home Folk remedies Formed elements of blood. Active blood reaction (pH)

Formed elements of blood. Active blood reaction (pH)

Blood is the most important internal environment of the human body; it is formed by its liquid connective tissue. Many people remember from biology lessons that blood contains plasma and elements such as white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells. It constantly circulates through the vessels, not stopping even for a minute, and thus supplying oxygen to all organs and tissues. It has the ability to very quickly renew itself by destroying old cells and instantly form new ones. You will learn about what pH and blood acidity indicators are, their norm and effect on the state of the body, as well as how to measure blood pH and regulate it with the help of diet correction, you will learn from our article.

Blood functions

Nutritious. Blood supplies all parts of the body with oxygen, hormones, enzymes, which ensures the full functioning of the whole organism.
Respiratory. Thanks to blood circulation, oxygen flows from the lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the cells, on the contrary, to the lungs.
Regulatory. It is with the help of blood that the flow is regulated useful substances into the body, the required temperature level is maintained and the amount of hormones is controlled.
Homeostatic. This function determines the internal tension and balance of the body.

A bit of history

So, why is it necessary to study the pH of human blood or, as it is also called, blood acidity? The answer is simple: it is an incredibly necessary value that is stable. It forms the required course of the redox processes of the human body, the activity of its enzymes, in addition, the intensity of all kinds of metabolic processes. The acid-base level of any type of liquid (including blood) is influenced by the number of active hydrogen particles contained there. You can conduct an experiment and determine the pH of each liquid, but in our article we are talking about the pH of human blood.

For the first time, the term "hydrogen index" appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and formulated it in the same way as the pH scale, a Danish physicist - Soren Peter Laurits Servicen. The system he introduced for determining the acidity of liquids had divisions from 0 to 14 units. A neutral reaction corresponds to a value of 7.0. If the pH of any liquid has a number less than indicated, then there has been a deviation towards "acidity", and if more - towards "alkalinity". The stability of the acid-base balance in the human body is supported by the so-called buffer systems - liquids that ensure the stability of hydrogen ions, maintaining them in the required amount. And help them in this physiological compensation mechanisms - the result of the work of the liver, kidneys and lungs. Together, they make sure that the pH value of the blood remains within the normal range, the only way the body will function smoothly, without failures. The lungs have the greatest influence on this process, because they produce a huge amount acidic foods(they are excreted in the form of carbon dioxide), and also support the capacity of all systems and organs. The kidneys bind and form hydrogen particles, and then return sodium ions and bicarbonate to the blood, while the liver processes and eliminates specific acids that our body no longer needs. We must not forget about the activity of the digestive organs, they also contribute to maintaining the level of acid-base constancy. And this contribution is incredibly huge: the above-mentioned organs produce digestive juices (for example, gastric), which enter into an alkaline or acid reaction.

How to determine blood pH?

The measurement of blood acidity is carried out by the electrometric method, for this purpose a specific electrode made of glass is used, which determines the amount of hydrogen ions. The result is affected by carbon dioxide contained in the blood cells. Blood pH can be determined in the laboratory. You only need to hand over the material for analysis, and you only need arterial or capillary blood(from a finger). Moreover, it gives the most reliable results, because its acid-base values are the most constant.

How to find out the pH of your own blood at home?

Of course, the most acceptable way would still be to contact the nearest clinic for analysis. Moreover, after the doctor will be able to give an adequate interpretation of the results and appropriate recommendations. But today many devices are being produced that will give an accurate answer to the question of how to determine the pH of the blood at home. The thinnest needle instantly pierces the skin and gains not a large number of material, and the microcomputer, which is located in the apparatus, immediately produces all necessary calculations and displays the result on the screen. Everything happens quickly and painlessly. You can buy such a device in a specialized store of medical equipment. Large pharmacy chains can also bring this device to order.

Indicators of human blood acidity: normal, as well as deviations

Normal blood pH is 7.35 - 7.45 units, which indicates that you have a slightly alkaline reaction. If this indicator is reduced, and the ph is below 7.35, then the doctor diagnoses acidosis. And in the event that the indicators are above the norm, then we are talking about a change in the norm to the alkaline side, this is called alkalosis (when the indicator is higher than 7.45). A person should take the pH level in his body seriously, since deviations of more than 0.4 units (less than 7.0 and more than 7.8) are already considered incompatible with life.

Acidosis

In the event that laboratory tests have revealed acidosis in a patient, this may be an indicator of the presence of diabetes mellitus, anoxia, or a state of shock, or is associated with initial stage even more serious illnesses. Mild acidosis is asymptomatic and can only be detected in a laboratory by measuring the pH of your blood. The severe form of this disease is accompanied by frequent breathing, nausea and vomiting. In case of acidosis, when the acidity level of the body falls below 7.35 (blood pH is normal - 7.35-7.45), the cause of such a deviation must first be eliminated, and at the same time the patient needs to drink plenty of water and take soda inside as a solution. In addition, it is necessary in this case to appear to specialists - a general practitioner or an emergency doctor.

Alkalosis

The cause of metabolic alkalosis can be incessant vomiting (often caused by poisoning), which is accompanied by a significant loss of acid and gastric juice, or eating a large amount of food that causes a supersaturation of the body with alkali (products plant origin, milk products). There is such a kind of increased acid-base balance as "respiratory alkalosis". It can appear even in a completely healthy and strong man with too much nervous stress, overstrain, as well as in patients prone to fullness, or with shortness of breath in people prone to cardiovascular diseases. Treatment of alkalosis (as in the case of acidosis) begins with the elimination of the cause of this phenomenon. Also, if it is necessary to restore the pH level of human blood, this can be achieved by inhaling mixtures that contain carbon dioxide. Solutions of potassium, ammonium, calcium and insulin will also be required for recovery. But in no case should you engage in self-treatment, all manipulations are carried out under the supervision of specialists, often the patient needs hospitalization. All necessary procedures are prescribed by a general practitioner.

What foods increase blood acidity

To keep blood pH under control (norm 7.35-7.45), you need to eat right and know which foods increase acidity and which ones increase alkalinity in the body. Foods that increase acidity include:

What happens if the acidity of the blood is increased

If a person's diet constantly includes the above products, then in the end this will lead to a decrease in immunity, gastritis and pancreatitis. Such a person often picks up colds and infections, because the body is weakened. Too much acid in male body leads to impotence and infertility, since spermatozoa need alkaline environment, and acid destroys them. Increased acidity in a woman's body also negatively affects reproductive function, because with an increase in the acidity of the vagina, spermatozoa, falling into it, die before they can reach the uterus. That is why it is so important to maintain a constant level of human blood pH within the established norms.

Foods that make the blood alkaline

The level of alkalinity in the human body is increased following products supply:

watermelons;
melon;
all citrus fruits;
celery;
mango;
papaya;
spinach;
parsley;
sweet grapes, in which there are no seeds;
asparagus;
pears;
raisin;
apples;
apricots;
absolutely all vegetable juices;
bananas;
avocado;
ginger;
garlic;
peaches;
nectarines;
most herbs, including medicinal ones.

If a person consumes too much animal fat, coffee, alcohol and sweets, then “overoxidation” occurs in the body, which means that the predominance acid environment over alkaline. Smoking and constant stress also negatively affect blood pH. Moreover, acidic metabolic products are not completely removed, but in the form of salts they settle in interstitial fluid and joints, becoming the causes of many diseases. To replenish the acid-base balance, wellness and cleansing procedures and a healthy balanced diet are required.

