Chinese terms Male organ Faithful Servant Peak of Joy Peak Yang Sword Weapon Weapon of Love Squire Guy Ambassador Bird Robin Robber Fruit Turtle Jasper Flute Jasper Scepter Jasper Reed Female organ Fragrant Throat Inner Heart Inner

Indian and Tibetan terms Male organ Ox Magic Wand Jewel Scepter Arrow of Love Female organ Bell Lotus Heavenly Field of Delight Abode

Chapter 10 Why do pharmaceutical companies thrive? This chapter will present the opinion of another authoritative specialist and “medical heretic” - the famous French doctor Louis Brouwer, who in his book “The Pharmaceutical and Food Mafia”

Pharmaceutical terminology is a complex consisting of sets of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name “pharmacy” (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the research, production, and use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and drugs officially approved for use. Tens and hundreds of thousands of medicines are used on the pharmaceutical market. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250 thousand. Every year, more and more new drugs are supplied to the pharmacy chain.

To have an idea of ​​how drug names are created, which influences the choice of certain methods of word formation and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself, at least in the most general terms, with some general pharmaceutical terms.

1. Medicine (medicamentum) – a substance or mixture of substances authorized by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use for the purpose of treating, preventing or diagnosing a disease.

2. Medicinal substance (materia medica) – a drug that is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3. Medicinal plant materials – plant materials approved for medical use.

4. Dosage form (forma medicamentorum) – a state convenient for use given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant raw material, in which the necessary therapeutic effect is achieved.

5. Medicine (praeparatum pharmaceuticum) – a medicine in the form of a specific dosage form.

6. Active substance – component(s) of a medicinal product that has a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7. Combined medicines – medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.

The table below illustrates some of these concepts.

Medications

1. Trivial names of medicinal substances

Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic names that they received in chemical nomenclature ( salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, significantly larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial (lat. trivialis - “ordinary”) names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification accepted by chemists; they do not indicate composition or structure. In this respect, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as names of medicinal substances due to their bulkiness and complexity for use in recipes, on labels, and in the pharmacy trade.

Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.

Examples of trivial names

Methods of word formation for trivial names

Trivial names of medicines are derivatives of various word-formation structures. A word or group of words, which are often systematic names of chemical compounds or names of the sources of their production, is used as a producer. The main “building” material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-forming elements, roots and simply so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. For example, a preparation from the herb adonis vernalis is called Adonisidum - adonizid; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of the foxglove plant (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - digoxin. The name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance obtained from peppermint oil (oleum Menthae).

Abbreviation

Among in various ways word formation used in the creation of trivial names, the most productive is abbreviation (Latin brevis - “short”) - shortening. This is a way of creating compound words, so-called abbreviations, by combining word segments arbitrarily selected from the corresponding generating words or phrases. As such, systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.

Trivial name (abbreviation) producing systematic name

Abbreviations are also used to form the names of combination drugs. Instead of listing the names of all active ingredients contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned a complex abbreviated name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.

Name of combination medicinal product

Composition of active ingredients:

Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - Anhofen tablets;

Unguentum "Efcamonum" - Efkamon ointment.

Suffixation

By adding a suffix (most often -in-) to the productive base, as a rule, the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials and biological substances - waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) are formed. . The names of the corresponding plants and mushrooms are taken as generating words.

Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.

Basis

Even less often than suffixation, addition of stems is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - “bile” + enzymum - “enzyme”), Apilacum (apis - “bee” + lac - “milk”).

2. General requirements and current practices in naming medicines

1. In Russia, the name of each new drug is officially approved in the form of two mutually translated equivalents in Russian and Latin, for example: solutio Glucosi - glucose solution. As a rule, Latin names of medicinal substances are nouns of the II declension cf. R. The Russian name differs from the Latin only in transcription and the absence of the ending -um, for example: Amidopyrinum - amidopyrin, Validolum - validol.

Trivial names of combination drugs that are inconsistent applications to the name of the dosage form - also nouns of the II declension cf. p.: for example, tabulettae "Haemostimulinum" - tablets "Gemostimulin".

2. The name of medicines should be as short as possible; easy to pronounce; have clear phonetic-graphic distinctiveness. The last requirement in practice becomes particularly important. Each title must be noticeably different in its sound composition and graphics (spelling) from other titles. After all, it is enough to remember a sound complex at least slightly inaccurately and write it down incorrectly with Latin letters in a recipe for a serious error to occur.

