home Auditorium 8 What has a positive effect on a person. Harmful factors affecting human health. Healthy lifestyle

What has a positive effect on a person. Harmful factors affecting human health. Healthy lifestyle

The main factors influencing public health: lifestyle, environmental and socio-economic conditions, biological factors(heredity), state policy in the field of public health (Fig. 2.26).

It is difficult to determine the share of influence of each of these factors, since they are all interrelated and are largely modified by public health policies, which are implemented through the health care system. According to the definition in the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens of the Russian Federation,” protecting the health of the population is a system of political measures. economic, legal, social, scientific, medical, including sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) nature, aimed at preventing diseases, preserving and strengthening physical and mental health each person, maintaining his active long life, providing him with medical care. Health management bodies (ministries) have been created to implement health protection programs.

According to this definition and in accordance with the recommendations of WHO (2000), the goal of ministries of health is to improve the health of the population. Their activities include providing medical care to those who are sick, implementing public health programs for disease prevention and coordinating

a nation of interdepartmental programs to increase the population's commitment to a healthy lifestyle. In developed countries, the term “public health” means that the activities of public health services are aimed at society as a whole, and not at its individual members. In the Russian Federation, this activity is carried out by the sanitary and epidemiological service of Rospotrebnadzor, federal and regional health authorities.

Such a broad interpretation of the responsibility of the Ministry of Health also determines the higher degree of influence of its activities on the health of the population. With a comprehensive effect on the health of the population of sanitary and epidemiological measures, health education, preventive immunization and treatment of severe diseases with antibiotics, the impact of the health care system will be 70-80%. Some experts indicate the influence at the level of 10-15%, meaning only medical care sick with a fairly well-funded health care system.

In countries with developed market economies, in which sufficient funds are allocated for healthcare and the population is provided with an almost complete range of all possible medical services, an additional increase in funding for the system will lead to a relatively small effect compared to countries where there are reserves for growth in this direction. In the Russian Federation, increasing funding and improving the efficiency of the healthcare system will have a greater impact on improving health than in EU countries.

LIFESTYLE

WHO estimates the impact of lifestyle on health is 2-2.5 times higher than other factors. By modifying a person’s lifestyle and reducing the influence of risk factors, more than 80% of cases of cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes mellitus, and about 40% of cases of malignant neoplasms can be prevented.

Analysis of epidemiological data allows us to identify the influence of various causes on morbidity and mortality of the population and determine risk factors. The presence of a risk factor indicates an increased probability of the development of one or another adverse event, and its magnitude indicates the level of this probability. The presence of a risk factor in a particular person may not lead to illness or death, but the magnitude of the risk factor can determine its impact on the health of the population of the country as a whole.

WHO data on the frequency of 10 main risk factors in the structure of overall mortality (2 million 406 thousand deaths) and the number of years of life with disability (39.41 million years) in Russia in 2002 are shown in Table. 2.12. The number of years of life with loss of ability to work is a general indicator of population health, taking into account mortality, morbidity and the degree of disability. It is calculated for a country as the sum of years of life lost from work due to premature mortality from all causes in all age groups, disability and temporary loss of ability to work. These years are calculated by the frequency and duration of various types of disability, multiplied by a coefficient (specific severity), which takes into account the degree of loss of ability to work compared to loss of life.

Four risk factors are high blood pressure and cholesterol, smoking and overconsumption alcohol - together determine 87.5% of the total mortality in the country and 58.5% of the proportion of years of life with loss of ability to work. At the same time, in 1st place in terms of influence on the number of years of life with loss of employment

ability is worth alcohol abuse - 16.5%. According to expert estimates, relative indicators have changed little over the past 6 years.

Alcohol abuse. This is a major public health problem, the reason for the catastrophically high mortality rate (especially among men) in Russia. Premature mortality is about 0.5 million people per year.

The main consequences of alcohol abuse in Russia:

Excess mortality, decreased life expectancy, loss of health, decreased fertility, deterioration of heredity and children's health;

Degradation of the social, spiritual and moral environment, breakdown of families;

Economic losses from the destruction of human potential are many times greater than the income from the production and circulation of alcohol.

Alcohol abuse increases the likelihood of death from cardiovascular diseases (coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, hemorrhagic stroke, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy), accidents, injuries and sudden stop hearts.

According to Rosstat, in 2010, 1.95 million people, or 1.4% of the country’s population, were registered in health care facilities for alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis.

According to Rospotrebnadzor, real per capita alcohol consumption, taking into account the turnover of alcohol-containing products, including perfumery and cosmetics, goods household chemicals etc., in Russia is about 18 liters of pure alcohol per person per year. According to medical statistics, 2.8 million Russians are involved in severe, painful drunkenness - 2% of the country's population. In 2011, according to the country's chief narcologist, alcohol consumption among adults fell to 15 liters of pure alcohol per capita per year (see Figure 2.27), which is 1.6 times higher than the average in OECD countries. This may be due to some government measures aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, or to inaccurate statistics on illegal alcohol trafficking.

According to Rospotrebnadzor, in 1990-2006. alcohol consumption per capita increased 2.5 times, mainly due to increased beer consumption. Every day in the Russian Federation, 33% of boys and 20% of girls, about 70% of men and 47% of women drink alcoholic beverages (including beer).

In most countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in particular in the USA, the level of alcohol consumption is lower, although still high, but does not cause abnormally high mortality (Figure 2.27). The reason is that different types of alcoholic beverages have different influence on health, while an important risk factor is the strength of the most popular drink in the country. The consumption of strong alcoholic drinks in absolute figures in the Russian Federation has not decreased since 1990, although their share in the consumption structure has decreased to 15% due to the sharply increased consumption of beer. In most EU countries, the main alcoholic drinks are wine and beer. This difference, along with the widespread prevalence of smoking, is the main reason for the high mortality of working-age men in Russia (see also section 2.2).