Foods That Balance pH

In order to normalize the amount of alkali in the body and bring the blood plasma pH back to normal, most doctors advise drinking alkaline water: enriched with ions, it is completely absorbed by the body and balances acid and alkali in it. Among other things, such water strengthens the immune system, helps eliminate toxins, slows down the aging process and has a beneficial effect on the stomach. Therapists advise drinking 1 glass of alkaline water in the morning and 2-3 more glasses throughout the day. After such an amount, the condition of the blood improves. That's just to drink medications such water is undesirable because it reduces the effectiveness of some drugs. If you are taking medication, then at least one hour should elapse between them and taking alkaline water. This ionized water can be drunk in pure form, and you can use it for cooking, cook soups and broths on it, use it for brewing tea, coffee and compotes. The pH level in such water is normal.

How to Normalize Blood pH with Alkaline Water

Such water helps not only to improve health, but also to keep youth and bloom longer. appearance. Drinking this fluid daily helps the body deal with acidic wastes and dissolve them faster, after which they are removed from the body. And since the accumulation of salts and acids negatively affects the general condition and well-being, getting rid of these reserves gives a person strength, energy and a charge of good mood. Gradually, it removes unnecessary substances from the body and thus leaves in it only what is really necessary for all organs for proper functioning. Just as alkaline soap is used to remove unwanted germs, so alkaline water used to remove all excess from the body. From our article, you learned everything about the acid-base balance of the blood in particular and the whole organism as a whole. We told you about the functions of the blood, how to find out the pH of the blood in the laboratory and at home, about the norms for the content of acid and alkali in the blood, as well as the deviations that are associated with this. Also, now you have a list of foods that increase the alkalinity or acidity of the blood at your fingertips. Thus, you can plan your diet in such a way that you not only eat in a balanced way, but at the same time maintain the right blood pH level.

pH (acidity) of urine

urine pH(urine reaction, urine acidity) - a pH indicator that shows the amount of hydrogen ions in human urine. The pH of urine allows you to set physical properties urine, assess the balance of acids and alkalis. Urine pH values are essential for assessing general condition body, diagnosing diseases.

Determination of acidity is a mandatory diagnostic test when conducting a general urine test. The reaction or acidity of urine is a physical quantity that determines the amount of hydrogen ions. It can be measured both qualitatively (acidic, neutral, alkaline), and quantitatively - using pH.

In relation to urine, the pH values are as follows:

5.5 - 6.4 - sour;
6.5 - 7.5 - neutral;
more than 7.5 - alkaline.

Urine reaction should be evaluated immediately after delivery to the laboratory. When standing, the components of the urine undergo bacterial decomposition. First of all, it is urea, which decomposes to ammonia, and it, dissolving in water, forms an alkali. Determination of the pH of urine is carried out using special test strips.

Absolutely healthy people (are there still such people?) have acidic urine. However, a shift in its pH to the neutral or alkaline side is not a pathology. The fact is that a huge number of factors affect the acidity of urine: diet, physical activity, various diseases, and not only kidney. If in your analysis today the environment is acidic, tomorrow it is neutral, the day after tomorrow it is again acidic, then there is nothing wrong with that. Problems begin if the urine is chronically "not acidic."

At what pathological conditions can there be a shift in the pH of urine to the alkaline side?

Hyperventilation of the lungs (shortness of breath).
Loss of acids on vomiting.
Acute or chronic urinary tract infections.
Chronic intoxications, including cancer.

Why is a chronic shift in the reaction of urine to neutral or alkaline dangerous?

1. Formation of stones in the urinary system.

In acidic urine, only urate stones, which are formed from uric acid, can occur. As a rule, those appear with gout and make up about 5% of the total number of stones. Other uroliths (urinary stones) require either a neutral or alkaline environment. greatest danger are calcium phosphates and carbonates.

2. Increased risk of urinary infections.

In acidic urine, bacteria do not live well, but if the urine is neutral or alkaline, then the bacteria multiply very remarkably there.

How to influence the acidity of urine?

At the beginning I will tell what not to do.

1. Drink a lot of soda.

Since the 1930s, doctors have known Burnett's syndrome. Otherwise, it is called the "milk-soda" syndrome. The use of large amounts of calcium (milk, dairy products, antacids - drugs that reduce acidity in the stomach: Almagel, Phosphalugel, Rennie, etc.) leads to mild alkalosis (shift of blood pH to the alkaline side), and, as a result, alkalization of urine. In mild cases, this only increases the risk of kidney stones. But there are citizens who begin to drink milk or antacids with soda, aggravating alkalosis. As a result, calcium in the blood takes off so that it begins to pose a threat to life, causing arrhythmias, muscle weakness, impaired kidney function, irreversible loss of vision, etc.

To summarize: all excess soda is excreted from the body with urine, making it neutral or alkaline.

2. Take a lot of ascorbic acid.

The logic of this action is clear, but there is a problem. Vitamin C is not filtered into the urine, all of its absorbed amount goes into metabolic processes with the formation of alkaline products, and they are filtered into the urine. Thus, a large amount of ascorbic acid leads to a shift in the pH of urine to the alkaline side.

Now about that how to make urine sour. To clarify, these recommendations apply only to people with chronically low urine pH. WITH preventive purposes described methods do not apply.

1. Diet.

Food products can be divided into the following groups:

sources of acids - meat and fish, asparagus, cereals, cheese, eggs, alcohol and natural coffee;
base absorbers - products for the processing of which alkalis are spent: sugar, and any (white and brown), as well as products containing it (ice cream, marmalade, jam, chocolate, sweets, confectionery), white flour products (white bread, pasta ), solid fats;
alkali suppliers - potatoes and other root crops, lettuce, tomatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, Herb tea, fresh herbs, fruits;
neutral foods - vegetable oil, legumes, nuts.

To acidify urine, you need to shift the balance of food to the acid side.

2. Phosphoric acid.

We are talking about the additive E338, which is present as a preservative in Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola and other drinks containing "-cola" in the name. This supplement is not metabolized and is filtered into the urine unchanged, making it acidic.

Orthophosphoric acid has side effects. It damages tooth enamel, binds calcium in the blood, washing it out of the bones, and Coca-Cola itself contains too much sugar and caffeine, which is unsafe for certain diseases.

instead of a conclusion.

Restoring the pH of urine should not be overdone. An excess of acids in the body (acidosis) can adversely affect the metabolism of vitamins, the functioning of the immune system, etc. In addition, too low a urine pH (below 5.5) is dangerous for the precipitation of uric acid crystals, which can become stones. Remember - everything is good in moderation.

pH V urine - a common mistake in patients in the pronunciation of the term. "pH" is not a substance or component of urine. pH is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions, a unit of measure. Accordingly, it is correct to say pH (or acidity) urine.

Metabolism is a set of chemical reactions that occur in the human body to sustain life. Thanks to the metabolism, the body gets the opportunity to develop, maintain its structures and respond to environmental influences. For normal human metabolism, it is required that acid-base balance(KShchR) was supported within certain limits. The kidneys play an important role in the regulation of acid-base balance.

The most important function of the kidneys is the excretion of "unnecessary" substances from the body, the retention of substances necessary to ensure the exchange of glucose, water, amino acids and electrolytes, and the maintenance of acid-base balance (ABR) in the body. renal tubules absorb hydrocarbons from primary urine and secrete hydrogen ions through the conversion of dihydrogen phosphate to monohydrogen phosphate or the formation of ammonium ions.

Urine excreted by the kidneys contains substances that have acid-base properties. If the substances are acidic, the urine is acidic (pH less than 7), if the substances are basic (alkaline), the urine is alkaline (pH above 7). If the substances in the urine are balanced, the urine has a neutral acidity (pH = 7).

