home Audience 2 What are the side effects of the tetanus shot?

What are the side effects of the tetanus shot?

Antitetanus serum- Serum antitetanicum.

Characteristics of the drug

Antitetanus serum (ATS) is a clear or slightly opalescent, pale golden to yellowish liquid obtained from the blood of horses hyperimmunized with tetanus toxoid or toxin. Serums are purified and concentrated by peptic digestion. Serum activity is expressed in international units (IU).

Purpose, indications and contraindications

Anti-tetanus serum is intended to create passive immunity. PSS is used for prevention and treatment. WITH for preventive purposes (emergency prevention tetanus) PSS is used for injuries with a violation of the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, burns (II-III degree), frostbite (II-III degree), operations on gastrointestinal tract, animal bites, out-of-hospital abortions, and also for mothers giving birth at home. Children and adults who have previously been properly vaccinated are not given anti-tetanus serum, but only AS toxoid.

Unvaccinated children and adults are given active-passive immunization against tetanus. To do this, purified adsorbed tetanus toxoid (1 ml) is injected and then, after an intradermal test, purified anti-tetanus serum is injected into another area of the body with a sterile syringe. Subsequently, active immunization with AS toxoid is continued according to the schedule for adults (the first injection after 30-40 days, the second after 9-12 months).

Prevention of tetanus in newborns born at home without medical care, whose mothers were not actively immunized against tetanus, should be carried out as soon as possible after birth (no later than 15 days). To do this, antitetanus serum (3000 IU) is administered with preliminary desensitization.

For a child with an unhealed navel, prophylaxis is carried out even more late dates. Postpartum women who are not immunized against tetanus after childbirth at home without medical care are immunized in the same way as after an injury, and those previously immunized are administered AS toxoid for revaccination. Parturient women revaccinated against tetanus during pregnancy and their newborns do not receive specific tetanus prophylaxis.

A contraindication for the use of PSS is a positive intradermal test for a foreign protein ( horse serum). In these cases, administration of donor tetanus immunoglobulin, as well as active immunization with AS toxoid, is indicated.

If the intradermal test is positive or if anaphylactic reaction on subcutaneous injection The serum is administered only for unconditional indications (extensive wounds contaminated with soil, scraps of clothing, etc.) under the supervision of a doctor and with special precautions.

“Care, nutrition and vaccine prevention of a child”, F.M. Kitikar

According to the degree of necessity, all vaccinations are divided into planned (mandatory) and according to epidemiological indications. Routine vaccinations are carried out for the purpose of immunoprophylaxis of the most common or dangerous infectious diseases, mainly anthroponoses with airborne transmission of pathogens, according to epidemiological indications - only in those places where it is necessary to ensure the immune layer of the population at risk of the disease, and when other measures...

Specific prevention of infectious diseases plays a significant role in the system of anti-epidemic measures. Thanks to widespread immunoprophylaxis, great success has been achieved in the fight against many infectious diseases(diphtheria, polio, whooping cough, measles, tetanus, etc.). In our country alone, about 170 million vaccinations are performed per year. As a result, the incidence of many infections has sharply decreased, even to the point of elimination...

Persons to be vaccinated must first be examined by a doctor (paramedic at a paramedic-obstetric or paramedic station) taking into account anamnestic data. Persons with contraindications listed in the instructions attached to the vaccine are not allowed to receive vaccinations, permanently or temporarily. Children with chronic diseases, allergic conditions and others living in rural areas, are vaccinated only after consulting a doctor. On the day of vaccination, the person being vaccinated also...