Smoking. According to the Center's estimates preventive medicine Russian Ministry of Health, 220 thousand people a year in the country die from smoking-related diseases. It causes an increase in BSC, leads to chronic diseases lungs and many cancer diseases. Smoking is the cause of death from lung cancer - 90%, from ABI - 75%, from heart disease - 25%. Approximately 25% of smokers die prematurely; smoking reduces life expectancy by an average of 10-15 years (data from Rospotrebnadzor). Smoking is associated with 40% of the mortality of Russian men from CVD. The higher mortality of smoking men leads to a 1.5-fold decrease in the proportion of men over the age of 55 years.

In 1990-2009 cigarette sales increased 1.6 times - from 246 to 400 billion pieces per year, or from 5 to 8 pieces per capita per day. In 1990-1995 There was a slight decrease in cigarette consumption (by 20%), but already in 1995-2005. it has doubled - from 1.4 to 2.8 thousand units per capita per year, and it has remained at this level for the last 5 years.

In the Russian Federation, 63% of men and 30% of women, 40% of boys and 7% of girls smoke. The share of smokers among the adult population in Russia is one of the highest in the world and 2 times higher than in the USA and EU countries - 25% (Fig. 2.28).

Smoking is a preventable cause of disease. Many countries around the world (USA, EU countries) have national programs to combat smoking. Their implementation makes it possible to reduce the prevalence of smoking and related mortality by 1.5-2 times (WHO, 2005). It is very important that in 2008 Russia finally ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which today has already been signed by 172 of the 192 UN member countries. The Federal Law “On protecting public health from the consequences of tobacco consumption”, proposed by the Government of the Russian Federation (dated February 23, 2013 No. 15-FZ), was also adopted in the strictest version.

Drug use(see also section 2.2). Every year tens of thousands of Russians die from drugs. In June 2009, the head of the State Drug Control Service said that 30 thousand people die from drugs every year, and cited terrifying facts:

In Russia there are 2-2.5 million drug addicts, mainly aged 18-39 years;

The average age of a dying drug addict is 28 years old;

Every year the army Russian drug addicts 80 thousand recruits are being added;

In terms of the number of drug addicts, Russia is on average 5-8 times ahead of EU countries; in terms of the consumption of hard drugs, it ranks among the first in the world.

Among intravenous drug users, the risk of death is 20 times higher than in the general population. With such drug addiction associated with the increase in teenage mortality in Russia.

High blood pressure. Hypertension is the main cause of mortality and the second most important cause of morbidity (in terms of the number of years of life with disability) in Russia. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension have a 3-4 times higher risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. In Russia, about 34-46% of men and 32-46% of women (depending on the region) suffer from hypertension. However, these data do not reflect a reliable picture; its actual prevalence is higher.

High cholesterol levels. About 60% of Russian adults have cholesterol levels above the recommended level, and they are so high that they require medical intervention in about 20% of people. Reducing blood cholesterol levels by just 1% can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease in the population by 2.5%.

Poor nutrition and a sedentary lifestyle. The documents adopted by the WHO General Assembly indicate that about 1/3 of all CVD is caused by poor nutrition. If you reduce your consumption of vegetables and fruits, mortality from CSD will increase by 28%. Despite the fact that in the Russian Federation in 1995-2007. Vegetable and fruit consumption per capita increased by 27%, which is still significantly lower than in Italy and France, which have the lowest mortality rates from CSD in Europe.

Improved nutrition also helps reduce mortality from oncological diseases by 30-40%. In the diet of the country's population, there is a deficiency of some microelements and essential acids (iodine, iron, etc.), which can be easily compensated by enriching food products with these elements. Unfortunately, there are no such programs in the country.

A sedentary lifestyle exacerbates this problem. Moderate but regular physical exercise improve physical and mental condition, reduce the likelihood of BSK, colon cancer, diabetes and high blood pressure. Research from 2002 indicates a low level of physical activity in 73-81% of men and 73-86% of women in Russia.

Obesity and overweight. Adults who are overweight or obese are at increased risk premature death and loss of ability to work. Life expectancy in people with severe obesity is reduced by 5-20 years. In total, 1.06 million people with obesity are registered in Russia, or 0.7% of the population, but the real prevalence rates of obesity and overweight are higher. According to the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (2009), in the Russian Federation the number of residents aged 25-64 years with excess body weight is, depending on the region, 47-54% of men and 42-60% of women; obesity - in 15-20% of them.

Sugar diabetes. In Russia, about 3.3 million citizens with diabetes are officially registered, about 50% of them are in the most active working age - 40-59 years. According to control and epidemiological studies conducted by the Endocrinological Scientific center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in various regions of Russia, the true number of people with diabetes is 3-4 times higher than officially registered and amounts to about 9-10 million people (7.1% of the total population of Russia). According to the WHO database, the overall incidence of diabetes mellitus (number of cases per 100 thousand population) in Russia in 2011 was 2363.2, while in the “new countries” of the EU it was 5.3 times less (428.0 cases per 100 thousand population). According to Rosstat, mortality from diabetes (the number of deaths per 100 thousand people) in Russia in 2011 was 6.2 cases (1% of all deaths).

Diabetes mellitus that is not detected in time and, accordingly, untreated, entails the threat of developing severe chronic vascular complications: retinopathy, leading to complete loss vision; nephropathy requiring lifelong renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis and inevitable kidney transplantation; vascular lesions lower limbs with the development of gangrene and subsequent amputation of limbs; damage to the great vessels of the heart and brain, leading to the development of myocardial infarction and stroke. By the time the patient first contacts the doctor, about 40% of patients already have irreversible vascular lesions, which indicates insufficient detection of diabetes mellitus and its adequate treatment.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN PRODUCTION

In Russia, due to the reduction in industrial production, the main environmental indicators (pollution of the atmosphere and water bodies by industrial waste, sanitary condition of drinking water) in 1990-2007. have improved somewhat. However, a significant part of the population of industrial cities still live in unfavorable environmental conditions. In 2010, Roshydromet identified a list of 94 cities with the most unfavorable environmental conditions associated with the release of more than 1000 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial enterprises. From this list we can identify the 12 “dirtiest” cities in Russia in terms of the level of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises (more than 100 thousand tons). This is primarily Norilsk with a population of 176 thousand people - 1924 thousand tons, then in decreasing order: Cherepovets (315 thousand people) - 333 thousand tons, Novokuznetsk (549 thousand people) - 301 thousand tons, Lipetsk ( 511 thousand people) - 299 thousand tons, Magnitogorsk (410 thousand people) - 232 thousand tons, Angarsk (241 thousand people) - 207 thousand tons, Omsk (1 million 154 thousand people) - 198 thousand. t, Krasnoyarsk (1 million 186 thousand people) - 149 thousand tons. Ufa (1 million 82 thousand people) - 134 thousand tons, Chelyabinsk (1 million 143 thousand people) -

