harmful effects environmental factors or unfavorable changes in the internal environment of the body. The effectiveness of such reactions and, consequently, the degree of resistance to various factors depends on congenital and acquired individual characteristics body.

Thus, some individuals have high (or, conversely, low) resistance to various infectious diseases, cooling, overheating, exposure to certain chemical substances, poisons, toxins.

Significant fluctuations in individual resistance may be associated with the characteristics of the body's reactivity during its interaction with a damaging agent. Resistance can decrease with a deficiency, excess or qualitative inadequacy of biologically significant factors (nutrition, motor activity, labor activity, information load and stressful situations, various intoxications, environmental factors and etc.). The organism has the greatest resistance in optimal biological and social conditions of existence.

Resistance changes during ontogenesis, and its age-related dynamics in relation to various influences are not the same, but in general it turns out to be highest in adulthood and decreases as the body ages. Some features of resistance are associated with gender.

A significant increase in both nonspecific and specific resistance can be achieved through adaptation to various influences: physical activity, cold, hypoxia, psychogenic factors, etc. At the same time, adaptation and high resistance to any influence may be accompanied by an increase in resistance to other factors. Sometimes opposite relationships can arise, when an increase in resistance to one category of influences is accompanied by a decrease in it to others.

A special place is occupied by the highly specific mobilization of the protective and adaptive properties of the body when exposed to immune system. In general, the implementation of the mechanisms of R.o. is ensured, as a rule, not by any one organ or system, but by the interaction of a complex of various organs and physiological systems, including all links of regulatory processes.

Condition and features of R. o. can be determined to a certain extent by the method functional tests and loads used, in particular, in professional selection and medical practice.
(Sirotinin I.N. Evolution of resistance and reactivity of the body)

With the onset of cold weather, our body needs protection more than ever, and not only our health and well-being, but also our beauty depends on this. So that our skin for a long time remained young, beautiful and fit, it is necessary not only to make masks for the skin, but also to strengthen the body as a whole. In many ways, our beauty depends on the condition of the whole body and its organs; in winter we most often get sick and this makes us look tired, exhausted, the skin dulls and becomes flabby. It is especially important to pay attention to the question of how to increase a child’s immunity and increase his body’s resistance to various diseases.To increase the body's resistance to external environment and diseases, as well as increase immunity, the following traditional medicine recipes will suit you.

20 recipes to increase immunity and body resistance

1. Fill liter jar dry wormwood herb, add vodka, leave in a dark place for 3 weeks. Take 1 drop of tincture in the morning on an empty stomach, dissolving it in 1 tsp. water for 3 weeks.

2 . Grind and mix rose hips and wild strawberries in equal proportions. 1 tsp pour 250 ml of boiling water over the mixture and heat in a water bath for 15 minutes. Cool, strain, squeeze. Bring it on boiled water amount of infusion to the original volume. Take 100 ml 2 times a day.

3. 1 tbsp. common chicory pour 250 ml of milk. Drink during the day in 3 doses.

4. 1-2 tbsp. l. wild strawberries pour 500 ml of boiling water. Take 1 tbsp. 3-4 times a day. This infusion can also be used by children to increase immunity during epidemics.

5. Drink tea with rose hips. Pour rose hips into a thermos and pour boiling water over them. Leave for several hours and drink instead of tea. Tea can also be given to children from 2 years old.

6. Pour 300 g of garlic into 1 liter of alcohol and leave for 3 weeks. Take 1 tsp. 3 times a day, washed down with a small amount of milk.

7. 1 tsp blueberries pour 200 ml of boiling water. Take 2 tbsp. 3 times a day.

8. Eat parsley all year round.

9 . Mix 3 tl. carrot juice, 2 tbsp. cucumber and beet juice. Take 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

10 . Mix the juice of 4 lemons, 100 ml aloe juice, 500 g kernels walnut, 300 g honey. Take 1 tsp. or 1 dec. l. 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

11. Pass 3 kg of beets and carrots, 2 kg of pomegranate and lemon through a juicer. Pour the juice into a jar and add 2 kg of honey. Take 50 ml morning and evening for a month. Take a break for 2 weeks and repeat the course.