In the room where vaccinations will be carried out, you must first thoroughly wash the floors and furniture, preferably using disinfectant solutions. Tables for tools and couches for children are covered with ironed sheets. Children should not be vaccinated in rooms where sick people are admitted. Personnel must work in clean gowns and caps (scarves). Health workers suffering from pustular skin diseases, sore throats,…

It is known that the bulk of mycobacteria of the BCG vaccine strain linger in the regional lymph nodes, stimulating immunogenesis in them, which leads to hyperplasia lymphoid tissue. Sometimes inflammatory process in the regional lymph nodes acquires a chronic character, accompanied by caseous-necrotic tissue decay with its further calcification, clinical symptoms deterioration of the child's condition. Post-vaccination lymphadenitis regional to the injection site BCG vaccines lymphatic...

Tetanus is a dangerous infection, capable of entering the body through damaged skin. In case of accidental injury and suspected infection, you should as soon as possible contact a medical facility for examination of the injury and administration antitetanus serum.

Description

The causative agent of the infection is tetanus bacillus or a gram-positive flagellated bacterium that lives and multiplies in an oxygen-free environment. The bacterium itself does not harm humans great danger, but the exotoxin produced by it can lead to fatal outcome.

When ingested, it penetrates the spinal cord and medulla oblongata through motor fibers. peripheral nerves. The activity of the rod is manifested by severe convulsions of the upper and lower limbs, as well as difficulty breathing.

The action of anti-tetanus serum is aimed at neutralizing the toxic toxin. It consists of immunoglobulins from the blood of a horse that has previously been vaccinated with tetanus toxin and toxoid. The whey goes through several stages of purification and is concentrated using salt fractionation.

Important! Externally, the serum is a clear or yellowish liquid without sediment, produced in glass ampoules.

Indications and contraindications

The drug is intended to get rid of infection and is used in emergency situations. It is also used as a vaccine to prevent tetanus infection. The main reasons for emergency serum administration are:

bites from animals that have not been vaccinated;
penetrating wounds of the skin;
damage to the gastrointestinal tract;
abscesses, necrosis and gangrene;
frostbite;
births and abortions that took place outside medical institutions;
burns varying degrees heaviness;
violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes.

But not all of the above cases require the introduction of serum. It is not administered in the following cases:

children and adults who have a document confirming a routine tetanus vaccination;
patients who have undergone a full course of body immunization (no later than 5 years ago).

There are also contraindications for administering antitoxin:

elevated temperature bodies at the time of hospitalization;
individual intolerance to the drug;
first half of pregnancy in women.

Introduction dates

At the first suspicion of tetanus infection, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible. Incubation period infection lasts 7-10 days, but sometimes a latent form of tetanus occurs, which may not manifest itself in any way for 1.5-2 months.

Important! To prevent irreversible consequences, the serum should be administered within 15-20 days from the moment of suspected infection.

Routine vaccinations against tetanus are carried out in early childhood– at 3, 4, 6, 18 months and 6 years. If prophylaxis is carried out for an adult, then the full course consists of 3 injections of the drug - the break between the first and second dose is 1 month, between the second and third - 1 year. The duration of action of anti-tetanus serum in these cases is 10 years, after which the course should be repeated.

Mode of application

Vaccination is carried out intravenously or directly into the spinal canal. Before administering the full dose, an allergy test is taken from the patient for a foreign protein.

To do this, 0.1 ml of the drug is injected into the forearm area under the skin. A reaction occurs within 20 minutes. If there is no redness or no more than 1 cm in diameter, a full dose of serum can be administered (100,000-200,000 IU).

Important! After emergency vaccination, the patient should be under medical supervision in case the body experiences a shock reaction.

To avoid negative consequences, you should follow the instructions for use.

First of all, you should carefully examine the ampoule. Its integrity must not be compromised; factory marking is required. The preparation itself should be transparent or with a slight yellowish tint, without precipitation.
Next, you need to thoroughly wash your hands and put on sterile gloves, open the ampoule and draw out the medicine using a long needle with a wide bore.
Important! The substance can be stored for no more than 30 minutes after opening the ampoule.
After changing the needle on the syringe, the serum is injected into the skin area treated with 70% alcohol. For emergency therapy, local administration (to the wound site) is allowed.
After the procedure, the injection site must be lubricated with iodine and massaged with a special sterile ball so that the serum can be quickly absorbed by the body.