118 thousand tons. Bratsk (244 thousand people) - 116 thousand tons. Nizhny Tagil (361 thousand people) - 114 thousand tons. For comparison, in the megacities of Moscow (11.8 million people) and St. Petersburg ( 5 million people) the emission level was 63 and 57 thousand tons, respectively. In terms of soil contamination with chemicals (sarin, dioxins, etc.), the most polluted city in the world is Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region.

A number of Russian cities with the most unfavorable environmental conditions in 1992, 2000 and 2010 are presented in Fig. 2.29.

Another factor influencing the deterioration of the health of the working-age population is employment in industries with working conditions that do not meet hygienic standards. According to Rosstat (2010), in 1990-2007. the share of such workers increased by 1.3-2 times in industrial production (depending on the type of production) and by 3.8 times among transport workers. In 2007, every 3rd worker in the mining industry and transport and every 4th worker in the energy production and manufacturing industries were in conditions that did not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. An analysis of the causes of morbidity in the Russian Federation shows that 40% of diseases of the working-age population are directly or indirectly associated with unsatisfactory working conditions (see section 2.3).

WELFARE OF THE STATE AND POPULATION INCOME

Change of economic system and corresponding sharp deterioration socio-economic conditions in the country had an impact bad influence to your health

population. In 1990-1995 The country's gross domestic product (GDP) and household incomes fell sharply, and most Russian citizens found it difficult to adapt to market conditions. Since 1995, the economic situation in the country began to gradually improve, and since 1999, steady economic growth has been noted. At the same time, healthcare costs in comparable prices fell from 1990 until 1999 and reached the 1990 level only in 2006.

The dynamics of changes (growth/decline) in GDP and government spending on health care in constant prices (1991 is taken as 100%) is presented in Fig. 2.30. Government expenditures of the Russian Federation in 1991-2000. obtained from calculations. made by the Institute for the Economy in Transition in 2007. Rosstat data for 2000-2004. obtained by adding the expenses of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation (expenses of the federal budget and consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and the expenses of the territorial compulsory health insurance funds (TFIF) and the Federal Compulsory Health Insurance Fund (MHIF; minus subventions in the TFOMS to avoid double counting). Since 2005, Rosstat data have included expenditures from extra-budgetary funds in Rosstat data, so direct Rosstat data were taken.

To increase the accuracy of calculations, the deflator index has been refined: relative changes in GDP as a percentage of the previous year in constant prices are the most accurate characteristic of changes in GDP minus inflation. For getting exact value deflator index, the value of GDP in current prices for two adjacent years was divided by the change in GDP in constant prices. The resulting index was used to obtain healthcare costs in constant prices.

Only by 2005 did the level of healthcare financing in the Russian Federation exceed the level of 1991 in comparable prices, and in total this growth for the period from 1991 to 2011 amounted to 26.8% in 1991 prices. When comparing the dynamics of GDP and government

health care costs in constant prices (1991 - 100%) it can be seen that in the period 2005-2007. health care costs were 15% higher than GDP. However, already in 2008, healthcare costs decreased compared to 2007 and in subsequent years (2009-2010) stopped growing.

It should be noted that in the Russian Federation there is a high the degree of inequality in the distribution of national income between various groups population. International experts also pay attention to this. According to Nobel laureate in the field of economics by Joseph Stiglitz (2001), “in terms of inequality, Russia is comparable to the world's worst Latin American societies, which inherited a semi-feudal system.” The existing flat tax scale and evasion of taxes by the wealthiest categories of the population do not allow the formation of sufficient amounts of funds in the budget of the Russian Federation. including funds for the solidarity health care system.

The distribution of income between different groups of the population of the Russian Federation is presented in Fig. 2.31. The income of the population of the Russian Federation totals 21 trillion rubles per year. For analysis, the country's population is divided into 10 groups of equal size (or 10 percent decile groups) in ascending order of their monetary

income. The tenth (richest) decile group officially accounts for 30.6% of income, while the poorest 1.9%. The ratio between the incomes of the richest and poorest groups - the decile coefficient - in the Russian Federation is 16. In Scandinavian countries it is 3-4, in the EU - 5-6, in South Africa - 10, in Latin America - 12. Citizens of the first two groups make up 20% of the population of the Russian Federation, and all of them live below or near the subsistence level.

To analyze the income of the richest decile group, its population is divided into 100 equal parts, or centile groups (1% each). The poorest of the rich - the 91st group - has about 2% of the official income of the entire population. The richest of the rich (or 1% of the country's population) - the 100th group - has, taking into account undeclared income, 50-100% of the official income of the rest of the country's population. And almost all of this income is “shadow” for official statistics and tax authorities and is obtained in foreign currency. The unaccounted income of super-rich citizens is calculated based on data from Rosgosstrakh, which indicates that 0.4% of families (200 thousand families) have annual incomes of more than 30 million rubles, and 0.2% of families (100 thousand families) own 70% of the national wealth .

In the Russian Federation, for a fair distribution of national wealth among the population, including filling the solidarity health care system, it is necessary to revise the flat scale of the income tax system (13% for all income levels) and strengthen state control over tax evasion, as is customary in developed countries. For example, in the EU countries and the USA there is a progressive scale of taxation of the population, and the rich give a larger share (50-60%) of their income than the poor, and any non-payment of taxes is strictly controlled and punished by the state.