Urine pH shows, in particular, how efficiently the body absorbs the minerals that regulate acid levels: calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. These minerals are called "acid dampeners". With increased acidity, the body must neutralize the acid that accumulates in the tissues, for which it begins to borrow minerals from various organs and bones. When systematically elevated level acidity, bones become brittle. This is usually the result of overuse. meat food and the disadvantage of eating vegetables: the body takes calcium from its own bones, and, with its help, regulates the pH level.

urine pH is important characteristic, which, together with other indicators, allows for a reliable diagnosis of the current state of the patient's body.

When the pH of urine shifts in one direction or another, salts precipitate out:

at a urine pH below 5.5, urate stones form - an acidic environment contributes to the dissolution of phosphates;
at a urine pH of 5.5 to 6.0, oxalate stones are formed;
at a urine pH above 7.0, phosphate stones are formed - an alkaline environment contributes to the dissolution of urates.

These indicators should be taken into account in the treatment of urolithiasis.

Uric acid stones almost never occur at urine pH greater than 5.5, and phosphate stones never formed if urine Not alkaline.

The fluctuation of urine pH levels depends on a number of factors:

inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract;
acidity of the stomach;
metabolism (metabolism);
pathological processes occurring in the human body, accompanied by alkalosis (alkalinization of the blood), acidosis (acidification of the blood);
food intake;
functional activity of the tubules of the kidneys;
the amount of fluid you drink.

Systematic deviation from the normal pH to the acid side in medicine is called acidosis, to the alkaline - alkalosis. Since diabetes mellitus, the most common on the planet endocrine disease(often occurring almost asymptomatically for a long time) is always accompanied by acidosis, diabetes mellitus will be given special attention in this article.

Urine pH affects the activity and reproduction of bacteria, as a result, on the effectiveness antibacterial treatment: V acidic environment the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli increases, as the rate of its reproduction increases.

Medicines nitrofurans and tetracycline preparations are more effective in acidic urine pH, antibiotics penicillin, aminoglycosides (kanamycin, gentamicin) and erythromycin from the macrolide group are most effective in alkaline urine.

For bacterial infections urinary system human body, the pH level can change in both directions, depending on the nature of the end products of bacterial metabolism.

Urine

Urine ( urine) - a biological fluid, a product of human vital activity, with which metabolic products are excreted from the body. Urine is formed by filtering blood plasma in the capillary glomeruli of the kidneys, nephrons. Urine is 97% water, the rest is nitrogenous breakdown products of protein substances (hippuric and uric acids, xanthine, urea, creatinine, indican, urobilin) and salt (mainly sulfates, chlorides and phosphate).

The consequence of hyperglycemia is usually an increase in the level of glucose in the urine.

The danger of diabetes mellitus (especially type 2) is that the disease proceeds long time practically asymptomatic: the patient may not be aware of its existence until the moment when the body already there are no irreversible changes that could have been prevented timely diagnosis and therapy.

Urine is universal indicator, indicating a particular failure in the functioning of organs. The cause of acidic urine can be both an unbalanced diet and diabetes mellitus, in which there is hyperacidity urine (the pH value shifts to around 5).

pH

pH, pH indicator (from the Latin phrase pondus hydrogenii– “hydrogen weight” or potentia Hydrogenii, English power Hydrogen - "power of hydrogen") is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in a solution, quantitatively expressing its acidity. The concept of pH was introduced in 1909 by the Danish biochemist, Professor Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen. The most common mistake in Russian correct pronunciation pH ("pesh") - pH ("er eN").

pH is equal in modulus and opposite in sign to the base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion activity, expressed in moles per liter (mol/litre).

pH \u003d - lg (H +).

inorganic substances- acids, salts and alkalis, in solutions are separated into their constituent ions. Positively charged H + ions form an acidic environment, negatively charged OH − ions form an alkaline one. In significantly dilute solutions, acidic and alkaline properties depend on the concentrations of H + and OH − ions, the activity of which is related to each other. In pure water with a temperature of 25 ° C, the concentrations of hydrogen ions () and hydroxide ions () are the same and amount to 10-7 mol / liter, which directly follows from the definition of the ion product of water, which is equal to and is 10-14 mol² / l² ( at temperature = 25 °C). Thus, the generally accepted minimum value of pH = 0, maximum = 14 (although, in exceptional cases, in technical industries, pH can be either minus or greater than 14).

Accordingly, solutions and liquids (as well as the media in which they are present), with respect to their acidity, are considered:

acidic at levels from 0 to 7.0;
neutral at level = 7.0;
alkaline at levels from 7.0 to 14.0.

In the human body, the acidity value cannot be less than pH 0.86.

Acidity

Acidity (from Latin aciditas) - characteristic activity of hydrogen ions in solutions and liquids:

If the acidity of any medium or liquid is below 7.0, this means an increase in acidity, a decrease in alkalinity;
If the acidity of any medium or liquid is above 7.0, this means a decrease in acidity, an increase in alkalinity;
If the acidity of any medium or liquid is at = 7.0, this means that the reaction is neutral.

In medicine, the pH of biological fluids (in particular: urine, blood, gastric juice) is diagnostically important parameter characterizing the state of health of the patient.

Clinical interpretation of urine pH results is only relevant when there is a correlation with other information about the patient's health; or when an accurate diagnosis has already been established, and the results of a urine test allow conclusions to be drawn about the course of the disease.

The level of acidity in urine is of clinical significance only in combination with other symptoms and laboratory parameters.

There are four main methods for determining the pH of urine at home, the study is being conducted in vitro :

litmus paper;
Magarshak method;
bromthymol blue indicator;
visual indicator test strips.

Also, to determine the acidity, you can use the services of clinical laboratories, where the study will be carried out as part of a general (clinical) analysis.

Laboratory (general, clinical, OAM) urinalysis is a set of laboratory tests of urine conducted for diagnostic purposes. advantage laboratory analysis urine before other diagnostic methods is not only the assessment of the biochemical and physico-chemical properties of urine, but also the microscopy of the sediment (using a microscope). The disadvantage of the method is the relative high cost, the impossibility of obtaining the result promptly, the need to deliver the sample in a special container.

Determination by litmus paper

Litmus, litmus paper, litmus indicator - an acid-base indicator, the reagent of which is a dye natural origin on the basis of azolithine and erythrolithine. The reaction of urine is determined using blue and red litmus paper.

During the analysis, both pieces of paper are immersed in the test sample, the urine reaction is stated by color:

If the blue paper turns red, and the red does not change color, then the reaction is acidic;
If the red paper turns blue, and the blue does not change color, then the reaction is alkaline;
If both papers have not changed color, then the reaction is neutral;
If both litmus papers change color, then the reaction is amphoteric.

Determine the specific pH value of urine with litmus impossible, more accurate is the determination of urine acidity using liquid indicators (the most reliable results can be obtained using only a pH test strip).

Magarshak method in determining the acidity of urine

The method (method) of Magarshak for determining the acidity of urine consists in its colorimetry after the addition of an indicator, which is a mixture of neutral red and methylene blue.

To use the Magarshak method, an indicator should be prepared: for two volumes of 0.1% alcohol solution neutral red add one volume of 0.1% alcohol solution of methylene blue.

The procedure for determining acidity: 1 drop of indicator is added to a container containing 1-2 ml of urine, after which the sample is mixed.

The interpretation of the results obtained by the Magarshak method is carried out according to the table below.

	Approximate pH value
intense purple
Violet
Light purple
gray purple
Dark grey

Grey-green
light green

Determination of urine reaction with bromthymol blue

To determine the reaction of urine with bromthymol blue indicator, a reagent should be prepared: dissolve 0.1 g of the pounded indicator in 20 ml of warm ethyl alcohol, after cooling to room temperature, bring clean water up to a volume of 100 ml.

