Increased intra-abdominal pressure as a risk factor. Symptoms and treatment of intra-abdominal pressure, how to measure and reduce

Many of us do not attach importance to symptoms such as bloating, It's a dull pain in the abdominal part, discomfort when eating.

But these manifestations can mean difficult process- intra-abdominal pressure. It is almost impossible to determine the disease right away, the internal pressure differs from the external one, and if the body system is disturbed, they begin to work defectively.

Speaking in literary terms, intra-abdominal pressure is a condition accompanied by an increase in pressure that comes from organs and fluid.

To find out IAP, it is necessary to place a special sensor in the abdominal cavity or in the liquid medium of the large intestine. This procedure performed by a surgeon, usually during surgery.

Devices for measuring IAP

There is another way to check pressure, but it is considered minimally invasive and less informative, this is the measurement of IAP using a catheter in the bladder.

Reasons for the increase in performance

Intra-abdominal pressure can cause many negative processes in the body, one of which is bloating.

Abundant accumulation of gases usually develops due to stagnant processes as a result of individual features or surgical pathologies.

Considering specific cases, commonplace reason can serve as irritable bowel syndrome, obesity and constipation. Even eating a diet that includes gas generating products, can provoke IAP. People who suffer from irritable bowel syndrome most often tolerate a decrease in the tone of the autonomic region of the NS ( nervous system).

It is not uncommon for diseases such as hemorrhoids and Crohn's disease to be the cause. Normal microflora The intestines are represented by a variety of trace elements that are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Their absence provokes the development of many diseases, the consequence of which may be intra-abdominal hypertension.

Causes of IAP may include the following surgical pathologies: peritonitis, closed injuries in the abdomen, pancreatic necrosis.

Symptoms and treatment

Accompanying increased intra-abdominal pressure symptoms are as follows:

• pain in the abdomen;
• bloating;
• dull pain in the kidneys;
• nausea;
• jerky sensations in the abdomen.

As you can see this list cannot clearly and accurately diagnose IAP, since other diseases may have such alarming factors. In any case, you should consult your doctor and conduct a proper examination.

The first thing you need to pay attention to in case of IAP is the degree of its development and the reasons for its appearance. For patients suffering from elevated IAP, a rectal probe is placed. This procedure does not pain. In particular, it is impossible to achieve a decrease in indicators with the help of such an intervention, it is used only for measurements.

In the case of surgical intervention, the likelihood of developing abdominal compression syndrome may increase, then it is necessary to start therapeutic measures.

The sooner the treatment process is started, the more likely it is to stop the disease for initial stage and prevent multiple organ failure.

It is mandatory to not wear tight clothes, to be in a lying position above 20 degrees on the bed. In some cases, the patient is prescribed drugs to relax the muscles - muscle relaxants for parenteral use.

Some precautions:

• avoid infusion load.
• do not remove fluid by stimulating diuresis.

When the pressure passes the frame 25 mm. rt. Art., the decision to conduct surgical abdominal decompression in most cases is not negotiable.

Timely intervention in more percentage allows you to normalize the process of work of organs and systems of the body, namely, to stabilize hemodynamics, diuresis, eliminate violations respiratory failure.

However surgical intervention has and reverse side medals." In particular, this method can promote the development of reperfusion, as well as the entry into the bloodstream of an underoxidized nutrient medium for microorganisms. This moment can cause the heart to stop.

If IAP will serve to develop abdominal compression, the patient may be prescribed procedures artificial ventilation lungs, with the parallel implementation of the normalization of the body's water and electrolyte balance by infusion with the help of crystalloid solutions.

Separately, it is worth noting patients who have IAP due to obesity. A significant increase in the load on the tissue contributes to this process. As a result, the muscles atrophy and become unstable to physical activity. The consequence of the complication may be chronic cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

In turn, this moment leads to impaired blood supply. blood vessels and fabrics. The way to eliminate IAP in obese people is to sew in mesh implants. But the operation itself does not exclude the leading cause of the appearance high pressure- obesity.

