Reproductive function of men. The human reproductive system: diseases. Reproductive system of a woman. The effect of alcohol on the male reproductive system

The reproductive function of women is carried out primarily due to the activity of the ovaries and uterus, since the egg matures in the ovaries, and in the uterus, under the influence of hormones secreted by the ovaries, changes occur in preparation for the perception of a fertilized fetal egg. The reproductive period is characterized by the ability of a woman's body to reproduce offspring; duration given period from 16-18 to 45-50 years old. This period passes into menopause, in which, in turn, allocate premenopause, menopause and postmenopause.

The menstrual cycle is one of the manifestations of complex biological processes in a woman's body. The menstrual cycle is characterized by cyclic changes in all parts of the reproductive system, the external manifestation of which is menstruation. Menstruation is bloody issues from the genital tract of a woman, periodically resulting from the rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium at the end of a two-phase menstrual cycle. first menstruation ( menarche) is observed in girls aged 10–12 years, but within 1–1.5 years after this, menstruation may be irregular, and then a regular menstrual cycle is established. The first day of menstruation is conventionally taken as the first day of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, the duration of the cycle is the time between the first days of the next two periods. For 60% of women average duration The menstrual cycle is 28 days with fluctuations from 21 to 35 days. The amount of blood loss in menstrual days 40–60 ml, 50 ml on average. The duration of a normal menstruation is 2 to 7 days.

During the menstrual cycle, follicles grow in the ovaries and the egg matures, which as a result becomes ready for fertilization. At the same time, sex hormones are produced in the ovaries, which provide changes in the uterine mucosa, which can accept a fertilized egg.

Sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone, androgens) are steroids; follicle cells take part in their formation.

Estrogens contribute to the formation of female genital organs, the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Androgens (male sex hormones) are produced not only in men, but in small quantities in women. They affect the appearance of pubic hair in women and in armpits. Progesterone controls the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, prepares the endometrium for egg implantation. Sex hormones play an important role in the development of pregnancy and childbirth.

Cyclic changes in the ovaries include three main processes:

- growth of follicles and the formation of a dominant follicle;

- ovulation;

- formation, development and regression of the corpus luteum.

At the birth of a girl, there are about 2 million follicles in her ovary, but 99% of these follicles undergo atresia (reverse development at one of the stages of their formation) during their lifetime. By the time menstruation begins, the ovary contains about 200-400 thousand follicles, of which only 300-400 mature to the stage of ovulation.

It is customary to distinguish the following main stages of follicle development: primordial follicle, preantral follicle, antral follicle, preovulatory follicle.

The primordial follicle (primary follicle) consists of an immature ovum. During each menstrual cycle, a woman begins to grow from 3 to 30 primordial follicles, and from them preantral, or primary, follicles are formed. The antral, or secondary, follicle is characterized by further growth. Out of many antral follicles, as a rule, one dominant (tertiary) follicle (Graaffian vesicle) is formed (Fig. 1, 2). This is usually determined by the 8th day of the cycle.

Ovulation is the rupture of a dominant follicle and the release of an egg from it. From puberty to menopause, a woman usually has one egg in each menstrual cycle. A mature egg consists of a nucleus, cytoplasm, surrounded by a shiny membrane and cells of the radiant crown. Women's sex cell has antigenic properties.

Its zona pellucida is especially rich in various antigens (Fig. 3). Ovulation is accompanied by bleeding from the destroyed capillaries surrounding the cells of the follicle. The granulosa cells of the follicle undergo changes: the volume of the cytoplasm increases and lipid inclusions accumulate in the cells. This process is called luteinization, since in its outcome the so-called corpus luteum is formed ( corpus luteum). The corpus luteum is a transient endocrine gland, which functions for 14 days, regardless of the length of the menstrual cycle. In the absence of pregnancy, the corpus luteum regresses, and the so-called white body is formed from it ( corpus albicans) (Fig. 4).

Rice. 1. Stages of egg formation (according to: Duda V.I. [et al.], 2007)

Rice. 2. Mature follicle (Graaffian vesicle):

1 - granular shell; 2 - inner layer of connective tissue; 3 - outer layer of connective tissue; 4 - a cavity filled with follicular fluid; 5 - place of rupture of the follicle; 6 - egg cell; 7 - egg tubercle; 8 - ovarian epithelium (according to: Duda V.I. [et al.], 2007)

In the first phase of the menstrual cycle, which lasts from the first day of menstruation to the moment of ovulation, the body is under the influence of estrogen, and in the second phase (from ovulation to the onset of menstruation), progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum cells, joins estrogen. The first phase of the menstrual cycle is also called follicular, or follicular, the second phase of the cycle is called luteal.

The cyclic secretion of hormones in the ovary determines changes in the inner layer of the uterus - the endometrium. In the first phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is a thin layer. As the secretion of estrogen by the growing ovarian follicles increases, the endometrium undergoes changes: active cell reproduction occurs. A new superficial loose layer with elongated tubular glands is formed. In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, under the influence of progesterone, the tortuosity of the glands increases, and their lumen gradually expands. The secretion of the glands is increased. In the lumen of the glands, a copious amount of secretion is found. There is an increase in blood supply.

Rice. 3. Moment of ovulation (schematic section of the ovary):

1 - primordial follicles; 2 - growing follicle; 3 - Graafian vesicle (immature); 4 - Graaffian vesicle (ripened); 5 - ovulated egg 6 - ruptured follicle 7 - corpus luteum; 8 - white body 9 - atretic body (according to: Duda V.I.

[and others], 2007)

Rice. 4. Changes in the ovary during the menstrual cycle (by: Hanretty K. P., 2003)

Rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium is menstruation. It has been established that the onset of menstruation is stimulated by a pronounced decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels due to regression of the corpus luteum. By the end of the 24th hour of menstruation, 2/3 of the functional layer of the endometrium is rejected. However, from the very beginning of menstruation, regeneration processes begin in the endometrium, the destroyed vessels are being restored: arterioles, veins and capillaries (Fig. 5).