The procedure for determining acidity: 1 drop of bromthymol blue is added to a container containing 2-3 ml of urine. The border of transitional tones of the indicator will be in the pH range from 6.0 to 7.6.

The resulting color of the test sample	Urine reaction

	subacid
Grassy	slightly alkaline
Green, blue	alkaline

The advantage of determining the reaction of urine with the bromthymol blue indicator is the low cost, speed and simplicity of the study; the disadvantage is the inability to distinguish urine with normal acidity from pathologically acidic, the study gives only approximate concept of acid or alkaline reaction.

Urine pH Test Strips

To determine the acidity of urine, you can buy a pH test strip - the most simple and affordable tool designed to independent urinalysis for acidity at home. In addition, pH test strips are used in medical centers, clinical diagnostic laboratories, hospitals (clinics), medical institutions. To conduct research and decipher the result of pH analysis - possession of special medical knowledge not required. The most common form of release of test strips in pharmacies is packaging in the form of a tube (pencil case) No. 50 (50 test strips, which, with periodical self-control of the patient approximately corresponds to the monthly requirement. At systematic self-control, at least three times a day, this package is enough, approximately, for two weeks).

Most visual pH test strips are designed to determine the reaction of urine in the pH range from 5 to 9. A mixture of two dyes, bromthymol blue and methyl red, is used as a reagent for the indicator zone. As the reaction proceeds, the acid-base indicator of the test strip turns from orange through yellow and green to blue, depending on the reaction of the urine. The pH value is determined either visually (according to the supplied color chart) or photometrically using a laboratory urinary analyzer (photometrically).

The procedure for determining the acidity of urine with test strips:

Remove the test strip from the case (tube);
Immerse the strip in the test sample;
Remove the test strip, remove excess urine by gently tapping on the container;
After 45 seconds, compare the colored indicator with the color scale.

Buy Bioscan pH (Bioscan pH No. 50/No. 100) - Russian strips for pH analysis in urine from Bioscan.

pH strips with two indicators:

Albufan test strips (Albufan No. 50, AlbuPhan) - European test strips from the company Erba, designed to assess the reaction of urine and the extent of proteinuria (proteins in the urine).

pH strips with three or more indicators:

Pentafan / Pentafan Laura (PentaPhan / Laura) test strips for urine test for reaction, ketones (acetone), total protein(albumins and globulins), sugar (glucose) and occult blood (erythrocytes and hemoglobin) from Erb Lachem, Czech Republic;
Bioscan Penta (Bioscan Penta No. 50/No. 100) strips with five indicators from Russian company Bioscan, which allows you to conduct urine tests for reaction, glucose (sugar), total protein (albumin, globulins), occult blood (erythrocytes and hemoglobin) and ketones;
uripolian- strips from Biosensor AN with ten indicators, allowing you to analyze urine according to the following characteristics - reaction, ketones (acetone), glucose (sugar), hidden blood(erythrocytes, hemoglobin), bilirubin, urobilinogen, density (specific gravity), leukocytes, ascorbic acid, total protein (albumins and globulins).

Self-diagnosis with test strips is not a substitute for regular health assessments by a qualified healthcare professional, physician.

An indication for the appointment of a laboratory pH analysis of urine is often urolithiasis disease. Urine pH analysis provides an opportunity to determine the likelihood and nature of stone formation:

with acidity below 5.5, uric acid (urate) stones are more likely to form;
with an acidity of 5.5 - 6.0 - oxalate stones;
with an acidity of 7.0 - 7.8 - phosphate stones.

A pH of 9 indicates that the urine sample has not been stored correctly.

Laboratory pH analysis of urine is prescribed medical specialists to control the state of the body while observing a specific diet, which includes the use of foods with low and high content of potassium, phosphates, sodium.

pH analysis of urine is indicated for kidney disease, endocrine pathology, diuretic therapy.

When conducting laboratory research urine is examined fresh, not older than two hours urine (more often - daily urine), collected in a special container. The pH level is determined by the indicator method: bromthymol blue and methyl red. The accuracy of measurement by the method of indicators allows you to get a result with an accuracy of up to 0.5 units. The use of an electronic laboratory ionometer (pH meter) allows you to get a result with an accuracy of 0.001 units.

Before conducting a pH analysis of urine, you should not eat food that can change the physical properties of urine - beets and carrots. Do not take diuretics that affect chemical composition urine.

The price of a laboratory urinalysis ranges from 350 rubles to 2500 rubles, depending on the set of studies, the chosen laboratory, and its location. As of June 2016, 725 laboratories in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities of the country accept urine for analysis in Russia. The price of analyzes indicated above does not include laboratory discount programs.

” is a compilation of materials obtained from authoritative sources, a list of which is located in the section “

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BLOOD SYSTEM

The blood system includes: blood circulating through the vessels; organs in which blood cells are formed and destroyed (bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes), and the regulatory neurohumoral apparatus.

For the normal functioning of all organs, a constant supply of blood is necessary. The cessation of blood circulation even for short term(in the brain for only a few minutes) causes irreversible changes. This is due to the fact that blood performs important functions in the body that are necessary for life. The main functions of the blood are as follows.

Trophic (nutritional) function. Blood carries nutrients (amino acids, monosaccharides, etc.) from the digestive tract to the cells of the body. These substances are needed by cells as a building and energy material, as well as to ensure their specific activity. For example, 500-550 liters of blood must pass through the udder of a cow in order for its secreting cells to form 1 liter of milk.

Excretory (excretory) function. With the help of blood, the end products of metabolism, unnecessary and even harmful (ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine, various salts, etc.). These substances are brought to the excretory organs with the blood and then excreted from the body.

Respiratory (respiratory function). Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and the carbon dioxide formed in them is transported to the lungs, from where it is removed during exhalation. The amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide transported by the blood depends on the intensity of metabolism in the body.

protective function. There are a very large number of leukocytes in the blood, which have the ability to absorb and digest microbes and other foreign bodies that enter the body. This ability of leukocytes was discovered by the Russian scientist Mechnikov (1883) and was named phagocytosis, and the cells themselves were named phagocytes. As soon as a foreign body enters the body, leukocytes rush to it, capture and digest it due to the presence of a powerful enzyme system. Often they die in this struggle and then, accumulating in one place, form pus. The phagocytic activity of leukocytes is called cellular immunity. In the liquid part of the blood, in response to the entry of foreign substances into the body, special chemical compounds appear - antibodies. If they neutralize toxic substances secreted by microbes, then they are called antitoxins, if they cause adhesion of microbes and other foreign bodies They are called agglutinins. Under the influence of antibodies, the dissolution of microbes can occur. Such antibodies are called lysins. There are antibodies that cause precipitation of foreign proteins - precipitins. The presence of antibodies in the body provides it humoral immunity. The same role is played by the bactericidal properdin system.

thermostatic function. Due to its continuous movement and high heat capacity, blood contributes to the distribution of heat throughout the body and the maintenance of a certain body temperature. During the work of the body, there is a sharp increase in metabolic processes and the release of thermal energy. So, in a functioning salivary gland, the amount of heat increases by 2-3 times compared with the state of rest. The formation of heat in the muscles during their activity increases even more. But heat does not linger in working organs. It is absorbed by the blood and carried throughout the body. A change in blood temperature causes excitation of the heat regulation centers located in the medulla oblongata and hypothalamus, which leads to a corresponding change in the formation and release of heat, as a result of which the body temperature is maintained at a constant level.

correlative function. Blood, constantly moving in a closed system of blood vessels, provides communication between various organs, and the body functions as a single integral system. This connection is carried out with the help of various substances entering the blood (hormones, etc.). Thus, blood is involved in the humoral regulation of body functions.