At overweight body, there is a tendency to cholecystitis, fatty degeneration of the liver, prolapse of organs, cholelithiasis, which are the result of WBD. Doctors strongly recommend reviewing the diet of obese people and contacting a specialist to draw up proper nutrition.

Exercises that increase intra-abdominal pressure

The complex of physical natural factors that increase IAP is carried out in a natural way.

For example, frequent sneezing, coughing with bronchitis, screaming, defecation, urination - a number of processes that lead to an increase in IAP.

Especially often, men can suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can also be caused by increased IAP. This partly occurs in those who often exercise in gyms.

Measurement of IAP in a medical institution

No matter how much patients would like to measure IAP on their own, nothing will come of it.

Currently, there are three methods for measuring IAP:

1. Foley catheter;
2. laparoscopy;
3. water-perfusion principle.

The first method is used frequently. It is available but not used for bladder trauma or pelvic hematoma. The second method is quite complicated and expensive, but will give the most correct result. The third is carried out by a special device and a pressure sensor.

IAP levels

To understand which value is high, you should know the levels from normal state to critical.

Intra-abdominal pressure: norm and critical level:

• normal value It has<10 см вод.ст.;
• average value 10-25 cm water column;
• moderate 25-40 cm water column;
• high>40 cm w.c.

What is the diagnosis based on?

An increase in intra-abdominal pressure can be determined by the following signs:

• increased IAP - more than 25 cm of water. Art.;
• meaning carbon dioxide equal to >45 ml. rt. Art. in arterial blood;
• features of the clinical conclusion (pelvic hematoma or liver tamponade);
• decrease in diuresis;
• high pressure in the lungs.

If at least three symptoms are identified, the doctor makes a diagnosis of intra-abdominal pressure.

Related videos

Device for functional monitoring of IAP:

The problem of IAP was not previously such a discussed topic, but medicine does not stand still, making discoveries and research for the benefit of human health. Do not take this topic lightly. The factors considered are directly proportional to the occurrence of many life-threatening diseases.

Do not self-medicate and be sure to contact medical institution if you are experiencing similar symptoms. Consider all the recommendations and you will no longer be concerned about the question of how to reduce intra-abdominal pressure.

Many of us do not attach importance to such symptoms as bloating, aching pain in the abdominal part, discomfort when eating.

But these manifestations can mean a complex process - intra-abdominal pressure. It is almost impossible to determine the disease right away, the internal pressure differs from the external one, and if the body system is disturbed, they begin to work defectively.

Speaking in literary terms, intra-abdominal pressure is a condition accompanied by an increase in pressure that comes from organs and fluid.

Measurement of intra-abdominal pressure

To find out IAP, it is necessary to place a special sensor in the abdominal cavity or in the liquid medium of the large intestine. This procedure is performed by a surgeon, usually during surgery.

Devices for measuring IAP

There is another way to check pressure, but it is considered minimally invasive and less informative, this is the measurement of IAP using a catheter in the bladder.

Reasons for the increase in performance

Intra-abdominal pressure can cause many negative processes in the body, one of which is bloating.

Abundant accumulation of gases usually develops due to stagnant processes as a result of individual characteristics or surgical pathologies.

If we consider specific cases, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity and constipation can serve as a commonplace cause. Even eating a diet that includes gas-producing foods can provoke IAP. People who suffer from irritable bowel syndrome most often endure a decrease in the tone of the vegetative region of the NS (nervous system).

There are frequent cases when diseases such as hemorrhoids and are the cause. The normal intestinal microflora is represented by a variety of trace elements that are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Their absence provokes the development of many diseases, the consequence of which may be intra-abdominal hypertension.

The causes of IAP may include the following surgical pathologies: peritonitis, closed injuries in the abdomen, pancreatic necrosis.

Symptoms and treatment

Accompanying increased intra-abdominal pressure symptoms are as follows:

• pain in the abdomen;
• bloating;
• dull pain in the kidneys;
• nausea;
• dizziness;
• jerky sensations in the abdomen.