Cyclic changes in the ovaries and uterus occur under the influence of the two-phase activity of the systems that regulate menstrual function, the cortex hemispheres brain, hypothalamus, pituitary gland. Important role The central nervous system in the regulation of the function of the reproductive system is confirmed by the known facts of ovulation disorders under various acute and chronic stresses, menstrual cycle disorders with a change in climatic and geographical zones, the rhythm of work. There are also known cessation of menstruation in wartime. In mentally unbalanced women, passionately desiring to have a child, menstruation may also stop. In the cerebral cortex and in many cerebral structures (limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala and others) specific receptors for estrogens, progesterone and androgens have been identified.

Rice. 5. Changes in the endometrium of the uterus during the menstrual cycle (according to: Hanretty K. P., 2003)

An important link in the reproductive system is the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), which secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin), luteinizing hormone (LH, lutropin) and prolactin (Prl), which regulate the function of the ovaries and mammary glands. The target organ of gonadotropic hormones is the ovary. The anterior pituitary gland also synthesizes thyroid-stimulating (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormones, as well as growth hormone, somatotropic hormone (STH).

FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles. LH together with FSH stimulates ovulation, promotes the synthesis of progesterone in the corpus luteum. Prolactin stimulates the growth of the mammary glands and lactation, controls the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum by activating the formation of receptors for LH.

Male reproductive organs (testicles, testicles, testicles) perform various functions in the male body. Firstly, they perform the function of spermatogenesis (development of spermatozoa), since maturation of spermatozoa occurs in them. In addition, the testicles perform the function of steroidogenesis, i.e., the production of male sex hormones - androgens.

Spermatogenesis begins already in male embryos under the influence of hormonal activity of the testes. This process associated with the formation of stem cells and their migration to the testes of the embryo, where they undergo mitotic division, and then long time do not develop, remaining in the form of resting cells (spermatogonia), and constitute a kind of long-term reserve. Spermatogenesis ends at puberty with the formation of mature spermatozoa with the ability to fertilize. Anatomical and functional maturation of spermatozoa is carried out in the epididymis. The ability to fully fertilize the egg is acquired by spermatozoa during ejaculation, when they are mixed in the urethra with the secrets of the seminal vesicles, prostate and accessory glands, which abundantly produce seminal plasma.

This mixture is called seminal fluid, or sperm. The seminal fluid has a complex composition and contains fructose, proteins, proteases, acid phosphatase, citric acid and biologically active substances - prostaglandins.

Rice. 6. Scheme of the structure of the spermatozoon:

A - head; b - neck; V - middle part; G - tail; 1 - preacrosomal cap; 2 - acrosome 3 - core; 4 - flagellum; 5 - mitochondrial fibrils; 6 - cytoplasmic membrane (according to: Duda V.I. [et al.], 2007)

A mature sperm cell consists of a head, neck, middle part and tail. Almost the entire head is occupied by a nucleus surrounded by an acrosome, the enzymes of which ensure the penetration of the spermatozoon through the egg cell membrane. In the middle part there is a flagellum surrounded by a spiral of mitochondria, which provide energy for the moving tail. The length of the sperm is about 50 microns. On their way to the egg cell, the spermatozoa cover up to 10 cm of the length of the male and female genital tracts, moving due to contractions of the flagellum and additional rotations around the longitudinal axis (Fig. 6).

fertilization process Fertilization is the process of fusion of mature male (sperm) and female (ovum) germ cells, resulting in a zygote that carries the genetic information of both the father and the mother. Fertilization is difficult process lasting usually 24 hours or longer. Therefore, with biological point of view, it is wrong to talk about the “moment of fertilization” (Jones H. W., Jr., Schrader C., 1989). The beginning of fertilization should be considered the contact of the spermatozoon with the shell of the egg; this process ends with the union of the genetic material of the egg and sperm. During sexual intercourse, an average of 3-5 ml of semen is poured into the woman's vagina, which contains 300-500 million spermatozoa. Part of the spermatozoa, including defective ones, remains in the vagina and undergoes phagocytosis. Together with spermatozoa, other components of sperm also enter the vagina, with a special role played by prostaglandins. Under their influence, the contractile activity of the uterus and fallopian tubes is activated. Normally, the environment of the vagina in a woman has an acidic reaction, which is unfavorable for the life of spermatozoa. Therefore, from the vagina, spermatozoa quickly enter the mucus secreted during intercourse from cervical canal uterus. The presence of a slightly alkaline reaction cervical mucus promotes motor activity spermatozoa. Spermatozoa move towards the uterus.

In the upper parts of the female genital tract, a process called capacitation of sperm begins, i.e., the acquisition of the ability for fertilization. The mechanisms of capacitation are not yet fully understood. The time of capacitation is different for different spermatozoa, which, apparently, is an important adaptive reaction for the fertilization process. Capacitated spermatozoa are very active, but their life expectancy is shorter than that of non-capacitated ones. Capacitated spermatozoa have an increased ability to penetrate tissues, which is crucial in the process of egg fertilization.

The transport of spermatozoa into the uterus, and then into the fallopian tubes, is mainly provided by contractions of the smooth muscles of these organs. It is also believed that the tubal-uterine sphincters are a kind of dispensers for the flow of spermatozoa from the uterine cavity into the lumen of the fallopian tubes. The movement of spermatozoa through the channels of the female reproductive system is an extremely complex and multicomponent process.