12 . Finely chop half a lemon along with the peel, add 6 chopped cloves of garlic and pour 500 ml of cold boiled water. Leave for 3 days in a cool, dark place in a glass container. Take 2 tbsp. 1 time a day before meals.

13 . Pour 500 ml of boiling water over 30 g of fresh or dry echinacea leaves, boil for 10 minutes in a sealed container, leave for 5 hours in a warm place, strain. Add honey. Take 100 ml 3 times a day.

It is important to remember that all the recipes for increasing immunity that are given in this article will not save you from illness if you regularly overcool your body. To avoid hypothermia, you need to dress warmly in the cold season, for example in a mink coat with silver fox or a Turkish sheepskin coat.

14. Pour 1 part chopped onion with 4 parts vodka. Take 20-30 drops 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks.

15. Mix 50 g of crushed walnut kernels, 30 g of honey, 100 ml of aloe juice, juice of half a lemon, leave for 3-4 hours. Take 1 tbsp. 3 times a day.

16. Mix 500 g of aloe leaves and 350 ml of honey. Leave in a dark place for 3 days, then add 700 ml of Cahors and leave again for 24 hours. Take 1 tbsp. 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

17. Mix 250 ml each of lemon and apricot juice. Take 250 ml 3 times a day before meals. It very well increases the immunity and resistance of the body in preschool children (from 2 years old, if there are no allergies) and school age.

18 . 2 tbsp. l. Infuse gooseberry fruits in 500 ml of boiling water for 2 hours. Take 100 ml 3 times a day before meals.

19. Take 100 ml 3 times a day cucumber pickle, adding 1 tbsp. l. 10% g vinegar. The course of treatment is 2 weeks.

20. Vitamin cocktail for children. Take 100 g of raisins, dried apricots, dates in equal parts, walnuts. Pass through a meat grinder and add grated lemon (or orange) zest, 50 g of honey, and the juice of one lemon. Take 1 teaspoon in the morning before meals.

Body resistance – (from lat. resistere - resist ) is the body’s ability to resist the action of pathogenic factors or immunity to the effects of damaging factors of the external and internal environment. In other words, resistance is the body’s resistance to the action of pathogenic factors.

During evolution, the organism acquired certain adaptive mechanisms that ensure its existence in conditions of constant interaction with the environment. The absence or insufficiency of these mechanisms could cause not only disruption of life, but also death of the individual.

The body's resistance manifests itself in various forms.

Primary(natural, hereditary ) resistanceb is the body’s resistance to the action of factors, determined by the peculiarities of the structure and function of organs and tissues that are inherited. For example, the skin and mucous membranes are structures that prevent microorganisms and many toxic substances from entering the body. They perform a barrier function. Subcutaneous fat, having poor thermal conductivity, helps preserve endogenous heat. The tissues of the musculoskeletal system (bones, ligaments) provide significant resistance to deformation due to mechanical damage.

Primary resistance may be absolute And relative :

absolute primary resistance - a classic example is hereditary resistance to a number of infectious agents (“hereditary immunity”). Its presence is explained by the molecular characteristics of the organism, which cannot serve as a habitat for a particular microorganism, or are absent cell receptors, necessary for fixation of the microorganism, i.e. There are receptor incomplementarities between aggression molecules and their molecular targets. In addition, the cells may not contain substances necessary for the existence of microorganisms, or they may contain products that interfere with the development of viruses and bacteria. Thanks to absolute resistance human body is not affected by many infectious diseases of animals (absolute immunity of humans to plague cattle), and vice versa - animals are not susceptible to a large group infectious pathology people (gonorrhea is a human disease only).

relative primary resistance – under certain conditions, the mechanisms of absolute resistance can change and then the body is able to interact with an agent that was previously “ignored” by it. For example, poultry (chickens) in normal conditions don't get sick anthrax, against the background of hypothermia (cooling), it is possible to cause this disease. Camels, which are immune to the plague, contract it after being very tired.