As you can see, this list cannot clearly and accurately diagnose IAP, since other diseases can also have such alarming factors. In any case, you should consult your doctor and conduct a proper examination.

The first thing you need to pay attention to in case of IAP is the degree of its development and the reasons for its appearance. For patients suffering from elevated IAP, a rectal probe is placed. This procedure does not cause pain. In particular, it is impossible to achieve a decrease in indicators with the help of such an intervention, it is used only for measurements.

In the case of surgical intervention, the likelihood of developing abdominal compression syndrome may increase, then it is necessary to start therapeutic measures.

The sooner the treatment process is started, the more likely it is to stop the disease at the initial stage and prevent the development of multiple organ failure.

For hypertension abdominal cavity to reduce pain spasm and tension, it is customary to resort to the help of abdominal surgery. In order to normalize the pressure, analgesics are prescribed and sedatives.

It is mandatory to not wear tight clothes, to be in a lying position above 20 degrees on the bed. In some cases, the patient is prescribed drugs to relax the muscles - muscle relaxants for parenteral use.

Some precautions:

• avoid infusion load.
• do not remove fluid by stimulating diuresis.

When the pressure passes the frame 25 mm. rt. Art., the decision to conduct surgical abdominal decompression in most cases is not negotiable.

Timely intervention in a larger percentage makes it possible to normalize the process of the organs and systems of the body, namely, to stabilize hemodynamics, diuresis, and eliminate respiratory failure disorders.

However, surgery also has a downside. In particular, this method can promote the development of reperfusion, as well as the entry into the bloodstream of an underoxidized nutrient medium for microorganisms. This moment can cause the heart to stop.

If IAP serves to develop abdominal compression, the patient may be prescribed artificial lung ventilation procedures, with the parallel implementation of the normalization of the body's water and electrolyte balance by infusion with the help of crystalloid solutions.

Separately, it is worth noting patients who have IAP due to obesity. A significant increase in the load on the tissue contributes to this process. As a result, the muscles atrophy and become unstable to physical activity. The consequence of the complication may be chronic cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

In turn, this moment leads to disruption of the blood supply to blood vessels and tissues. The way to eliminate IAP in obese people is to sew in mesh implants. But the operation itself does not exclude the leading cause of high blood pressure - obesity.

With excess body weight, there is a tendency to cholecystitis, fatty degeneration of the liver, prolapse of organs, cholelithiasis, which are the result of IAP. Doctors strongly recommend reviewing the diet of obese people and contacting a specialist to draw up proper nutrition.

Exercises that increase intra-abdominal pressure

The complex of physical natural factors that increase IAP is carried out in a natural way.

For example, frequent sneezing, coughing with bronchitis, screaming, defecation, urination are a number of processes that lead to an increase in IAP.

Especially often, men can suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can also be caused by increased IAP. This partly occurs in those who often exercise in gyms.

Measurement of IAP in a medical institution

No matter how much patients would like to measure IAP on their own, nothing will come of it.

Currently, there are three methods for measuring IAP:

1. Foley catheter;
2. laparoscopy;
3. water-perfusion principle.

The first method is used frequently. It is available but not used for bladder trauma or pelvic hematoma. The second method is quite complicated and expensive, but will give the most correct result. The third is carried out by a special device and a pressure sensor.

IAP levels

To understand which value is high, you should know the levels from normal to critical.

Intra-abdominal pressure: norm and critical level:

• normal value It has<10 см вод.ст.;
• average value 10-25 cm water column;
• moderate 25-40 cm water column;
• high>40 cm w.c.

What is the diagnosis based on?

An increase in intra-abdominal pressure can be determined by the following signs:

• increased IAP - more than 25 cm of water. Art.;
• carbon dioxide value equal to >45 ml. rt. Art. in arterial blood;
• features of the clinical conclusion (pelvic hematoma or liver tamponade);
• decrease in diuresis;
• high pressure in the lungs.

If at least three symptoms are identified, the doctor makes a diagnosis of intra-abdominal pressure.