Dynamics of average per capita cash income of the population of Russia (columns in Fig. 2.32) and average consumer prices for essential goods: bread (including bakery products from wheat flour first class) and medical services(initial appointment with a specialist and a blood test; until 2000, a urine test was also included) from 1993 to 2010 is shown in Fig. 2.32. For a more accurate comparison, a common unit of measurement was adopted, taking into account its growth - the dollar,

valued at purchasing power parity ($PPP) - the number of units of currency required to purchase a standard set of goods and services that can be purchased for one monetary unit of the base country (US dollar). According to Rosstat, in 1993 - 0.14 ruble/US dollar; 1996 - 2.21: 1997 -2.53; 1998 - 2.83; 1999 - 5.29; 2000 - 7.15: 2001 - 8.19; 2002 - 9.27; 2003 - 10.41; 2004 - 11.89; 2005 - 12.74; 2006 - 12.63; 2007 - 13.97; 2008 - 14.34; 2009 - 14.49; 2010 - 15.98.

From Fig. Figure 2.32 shows that prices for medical services increased sharply compared to the dynamics of population income in the period from 1993 to 1998. Then their growth, until 2007, coincides with the dynamics of population income growth, and since 2008 it has outpaced them.

Thus, we can conclude that among the factors that influenced the deterioration of the health of the population of the Russian Federation in 1990-2011, the predominant role was played by an unhealthy lifestyle (high prevalence of alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction), and poor working conditions in production. The main reason for the current situation is insufficient government policy aimed at improving the health of the population. Active government policy (including restrictive and prohibitive measures) aimed at improving a healthy lifestyle will lead to a significant improvement in the health of the population in a short time (for example, the anti-alcohol campaign in the Russian Federation, see Fig. 2.5).

Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects

Today our planet has risen ecological problems, food cannot provide the body with all the necessary nutrients, it contains many harmful components, many have weakened immunity, sick children are born - a natural result of a breakdown in communication with the outside world.

We can list the factors that influence the health status of each person:

1. Food;

3. Lifestyle;

4. Heredity;

5. Medicine;

The World Health Organization states that ecology influences human health by 20%, heredity by 10%, and medicine by only 10%.

Prevention. Medical prevention. Kinds.

PREVENTION - a complex of state, social. And medical measures aimed at preserving and strengthening the health of citizens, nurturing a healthy younger generation, and increasing working longevity.

MEDICAL PREVENTION is a set of measures aimed at eliminating the causes and conditions that give rise to the disease.

1. Primary (radical) is aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease by improving working and living conditions. Primary prevention includes socio-economic measures of the state to improve lifestyle, environment, education, etc. Preventive activities are mandatory for everyone medical workers. It is no coincidence that clinics, hospitals, dispensaries, maternity are called treatment and preventive institutions.

2. Secondary is carried out among apparently healthy citizens in order to determine premorbid conditions in people with increased risk development of the disease. Aimed at increasing the body’s resistance (therapeutic and preventive nutrition, personal protective equipment. The most effective method of secondary prevention is medical examination as a comprehensive method for early detection of diseases, dynamic observation, targeted treatment, rational consistent recovery.

3. Tertiary (rehabilitation) is aimed at preventing complications, relapses of already developed diseases, the transition of diseases into chronic form. Creating a system for preventing diseases and eliminating risk factors is the most important socio-economic and medical task states. Identify individual and public prevention. Tertiary prevention aims at social (building confidence in one’s own social suitability), labor (the possibility of restoring work skills), psychological (restoring the behavioral activity of the individual) and medical (restoring the functions of organs and systems) rehabilitation.

Prevention (ancient Greek prophylaktikos - protective)— a set of various kinds of measures aimed at preventing any phenomenon and/or eliminating risk factors.

Preventive measures are the most important component of the healthcare system, aimed at creating medical and social activity and motivation for a healthy lifestyle among the population.

Types of prevention

Depending on the state of health, the presence of risk factors for the disease or severe pathology, three types of prevention can be considered.

Primary prevention— a system of measures to prevent the occurrence and impact of risk factors for the development of diseases (vaccination, rational work and rest regime, rational high-quality nutrition, physical activity, environmental protection, etc.). A number of primary prevention activities can be carried out on a national scale.

Secondary prevention- a set of measures aimed at eliminating pronounced risk factors, which, under certain conditions (stress, weakened immunity, excessive load on any other functional systems organism) can lead to the onset, exacerbation and relapse of the disease. The most effective method of secondary prevention is medical examination as a comprehensive method of early detection of diseases, dynamic observation, targeted treatment, and rational consistent recovery.

Some experts suggest the term tertiary prevention as a set of measures for the rehabilitation of patients who have lost the ability to fully live. Tertiary prevention aims at social (building confidence in one’s own social suitability), labor (the possibility of restoring work skills), psychological (restoring behavioral activity) and medical (restoring the functions of organs and systems of the body) rehabilitation.

Environmental and health factors. Risk factor. Definition, classification.

By environment, modern medical science understands the totality of everything that surrounds a person in Everyday life and directly or indirectly affects his health and the conditions of this life. In the broad sense of the term “Environment” (OS), it includes our entire planet and the outer space in which it is located. In a narrower sense, the OS represents only the biosphere, i.e. the natural shell of the Earth, in which all living organisms inhabiting it are concentrated. The main components of the natural environment are soil (lithosphere), solar radiation and other cosmic factors, air (atmosphere) and water (hydrosphere) shells. Their initial physical and chemical properties, the nature and level of pollution shape the environmental conditions of human life and activity.

Physical factors: solar radiation and other physical impacts of cosmic origin (galactic, moon, interplanetary magnetic field, etc.), temperature, humidity, speed and air pressure, temperature of enclosing surfaces (radiation temperature from building structures, soil, equipment, etc.), noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, illumination, electromagnetic waves, etc. Starting from certain intensity levels, they can cause disturbances: mutagenic effects, radiation, high-altitude and vibration diseases, heat stroke, etc.

Chemical factors: natural and artificial origin chemical elements and compounds (pollutants) that make up air, water, soil, food products, building materials, clothing, shoes, various household and interior items, household electrical equipment, industrial equipment, etc.