The question of the survival of spermatozoa in the genital tract of a woman is essential. Some authors believe that the viability of sperm is maintained for several (up to 5) days. However, it should be borne in mind that the preservation of sperm motility does not necessarily indicate their fertilizing ability. Under favorable conditions, when male germ cells are in the cervical mucus against the background of a high content of estrogen in a woman's body, the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa persists for up to 2 days. after ejaculation in the vagina. In this regard, it is generally accepted that in order to achieve pregnancy, the optimal frequency of sexual intercourse in the period before and after ovulation should be every 2 days. With more frequent sexual intercourse, the ability of sperm to fertilize decreases.

When a sperm cell, which is a carrier of the sexual X chromosome, fuses with an egg cell, a female embryo develops from the resulting zygote; when a sperm cell, which has a sexual Y chromosome, fuses, a male embryo occurs (an egg cell is always a carrier of the sexual X chromosome) (Fig. 7) .

Rice. 7. Karyotype (chromosomal set) of a person (according to: Zerucha T., 2009)

The Y chromosome is essential for the formation of the male gonads (testicles) and two male sex hormones: testosterone and Müllerian inhibitory factor. The first hormone is responsible for "masculinization", the second ensures the reverse development of the rudiments of the female genital organs, present in all embryos - the uterus and oviducts. Normally, this process begins in male embryos for a period of about 12 weeks. intrauterine development. Until this time, all embryos "by default" develop as female embryos.

It is important to note that sex hormones also subsequently influence the developing fetal brain, especially the hypothalamus, which controls neuroendocrine status and sexual behavior. The female and male brains differ morphologically and functionally. In boys, the brain appears to be somewhat more asymmetrical, and the cortex of the right hemisphere is slightly thicker. Apparently, the male sex hormone stimulates the growth of the cortex of the right hemisphere and inhibits the left. Prior to the activation of the Y-chromosome of the male embryo, the emerging brain is equipotential, i.e., it can develop both according to the female and the male “scenario”. It is believed that a violation of the natural process of activation of the Y-chromosome of the fetus may underlie various options subsequent violations of sexual self-identification and sexual desire. It was found that in homosexual men, some hypothalamic nuclei differ in size from the corresponding nuclei in the brain of heterosexual men (Lagerkrantz H., 2010). From what has been said, it follows that adverse factors that affect the embryo and fetus during the mother's pregnancy can have a significant impact on natural processes sexual differentiation (see Chap. 3).

The complex of organs, both external and internal, that are responsible for reproduction and procreation is called the reproductive system. In men, it is arranged more clearly than in women. The representatives of the stronger sex have their own anatomical and functional features. These features are used as the main way to distinguish the sexes, and are called sexual characteristics. The structure of the male reproductive organs requires detailed consideration.

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In general, the whole complex structure of such a system works to perform three main tasks:

• production and movement of male germ cells;
• transportation of spermatozoa to the female genital organs for their subsequent contact with the egg and fertilization;
• synthesis of hormones needed for correct operation reproductive system.

It is worth noting that the complex of reproductive organs is closely connected with the urinary system of a man, so many consider them to be a single entity, although in reality this is not so.

Modern medicine has impressive knowledge in the field of male anatomy, including the structure of the genital organs. Necessary information provided at school. Male puberty takes longer than females and is not as pronounced.

The fact that the reproductive system is functioning properly is evidenced by such phenomena as the growth and development of the penis, erection, wet dreams, ejaculation, spermatogenesis. Secondary sexual characteristics indicate that hormones are produced in the right amount, hormonal balance which is very important for a person.

The male reproductive system is divided into two groups:

1. External organs, that is, those that are visible to the naked eye. Includes penis and scrotum.
2. Internal organs - there are more of them, and they are not visible, since they are hidden inside the body. These organs include the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, testicles with appendages and the vas deferens - the channels through which the ejaculate moves.

Each representative of the stronger sex has the same structure of the reproductive system. The only difference is in the size of some organs, such as the scrotum or the penis. Any functional deviations from the norm are considered pathological. They can threaten a man's ability to procreate, and therefore require competent study and subsequent elimination.

It is necessary to consider each organ of the reproductive system separately. Let's start with the external, or rather, with the penis. This is the main organ in the whole complex, which can simultaneously perform several important functions:

• urination;
• erection - an increase in the size of the penis and its hardening, which is necessary for proper intimate contact with a woman;
• ejaculation is the process of ejection of seminal fluid containing male sex cells. In this way, they are transported to the egg inside the uterus.

The penis has a unique structure. The unusual ability to significantly increase in size under the influence of hormones and sexual arousal is due to high-quality blood nutrition and the presence of cavernous bodies. All parts of the penis are very elastic and sensitive, they can stretch and subsequently take on primary dimensions.

The scrotum is a sack of skin and muscle that is located under the penis. He may have different sizes and differ in appearance. At the same time, its task is always the same - it is to protect the testicles, appendages and vas deferens from negative external influences. The scrotum provides the temperature needed for spermatogenesis.

Muscles are hidden under the outer skin. They are needed for a reason, but to raise or lower the testicles, depending on the conditions. environment. For example, if the scrotum is exposed to cold, the muscles pull the testicles up, where they actually hide in the abdominal cavity. If it's hot, then vice versa, lower them.

The external genitalia grow and develop only during puberty. In the future, they remain unchanged.

Now let's talk about internal organs relating to the reproductive system:

They are very important for every man. This paired organ is hidden in the scrotum. It is necessary for the production and a kind of "growing" of spermatozoa. It is here that they reach full readiness for further fertilization of female germ cells.

The testicle consists of seminiferous lobules and seminiferous tubules. Their sizes are individual for each man, but this in no way affects the functionality. It should be noted that the testicles are one of the most vulnerable organs in the male body. Swipe on them can provoke a severe pain shock, from which a person can even die.

2. Epididymis

An oblong body attached to the outer side of the testicle. By and large, this is where the process of spermatogenesis takes place. In the epididymis, spermatozoa gradually accumulate, mature, and then move along the vas deferens. This whole process takes about two weeks.