Venous pressure is an important indicator necessary for the most accurate diagnosis. cardiovascular pathologies. Measurement of I.P. is necessary to monitor patients with heart or lung disease.

The level of blood pressure during the day changes several times. You can find out how you can track this indicator and how the daily change in blood pressure occurs here.

Related videos

Device for functional monitoring of IAP:

The problem of IAP was not previously such a discussed topic, but medicine does not stand still, making discoveries and research for the benefit of human health. Do not take this topic lightly. The factors considered are directly proportional to the occurrence of many life-threatening diseases.

Do not self-medicate and be sure to contact a medical institution if similar symptoms begin to bother you. Consider all the recommendations and you will no longer be concerned about the question of how to reduce intra-abdominal pressure.

What is Blood pressure - a brief educational program on the site

Blood pressure is the process of squeezing the walls of capillaries, arteries and veins under the influence of blood circulation. Types of blood pressure:

• upper, or systolic;
• lower, or diastolic.

When determining the level of blood pressure, both of these values ​​\u200b\u200bmust be taken into account. The units of its measurement remained the very first - millimeters of a mercury column. This is due to the fact that mercury was used in the old devices to determine the level of blood pressure. Therefore, the BP indicator looks like this: upper blood pressure (for example, 130) / lower blood pressure (for example, 70) mm Hg. Art.

Circumstances that directly affect the range of blood pressure include:

• the level of force of contractions performed by the heart;
• the proportion of blood pushed out by the heart during each contraction;
• resistance of the walls of blood vessels, which is the flow of blood; the amount of blood circulating in the body;
• pressure fluctuations in chest that are caused by the respiratory process.

Blood pressure levels can change throughout the day and with age. But for most healthy people characterized by stable blood pressure.

Definition of types of blood pressure

Systolic (upper) blood pressure is a characteristic general condition veins, capillaries, arteries, as well as their tone, which is caused by contraction of the heart muscle. It is responsible for the work of the heart, namely, with what force the latter is able to expel blood.

Thus, the level of upper pressure depends on the strength and speed with which heart contractions occur. It is unreasonable to assert that arterial and cardiac pressure is the same concept, since the aorta also participates in its formation.

Lower (diastolic) pressure characterizes the activity of blood vessels. In other words, this is the level of blood pressure at the moment when the heart is maximally relaxed. Lower pressure is formed as a result of the contraction of peripheral arteries, through which blood enters the organs and tissues of the body. Therefore, the state of blood vessels is responsible for the level of blood pressure - their tone and elasticity.

Each person has an individual blood pressure norm, which may not be associated with any diseases. The level of blood pressure is determined by a number of factors that are of particular importance:

• age and gender of the person;
• personal characteristics;
• life style;
• lifestyle features labor activity, preferred type of vacation, and so on).

More blood pressure tends to increase when performing unusual physical exertion and emotional stress. And if a person constantly performs physical exercise(for example, an athlete), then the level of blood pressure may also change both temporarily and for a long period. For example, when a person in stressful condition, then his blood pressure can rise to thirty mm Hg. Art. from the norm.

However, there are still certain limits of normal blood pressure. And even every ten points of deviation from the norm indicate a violation of the body.

Blood pressure - the norm by age

Age	The upper level of blood pressure, mm Hg. Art.	The lower level of blood pressure, mm Hg. Art.
1 - 10 years
	from 95 to 110
16 - 20 years old	from 110 to 120
21 - 40 years old	from 120 to 130
41 - 60 years old
61 - 70 years old	from 140 to 147
Over 71 years old

You can also calculate the individual value of blood pressure using the following formulas:

1. For men:

• upper BP \u003d 109 + (0.5 * number of full years) + (0.1 * weight in kg);
• lower blood pressure \u003d 74 + (0.1 * number of full years) + (0.15 * weight in kg).

2. For women:

• upper BP \u003d 102 + (0.7 * number of full years) + 0.15 * weight in kg);
• lower blood pressure \u003d 74 + (0.2 * number of full years) + (0.1 * weight in kg).