Biological factors: harmless and harmful microorganisms, viruses, worms, fungi, various animals and plants and their metabolic products. Physical, chemical, and to a certain extent, biological factors can be of both natural and artificial (anthropogenic-technogenic) origin; more often, a person is exposed to a combination of these factors. It should be taken into account that in addition to the listed material factors, informational and psychological factors also have a significant influence on a person - the impact of the spoken and printed word, auditory and visual perceptions. Almost all diseases are the result of the interaction between the external and internal environment of a person. As a result of exposure to an inappropriate factor, a new internal one may arise. Factor (mutations).

Changes in health status under the influence of anthropogenic factors:

1) increase in morbidity and change in its structure:

Allergic diseases

Malignant tumors

Blood diseases.

2) chronicity of the disease

3) reduction in the immunobiological reactivity of the body (nutrition, social factors)

4) decreased reproductive function

5) increase in mutation in the human population (chromosomal abnormalities)

6) decreased intellectual potential

7) the appearance of previously unknown diseases (chronic fatigue syndrome).

Risk factor - Factors that do not play an etiological role, but increase the likelihood of the disease occurring, for example, constitutional predisposition for psychogenic reactions, alcoholism in relation to metaluetic psychoses. Risk factors are assessed by comparing the risk of those who are exposed to a potential risk factor with those who are not.

Assessment of the risk of adverse effects in accordance with international recommendations.

Health risk assessment:

1) the process of establishing the likelihood of development and severity of adverse consequences for human health caused by exposure to environmental factors.

2) a scientific assessment of the toxic properties of a chemical substance and the conditions of its exposure to humans, aimed at establishing the likelihood that exposed people will be affected, as well as characterizing the nature of the effects that they may experience;

3) identification of the hazard, its reality, assessment of exposure, factor intensity, frequency, duration of action in the past, present and future, risk notification, risk management (development of methods for preventing or reducing risk).

Risk assessment consists of the following stages: hazard identification, exposure-response relationship assessment, exposure assessment, risk characterization. Assessment of the comparative significance of risks is the stage of risk characterization, which involves determining the comparative significance of identified hazards and calculated risks to the health of the population. Risk assessment aims to identify the levels and causes of risk and provide individuals with the most complete and objective information necessary for making effective management decisions.

Human health risk assessment is a quantitative and/or qualitative characteristic of harmful effects that develop or can develop as a result of the existing or possible impact of environmental factors on a specific group of people under specific exposure conditions determined by regional characteristics. The results of the risk assessment are advisory in nature and are used to justify and make decisions on risk management.

Risk assessment is usually carried out according to the following steps:

1. Hazard identification (assessment of the danger to human health of the substances being studied, compilation of a list of priority chemical compounds);

2. Assessment of the “exposure-response” relationship (establishing quantitative relationships between exposure levels, frequency and severity of adverse effects, selection of indicators for subsequent risk assessment);

3. Exposure assessment chemical substances per person, taking into account the influencing media, duration of exposure, characteristics of the exposed population groups and the routes of entry of chemicals into the body;

4. Risk characteristics: analysis of all data obtained, calculation of risks for the population and its individual subgroups, comparison of risks with permissible (acceptable) levels, comparative assessment of risks according to their degree of significance, establishment of medical priorities and those risks that should be prevented or reduced to acceptable level.

High - not acceptable for production conditions and the population. It is necessary to implement measures to eliminate or reduce the risk. Medium - acceptable for production conditions; Low - acceptable risk (the level at which, as a rule, hygienic standards are set for the population. Minimum - the desired (target) value of risk when carrying out health and environmental measures does not require any corrective actions aimed at reducing the risk.

Modern comparative assessment methodology risk involves parallel consideration of health risks, environmental risks caused by disruption of ecosystems and harmful effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms (except humans), risks of reduced quality and deterioration of living conditions. Risk analysis is the process of obtaining information necessary to prevent negative consequences for public health, consisting of three components: risk assessment, risk management, risk communication.

Comprehensive hygiene assessment. Research methods used in hygiene diagnostics.

This is a comprehensive study of the natural, social environment and health status with subsequent identification of the natural dependence of health on the quality of the environment. Includes: study of the intensity, duration, frequency of exposure to factors on an individual and a group of people; health diagnostics individuals, groups of people, especially hypersensitive ones (teenagers, children); establishing the contribution of factors to the violation of the health status of an individual, groups of people, hypersensitive groups of people.

METHODS:

2. Physical - instrumental, when physical parameters are studied using instruments (temperature, humidity, radiation, air ionization)

4. Biol. - bacteriological and helminthologist (presence of eggs in soil, vegetables, etc.) the number of bacteria in a reservoir does not exceed hundreds per 1 ml.

5. Epidemiological - when studying morbidity rates, it is associated with sanitary-statistical, which uses official reporting data. The latter studies the total impact of social, economic, natural. Health conditions.

6. Clinical researches in prezonological diagnostics, in the study of occupational diseases, in the development of adequate methods of prophylaxis and treatment.

Prenosological diagnostics. Medical research methods used in gigabyte diagnostics.

This is an estimate functional state the body and its adaptive capabilities during a period when there are still no obvious signs of disease.

TARGET: early detection of primorbid conditions in the form of: tension in adaptation mechanisms, unsatisfactory or failure of adaptation; development and implementation of adequate disease profiling techniques.

ASSESSMENT OF ADAPTATION SYSTEMS INCLUDES: immunological status, state of enzyme systems, antioxidant systems, psychol. Testing, sex control, regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular system. In practically healthy people, the following is revealed: 40% adaptation stress, 25% dissatisfaction, 9% breakdown.

What does prenosological diagnostics provide?

1. Early detection of a developing disease before its appearance clinical symptoms(hidden forms of flow).

2. Identification of critical conditions that can lead to exacerbation of existing diseases.

3. Select the system or organ that requires priority action.

4. Indicates the system with the greatest degree of damage.

5. Assessment of vitamin-microelement imbalance and targeted prescription of biocorrectors.

6. Tracking the effectiveness of any health treatments and health dynamics.

Contraindications to the use of prenosological diagnostics:

1. Spicy infectious diseases with febrile syndrome.

2. Traumatic amputation of the phalanges of the fingers.

3. Congenital anomalies of limb development.

4. Age less than 4 years.

5. Severe hearing and speech impairment.

6. Impaired consciousness.

METHODS:

1. A sanitary description of environmental objects, living and working conditions, the nature of nutrition and the pathology associated with all this.