Blood and its derivatives - tissue fluid and lymph - form the internal environment of the body. The functions of the blood are aimed at maintaining the relative constancy of the composition of this environment. Thus, blood is involved in maintaining homeostasis.

Not all of the blood in the body circulates through the blood vessels. Under normal conditions, a significant part of it is in the so-called depots:

in the liver up to 20%

in the spleen approximately 16%

in the skin up to 10% of the total amount of blood.

The relationship between circulating and deposited blood varies depending on the state of the body. During physical work, nervous excitement, and blood loss, part of the deposited blood reflexively enters the blood vessels.

The amount of blood is different in animals of different species, sex, breed, economic use. For example, the amount of blood in sports horses reaches 14-15% of body weight, and in heavy trucks - 7-8%. The more intense the metabolic processes in the body, the higher the need for oxygen, the more blood the animal has.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD

The content of blood is heterogeneous. When standing in a test tube, uncoagulated blood (with the addition of sodium citrate), it is divided into two layers:

upper (60-55% of the total volume) - yellowish liquid - plasma,

lower (40-45% of the volume) - sediment - blood cells

(thick layer of red color - erythrocytes,

above it is a thin whitish sediment - leukocytes and platelets)

Therefore, blood consists of a liquid part (plasma) and formed elements suspended in it.

Viscosity and relative density of blood. The viscosity of blood is due to the presence of erythrocytes and proteins in it. Under normal conditions, the viscosity of blood is 3-5 times greater than the viscosity of water. It increases with large losses of water by the body (diarrhea, profuse sweating), as well as with an increase in the number of red blood cells. With a decrease in the number of red blood cells, blood viscosity decreases.

The relative density of blood fluctuates within very narrow limits (1.035-1.056) (Table 1). The density of erythrocytes is higher - 1.08-1.09. Due to this, erythrocyte sedimentation occurs when blood clotting is prevented. The relative density of leukocytes and platelets is lower than that of erythrocytes, therefore, when centrifuged, they form a layer above the erythrocytes. The relative density of whole blood mainly depends on the number of erythrocytes, so it is slightly higher in males than in females.

Osmotic and oncotic blood pressure. Mineral substances - salts - are dissolved in the liquid part of the blood. In mammals, their concentration is about 0.9%. They are in a dissociated state in the form of cations and anions. The content of these substances depends mainly osmotic pressure blood. Osmotic pressure is the force that causes the movement of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one. Tissue cells and the cells of the blood itself are surrounded by semi-permeable membranes through which water easily passes and solutes hardly pass. Therefore, a change in the osmotic pressure in the blood and tissues can lead to swelling of cells or loss of water. Even minor changes in the salt composition of blood plasma are detrimental to many tissues, and above all to the cells of the blood itself. The osmotic pressure of the blood is kept at a relatively constant level due to the functioning of regulatory mechanisms. In the walls of blood vessels, in tissues, in the diencephalon - the hypothalamus, there are special receptors that respond to changes in osmotic pressure - osmoreceptors. Irritation of osmoreceptors causes a reflex change in activity excretory organs, and they remove excess water or salts that have entered the bloodstream. Of great importance in this regard is the skin, the connective tissue of which absorbs excess water from the blood or gives it to the blood with an increase in the osmotic pressure of the latter.

The value of osmotic pressure is usually determined by indirect methods. The most convenient and common cryoscopic method is when depression is found, or a decrease in the freezing point of blood. It is known that the freezing point of a solution is the lower, the greater the concentration of particles dissolved in it, that is, the greater its osmotic pressure. The freezing point of the blood of mammals is 0.56-0.58 °C lower than the freezing point of water, which corresponds to an osmotic pressure of 7.6 atm, or 768.2 kPa.

Plasma proteins also create a certain osmotic pressure. It is 1/220 of the total osmotic pressure of blood plasma and ranges from 3.325 to 3.99 kPa, or 0.03-0.04 atm, or 25-30 mm Hg. Art. The osmotic pressure of blood plasma proteins is called oncotic pressure. It is much less than the pressure created by salts dissolved in plasma, since proteins have a huge molecular weight, and, despite their greater content in blood plasma by mass than salts, the number of their grams - molecules is relatively small, besides, they are much less mobile than ions. And for the magnitude of osmotic pressure, it is not the mass of dissolved particles that matters, but their number and mobility.

Oncotic pressure prevents excessive transfer of water from the blood into tissues and promotes its reabsorption from tissue spaces, therefore

with a decrease in the amount of proteins in the blood plasma, tissue edema develops.

Blood reaction and buffer systems. The blood of animals has a slightly alkaline reaction. Its pH ranges from 7.35-7.55 and remains at a relatively constant level, despite the constant flow of acidic and alkaline metabolic products into the blood. The constancy of the blood reaction has great importance for normal life, since a pH shift of 0.3-0.4 is deadly for the body. The active blood reaction (pH) is one of the hard constants of homeostasis.

Maintenance of acid-base balance is achieved by the presence of buffer systems in the blood and by the activity of the excretory organs, which remove excess acids and alkalis.

There are the following buffer systems in the blood: hemoglobin, carbonate, phosphate, blood plasma proteins.

hemoglobin buffer system. This is the most powerful system. Approximately 75% of blood buffers are hemoglobin. In the reduced state, it is a very weak acid; in the oxidized state, its acidic properties are enhanced.

carbonate buffer system. A mixture of a weak acid - carbonic acid and its salts - sodium and potassium bicarbonates is presented. At the usual concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, the amount of dissolved carbonic acid is approximately 20 times less than that of bicarbonates. When a stronger acid than carbonic acid enters the blood plasma, anions of a strong acid interact with sodium bicarbonate cations, forming a sodium salt, and hydrogen ions, combining with HCO anions, form slightly dissociated carbonic acid. When lactic acid enters the blood plasma, a reaction occurs:

CH 3 CHOHCOOH + NaHCO 3 \u003d CH 3 CHOHCOONa + H 2 CO 3

Since carbonic acid is weak, very few hydrogen ions are formed during its dissociation. In addition, under the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, or carbonic anhydrase, contained in erythrocytes, carbonic acid decomposes into carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is released with exhaled air, and there is no change in the reaction of the blood. In the case of bases entering the blood, they react with carbonic acid, forming bicarbonates and water; the reaction remains constant. The carbonate system accounts for a relatively small part of the buffer substances of the blood, its role in the body is significant, since the activity of this system is associated with the removal of carbon dioxide by the lungs, which ensures an almost instantaneous restoration of the normal blood reaction.

Phosphate buffer system. This system is formed by mixtures of monosubstituted and disubstituted sodium phosphate, or dihydrogen phosphate and sodium hydrogen phosphate. The first compound weakly dissociates and behaves like a weak acid, the second one has the properties of a weak alkali. Due to the low concentration of phosphates in the blood, the role of this system is less significant.

Blood plasma proteins. Like any proteins, they have amphoteric properties: they react with acids as bases, with bases as acids, due to which they participate in maintaining the pH at a relatively constant level.

The capacity of buffer systems is not the same in different animal species. It is especially great in animals biologically adapted to strenuous muscular work, for example, in horses and deer.