The resulting value is rounded to an integer according to the rules of arithmetic. That is, if it turned out to be 120.5, then when rounded it will be 121.

What to do to normalize the pressure?

These tips will help you feel whole hearty day if you are hypotensive.

1. Don't rush to get out of bed. Wake up - do a little warm-up lying down. Move your arms and legs. Then sit down and stand up slowly. Perform actions without sudden movements. they can cause fainting.
2. Accept cold and hot shower in the morning for 5 minutes. Alternate water - a minute warm, a minute cool. This will help to cheer up and is good for blood vessels.
3. A good cup of coffee! But only a natural tart drink will raise the pressure. Drink no more than 1-2 cups a day. If you have heart problems, drink coffee instead green tea. It invigorates no worse than coffee, but does not harm the heart.
4. Sign up for a pool. Go at least once a week. Swimming improves vascular tone.
5. Buy a tincture of ginseng. This natural "energy" gives tone to the body. Dissolve 20 drops of tincture in ¼ cup of water. Drink half an hour before meals.
6. Eat sweets. As soon as you feel weak - eat ½ teaspoon of honey or a little dark chocolate. Sweets will drive away fatigue and drowsiness.
7. Drink clean water. Daily 2 liters of pure and non-carbonated. This will help maintain pressure on normal level. If you have diseased heart and kidneys drinking regimen must be prescribed by a doctor.
8. get enough sleep. A rested body will work as it should. Sleep at least 7-8 hours a day.
9. Get a massage. According to experts oriental medicine, there are special points on the body. By acting on them, you can improve your well-being. Pressure is controlled by the point between the nose and upper lip. Gently massage it with your finger for 2 minutes in a clockwise direction. Do this when you feel weak.

First aid for hypotension and hypertension

If you feel dizzy severe weakness, tinnitus, call an ambulance. In the meantime, the doctors go, act:

1. Open the collar of your clothes. The neck and chest should be free.
2. Lie down. Lower your head down. Place a small pillow under your feet.
3. Smell ammonia. If it is not available, use table vinegar.
4. Have some tea. Definitely strong and sweet.

If you feel close hypertensive crisis, it is also necessary to call doctors. In general, this disease should always be supported preventive treatment. As first aid measures, you can resort to the following actions:

1. Organize foot bath With hot water, in which mustard was previously added. An alternative would be to apply mustard compresses to the area of ​​the heart, back of the head and calves.
2. Lightly bind the right, and then the left arm and leg for half an hour each side. When the tourniquet is applied, a pulse should be felt.
3. Have a drink from chokeberry. It can be wine, compote, juice. Or eat jam from this berry.

To reduce the risk of occurrence and development of hypotension and hypertension, you should adhere to a regimen healthy eating, prevent the appearance excess weight, exclude harmful products from the list, move more.

Pressure should be measured from time to time. When observing a trend of high or low blood pressure, it is recommended to consult a doctor to determine the causes and prescribe treatment. Prescribed therapies may include methods to normalize blood pressure, such as taking special medications and herbal infusions diet, exercise, and so on.

Intra-abdominal pressure: symptoms and treatment of abnormalities - tips and tricks on the site

The information on the site is for reference and generalizing, collected from publicly available sources and in no case can be the basis for making a decision on the use in the course of treatment. If in any doubt, contact your doctor.

Normally, a special constant environment is maintained inside our body, different from the outside world. And if its balance is disturbed, a person faces a number of unpleasant symptoms. This condition requires close attention and proper adequate correction under the supervision of a qualified doctor. Probably, each person has already heard about the likelihood of an increase in arterial, intraocular and intracranial pressure. also in last years doctors actively use the terms "intra-abdominal pressure" and "increased intra-abdominal pressure", the symptoms and causes of which, as disorders, as well as its treatment, we will now consider.

Why does intra-abdominal pressure increase, what are the reasons for this?

Increased intra-abdominal pressure is often the result of the accumulation of gases inside the intestines. Persistent accumulation of gases can develop due to many congestion, for example, against the background of various hereditary and severe surgical pathologies. In addition, such a nuisance can occur due to more commonplace conditions, including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome and the consumption of foods that provoke increased gas formation.