The appendage consists of a head, body and tail. It is very small, but it plays an extremely important role.

3. Deferent ways

These are ducts that serve for the unimpeded transportation of seminal fluid. They have a fairly large diameter, as for the reproductive system. It starts in the testicles and passes through the prostate gland. These are a kind of connecting paths, thanks to which the very meaning of the existence of the reproductive system becomes relevant.

4. Prostate gland

An organ that men traditionally know the least about. But at the same time, it is very important, as it performs several functions at the same time. The prostate gland has small volumes, outwardly resembles Walnut. It is located directly below bladder so that it can be felt through the rectum. The prostate is divided into two parts connected by a narrow isthmus. The urethra and vas deferens pass through the gland.

The main task of the prostate gland is the production of testosterone. This steroidal androgen, considered the main male hormone, has a strong influence on a man and his sexuality. Testosterone stimulates the entire reproductive system.

The prostate also produces a special secret - the so-called juice, which mixes with the ejaculate, forming a favorable environment for supporting the viability of spermatozoa, as well as preventing the penetration of infections that may be present in the urethra into it.

Rhythmic contraction of the muscles of the prostate gland has a massage effect on the bladder, making it more elastic. Due to this, the ability of a person to artificially retain urine increases significantly.

The prostate, due to its not entirely successful position and versatility, is highly susceptible to various pathologies. The penetration of the infection into the gland causes inflammation, which is known as the growth of prostate tissue, as well as its degeneration. All this provokes not only the development serious illnesses, but also a significant decrease in the functionality of the body.

5. Seminal vesicles

This is a small paired organ that is located above the prostate gland, on both sides of the bladder. Its task is to synthesize a secret that mixes with seminal fluid and saturates it extremely useful elements to increase the resistance of male germ cells to aggressive environmental influences. By and large, it is the seminal vesicles that are the main source of energy for spermatozoa.

From the bubbles there are two ducts along which the secret moves. The tracts connect with the vas deferens from the testicles, where all the fluid mixes to form the final ejaculate. Various problems with seminal vesicles - this is one of the main reasons for the incapacity of gametes and, as a result,.

The male reproductive system is quite complex and multilevel. It must be treated with the utmost care, since the ability of a man to procreate directly depends on its functionality.

An important factor in planning future offspring is not only the health of the woman, but also the proper functioning of the systems male body. The male reproductive system is a collection of organs responsible for procreation (reproduction).

Such a system is responsible for the following functions:

1. Production and transportation of male germ cells (spermatozoa).
2. Delivery of spermatozoa into the female reproductive system (during sexual intercourse).
3. The production of hormones responsible for the proper functioning of the male reproductive system.

The physiology of the male reproductive system is closely related to the body's urinary system.

Consider the structure and functions of the male reproductive organs (with photo).

Modern anatomy gives a complete picture of the physiology of the structure of the human reproductive system. There are many video and photographic materials, many articles and medical manuals have been written that consider the functions and structure of the reproductive system.

Male puberty occurs not much later than female puberty, and does not have such a clearly defined indicator as female menstruation. Men reach full puberty, as a rule, by the age of 18, although full-fledged spermatozoa are produced by 13-14 years. Unlike the female body, male reproductive cells (gametes) continue to be produced throughout the entire period of life after the onset of puberty. Of course, it should be noted that spermatogenesis in older men is less intense, and the number and activity of produced cells may decrease. However, their ability to fertilize remains.

The reproductive system of a man consists of two types of organs of the reproductive system: external and internal.

• Outdoor:

1. Scrotum.
2. Penis (penis).

• Internal:

1. The prostate gland (prostate).
2. seminal vesicles.
3. Testicles and their appendages.
4. Seminal ducts.

Consider the structure of the male reproductive organs in more detail.

The musculoskeletal sac, inside which the testicles with appendages and the duct responsible for ejaculation, are located, is called the scrotum. The anatomy of the structure of the scrotum is quite simple: it is divided by a septum into two chambers, each of which contains one of the two gonads. The main functions are to protect the testicles and maintain the optimal temperature for the formation and development of spermatozoa (spermatogenesis). According to its structure, the scrotum consists of several layers, including skin, as well as muscle, raising or lowering the testicles under certain influences (changes in ambient temperature, physiological processes - arousal, ejaculation).

The penis is the main organ responsible for urination and the delivery of seminal fluid to a woman's body. The anatomy and physiology of the penis distinguishes three main sections of the structure: the head, the base, the body itself. In the upper part there are two so-called cavernous bodies. They are parallel to each other and run from the base to the head of the penis. Under the cavernous bodies is a spongy body, it is located urethra. All of them are covered with a dense membrane containing chambers (lacunae) that fill with blood during sexual arousal. It is the gaps that contribute to the appearance of an erection. The function of external protection of the bodies is performed by the skin, which is sufficiently elastic and capable of stretching. The endings of the spongy and cave bodies are located in the head of the penis, covered with thin skin with many nerve endings.

The external genitalia, which are reproductive system males continue to grow only during maturation.

The testicles (testicles) are the most important paired organs that affect the process of sperm formation. The growth of the testicles proceeds rather slowly and accelerates only during puberty. Each of the paired organs in its structure is divided into seminal lobules, in which the seminiferous tubules are located, which take part in spermatogenesis. These tubules make up about 70 percent of their volume. Passing through the membrane, the tubules enter the epididymis, in which the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize is finally formed.

The epididymis is a narrow duct adjacent to the testicle and is responsible for the final maturation of spermatozoa, their accumulation and promotion through the genital tract. The process of spermatogenesis is carried out in this part of the male reproductive system. The length of the duct itself is about 8 m, and the movement of spermatozoa to the place of their accumulation takes about 14 days. The anatomy of the appendage consists of three main sections: tail, body and head. The head is divided into lobules, which flow into the epididymal duct and pass into the vas deferens.