Due to the fact that in the course of metabolism more acid products than alkaline, the danger of a shift in the reaction to the acid side is more likely than to the alkaline. In this regard, blood buffer systems provide much greater resistance to the intake of acids than alkalis. Thus, to shift the reaction of blood plasma to the alkaline side, it is necessary to add 40-70 times more sodium hydroxide solution to it than to water. To cause a shift in the reaction of the blood to the acid side, 327 times more hydrochloric acid has to be added to the plasma than to water. Consequently, the reserve of alkaline substances in the blood is much greater than the acidic ones, that is, the alkaline reserve of the blood is many times greater than the acidic one.

Since there is a definite and fairly constant ratio between acidic and alkaline components in the blood, it is customary to call it acid-base balance.

The value of the alkaline reserve of blood can be determined by the amount of bicarbonates contained in it, which is usually expressed in cubic centimeters of carbon dioxide formed from bicarbonates by adding acid in equilibrium with a gas mixture, where the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 40 mm Hg. Art., which corresponds to the pressure of this gas in the alveolar air (Van Slyke method).

The alkaline reserve in horses is 55-57 cm 3 in cattle - an average of 60, sheep - 56 cm of carbon dioxide per 100 ml of blood plasma.

Despite the presence of buffer systems and good protection of the body from a shift in the reaction of the blood, a change in the acid-base balance is still possible. For example, during strenuous muscular work, the alkaline reserve of the blood decreases sharply - up to 20 vol% (volume percent).

If the acids entering the blood cause only a decrease in the alkaline reserve but do not shift the reaction of the blood to the acid side, then the so-called compensated acidosis occurs. If not only the alkaline reserve is exhausted, but the reaction of the blood shifts to the acid side, a state of uncompensated acidosis occurs.

There are also compensated and uncompensated alkalosis. In the first case, there is an increase in the alkaline reserve of the blood and a decrease in the acid reserve without a shift in the reaction of the blood. In the second case, a shift in the reaction of the blood to the alkaline side is also observed. This can be caused by feeding or introducing large amounts of alkaline foods into the body, as well as the excretion of acids or increased retention of alkaline substances. The state of compensated alkalosis occurs with hyperventilation of the lungs and increased removal of carbon dioxide from the body.

Both acidosis and alkalosis can be metabolic (non-gas) and respiratory (respiratory, gas). Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of carbonates in the blood. Respiratory acidosis develops as a result of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the body. Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in the amount of bicarbonates in the blood, for example, when substances rich in hydroxyls are administered orally or parenterally. Gas alkalosis is associated with hyperventilation of the lungs, while carbon dioxide is intensively removed from the body.

Composition of blood plasma.

Blood plasma is a complex biological system closely related to the tissue fluid of the body.

The blood plasma contains 90-92% 8% dry matter. dry substances include proteins, glucose, lipids (neutral fats, lecithin, cholesterol, etc.), lactic and pyruvic acid, non-protein nitrogenous substances (amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine), various mineral salts (predominant sodium chloride) enzymes, hormones, vitamins, pigments.

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are also dissolved in the plasma.

Plasma proteins and their functional significance. Proteins make up the bulk of the plasma dry matter. their total number is 6-8%. there are several dozen different proteins, which are divided into two main groups: albumins and globulins. The ratio between the amount of albumins and globulins in the blood plasma of animals of different species is different (Table 2).

The ratio of albumins and globulins in blood plasma called the protein ratio. In pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits, humans, it is more than one, and in horses, cattle, the amount of globulins usually exceeds the amount of albumin, that is, it is less than one. It is believed that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate depends on the value of this coefficient - it increases with an increase in the amount of globulins

Electrophoresis is used to separate plasma proteins. Having a different electrical charge, different proteins move in an electric field at different speeds. Using this method, it was possible to separate globulins into several fractions: α 1 α 2 β γ globulins. The globulin fraction includes fibrinogen, which is of great importance in blood coagulation.

Albumins and fibrinogen are formed in the liver, globulins, in addition to the liver, also in the bone marrow, Spleen, and lymph nodes.

Plasma proteins perform a variety of functions. They maintain normal blood volume and a constant amount of water in the tissues. As large molecular colloidal particles, proteins cannot pass through the walls of capillaries into tissue fluid. Remaining in the blood, they attract a certain amount of water from the tissues into the blood and create the so-called oncotic pressure. Particularly important in its creation belongs to albumins, which have a lower molecular weight and are more mobile than globulins. They account for approximately 80% of oncotic pressure.

Proteins play an important role in transport nutrients. Albumins bind and transport fatty acid, bile pigments; α - and β - globulins carry cholesterol, steroid hormones, phospholipids; γ - globulins are involved in the transport of metal cations.

Plasma proteins, primarily fibrinogen, are involved in blood coagulation. Possessing amphoteric properties, they maintain acid-base balance. Proteins create blood viscosity, which is important in maintaining blood pressure. They stabilize the blood, preventing excessive erythrocyte sedimentation.

Proteins play a big role in immunity. The γ - globulin fraction of proteins includes various antibodies that protect the body from invading bacteria and viruses. When animals are immunized, the amount of γ - globulins increases.

In 1954, a protein complex containing lipids and polysaccharides, properdin, was discovered in blood plasma. It is able to react with viral proteins and make them inactive, as well as cause the death of bacteria. Properdin is an important factor in congenital immunity to a number of diseases.

Blood plasma proteins, and primarily albumins, serve as a source of protein formation in various organs. Using the labeled atom technique, it has been proven that parenterally administered (bypassing the digestive tract) plasma proteins are rapidly incorporated into proteins specific for various organs.

Blood plasma proteins carry out creative connections, that is, the transfer of information that affects the genetic apparatus of the cell and ensures the processes of growth, development, differentiation and maintenance of the structure of the body.

Non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds. This group includes amino acids, polypeptides, urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ammonia, which also belong to the organic substances of blood plasma. They got the name of residual nitrogen. Its total amount is 11-15 mmol/l (30-40 mg%). With impaired renal function, the content of residual nitrogen in the blood plasma increases sharply.

Nitrogen-free organic substances of blood plasma. These include glucose and neutral fats. The amount of glucose in blood plasma varies depending on the type of animal. its smallest amount is found in the blood plasma of ruminants - 2.2-3.3 mmol / l (40-60 mg%), animals with a single-chamber stomach - 5.54 mmol / l (100 mg%), in the blood of chickens - 7, 2 mmol/l (130-290 mg%).

Plasma inorganic substances are salts. In mammals, they make up about 0.9 g% and are in a dissociated state in the form of cations and anions. Osmotic pressure depends on their content.

FORMED BLOOD ELEMENTS

The formed elements of the blood are divided into three groups - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

The total volume of formed elements in 100 volumes of blood is called hematocrit indicator.

Erythrocytes. Red blood cells make up the bulk of blood cells. They got their name from the Greek word "erythros" - red. They determine the red color of blood. Erythrocytes of fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds are large, oval-shaped cells containing a nucleus. Mammalian erythrocytes are much smaller, lack a nucleus, and have the shape of biconcave discs (only in camels and llamas they are oval).

The biconcave shape increases the surface of the erythrocytes and promotes rapid and uniform diffusion of oxygen through their membrane. The erythrocyte consists of a thin mesh stroma, the cells of which are filled with hemoglobin pigment, and a denser membrane. The latter is formed by a layer of lipids enclosed between two monomolecular layers of proteins. The shell has selective permeability. Water, anions, glucose, urea easily pass through it, but it does not allow proteins to pass through and is almost impermeable to most cations.

Erythrocytes are very elastic, easily compressed and therefore can pass through narrow capillaries, the diameter of which is less than their diameter.

The sizes of erythrocytes of vertebrates vary widely, they have the smallest diameter in mammals, and among them in wild and domestic goats; erythrocytes of the largest diameter are found in amphibians, in particular in Proteus.