An increase in intra-abdominal pressure in most cases is observed in a condition such as irritable bowel syndrome with a marked predominance of a reduced tone of the autonomic region of the nervous system. In addition, such pathological condition develops with inflammatory bowel lesions, represented by Crohn's disease, various colitis and even hemorrhoids.

Among the reasons for the increase in intra-abdominal pressure, it is also worth noting some surgical pathologies, for example, intestinal obstruction. Such a problem can be provoked by closed abdominal injuries, peritonitis, pancreatic necrosis, the most various diseases abdominal cavity and surgical interventions.

How does intra-abdominal pressure manifest itself, what symptoms indicate it?

By itself, an increase in intra-abdominal pressure usually does not make itself felt. The patient has bloating. In addition, he may be disturbed pain in the area of ​​the peritoneum, which are bursting in nature. Pain can change location dramatically.
If there is a suspicion of an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, doctors are required to constantly monitor this indicator. If the patient has several risk factors, specialists must constantly be ready to perform therapeutic measures.

How is intra-abdominal pressure corrected, what treatment helps?

Treatment of intra-abdominal hypertension depends on the causes of its occurrence, as well as on the degree of development of the disease. In case if we are talking about surgical patients who are likely to develop abdominal compression syndrome (the so-called multiple organ failure provoked by an increase in intra-abdominal pressure), they need to carry out therapeutic measures at the very first manifestations of disorders, without waiting for the development of problems with internal organs.

Patients with increased intra-abdominal pressure are shown to install a nasogastric or rectal tube. In certain cases, they install both types of probes. Such patients are prescribed gastro and coloprokinetic drugs, minimize enteral nutrition, and sometimes stop it altogether. Ultrasound and CT are used to detect pathological changes.

With intraperitoneal hypertension, it is customary to take measures to reduce the tension of the abdominal wall; for this purpose, appropriate sedatives and analgesics are used. For the same doctor, it is mandatory to remove tight clothing, including bandages, and do not raise the head of the bed above twenty degrees. In certain cases, muscle relaxants are administered to reduce tension.

It is extremely important in the conservative correction of elevated intra-abdominal pressure to avoid excessive infusion load and to remove fluid by adequate stimulation of diuresis.

In the event that intra-abdominal pressure rises above 25 mm Hg, and the patient has organ dysfunction or even insufficiency, a decision is often made to perform surgical abdominal decompression.

Timely implementation surgical intervention for decompression allows in most cases to normalize the disturbed activity of organs - to stabilize hemodynamics, reduce the manifestations of respiratory failure and normalize diuresis.
However, surgical treatment can provoke a number of complications, represented by hypotension and thromboembolic complications. In certain cases, surgical decompression leads to the development of reperfusion and causes a significant amount of underoxidized substrates, as well as intermediate products, to enter the bloodstream. metabolic processes. This can lead to cardiac arrest.

In the event that intra-abdominal pressure causes the development of abdominal compression syndrome, the patient may need to perform artificial ventilation of the lungs, infusion therapy predominantly crystalloid solutions.

It is worth remembering that in the absence of adequate correction, intra-abdominal hypertension often causes the development of abdominal compression syndrome, which in turn can provoke multiple organ failure with lethal outcome.

Ekaterina, www.site

P.S. The text uses some forms characteristic of oral speech.

Patients who periodically complain of discomfort and pain in the abdomen may be diagnosed with too low or high intra-abdominal pressure. This condition is dangerous for human health and life, as it destabilizes the work internal organs. Such deviations often signal the development in the body pathological process. Therefore, symptoms that indicate problems with intra-abdominal pressure should never be ignored.

Intra-abdominal refers to pressure, the indicators of which come from the organs and fluids inside the abdominal cavity. Their increase leads to the appearance of atypical clinical picture. They point to development pathological disorders in the work of certain organs. Therefore, if they are detected, you should immediately contact a specialist for medical help.