The prostate gland is located in close proximity to the bladder and is palpable only through the rectum. The dimensions of the gland of a healthy man are established within certain limits: width from 3 to 5 cm, length from 2 to 4 cm, thickness from 1.5 to 2.5 cm. accurate diagnosis and prescribing the right treatment. The gland is divided into two lobes, connected by an isthmus. Through it pass the urethra, as well as the ejaculatory ducts.

The main function of the prostate gland is the production of testosterone, a hormone that directly affects the process of fertilization of the egg. In addition to the secretory function of the prostate, motor function can be distinguished: muscle tissue is involved in the release of prostate secretion during ejaculation, and is also responsible for urinary retention. Thanks to the secretion produced, the penetration of urethral infections into the upper paths male urinary system. With age comes increased risk development various diseases prostate gland, affecting its physiology. As a result, the reproductive function of a man decreases.

The seminal vesicles are another organ of the male reproductive system that is paired in structure, located above the prostate gland, between the walls of the rectum and bladder. The main function of the bubbles is the development of an important active substance(secret), which is part of the seminal fluid. The secret nourishes the spermatozoa, increasing their resistance negative impact external environment. This is the source of energy for gametes. The ducts of the seminal vesicles join the ducts responsible for ejaculation, and at the end form the ejaculatory duct. Violations of the physiology or diseases of the seminal vesicles can cause problems in conception, as well as complete infertility in men.

Violation of the reproductive system

According to statistics, women are much more likely to undergo preventive examinations and tests to identify problems of the reproductive system. Men, for the most part, prefer to go to doctors only in case of exacerbations of diseases or obvious violations of the physiology of the functioning of the genital organs. At the same time, the reproductive health of men and women is one of the most important indicators of reproduction. During the planning period for pregnancy, couples often experience conception problems caused by the failure of the male genitourinary system.

The main causes of violations:

• Infectious diseases.
• Failure of the prostate gland.
• Colds and inflammation.

Violation of sexual function as a consequence of the disease is quite obvious. However, there are other reasons as well. First of all, it is necessary to say about the wrong way of life: reception psychoactive substances, causing a psychedelic effect (for example, hallucinogenic mushrooms), other drugs and alcohol. In addition, the reason may be congenital anomalies organ structures, manifested anatomically.

Let us dwell on the most common diseases that affect the reproductive system.

First of all, it is worth mentioning such a disease as prostatitis. This is the most common cause of reproductive dysfunction in men. Currently, every fourth man in varying degrees suffers from inflammation of the prostate. As a rule, men aged 40 and older are at risk. However, men are more young age are also susceptible to disease. The influence of the work of the gland on the physiology of the reproductive system is very high. In order to improve its functioning, it is necessary to pass full examination, according to the results of which treatment will be prescribed. Self-administration of drugs without consulting a doctor can increase the risk of complications.

Another disease that affects the physiology of the reproductive system is vesiculitis. This pathology is characterized by inflammation of the seminal vesicles. There is a high risk of developing this disease in men suffering from chronic prostatitis. The main symptom of the disease: pain during ejaculation, in the perineum and groin, as well as general weakness. At running forms treatment is being carried out surgically, when diagnosing early dates possibly treated with antibiotics.

As a prevention of diseases of the reproductive system, it is necessary to adhere to the basic rules:

1. Quality and varied food.
2. Complex physical activity.
3. Preventive examinations of narrow specialists.
4. Regular sex life.
5. Exclusion of casual sexual relations.

Also, do not forget about the rules of personal hygiene and adherence to sleep and wakefulness. If you have any symptoms of diseases of the reproductive system (itching, redness, pain, cracks in the skin or swelling), you should immediately consult a doctor for diagnosis and accurate diagnosis. It is important to remember that letting any disease take its course or self-treatment can threaten even greater violations of physiological processes. Launched stages Some diseases can only be cured by surgical intervention, and some diseases of the reproductive system become chronic and increase the risk of complications such as infertility or impaired potency.

Anatomical and physiological characteristics of the reproductive systems.

Extract from the work program

"Laboratory diagnostics"

theory	practice
2 hours	2 hours	Anatomical and physiological characteristics of the reproductive systems Men's reproductive system Female reproductive system. Fertilization. Representation process of ovo- and spermatogenesis, fertilization development of the organs of the reproductive system features of the histological structure of the female and male gonads menstrual cycle, pregnancy, fetal development endocrine activity of the gonads Knowledge Topography, structure and function of the organs of the male and female reproductive systems changes in the structure of the female reproductive system depending on the cycle Skills be able to determine the topography of the organs of the male and female reproductive systems on models and tables to give a functional description of the reproductive systems of the female and male body

Lecture topic:"Reproductive Systems"

FEMALE REGENERAL SYSTEM.

The female reproductive organs include the ovaries and accessory organs (fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and female genital area). According to their position, the female genital organs are divided into internal and external.

ovaries (ovarium)

perform reproductive function (formation of female germ cells), endocrine function (production of female sex hormones - estrogen and progesterone)

it is a paired organ, located in the cavity small pelvis, has an ovoid shape, is somewhat flattened in the anteroposterior direction, the mass of the ovary is 5–8 g.

there are 2 free surfaces - medial (facing the cavity of the small pelvis), lateral (towards the wall). The front edge is called mesenteric and is attached to the mesentery of the ovary, here are the gates of the ovary (the entry point of arteries, nerves, exit of veins and lymphatic vessels)

the ovary is fixed at the expense of its own ligament of the ovary (lies in the sheets of the broad ligament of the uterus), the ligament that suspends the ovary (goes from the wall of the m. Pelvis), the short mesentery (duplication of the peritoneum, going from the posterior leaf of the broad ligament of the uterus to the mesenteric edge of the ovary).