Possible complications

Side effects from tetanus serum are observed in patients who have been found to have an individual intolerance to horse protein. In this case, the following manifestations are possible:

redness of the skin and itching in the injection area;
slight malaise, weakness;
elevated body temperature during the first few hours after vaccination;
muscle spasms and limb cramps;
nausea and vomiting.

As a rule, these symptoms disappear on their own within 24 hours after administration of antitetanus serum. But sometimes there are more serious complications, with which you should immediately consult a doctor:

the occurrence of rhinitis;
cough, dry mouth;
joint pain;
fever;
inflammation lymph nodes.

These symptoms indicate serious allergic reaction patient to the injected serum and require prompt hospitalization. If the patient does not consult a doctor in time, there is a risk of anaphylactic shock.

Below is a video where you can learn all the details about the tetanus vaccine.

In most countries, including Russia, routine vaccination against tetanus is performed. As a rule, a vaccination against this disease is given together with an injection against diphtheria. In addition, mono-vaccines are used in emergency situations. Experts note that none of these vaccines provides 100% protection against tetanus. It is important to know about the possible side effects of a tetanus shot. Most often it appears after slight fever. Sometimes there is lethargy, severe weakness, general malaise. A characteristic lump appears at the injection site. All these negative manifestations pass quickly.

In some cases, an anti-tetanus injection may cause side effects such as rhinitis. A person may experience other symptoms consistent with colds. There have been cases of occurrence severe cough paroxysmal in nature. Possible development of serum sickness - allergic disease, causing fever, joint pain, and swollen lymph nodes. Hemorrhages, thrombosis, swelling, itching of the skin, sweating, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting. The disease lasts from several days to 2-3 weeks.

The most serious complications of tetanus vaccination

The most serious side effect is considered to be neurological reactions (convulsions). They are very rare, but the doctor should warn the patient about this before vaccination. also in in rare cases observed anaphylactic shock- heavy, life-threatening pathological condition, which refers to an immediate type allergic reaction. This condition causes muscle spasm internal organs, a fall blood pressure, the person loses consciousness. Given the possibility of these side effects when administering tetanus serum, the doctor should provide medical supervision to the patient for an hour after the injection.

Severe complications after a tetanus injection are usually observed if the schedule is not followed routine vaccination, as well as when using a vaccine of inadequate quality or if its storage is violated. The tetanus vaccine is given under the shoulder blade; as a rule, a noticeable swelling appears in this place. It is recommended to apply a sterile bandage with Levomekol ointment to it. You can seal this area with a bactericidal adhesive plaster. Also, if possible unpleasant sensations after vaccination, anti-allergy drugs may be prescribed, for example, Suprastin. Anti-tetanus injection is contraindicated

Instructions for use:

Equine anti-tetanus serum, purified, concentrated (anti-tetanus serum)

Registration number: LS 000058 dated 09/20/2011.

Name of the medicinal product. Equine antitetanus serum, purified, concentrated (Antitetanus serum).
Group name. Tetanus antitoxin
Dosage form. Injection.

Compound. The drug is an immunoglobulin fraction of the blood serum of horses immunized with tetanus, toxoid or toxin, containing specific antibodies. 1 ml contains at least 1200 international antitoxic activity units (IU). Available complete with purified horse serum diluted 1:100, which is a clear, colorless liquid without sediment.

Description.

It is a clear or slightly opalescent, colorless or yellowish liquid without sediment.
Immunobiological properties.

Neutralizes tetanus toxin.

Pharmacotherapeutic group. MIBP globulin.
CodeATX: J06AA02.

Indications for use.

Emergency specific prevention and treatment of tetanus.

Contraindications for use.

Contraindications to the use of specific means of emergency prophylaxis of tetanus.