Doctors offer several proven ways to measure intra-abdominal pressure in humans. These methods allow you to accurately determine the presence of violations of this nature in a particular patient.

Characteristics and norm of intra-abdominal pressure

Norm and levels of increase

Increased or decreased intra-abdominal pressure is determined by comparing the patient's current values ​​with the norm. In the latter case, it should be less than 10 cm units. If the result is not the same as the norm, then it is considered as a pathology.

In order to accurately understand which value of intra-abdominal pressure should be called high and which low, it is required to study its levels from normal to critical. The following notation is suggested for this:

• Normal - less than 10 mm Hg. Art.;
• Average - from 10 to 25 mm Hg. Art.;
• Moderate - from 25 to 40 mm Hg. Art.;
• High - more than 40 mm Hg. Art.

No doctor is able to correctly determine increased or decreased intra-abdominal pressure by evaluating only the clinical picture that is observed in the patient. For this purpose, accepted diagnostic methods must be used. Only they help to find out accurate information about the current state of human health.

Reasons for the increase

Often the cause of an increase in IAP is flatulence

Questions about why a person has problems with intra-abdominal pressure are answered by certain reasons for the development of malaise. In most cases, blame this process excessive accumulation of gases in the intestinal cavity is necessary. Chronic flatulence has direct relationship to the appearance of stagnant processes in this area.

The causes of problems with intra-abdominal pressure may be the following conditions:

1. Irritable bowel syndrome, which is accompanied by reduced activity of the autonomic region of the nervous system;
2. Intestinal obstruction caused by surgery or closed injury abdomen
3. Persistent constipation;
4. Inflammation in organ tissues gastrointestinal tract;
5. Pancreatic necrosis;
6. Varicose disorders;
7. Frequent consumption of foods that lead to increased gas formation in the digestive system.

The pathological condition can also be the result of intense training, violent sneezing or cough.

A person may have an increase in intra-abdominal pressure if he was engaged in physical activity. This is a natural factor, the same as sneezing or coughing. Even urination can lead to an increase in this indicator.

Any physical exercise from gymnastics, which leads to tension in the abdominal cavity, provokes an increase in pressure in this zone during training. Often this problem worries men and women who regularly engage in gyms. To avoid exacerbation, you need to give up lifting weights more than 10 kg and stop doing exercises that increase intra-abdominal pressure. As a rule, they are intended to strengthen this zone.

All abdominal exercises increase pressure in the abdominal cavity.

Symptoms of increased intra-abdominal pressure

Intra-abdominal pressure, or rather its increase or decrease, give out symptoms characteristic of these conditions. Minor deviations usually do not cause any inconvenience, so they are asymptomatic.

In most cases, increased or decreased intra-abdominal pressure gives itself out as follows:

• Periodic feeling of heaviness and overcrowding in the stomach;
• Pain of a aching nature;
• Bloating
• Increased blood pressure;
• Jerking pains in the abdomen;
• Rumbling in the stomach;
• problems with bowel movements;
• Nausea that develops into vomiting;
• Vertigo.

The clinical picture of the pathological process is nonspecific. That is why it is difficult to detect without diagnostics.

Not only common features ailments indicate problems with intra-abdominal pressure. Symptoms may be supplemented by other conditions that depend on the underlying cause of the disorder. Regardless of what signs of illness haunt a person, in any case, he should not self-medicate. In such situations, urgent medical attention is required.

Measurement methods

The measurement of intra-abdominal pressure in humans is carried out by several methods, which offers modern medicine. In order to determine the deviation in this area, the patient is required to undergo a complete diagnostic examination, which consists of two important steps.

Initially, the specialist should conduct a physical examination of the patient. Given diagnostic event will enable the doctor to obtain the following information about the person's condition:

• When the symptoms of malaise first began to appear, what is their duration and frequency. Data about what could contribute to the appearance of signs of the disease are also important;
• What is the diet of a person and his mode of eating;
• Do you have a history chronic diseases gastrointestinal tract, whether the patient underwent abdominal surgery;
• Whether the person is taking any medications that were not prescribed to him by a specialist.