The structure of the ovary

covered with a serous membrane, behind it is located albuginea made up of dense fibrous connective tissue. The parenchyma of the ovary consists of cortex and medulla.

in the cortex oocytes are produced (ovogenesis). Ovogenesis occurs in follicles that go through a series of successive stages of maturation. A mature ovarian follicle reaches a diameter of 1 cm and has a connective tissue membrane - flow, consisting of an inner and outer layer. The inner membrane contains blood and lymph capillaries and interstitial cells that produce the hormone (folliculin). Attached to the inner shell granular layer in one place this layer is thickened and has an egg-bearing mound containing an egg - oocyte. Inside the mature follicle there is a cavity that contains the follicular fluid. As the follicle matures, it gradually approaches the surface of the ovary. During ovulation, the wall of such a follicle breaks and the egg enters the abdominal cavity, where it enters the fringes of the tube, and then into the fallopian tube. In place of the bursting follicle, a corpus luteum is formed, which produces progesterone. If fertilization does not occur, then after 2 weeks the corpus luteum undergoes reverse development (cyclic corpus luteum). In the case of fertilization of the egg, the corpus luteum functions throughout pregnancy and reaches a large size, regulating the course of pregnancy through progesterone.

Ovarian-menstrual cycle- these are hormone-dependent cyclic changes in the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and vagina. The cycle lasts 28 - 30 days. There are three phases in the cycle:

menstrual - 4 - 5 days - rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium, accompanied by bleeding,

postmenstrual (10-11 days) - proliferation and restoration of the endometrium, maturation of a new follicle,

premenstrual period (14 days) - the phase of secretion and preparation of the endometrium to receive a fertilized egg. Restoration of the endometrium occurs under the action of estrogens of the growing follicle.

The secretion phase occurs under the influence of progesterone. Estrogen production is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone, ovulation and development of the corpus luteum by luteinizing hormone and pituitary lactotropic hormone.

Uterus (uterus, metra) - an unpaired hollow muscular organ where the fetus is born.

located in the middle part of the pelvic cavity, behind the bladder and in front of the rectum

pear-shaped, the bottom is distinguished in it (the upper convex part lies above the confluence of the fallopian tubes), the cone-shaped body passes into the neck - a rounded part, which bottom enters the vaginal cavity. In the vaginal part is the opening of the uterus (uterine os).

The structure of the uterine wall:

mucous membrane (endometrium) consists of a single layer prismatic epithelium and own plate of the mucous membrane, in which the glands are located.

the muscular membrane (myometrium) consists of three layers: internal oblique, middle circular (the largest), external oblique. Significantly increases during pregnancy.

the serous membrane (perimetrium) is external and is formed by a leaf of the peritoneum

ligaments of the uterus - a wide ligament of the uterus (consists of two sheets of the peritoneum, is the mesentery of the uterus), a round ligament of the uterus (goes below the own ligament of the ovary), cardiac ligaments of the uterus (goes between the wall of the small pelvis and the wall of the cervix).

Oviduct ( tuba uterina)

The paired organ serves to conduct the egg from the ovary to the uterine cavity, here the process of fertilization of the egg by the sperm is carried out.

located in the cavity of the small pelvis, in the upper edge of the broad ligament of the uterus, from 12 to 14 cm long, diameter = 2-4 mm,

in each pipe there are parts:

uterine part (located in the thickness of the uterine wall)

isthmus of the fallopian tube (the narrowest part of the fallopian tube)

the ampulla of the fallopian tube gradually increases in diameter and passes into the funnel of the fallopian tube, which ends with the fringes of the tube

the wall of the fallopian tube consists of a serous membrane, a two-layer muscular membrane, a mucous membrane that forms longitudinal tubal folds.

Vagina (vagina, colpos)

An unpaired hollow organ, shaped like a tube, is located in the pelvic cavity and extends from the cervix to the genital slit. Its length is 8 - 10 cm, the wall thickness is about 3 mm.

slightly curved backwards and forms an obtuse angle with the uterus

the vagina opens on the threshold of the opening of the vagina, which in girls is limited by the virgin pleura (semilunar or perforated plate)

structure of the vaginal wall:

outer shell - adventitia (loose connective tissue)

the muscular membrane consists of longitudinal and circular fibers, at the top passes into the muscles of the uterus

the mucous membrane is formed by stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium, does not contain glands, and forms numerous transverse folds.

External female genital organs

The female genital area includes

pubic eminence (separated from the abdomen by the pubic groove, from the hips by the hip grooves) is covered with hair and passes into the labia majora below

the labia majora are a rounded paired skin fold, limit the genital gap, are interconnected by the anterior and posterior commissures of the lips

labia minora - thin skin folds, are located medially from the labia majora in the genital tract, limiting the vestibule of the vagina. Contain a large number of elastic fibers, muscle cells and venous plexus.

clitoris, consists of a paired cavernous body of the clitoris (left and right), each begins with a clitoral leg, which, when combined, form the body of the clitoris. The body ends with a head.

female urethra- an unpaired organ that starts from the bladder with an internal opening of the urethra and ends with an external opening that opens anteriorly and above the opening of the vagina. This is a tube 2.5-3.5 cm long, 8-12 mm in diameter, fused with the anterior wall of the vagina. Heading down, it goes around from below and behind the lower edge of the pubic symphysis, perforates the urogenital diaphragm (arbitrary sphincter of the urethra). In the wall of the channel, mucous and muscular membranes are distinguished, in the latter, internal is isolated. - longitudinal, external - circular, which fuses with the muscular membrane of the bladder, forms an involuntary canal sphincter.

MALE REGENERAL SYSTEM

The male genital organs include the testicles with their appendages, the vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts, the seminal vesicles, the prostate and bulbourethral glands, the scrotum, and the penis.