2. Physical - instrumental, when physical parameters are studied using instruments (temperature, humidity, radiation, air ionization)

3. Chem. - in the form of qualitative and quantitative analysis for the study of products and the state of air, water, soil, determination of pesticides, metals, gases, etc., cat. may cause harm.

4. Biol. - bacteriological and helminthologist (presence of eggs in soil, vegetables, etc.). The number of bacteria in a reservoir does not exceed hundreds in 1 ml.

5. Epidemiological - when studying morbidity rates, it is associated with sanitary-statistical, cat. uses official reporting data. The latter studies the total impact of social, economic, natural. Health conditions.

6. Clinical research - in prezonological diagnostics, in the study of occupational diseases, the development of adequate methods of prophylaxis and treatment.

7. Gig method. experiment - will study the influence of various factors on humans and experimental animals.

8. Laboratory modeling-experimental establishment of maximum permissible concentrations and levels (MPC, MPL), indicative safe exposure levels (SAEL) and other indicators, cat. are called gig. standards.

9. To modern. Physical and chemical methods include: spectrometric, radiometric, dosimetric, luminescent analysis, etc.

Social-gig. monitoring. Information monitoring subsystems.

1. Social and hygienic monitoring is a system of organizational, sanitary and epidemiological, medical, social, scientific, technical, methodological and other activities aimed at organizing monitoring of the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, its assessment and forecasting of changes to establish, prevent, eliminate or reducing factors harmful influence habitat on human health.

2. Social and hygienic monitoring is carried out at the republican, regional and local levels by sanitary and epidemiological institutions

3. The main goal of social and hygienic monitoring is to identify, on the basis of health and environmental monitoring systems, risk levels for.

4. When conducting social and hygienic monitoring, the following is ensured:

Organization of monitoring of the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population;

Identification and assessment of the risk of the impact of environmental factors on human health and the implementation of targeted, scientific, technical and regional programs on ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being and protecting public health, preventing diseases and improving the health of the human environment;

Receiving and processing information from state and industry surveillance systems, assessing and forecasting changes in the health status of the population, the natural, industrial and social environment, social economic development;

Identification of cause-and-effect relationships between the state of health and the human environment, the causes and conditions for changes in the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population;

Preparation of proposals for organizing events aimed at preventing, eliminating or reducing factors of the harmful influence of the environment on human health;

Development of forecasts for changes in the health status of the population in connection with changes in the human environment;

Transfer of information to users of social and hygienic monitoring and its dissemination among interested bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as citizens;

The organization, provision and maintenance of the republican system of social and hygienic monitoring is carried out by the Republican Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology. Scientific and methodological support and support for social and hygienic monitoring in the republic is provided by the Belarusian Scientific Research Sanitary and Hygienic Institute.

THE INFORMATION FUND for social-gig monitoring consists of blocks of data characterizing:

Public health;

State of the environment natural environment;

Indicators of socio-economic development of the republic, regions and cities.

Information sources for social media. monitoring are:

Health surveillance databases and physical development population;

For ensuring sanitary and epidemiological issues. well-being of the population and the environment;

Databases for monitoring natural climatic factors, sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment, radiation safety, as well as the quality of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, soil,;

Databases for monitoring indicators of socio-economic development in the republic, regions and cities;

Databases of executive authorities, institutions and organizations, as well as international organizations.

The software and technology provides, while maintaining existing functionality formation, use, updating, updating and presentation of all types of indicators included in the socio-hygienic monitoring databases. The exchange of data from the information fund of social and hygienic monitoring between bodies, institutions and organizations authorized to conduct this monitoring is carried out free of charge through established communication channels, and with other users - on a contractual basis.

Users of the data from the information fund of social and hygienic monitoring can be government bodies of the republic and local authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their subordination and forms of ownership, public associations, as well as citizens. Users are prohibited from transferring data from the social and hygienic monitoring information fund to third parties on a commercial basis. Information subsystems are information about the results of the annual state sanitary inspection, data from the state ecologist. monitoring, results of automated control of the radiation situation.

Why should a person take care of his health? A person takes care of his health, because his future, well-being, and lifestyle depend on it.

Factors that positively affect health

Balanced diet. It is an important component of metabolic processes in the body, providing it with the necessary energy, without which physical activity is completely impossible. Food should provide our body with everything essential vitamins and minerals. All these substances are simply necessary to ensure proper functioning. The effectiveness of food intake is influenced by the following factors:

Origin of products. They must contain only natural ingredients.
The number of calories contained in products must correspond to the physical and intellectual stress of a person.
Eating should be done only when necessary, and not when there is a desire to try something tasty.

If at least one recommendation is violated, there is a possibility of a malfunction in the activity of the entire body or certain organs. As a result, health will deteriorate and immunity will decrease, the person will not be able to work productively. Most often, the result of poor nutrition is excess weight, diabetes, and the occurrence of many other diseases.

Physical activity ensures muscle tone and proper functioning of all organs. Sport is strictly connected with the science of a healthy lifestyle; without it there can be no talk of a healthy body and excellent figure condition. The condition of the muscular, respiratory, nervous and all other components of the body depends on sports loads. Systematic exercises help improve a person’s overall image; the figure becomes slender and graceful.

Rejection of bad habits. One of the most important factors for maintaining health is the eradication of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). These health problems cause many diseases, sharply reduce life expectancy, reduce productivity, and have a detrimental effect on the health of the younger generation and the health of future children.

Hardening — required element physical education, especially important for young people, as it has great importance to improve health, increase performance, improve well-being, mood and vigor. Hardening, as a factor in increasing the body's resistance to various meteorological conditions, has been used since ancient times.

An important element of a healthy lifestyle is personal hygiene. It includes a rational daily regimen, body care, hygiene of clothes and shoes. Of particular importance is daily regime. When followed correctly and strictly, a clear rhythm of the body’s functioning is developed. And this, in turn, creates better conditions for work and recovery.

If you adhere to the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle, you can be rewarded with a bright and painless future, harmony of soul and body.