Based on these data, the physician will be able to put forward suggestions about why the patient has increased pressure in the abdominal cavity. Such information allows you to better understand the picture of the disease. The next stage of the examination also helps to determine the increase in intra-abdominal pressure. It consists of a number of diagnostic measures:

• Laboratory tests that are needed to check urine and blood;
• Analysis stool for the presence of occult blood;
• Blood chemistry;
• Endoscopic diagnostics;
• Ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity;
• CT and MRI of the problem area;
• X-ray of the digestive tract.

The measurement of intra-abdominal pressure in humans is carried out by minimally invasive or surgically. Experts distinguish three main methods for implementing this type of diagnosis:

1. Foley catheter;
2. Diagnostic laparoscopy;
3. Water-perfusion method.

The least informative is the method of measuring pressure using a catheter, which is inserted into bladder. The last two techniques are surgical. For their implementation, the use of special sensors is required.

According to the results of the diagnosis, the doctor will be able to say exactly what the patient's this moment is abdominal pressure. If problems are found, he will begin to select a treatment course that will help to stop the problem.

Scheme for measuring IAP using a Foley catheter

Treatment

Treatment course for reduced or high blood pressure in the abdominal cavity is selected by a specialist. Most often, there is a need to select methods to reduce the current indicator. To understand how to reduce pressure, it is necessary to identify the root cause of the ailment.

Therapy for such a deviation also depends on the degree of development of the disease. For example, if the culprit is the development of an abdominal-type compression syndrome in a patient, then he can be offered to take therapeutic measures when early symptoms violations. In this case, it is not necessary to wait until the problem becomes more serious and leads to complications on the internal organs.

Sick with increased level intra-abdominal pressure, a rectal or nasogastric tube may be recommended. Sometimes you need to use two structures at once. Such patients are additionally prescribed by doctors to receive coloprokinetic and gastrokinetic drugs. It is also important to minimize enteral nutrition or eliminate it altogether. To detect pathological changes, the patient is regularly sent for ultrasound and CT.

If during diagnostics that measure pressure, the doctor reveals an intra-abdominal abdominal infection, then treatment will first of all be aimed at suppressing it with the help of appropriate medications.

In the presence of intra-abdominal increased pressure, measures should be taken to reduce the tension of the abdominal wall. For these purposes, analgesics and sedatives are suitable. The patient at the time of therapy should abandon bandages and tight clothing. The head of his bed should be raised no more than 20 degrees. If necessary, the patient may be given muscle relaxants.

It is extremely important in this state to avoid too much infusion load. It is necessary to remove the fluid in a timely manner by the most appropriate stimulation of diuresis, which will not worsen the condition of the person.

If the pressure of the intra-abdominal type increases by more than 25 units, then the patient has organ dysfunction. Development of insufficiency is not excluded. In this condition, doctors decide to perform surgical abdominal decompression on the patient.

The modern technique of surgical intervention for decompression makes it possible to minimal risk normalize the disturbed activity of the internal organs of the patient. After surgery, in most cases, stabilization of hemodynamics, a decrease in the level of respiratory failure, and normalization of diuresis are observed.

It must be remembered that surgical intervention can lead to a number of complications. These include hypotension and thromboembolism. There are cases when the operation turns into the development of reperfusion for a person. Then it becomes the cause of entry into the general circulation a large number underoxidized elements and metabolic intermediates. Such deviations lead to cardiac arrest.

If the pressure in the abdominal cavity turned out to be the cause of the abdominal compression syndrome, then the patient may additionally be prescribed artificial lung ventilation. Because of the same disorder, infusion therapy is often required, which is mainly based on crystalloid solutions.

It is imperative to deal with the treatment of deviations from intra-abdominal pressure. This type of disorder without adequate and timely treatment will lead to serious problems in the work of internal organs. cure similar diseases It's hard enough. Besides, it takes a lot of time. Launched Forms practically untreatable, due to which the patient is expected to die.