The number of red blood cells in the blood is determined under a microscope using counting chambers or electronic devices - celloscopes. The blood of animals of different species contains an unequal number of red blood cells. An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood due to their increased formation is called true erythrocytosis, if the number of erythrocytes in the blood increases due to their receipt from the blood depot, they speak of redistributive erythrocytosis.

The totality of erythrocytes in the whole blood of an animal is called an erythron. This is a huge amount. Thus, the total number of red blood cells in a horse weighing 500 kg reaches 436.5 trillion, together they form a huge surface, which is of great importance for the effective performance of their functions.

Functions of red blood cells

They are very diverse: the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; transfer of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs; transportation of nutrients - amino acids adsorbed on their surface - from the digestive organs to the cells of the body; maintaining blood pH at a relatively constant level due to the presence of hemoglobin; active participation in the processes of immunity: erythrocytes adsorb various poisons on their surface, which are then destroyed by cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS); the process of blood clotting. They found almost all the factors that are contained in platelets. In addition, their shape is convenient for the attachment of fibrin strands, and their surface catalyzes hemostasis.

Hem o l and z. The destruction of the erythrocyte membrane and the release of hemoglobin from them is called hemolysis. It can be chemical when their shell is destroyed by chemicals (acids, alkalis, saponin, soap, ether, chloroform, etc.); physical, which is divided into mechanical (with strong shaking), temperature (under the influence of high and low temperatures), radiation (under the action of X-rays or ultraviolet rays). Osmotic hemolysis- destruction of erythrocytes in water or hypotonic solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is less than in blood plasma. Due to the fact that the pressure inside the erythrocytes is greater than in environment, water passes into erythrocytes, their volume increases and the membranes burst, and hemoglobin comes out. If the surrounding solution has a sufficiently low salt concentration, complete hemolysis occurs and instead of normal opaque blood, relatively clear "lacquer" blood is formed. If the solution in which the erythrocytes are located is less hypotonic, partial hemolysis occurs. Biological hemolysis may occur during blood transfusion, if the blood is incompatible, with the bites of some snakes, etc.

In the body, hemolysis constantly occurs in small amounts when old red blood cells die. In this case, erythrocytes are destroyed in the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, the released hemoglobin is absorbed by the cells of these organs, and it is absent in the circulating blood plasma.

G e m o g l o b i n. Its main function - the transfer of gases by blood - erythrocytes perform due to the presence of hemoglobin in them, which is a complex protein - a chromoprotein consisting of a protein part (globin) and a non-protein pigment group (heme), interconnected by a histidine bridge. There are four hemes in a hemoglobin molecule. Heme is built from four pyrrole rings and contains ferrous iron. It is the active, or so-called prosthetic, group of hemoglobin and has the ability to attach and donate oxygen molecules. In all animal species, heme has the same structure, while globin differs in amino acid composition.

Hemoglobin, which has added oxygen, turns into oxyhemoglobin (HO) of a bright scarlet color, which determines the color of arterial blood. Oxyhemoglobin is formed in the capillaries of the lungs, where oxygen tension is high. In the capillaries of tissues, where there is little oxygen, it breaks down into hemoglobin and oxygen. Hemoglobin that has given up oxygen is called reduced or reduced hemoglobin (Hb). It gives the venous blood a cherry color. In both oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin, the iron atoms are in the divalent state.

SOME PRELIMINARY INFO

The key to a healthy body is its absolute purity. Any accumulation of unhealthy substances in cells, tissues, blood vessels, veins, capillaries, as well as any toxins, food wastes slow down vital processes and lead to serious illnesses.

If the lungs, skin pores, blood vessels, kidneys and intestines work intermittently, if a huge amount of toxic substances is constantly in the human body, then the protective and excretory forces of the body are overloaded and cease to resist, poisons damage the entire body and, of course, primarily the blood. As soon as the blood becomes "polluted", that is, its acid-base balance changes, we immediately begin to feel bad. This is the secret of all our diseases. The blood is "dirty" - the organs fed by it begin to slagging, their performance decreases; the blood is “clean” - all organs are healthy, they work without overvoltage. That is why priority attention must be given to blood purification.

…What is blood? And what is the acid-base balance - an indicator of the purity and health of the blood and the whole organism? How can such a balance be achieved?

Blood is a special greed, saturated with oxygen, nutrients, circulating through the blood vessels and providing “breathing” and “nutrition” to all the tissues and organs of our body. Blood is involved in maintaining a constant body temperature, in the regulation of water-salt metabolism and acid-base balance c. body.

The value of pH-blood (an indicator of acid-base balance) depends on the ratio of acidic and alkaline metabolic products in it. In an adult, it is normal. The reaction of the blood is slightly alkaline (PH 7.35 - 7.48).

The shift of the reaction to the acidic side is called ACIDOSIS, which is caused by an increase in H + ions in the blood. There is a decrease in the function of the central nervous system, and with a significant acidotic STATE of the body, loss of consciousness may occur, and later death.

The shift in the reaction of blood to the alkaline side is called ALKALOSIS. The occurrence of alkalosis is associated with an increase in the concentration of hydroxyl ions OH-. In this case, overexcitation of the nervous system occurs, the appearance of convulsions is noted, and later the death of the body.

Consequently, body cells are very sensitive to pH shifts. Changes in the concentration of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions and yagu or the other side disrupts the vital activity of cells, which can lead to serious consequences.

In the body, there are always conditions for a shift in the reaction towards acidosis or alkalosis. That is why it is so important, when choosing food, to carefully monitor that the necessary ratio in the consumption of oxidizing and alkalizing foods is observed.

Any biological fluids of the human body, whether it be saliva, lymph, urine, as well as the most important medium - blood, are characterized by an indicator of acid-base balance.

Power Hydrogen, or, in short, pH is translated as "power of hydrogen" and in the everyday life of doctors is referred to as "hydrogen indicator", it means the ratio of acidic and alkaline elements in the liquid.

Blood pH has a huge impact on the state of all organs and systems of the body, so knowing the limits of its norm, methods of measurement and methods of regulation is an essential element for everyone who is responsible for their health.

The main thing about blood

Blood is liquid connective tissue, consisting of two fractions in a certain ratio - plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and others).

The ratios of these fractions are constantly changing, just as blood cells are constantly being renewed, which die off, being excreted from the body by the excretory system, and give way to new ones.

The movement of blood through the vessels is controlled by heart rhythms, it does not stop for a second, since it is it that delivers vital oxygen and nutrients to all organs and tissues.

There are several main functions of blood:

Respiratory, which ensures the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to all organs, and the evacuation of carbon dioxide along the way back from the cells to the pulmonary alveoli;
Nutritious organizing the delivery of nutrients (hormones, enzymes, structural and microelements, etc.) to all body systems;
Regulatory, providing the message of hormones between organs;
Mechanical, which forms the turgor tension of the organs due to the blood flowing to them;
excretory, which ensures the transportation of spent substances to the excretory organs - the kidneys and lungs, for their further evacuation;
Thermoregulating, which maintains the body temperature optimal for the functioning of the organs;
Protective, providing a barrier of cells from foreign agents;

The blood pH indicator forms the quality of the homeostatic function that regulates the acid-base balance and water-electrolyte balance of the body.

pH: what is it?

The concept of pH was first formulated in Denmark at the beginning of the 20th century. Physicists introduced the concept of the degree of acidity of a liquid, defining it on a scale from 0 to 14. For each human liquid medium, there is an optimal pH value, including for blood.

A value of 7 on this scale indicates a neutral environment, values less than this indicator indicate an acidic environment, large - alkaline. The concentration of active hydrogen particles in it makes the medium acidic or alkaline, which is why this indicator is also called hydrogen.