The study of public health is carried out on the basis of a variety of criteria. However, criteria alone are not enough to study public health. They must be used in conjunction with factors affecting health. These factors can be roughly grouped into 4 groups:

1) biological factors - gender, age, constitution, heredity,
2) natural - climatic, heliogeophysical, anthropogenic pollution, etc.,
3) social and socio-economic - legislation on protecting the health of citizens, working conditions, living conditions, recreation, nutrition, migration processes, level of education, culture, etc.,
4) medical factors or organization of medical care.

All of these 4 groups of factors affect both human health and the health of the entire population, and they are interrelated with each other. But the influence of these factors on health is not the same.

The leading (main) importance in the formation of health belongs to social factors. This is confirmed by differences in the level of public health depending on the degree of socio-economic development of the country. As practice shows, the higher the level of economic development of a country, the higher the indicators of public health and the health of individual citizens, and vice versa. An example of the leading influence of social conditions on health is the decline and crisis of the Russian economy.

As a result, the health of the population has fallen sharply, and the demographic situation is characterized by a crisis. Thus, we can talk about the social conditioning of health. This means that social conditions (factors) through conditions and lifestyle, the state of the natural environment, and the state of health care shape individual, group, and public health. Kuchma V.R. Megapolis: some hygienic problems / V.R. Kuchma. - M.: Publisher RCCD RAMS. - 2006. - p. 280.

Work and health

During life, 1/3 of the total time a person participates in labor activity. Therefore, it is important that there is no deterioration in health under the influence of work. To this end:

1) improve or minimize adverse production factors;
2) improve equipment, technology, etc.;
3) improve the organization of the workplace;
4) reduce the share of physical labor;
5) reduce neuropsychic tension.

The main unfavorable production factors are:

gas pollution; dust; noise; vibration; monotone; neuropsychic stress; uncomfortable working posture.

To prevent disease and ensure high labor productivity, it is necessary to maintain optimal temperature, humidity, air speed in the workroom, and eliminate drafts. Also, the psychological climate at the enterprise and the rhythm of the enterprise’s work have an important influence on the health of workers.

However, failure to implement these measures to improve working conditions can lead to the following social consequences:

1) general morbidity,
2) occurrence of occupational morbidity,
3) occurrence of injuries,
4) disability, disability
5) mortality.

Today, about 5 million workers work in unfavorable production conditions, which is 17% of all workers. Of these, 3 million women work in hazardous conditions, and 250 thousand work in particularly harmful conditions.

It should be noted that in modern conditions the employer has become interested in improving working conditions, but it is poorly implemented.

At the same time, many more problems need to be solved so that work is truly a factor of health and not pathology.

Consciousness and health

The consciousness that is inherent in man, unlike animals, encourages him to pay certain attention to health. In this regard, health care should be a top priority for most people. In reality, due to the low level of consciousness in the majority of the population, this has not yet been observed. The result of this is that the dominant part of the population does not comply with the elements of a healthy lifestyle. Examples confirming the influence of consciousness on attitudes towards health include:

-- low level consciousness in drinkers who literally destroy their health (offspring - gene pool);
- persons who do not comply with the regime and prescriptions of doctors;
- failure to seek medical help in a timely manner.

Age and health

Between age and health status of a person there is certain dependence, which is characterized by the fact that with increasing age, health gradually declines. But this dependence is not strictly linear, it has the form of a figurative curve. This is how one of the indicators of public health changes - mortality. Along with mortality in old age, mortality also occurs in young age groups. Most high levels Mortality rates are observed at the age of up to 1 year and in old age over 60 years. After 1 year, the mortality rate decreases and reaches a minimum at the age of 10-14 years. For this group, the age-specific mortality rate is minimal (0.6%). At later ages, mortality increases gradually and especially rapidly after 60 years.

It should be emphasized that health must be protected from a young age, since, firstly, most children are still healthy, and some have initial signs of diseases that can be eliminated; secondly, children's and adolescence has a number of anatomical and physiological features, psychophysical features, is characterized by the imperfection of many functions and hypersensitivity to unfavorable environmental factors. That is why, from childhood, it is necessary to teach a child to maintain a healthy lifestyle and other health promotion activities. Moroz M.P. Express diagnostics of a person’s functional state and performance // Methodological manual - St. Petersburg. - 2005-с38.

Nutrition and lifespan

When assessing the role of nutrition in human longevity, the following should be considered:

1) the relationship of its role, like any environmental factor, with hereditary factors of longevity, as well as significant genetic heterogeneity of the human population;
2) participation of nutrition in the formation of the adaptive background that determines the state of health;
3) the relative contribution to longevity compared with other health factors;
4) assessment of nutrition as a factor involved in the adaptation of the body to the environment.

The diet of centenarians is characterized by a pronounced dairy-vegetable orientation, low consumption of salt, sugar, vegetable oil, meat, fish. The diet also contains a high content of legumes (corn, beans), fermented milk products, hot seasonings, a variety of vegetable sauces, and spices.

The diet of the population with low life expectancy was characterized by low consumption of milk and fermented milk products, vegetables (except potatoes), and fruits. However, consumption is significantly higher lard, pork meat, vegetable oil, and in general the nutrition was carbohydrate-fat oriented.

Culture and health

The level of culture of the population is directly related to its health. Culture in this case is understood broadly (i.e. culture in general) and medical culture - as part of universal human culture. Specifically, the influence of culture on health comes down to the fact that the lower the level of culture, the higher the likelihood of diseases, the lower other health indicators. Direct and most important the following elements of culture have health benefits:

· food culture,
· culture of residence, i.e. maintaining housing in appropriate conditions,
· culture of organization of leisure (rest),
· hygienic (medical) culture: compliance with the rules of personal and public hygiene depends on a person’s culture (a cultural person observes them, and vice versa).

If the specified hygiene measures are observed, the health level will be higher.

Housing (living) conditions and health

A person spends the bulk of his time (2/3 of the total time) outside of production, i.e. in everyday life, while being in housing and in nature. Therefore, the comfort and convenience of housing is of great importance for restoring performance after a hard day, for maintaining health at the proper level, for improving the cultural and educational level, etc.