Testicle (testis)

Steam male gland, the function of which is the formation of hollow cells and hormones.

located in the scrotum, separated from each other by a septum and surrounded by a membrane, oval shape, dense consistency, weighing 20 - 30 gr.

the structure of the testicle: covered with a protein membrane, from which connective tissue partitions extend into the parenchyma of the organ, dividing the parenchyma into lobules. In the parenchyma of each lobule there are 2-3 convoluted seminiferous tubules containing spermatogenic epithelium. The spermatic cords merge and form straight seminiferous tubules, which enter the reticulum of the testis. From the network begins 12 - 15 efferent tubules of the testis.

epididymis

It is located along the posterior edge of the testis. The efferent tubules of the testis form lobules in it, there are 12-15 of them. In the caudal part of the appendage, the vas deferens is formed.

vas deferens ( ductus deferens) - a paired organ, ends at the confluence with the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle. Its length is about 50 cm. Topographically, 4 parts are distinguished in it:

testicular part (behind the testicle)

cord part (rises vertically upward and, as part of the spermatic cord, reaches the inguinal ring)

inguinal part (in the inguinal canal)

pelvic part (goes along the wall of the m. pelvis to the point of confluence with the flow of the seminal vesicle), ends with the ampulla of the vas deferens

seminal vesicle (vesicula seminalis) - a paired organ located in the pelvic cavity, laterally from the ampulla and above the prostate gland, to the side of the bottom of the bladder. It is a secretory organ. The surface of the seminal vesicle is tuberous, its length is about 5 cm. On the cut, it looks like vesicles communicating with each other. Each seminal vesicle opens into an excretory duct. The latter connects with the final section of the vas deferens and forms ejaculatory duct.

Prostate unpaired muscular-glandular organ, secretes a secret that is part of the sperm.

located in the anterior lower part of the small pelvis under the bladder, the initial section of the urethra, the right and left ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland.

The shape resembles a chestnut, the base is adjacent to the bladder, seminal vesicles and vas deferens

Grayish-red color, dense consistency, covered with a capsule, the parenchyma of the gland consists of lobules, smooth muscle cells predominate in the anterior part, which, together with the muscle bundles of the bottom of the bladder, form an involuntary (internal) sphincter of the urethra.

bulbourethral glands (Cooper's glands) - a paired organ that secretes a viscous fluid that protects the mucous membrane of the walls of the m / and canal from irritation with urine.

located behind the membranous part of the urethra, in the thickness of the transverse muscle of the perineum.

Rounded, dense consistency, yellow-brown in color, 0.3-0.8 cm in diameter.

The duct of the bulbourethral gland opens into the urethra, perforating the bulb of the penis.

Penis

serves to excrete urine and eject semen

consists of the anterior free part - the body, which ends with the head, which has an external opening of the m / and canal at the top, the body is covered with skin, in the anterior part of the body the skin forms a well-defined fold - the foreskin, which covers the head of the penis and passes into the skin of the head.

Secreted in the penis cavernous bodies(right and left) and an unpaired spongy body lying under them, in back section the spongy body is expanded and forms the bulb of the penis, in front - the head of the penis, the bodies are covered with protein membranes

The cavernous and spongy bodies consist of numerous connective tissue partitions - trabeculae, limiting the system of cavities (caverns) communicating with each other (filled with blood during erection)

The male urethra is an unpaired organ, in the form of a tube with a length of 16 to 22 cm, perforates the prostate gland, urogenital diaphragm, spongy body of the penis and opens with an external opening on the glans penis, originates in the bottom of the bladder.

Topographically divided:

the prostatic part (3 cm) - passes through the prostate gland (the mouths of the ejaculatory ducts and the excretory ducts of the gland itself open here)

membranous part (1.5 cm) - the place where the canal passes through the urogenital diaphragm, here an arbitrary sphincter of the urethra is formed

spongy part (15 cm) - passes through the spongy body and ends on the glans penis with an external opening.

Scrotum (scrotum)

protrusion of the anterior abdominal wall, having two disconnected chambers for the male gonads

located behind and below the penis

7 membranes are distinguished in the scrotum:

skin (thin, pigmented, wrinkled)

fleshy membrane (contains elastic fibers and muscle cells, corresponds to the seam on the surface)

external seminal fascia (a derivative of the abdominal fascia)

fascia of the levator testicle muscle (a derivative of the external oblique muscle's own fascia)

levator testicle muscle (branches off internal oblique muscle)

internal seminal fascia (derived from the transverse fascia of the abdomen)

testicular sheath

spermatic cord - cord 15 - 20 cm long, goes from the deep ring of the inguinal ligament to the upper edge of the testicle, it includes the vas deferens, testicular artery, artery of the vas deferens, venous plexus, nerves, lymphatic vessels.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Lesson plan: 1. The structure of the reproductive system 2. Fertilization. The formation of the embryo 3. The processes occurring in the male and female body

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female reproductive system Overall plan structures and functions mp 2 8 cm pc 7 5 3 4 1 6 Ovaries (1); produce eggs and synthesize the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Eggs are formed at the 5th month of the embryo. development; beginning mature at puberty, diameter is about 90 microns. Capable of fertilization within 12 - 24 hours after ovulation. Follicular cells, the corpus luteum nourish the egg and the embryo on early stages development; Bartholin's glands (8) secrete a fluid that provides normal moisture to the mucosa at the entrance to the vagina (4). uterine tubes (2), uterus (3), moisture-lische (4) provide maturation and transport of the egg cell or embryo; create conditions for intrauterine development of the fetus; activate spermatozoa. Small (5) and large (6) labia and clitoris (7) protect against infections. shm

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Female reproductive system Ovulation - release of an egg from an ovary fallopian tube egg ovary uterus bladder

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Female reproductive system Ovum shell (radiant crown) Diameter about 150 microns. Has a haploid set of chromosomes. By the time of puberty, the girl's body has only 400-500 future eggs. This is the reproductive fund of a woman.