1. A history of systemic, allergic reactions and complications to the previous administration of horse serum diluted 1:100, antitetanus serum or hypersensitivity to drugs.

2. Pregnancy: in the first half, the administration of AS toxoid and antitetanus serum is contraindicated; in the second half, the administration of antitetanus serum is contraindicated.

Dosage regimen and route of administration.
Emergency prevention of tetanus.

Emergency prevention of tetanus involves primary surgical treatment wounds and creation, if necessary, specific immunity against tetanus.

Emergency specific prevention of tetanus is carried out:

In case of injuries with violation of the integrity of the skin and mucous frostbite and burns of the second, third and fourth degrees,

Out-of-hospital abortions,
- childbirth outside medical institutions,

Gangrene or tissue necrosis of any type, abscesses,

Penetrating injuries of the gastrointestinal tract,

Animal bites.
For emergency specific prevention for tetanus, AS toxoid is used, human antitetanus immunoglobulin (HIT) is used; in the absence of HIT, antitetanus serum is used. AS anatoxin and ICHPS are administered in accordance with the instructions for use of these drugs.

The scheme for selecting prophylactic agents for emergency specific prophylaxis of tetanus is presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Scheme for the selection of prophylactic agents during emergency specific prophylaxis of tetanus

Previous tetanus vaccinations with a product containing tetanus toxoid	Age group	Time elapsed since the last vaccination	Drugs used
	Age group	Time elapsed since the last vaccination	AS-toxoid 1
There is documentary evidence of vaccinations
Full course routine vaccinations according to age	children and teenagers	Regardless of the deadline	don't enter 3	do not enter
Full course of planned vaccinations without the last age revaccination	children and teenagers	Regardless of the deadline		do not enter
Full course of immunization 4	adults	no more than 5 years	do not enter
Full course of immunization 4	adults	more than 5 years		do not enter
Two vaccinations 5	all ages	no more than 5 years		do not enter
Two vaccinations 5	all ages	more than 5 years
One vaccination	all ages	no more than 2 years		do not enter 6
One vaccination	all ages	more than 2 years
Unvaccinated	children under 5 months		don't enter 9
Unvaccinated	other ages
No documentary evidence about vaccinations
There was no history of contraindications to vaccinations	children under 5 months		do not enter
There was no history of contraindications to vaccinations	children from 5 months, teenagers, military personnel, former military personnel			Do not enter 6
Rest of the contingent	all ages

PSS - antitetanus serum,

ICHPS - human immunoglobulin antitetanus

Notes:

1. Instead of 0.5 ml of AC toxoid, you can use ADS-M toxoid if vaccination against diphtheria with this drug is necessary. If the localization of the wound allows, it is preferable to administer AC toxoid to the area where it is located by subcutaneous injection.

2. Use one of the indicated drugs: IPSC or PSS (it is preferable to administer IPSC).

3. For infected wounds, 0.5 ml of AC toxoid is administered if 5 or more years have passed since the last revaccination.

4. The full course of immunization with AC toxoid for adults consists of two vaccinations of 0.5 ml each with an interval of 30-40 days and revaccination after 6-12 months with the same dose. According to the abbreviated scheme, the full course of immunization includes a single vaccination with AC toxoid in a double dose (1 ml) and revaccination after 6 months - 2 years with a dose of 0.5 ml of AC toxoid.

5. Two vaccinations according to the regular immunization schedule (for adults and children) or one vaccination according to the abbreviated immunization schedule for adults.

6. For infected wounds, IPSP or PSS is administered.

7. All persons who received active-passive prophylaxis must be revaccinated with 0.5 ml of AS-toxoid in order to complete the course of immunization after 6 months - 2 years.

8. If necessary, prescribe AC toxoid to children under 6 years of age, the drug should be administered intramuscularly.

9. After normalization of the post-traumatic state, children under 3 years of age in accordance with the terms National calendar preventive vaccinations.