Secondary(acquired, modified) resistance– this is the stability of the body, formed after preliminary exposure to certain factors. An example is the development of immunity after infectious diseases. Acquired resistance to non-infectious agents is formed through training to hypoxia, physical activity, low temperatures (hardening), etc.

Specific resistance – is the body's resistance to influence of any one agent . For example, the emergence of immunity after recovery from infectious diseases such as smallpox, plague, measles. This type of resistance also includes increased resistance of the body after vaccination.

Nonspecific resistance – is the body's resistance to exposure to several agents at once . Of course, it is impossible to achieve resistance to the entire variety of external and internal environmental factors - they are different in nature. However, if a pathogenetic factor occurs in many diseases (caused by various ethological factors) and its action plays a leading role in their pathogenesis, then resistance to it manifests itself to a greater number of influences. For example, artificial adaptation to hypoxia significantly facilitates the course of a large group of pathologies, since it often determines their course and outcome. Moreover, in some cases, the resistance achieved by this technique can prevent the development of a particular disease or pathological process.

Active resistance – This is the stability of the body, ensured by the inclusion of protective and adaptive mechanisms in response to agents . This may be the activation of phagocytosis, the production of antibodies, the emigration of leukocytes, etc. Resistance to hypoxia is achieved by increasing ventilation of the lungs, accelerating blood flow, increasing the number of red blood cells in the blood, etc.

Passive resistance – This is the stability of the body associated with its anatomical and physiological characteristics, i.e. it does not provide for the activation of defensive reactions when exposed to agents. This resistance is provided by the body’s barrier systems (skin, mucous membrane, histohematic and hematolymphatic barriers), the presence of bactericidal factors (hydrochloric acid in the stomach, lysozyme in saliva), hereditary immunity, etc.

A.Sh. Zaichik, L.P. Churilov (1999) instead of the term “ passive resistance » propose to use the term to denote the above described states of the body "portability ».

There is a slightly different interpretation "portability " During the action of two or more extraordinary (extreme) factors, the body often responds to only one of them, and does not respond to the action of the others. For example, animals exposed to radial acceleration tolerate a lethal dose of strychnine, and they have a higher percentage of survival under conditions of hypoxia and overheating. In shock, the body's response to mechanical stress sharply decreases. This form of response, according to I.A. Arshavsky, cannot be named resistance , since under these conditions the body is not able to actively resist the action of other environmental agents, maintaining hemostasis, it only transfers impact on the state deep oppression of vital activity . This is the state of I.A. Arshavsky suggested calling “ portability" .

General resistance – this is the resistance of the organism as a whole to the action of a particular agent. For example, general resistance to oxygen starvation ensures the functioning of its organs and systems due to various protective and adaptive mechanisms activated at various levels of organization of living systems. These are systemic reactions - an increase in the activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, these are also subcellular changes - an increase in the volume and number of mitochondria, etc. All this provides protection for the body as a whole.

Local resistance – is the resistance of individual organs and tissues of the body to the effects of various agents . Resistance of the mucous membranes of the stomach and 12 duodenum to ulcer formation is determined by the state of the mucous-bicarbonate barrier of these organs, the state of microcirculation, the regenerative activity of their epithelium, etc. The availability of toxins in the central nervous system is largely determined by the state of the blood-brain barrier; it is impenetrable for many toxic substances and microorganisms.

The variety of forms of resistance demonstrates the body’s significant capabilities in protecting itself from the effects of external and internal environmental factors. Individuals, as a rule, can be noted to have several types of reactivity . For example, a patient was injected with antibodies to a certain type of microorganism (staphylococcus) - the forms of resistance are as follows: secondary, general, specific, passive.