At the same time, the housing problem in the Russian Federation is very acute. This is manifested both in a large shortage of housing and in the low level of its amenities and comfort. The situation is aggravated by the general economic crisis of the country, as a result of which the free provision of public housing has ceased to exist, and construction at the expense of personal savings due to their deficit is extremely poorly developed.

Therefore, for these and other reasons, most of the population lives in poor housing conditions. IN rural areas Heating problems have not been resolved everywhere. 21% of the population considers the poor quality of housing to be the main reason for the deterioration of their health. When asked what is needed to improve their health, 24% of respondents answered: improving living conditions. Low quality housing is associated with the occurrence of diseases such as tuberculosis and bronchial asthma. Has a particularly adverse effect low temperature housing, dust, gas pollution. Low mechanization of living conditions (household work) has a negative impact on health. As a result, citizens, and especially women, spend a large number of time, energy and health to do homework. There is less or no time left for rest, improving the educational level, physical education, or performing other elements of a healthy lifestyle. . Kuchma V.R. Guidelines for hygiene and health protection: for medical and teaching staff, educational institutions, medical and preventive institutions, sanitary and epidemiological service / Kuchma V.R. Serdyukovskaya G.N., Demin A.K. M.: Russian Association of Public Health, 2008. - 152 p.

Rest and health

Of course, to preserve and strengthen human health rest is needed. Rest is a state of rest or a type of activity that relieves fatigue and helps restore performance. The most important condition good rest is its logistics, which includes diverse categories. These include: improvement of living conditions, an increase in the number of theaters, museums, exhibition halls, the development of television and radio broadcasting, expansion of the network of libraries, cultural centers, parks, health resort institutions, etc.

In modern production conditions, when the growth of automation and mechanization processes, on the one hand, leads to a decrease motor activity, and on the other - to an increase in the share of mental labor or labor associated with neuropsychic stress, the effectiveness of passive rest is insignificant.

Moreover, forms of passive rest often have an adverse effect on the body, primarily on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Consequently, the importance of active recreation increases. The effect of active rest is manifested not only in relieving fatigue, but also in improving the functional state of the central nervous system, coordination of movements, cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems, which undoubtedly helps to improve physical development, improve health and reduce morbidity. Katsnelson B.A. On the methodology of studying the dependence of population health on a complex of hygienic and other factors / B.A. Katsnelson, E.V. Polzik, N.V. Nozhkina, etc. // Hygiene and Sanitation. - 2005. - No. 2. - P.30-32.

Many people, when visiting a doctor, ask him a question: what affects human health. Some people turn to the doctor when they experience the first symptoms of illness, others try to find out in advance the main factors that negatively affect a person’s life.

What does human health depend on?

Human health largely depends on the environment in which he is located. People living near factories may suffer asthma attacks. People living in the city suffer from exhaust fumes and lack of fresh air.

There are a number of factors that have a great impact on human health

1. Ecology. The cleaner the environment, the better a person feels. Unfortunately, every year the atmosphere becomes more and more polluted. This means that the person feels worse. To get their health in order, the population has to go annually on vacation to a sanatorium, where the air is cleaner and fresher thanks to the trees growing around the boarding house. People who have a summer cottage are able to improve their health by relaxing every weekend outside the city.

2. Weather. Many women begin to suffer from changeable weather after childbirth. But most often people with problems with cardiovascular systems, as well as those who are often overworked at work, react to the weather.

3. Stress or any other nervous disorder can affect a person’s health in a negative way at the most inopportune moment. A common cause of stress is overwork, as well as an uncomfortable environment in the workplace.

That is, if you are constantly in a stuffy room without air conditioning, your boss will overwhelm you overtime work not only on weekdays, but also on weekends, then after a while you will feel the first symptoms of a nervous disorder.

4. Personal life plays a big role in a person’s well-being. It’s not for nothing that they say that love heals. An ardent feeling can bring almost any dying person back to life. If a person is happy in his personal life, he almost never gets sick. If in happy couple there was a breakdown or breakup in the relationship, the girl cannot come to her senses for some time. Sometimes she even gets sick for no apparent reason. If you look at it, there is an explanation for this.

A girl experiencing a crisis in a relationship becomes absent-minded and pays little attention not only to her appearance, but also to food. At times she forgets to eat, which leads to weight loss and weakened immunity. the basics of wellness.

5. Technique not only helps, but also has a detrimental effect on some organs of human health. Let's take a computer for example. Since the Internet has firmly entered our lives, the number of happy owners of a treasured iron friend is growing every day. If a couple of years ago the age of the average user started from 15 years and above, now many 8-10 year old children confidently use a computer.

If the basic rules of working at a computer are not followed, after a while the user experiences vision problems, back and spine pain, as well as problems with the gastrointestinal tract.

6. Noise affects the well-being of the individual. Loud sounds can cause in humans headache cause stress or bad mood. Working in noisy environments can cause hearing problems.

How to protect your own health

To protect yourself from external negative factors, you will have to give up a measured life. A job that evokes bad emotions will not only cause stress in the future, but also heart problems. Unresolved issues regarding your relationship with your other half can cause prolonged depression.

If you are at the computer all day, give your eyes a rest in the evening. The more you look at the monitor, the faster your vision “sits down.”

In people with poor eyesight there is a habit of squinting while looking at the monitor, which can later lead to headaches from DC voltage facial muscles. Place a cactus next to your computer so that it absorbs harmful radiation. Eat blueberries in your diet, which can relieve you of vision problems.

Doctors claim that alcohol, cigarettes and poor nutrition negatively affect human health.
Alcohol not only clouds your consciousness, but also reduces the number of years you live. Cigarettes can cause problems with the lungs and tooth color. Poor nutrition is the first step to weight gain. And along with extra pounds come shortness of breath, varicose veins and other troubles that interfere with living a happy life.

Thus, what affects human health is a system of actions aimed at improving the well-being of the individual.

U healthy person healthy offspring are always born. If you don’t have enough time to take care of yourself, then think about what it will be like for your future child, suffering because you didn’t give up your addiction at the right time?