For the purpose of emergency prevention of tetanus, antitetanus serum is administered subcutaneously at a dose of 3000 IU.

Before administering antitetanus serum, an intradermal test is performed with purified horse serum diluted 1:100. To perform the test, use syringes with a graduation value of 0.1 ml and thin needles. The diluted serum is injected intradermally into the flexor surface of the forearm in a volume of 0.1 ml. The reaction is recorded after 20 minutes.

If the intradermal test is negative, antitetanus serum is administered subcutaneously in an amount of 0.1 ml (use a sterile syringe, cover the opened ampoule with a sterile napkin). If there is no reaction, after 30 minutes the entire prescribed dose of serum is administered subcutaneously (for prophylactic purposes), intravenously or into the spinal canal (for therapeutic purposes) using a sterile syringe.

If the intradermal test is positive or an anaphylactic reaction occurs to a subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of antitetanus serum, its further administration is contraindicated. In this case, the introduction of ICHPS is indicated.

Treatment of tetanus.

Antitetanus serum is administered to patients as much as possible. early dates from the onset of the disease at a dose of 100,000 - 200,000ME.

The serum is injected intravenously or into the spinal canal, after testing sensitivity to a foreign protein (test with purified horse serum diluted 1:100). Depending on the severity of the disease, the administration of serum is repeated until the reflex seizures disappear.

Precautions for use.

A product with damaged integrity or missing labeling is not suitable for use. expired suitability, in case of changes in physical properties and violations of storage conditions.

Before administering tetanus toxoid serum, Necessarily An intradermal test is performed with horse serum, purified, diluted 1:100, to detect sensitivity to a foreign protein. Considering the possibility of shock when administered tetanus serum, each vaccinated person must be provided with medical supervision for 1 hour after administration of the drug. Vaccination sites must be provided with anti-shock therapy. Persons who have received tetanus toxoid serum should be warned of the need immediate appeal seek medical attention if signs characteristic of serum sickness appear.

Symptoms of overdose, measures to assist in case of overdose.

Not installed.

Possible side effects when applied medicinal product.
The introduction of serum can. be accompanied by various allergic reactions: immediate (immediately after administration of the serum, or after a few hours), early (on the 2nd 6th day) and late (on the 2nd week and later). These reactions are manifested by the symptom complex of serum sickness (fever, itching, urticaria, skin rash, skin hyperemia, joint pain, etc.) and in rare cases, anaphylactic shock.

Interaction with other drugs.
With the joint administration of antitetanus serum and tetanus toxoid, suppression of the immune response is noted.

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
The use of the drug is allowed for health reasons, taking into account the possible benefits to the mother and the risk to the fetus or child.

Information about the possible effect of the drug on the ability to drive vehicles and machinery.

None.

Release form.

Injection. Antitetanus serum 3000, 10000, 20000, 50000 IU in ampoules. The volume of serum in the ampoule for each dosage is calculated depending on the specific activity of the drug. Purified horse serum diluted 1:100, 1 ml in ampoules. 5 ampoules with antitetanus serum and 5 ampoules with purified horse serum diluted 1:100 (5 sets) in a cardboard pack along with an ampoule knife or ampoule scarifier and instructions for use. When using ampoules with a notch, ring, or point 1 for opening, an ampoule knife or an ampoule scarifier is not inserted.

Transportation conditions. In accordance with SP 3.3.2.1248 03 at temperatures from 2 to 8 °C. Freezing is not allowed.

Storage conditions. In accordance with SP 3.3.2.1248 03 at a temperature of 2 to 8 °C out of the reach of children. Freezing is not allowed.

Best before date 3 years. Expired drug. not suitable for use.

Vacation conditions. For medical and preventive institutions.

Manufacturer. FSUE NPO Microgen of the Russian Ministry of Health.