The pH of the blood, if a person has a normal metabolism, is stably within certain limits. In other cases, the balance of body systems is disturbed, which provokes health problems.

In order for the pH value to be stable, special buffer systems work in the body - liquids that provide the correct concentration of hydrogen ions.
They do this with the help of the liver, lungs and kidneys, which regulate the physiological mechanisms of compensation by the products of their activity: they increase the pH concentration or dilute it.

The body can function smoothly and smoothly only if the acid-base reaction of the most important body fluid is normal.

The main role in this interaction belongs to the lungs, since it is their structures that produce the overwhelming amount of acidic products that are excreted from the outside in the form of carbon dioxide, and affect the viability of the whole organism.

The kidneys play the role of binding and forming hydrogen particles when the released sodium ions and bicarbonate are returned to the blood. The liver, on the other hand, utilizes unnecessary acids that enter it from the body, which forces the acid-base balance to move towards alkalization.

Alkaline balance of various liquids

The level of pH constancy also depends on the digestive organs, which also do not stand aside, but actively influence the level of acidity by producing a huge amount of digestive juices that change the pH level.

Negative factors affecting the pH level are:

Bad ecology;
Bad habits;
Unbalanced diet;
Psycho-emotional stress;
Violations of the regime of work and rest.

pH norm and deviations

If a person is healthy, then his pH indicator is stable in the range of 7.35-7.45 units. The values of this interval mean a weakly alkaline reaction of the blood.

You should know that the norms of the indicator for venous and arterial blood different:

Venous blood: 7.32-7.42.
Arterial: 7.37-7.45.

Only with such values, the lungs, excretory, digestive and other systems work harmoniously, removing unnecessary substances from the body, including acids and bases, which maintain healthy acidity in the blood.

If increased or decreased acidity is detected, the doctor has the right to suspect the presence of chronic diseases, since they reflect serious disorders in the body.

A decrease in the indicator below 7.35 indicates such a condition as "acidosis", and at pH values more than 7.45, a diagnosis of "alkalosis" is made.

At the same time, a person feels various negative changes in health, changes in appearance occur, and chronic diseases appear. Values over 7.8 and below 7.0 are considered incompatible with life.

In case of deviations from the norm, it is first possible to identify problems in the organs most responsible for the acid-base balance:

Gastrointestinal tract;
Lungs;
Liver;
Kidneys.

Acid-base balance of different products

Blood pH analysis

When diagnosing many disorders, it will be necessary to determine the level of acidity in the blood. In this case, the doctor must find out the content of hydrogen ions and total acidity by taking arterial blood.

Arterial blood is cleaner than venous blood, and the ratio of plasma and cell structures more constantly, so the study of it, and not the venous one, is more preferable.

An analysis of the level of acidity is performed by taking blood from the capillaries of the finger, that is, outside the body (in vitro). Subsequently, it is placed in glass pH electrodes and electrometric measurements are taken, counting hydrogen and carbon dioxide ions per unit volume of blood.

The interpretation of the values is carried out by the attending physician, who, when making a verdict, must rely on data from other diagnostic studies.
In the vast majority of cases, an indicator of 7.4 indicates a slightly alkaline reaction and indicates normal acidity.

Based on the numerical values, the following conclusions can be drawn:

If the indicator is 7.4, this indicates a slightly alkaline reaction and that the acidity is normal.
If the pH is elevated (greater than 7.45) indicates that alkaline substances (bases) have accumulated in the body and the organs responsible for their evacuation cannot cope with this task.
If the pH is found to be below the lower limit of normal, then this indicates an acidification of the body, that is, acid is produced either more than necessary, or buffer systems cannot neutralize its excess.

Both alkalization and acidification, which persist for a long time, do not pass without a trace for the body.

Alkalosis

The causes of metabolic alkalosis, in which the body is oversaturated with alkali, are:

Intense vomiting, in which a lot of acid and gastric juice is lost;
Oversaturation of the body with some vegetable or dairy products, leading to alkalization;
Nervous stress, overstrain;
Overweight;
Cardiovascular diseases occurring with shortness of breath.

Alkalosis is characterized by the following symptoms:

Deterioration of digestion of food, a feeling of heaviness in the stomach;
The phenomena of toxicosis, since substances are poorly absorbed and remain in the blood;
Skin manifestations of an allergic nature;
Deterioration of the liver, kidneys;
Exacerbation of chronic diseases.

The treatment shows the elimination of the causes of alkalization. Inhalation of mixtures containing carbon dioxide will help normalize acidity.

Effective for normalizing pH are also solutions of ammonium, calcium, potassium, insulin, prescribed by a doctor in a therapeutic dosage. This treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a physician in a hospital setting.

Acidosis

Acidosis is a more frequent manifestation of metabolic disorders than alkalosis - the human body is more resistant to alkalization than to acidification.

Its mild form is usually asymptomatic and is detected incidentally during concomitant blood tests.

In a serious form of the disease, the following symptoms appear:

Rapid breathing;
Nausea;
Vomit;
Fast fatiguability;
Heartburn.

When in the body high level acidity, organs and tissues are deficient in nutrition and oxygen, which eventually leads to pathological conditions:

Malfunctions of the cardiovascular system
general weakness;
urinary system disorders;
Tumor processes;
Pain in muscles and joints;
obesity;
development of diabetes;
Decreased immunity.

The causes of persistent acidosis are:

Diabetes;
oxygen starvation;
Fright or shock, stressful condition;
Various diseases;
Alcoholism.

The tactics of treatment involves the elimination of the causes that caused acidification of the blood. With the phenomena of acidosis and with the pathology accompanying this condition, the patient needs plentiful drink and taking saline solution.

Measurement of blood pH yourself

The importance of acid-base balance to human health has led the medical industry to develop portable instruments that can measure pH at home.

Such a pH measuring device, offered in various variations by pharmacies and specialized medical equipment stores, is able to give an accurate result with minimal measurement errors.

Manipulation consists of puncturing the surface of the skin with the thinnest needle and taking a small amount of blood.

Built into the machine electronic device at the same time, it instantly reacts and displays the result on the display. The procedure is quite simple and painless.
How to increase or decrease acidity through nutrition
With the help of proper nutrition, you can not only diversify the menu and make the diet more balanced, but also maintain the necessary pH level with them. Certain foods in the process of assimilation contribute to an increase in alkalinity, and when using others, on the contrary, an increase in acidity occurs.
Foods that increase acidity:

If the diet is oversaturated with these products, then a person will inevitably begin to experience immune disorders, malfunctions of the digestive system,
This kind of power leads to failure. reproductive system in both men and women: for normal synthesis, spermatozoa require an alkaline environment, and when they move through the vagina of a woman with too high acidity, they die.

Products that promote alkalization of the blood:
When a person abuses animal fats, alcohol, coffee, sweets, while smoking and being stressed, the body undergoes “acidification”. The toxins formed in this case are not excreted from the body, but settle in the blood, joints, blood vessels, becoming provocateurs of diseases. Along with a complex of cleansing and healing procedures, doctors advise drinking alkaline mineral water regularly.
High efficiency mineral water is that it not only normalizes the acid-base balance, but also has a beneficial effect on the entire body - it removes toxins, heals the stomach, improves blood structure and strengthens the immune system. Recommended dose: 3-4 glasses per day.

A pH value within the normal range is an indispensable condition for the healthy functioning of human organs and systems, since all tissues are extremely sensitive to its fluctuations and prolonged violations can lead to the most disastrous consequences. Every individual responsible for his health should check and control his acid-base balance from time to time.
Video - adequate nutrition. Acid-base regulation