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Female reproductive system Condition of the uterus during menstruation uterine wall sloughed uterine mucosa fallopian tube ovary vagina cervix blood + sloughed uterine mucosa

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Female reproductive system Scheme of the menstrual cycle (norm, average value) 28 days (sometimes 21 - 35). Phase 1 - follicular - from day 1 of bleeding to day 12 of the cycle. The pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone, resulting in the development of several immature eggs in the ovary. One of the follicles (containing the egg) begins to develop faster than the others, it produces the hormone estrogen, which leads to a thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy. 1 3 2 2 phase - ovulation - 12-16 days of the cycle. With an increase in the level of estrogen secreted by the follicle, the pituitary gland abruptly begins to produce luteinizing hormone, which stimulates the final maturation of the egg and the breakthrough of the follicle. After the egg is released, the follicle becomes the corpus luteum. Phase 3 - luteinization - from 16 to 28 days of the cycle. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which stimulates the uterine lining to prepare for implantation. IN fallopian tube The egg is fertilized, develops into an embryo, and travels down the fallopian tube. It enters the uterine cavity on about the 4th day of ovulation and implants into the mucosa on about the 6th day. Phase 4 - menstrual bleeding - 28 - 4 days of the cycle. If a fertilized egg does not implant in the lining of the uterus, the corpus luteum stops producing the hormone progesterone. As a result, the mucosa is weakened and shed during menstruation. The boundaries between the phases can shift by 1 - 2 or more days!!! 4 rejection thickening ovulation thickening 19 6 11 1 28

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Male reproductive system General plan of structure and function Sex glands: testes, or testicles, (1) form germ cells, spermatozoa and synthesize male sex hormones androgens. Located in a leathery sac scrotum (2), which performs protective function. 2 5 6 ao 7 3 1 pc 4 7 ok 9 11 10 12 8 lx mp The epididymis(3) accumulate mature sperm; seminal vesicles (4), prostate gland, or prostate (5), Cooper's, or bulbourethral gland (6) secrete seminal fluid. Excretory tracts: the vas deferens (7), connects with the ducts of the glands and passes into the urethra (sometimes called the ejaculatory) (8), ending with an opening (9). They transport the sperm, combine it with the secretion of the glands, deliver it to the vagina. The penis (penis) has a head (10) covered foreskin(11), inside are the cavernous bodies (12), which provide an erection. Function: delivery of sperm to the vagina.

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Male reproductive system The structure and functions of the penis testicles rest erection cavernous bodies cavernous bodies filled with blood vessels that fill the penis with blood the membrane of the cavernous bodies the urethra in the spongy body cavernous bodies the skin of the penis

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Male reproductive system Spermatozoa head neck tail Formed within 75 days. They move along the vas deferens for up to 15 days. Live: in the air up to 24 hours, in the body of a woman up to 4 days. There are about 65 million of them in 1 ml of sperm. They have a haploid set of chromosomes.

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Fertilization Natural Scheme of the process uterine wall, fallopian tube (oviduct), ovary, ovulation, egg, movement of sperm in the uterus and in the fallopian tube, sperm around the egg. 7 3 6 1 2 5 4

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Fertilization Spermatozoa surround the egg cell Ovum sperm cell Fertilization is the fusion of the nuclei of the male and female germ cells, resulting in the formation of a zygote

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Fertilization Winner! 1 out of 2,000,000! Then - the zygote! spermatozoon egg cell shell Zygote - the beginning of a new life!!!

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Check yourself 1. Ovulation is: A. the process of formation of eggs B. the process of reproduction of germ cells C. the hormonal activity of the sex glands D. the release of mature eggs into the abdominal cavity 2. Unlike the egg, the spermatozoon: A. has an organoid of movement B. has haploid set of chromosomes B. is formed as a result of mitosis G. contains nutrients 3. Male reproductive cells and hormones are formed in: A. ovaries B. testicles C. prostate gland D. seminal vesicles 4. Female reproductive cells are formed in: A. ovaries B. testicles C. oviduct D. uterus 5. Fertilization occurs in: A. uterus B. ovaries C. testicles D. fallopian tube

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Links to image sources Diagram of the male reproductive system: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Male_anatomy_number.svg/500px-Male_anatomy_number.svg.png?uselang=ru , diagram of ovulation: http: //www.zdorovieinfo.ru/is_zdorove_zhenschiny/stati/gormony_i_reproduktsiya/zhenskaya_reproduktivnaya_sistema/ , diagram of the structure of the female reproductive system: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png , photograph of sperm around the egg: http://kisah-awak.blogspot.com/, photo of a sperm fertilizing an egg: http://www.visualphotos.com/image/1x3747272/sperm_embedded_in_egg_fertilization_colored, photo of an egg against a black background: http://pulse.ncpolicywatch.org /wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Fertilized-human-egg.jpg ,

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Links to image sources photograph of spermatozoa against a black background: http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/19/sperm-works-best-in-the-winter/ , scheme of fertilization in the uterus: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blausen_0404_Fertilization.png/621px-Blausen_0404_Fertilization.png , photography artificial insemination eggs in orange: http://www.gazeta.ru/science/2013/01/21_a_4934645.shtml structure and erection of the penis: http://better-erection.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/erection_anatomy.png , model of the penis on a black background: https://www.centerforreconstructiveurology.org/erectile-dysfunction/ functional-penile-anatomy.htm, scheme of the state of the uterus during menstruation: http://www.babyplan.ru/biblioteka/_/ginekologija/prodolzhitelnaja-menstruacija, scheme of the menstrual cycle (normal): http://tvoezdorovje.ru/ 94-menstrualnyy-cikl.html.