The drug is therapeutic and prophylactic. Contains antibodies that neutralize Cl toxin. tetani. It is a protein fraction of the blood serum of horses hyperimmunized with tetanus toxoid containing specific immunoglobulins. Protein fraction purified by concentrated peptic digestion and salt fractionation. AS-Anatoxin + antitetanus serum at a dose of 3000 IU. Antitetanus serum is administered to patients as early as possible from the onset of the disease at a dose of 100,000-200,000 IU. Before administering anti-tetanus serum, an intradermal test is performed with purified horse serum diluted 1:100 to identify sensitivity to a foreign protein. To take samples, use syringes with a graduation value of 0.1 ml and thin needles. The diluted serum is injected intradermally into the flexor surface of the forearm in a volume of 0.1 ml. The reaction is recorded after 20 minutes.

The test is considered negative if the diameter of the swelling or redness that appears at the injection site is less than 1 cm. The test is considered positive if the swelling or redness reaches a diameter of 1 cm or more. If the intradermal test is negative, anti-tetanus serum is administered subcutaneously in an amount of 0.1 ml ( use a sterile syringe, cover the opened ampoule with a sterile napkin). If there is no reaction, after 30 minutes, use a sterile syringe to inject the entire prescribed dose of serum subcutaneously (for prophylactic purposes), intravenously or into the spinal canal (for therapeutic purposes). If the intradermal test is positive or if an anaphylactic reaction occurs to subcutaneous After injection of 0.1 ml of antitetanus serum, its further administration is contraindicated. In this case, the introduction of PSCH is indicated.

The administration of the drug is registered in the established registration form, indicating the date of vaccination, dose, manufacturer of the drug, batch number, reaction to the administration of the drug. A drug with damaged integrity or missing labeling, with an expired expiration date, with changes in physical properties, and improper storage. Storage conditions and periods. The serum is stored and transported in accordance with SP 3.3.2.1248-03 at a temperature of 2° to 8°C. Shelf life - 3 years. A drug that has expired cannot be used. Type of immunity: artificial passive antitoxic.

35. Anti-gangrenous mono- and polyvalent serums.

The drug is therapeutic and prophylactic. Contains antibodies that neutralize Cl toxin. perfringens (polyvalent - Cl. oedematiens, Cl.novyi, Cl. septicum, Cl. histolyticum, Cl. sordellii). It is a protein fraction of the blood serum of horses hyperimmunized with toxoid containing the causative agents of gas anaerobic infection, containing specific immunoglobulins. The protein fraction is purified by a concentrated method of peptic digestion and salt fractionation. The ampoule contains one prophylactic dose - 30,000 international units (IU) of anti-gangrenous antitoxin activity: Cl. perfringens - 10000 ME, Cl. oedematiens - 10000 ME, Cl. septicum - 10000 ME.С therapeutic purpose the serum is administered intravenously, very slowly, by drop method, usually in a mixture with 0.9% sodium chloride injection solution warmed to body temperature at the rate of 100-400 ml per 100 ml of serum. The serum is heated to (36 ± 0.5) ° C and injected: first 1 ml for 5 minutes, then 1 ml per minute. The serum must be administered by a doctor or under his supervision. The amount of serum administered depends on the clinical condition of the patient. Usually the therapeutic dose of anti-gangrenous serum is 150 thousand ME: anti-perfringens - 50,000 ME, anti-edematis - 50,000 ME, antisepticum - 50,000 ME. Before administering anti-gangrenous serum, an intradermal test with purified diluted horse serum is mandatory. 1:100 (ampule marked in red) to test the patient's sensitivity to horse serum proteins. Purified horse serum diluted 1:100 is injected in a volume of 0.1 ml intradermally into the flexor surface of the forearm (use syringes in accordance with SP 3.3.2.1248-03 at a temperature of 2 to 8 ° C in a place inaccessible to children. Freezing is not allowed. Best before date.2 years. A drug that has expired cannot be used.Type of immunity: artificial passive antitoxic.