A large number of drugs are entering the domestic market under original brand names. They are formatted orthographically and grammatically most often in some national language, that is, they do not have a Latin grammatical format. Often names lack the ending -um completely (German) or partially (English) or the ending -um is replaced with -e (English and French), and in some languages ​​(Italian, Spanish. , rum.) – in -a.

At the same time, companies assign names to their drugs with the traditional Latin ending -um. In domestic prescription practice, in order to avoid discrepancies, commercial names should be conventionally Latinized imported drugs: substitute the ending -um instead of the last vowel or add the ending -um to the final consonant, for example: instead of Mexase (mexase) - Mexasum, instead of Lasix (lasix) - Lasixum, etc.

Exceptions are allowed only for names ending in -a: Dopa, No-spa, Ambravena. They can be read and considered by analogy with nouns of the first declension.

In modern commercial names the traditional scientifically approved transcription of word-forming elements (verbal segments) of Greek origin is often neglected; their graphic simplification is cultivated; To make pronunciation easier, ph is replaced by f, th by t, ae by e, y by i.

When studying this section of the textbook, you must be extremely careful when writing the names of medicines.

3. Frequency segments in trivial names

A huge number of abbreviations, as noted, are formed by combining segments arbitrarily selected from the composition of generating words - systematic names. At the same time, in the nomenclature there are many such names, the sound complexes of which include repeating frequency segments - a kind of pharmaceutical term elements.

1. Frequency segments, very conditionally and approximately reflecting information of an anatomical, physiological and therapeutic nature.

For example: Corvalolum, Cardiovaienum, Valosedan, Apressinum, Angiotensinamidum, Promedolum, Sedalgin, Antipyrinum, Anaesthesinum, Testosteronum, Agovirin, Androfort, Thyrotropinum, Cholosasum, Streptocidum, Mycoseptinum, Enteroseptolum.

2. Frequency segments carrying pharmacological information. Behind last decades The recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) has become widespread to include in trivial names of medicinal substances (namely substances!) frequency segments that carry not a random and vague characteristic, like the above segments, but stable information of a pharmacological nature. For this purpose, it is recommended to include in the names frequency segments indicating that the medicinal substance belongs to a specific group. pharmacological group. To date, several dozen such frequency segments have been recommended.

For example: Sulfadimezinum, Penicillinum, Streptomycinum, Tetracyclinum, Barbamylum, Novocainum, Corticotropinum, Oestradiolum, Methandrostenolonum.

Trivial names of vitamins and multivitamin combination drugs

Vitamins are known both by their trivial names and by letter designations, for example: Retinolum seu Vitaminum A (also known under another name - Axerophtholum); Cyanocobalaminum seu Vitaminum B12; Acidum ascorbinicum seu Vitaminum C. The names of many multivitamin preparations include the frequency segment -vit– – -vit-, for example Tabulettae “Pentovitum” (contains 5 vitamins), Dragee “Hexavitum” (contains 6 vitamins), etc.

Trivial names of enzyme preparations

Often the names indicate that the drug affects the enzyme processes of the body. This is evidenced by the presence of the suffix -as– – -az-. Such names are usually Latinized by general rule, i.e. they receive the ending -um. However, there are also deviations from this rule: for example, Desoxyribonucleasum (or Desoxyribcnucleasa) is a deoxyribonuclease, Collagenasum is a collagenase.

Pharmaceutical terminology is a complex consisting of a set of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name “pharmacy” (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the research, production, and use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and drugs officially approved for use. Tens and hundreds of thousands of medicines are used on the pharmaceutical market. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250 thousand. Every year, more and more new drugs are supplied to the pharmacy chain.

To have an idea of ​​how drug names are created, which influences the choice of certain methods of word formation and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself, at least in the most general terms, with some general pharmaceutical terms.

1.Medicine(medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances authorized by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use for the purpose of treating, preventing or diagnosing a disease.

2.Medicinal substance(materia medica) is a drug that is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3.Medicinal plant raw materials– plant materials approved for medical use.

4.Dosage form(forma medicamentorum) – a condition given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material that is convenient for use, in which the necessary therapeutic effect is achieved.

5.Medicine(praeparatum pharmaceuticum) – a drug in the form of a specific dosage form.

6.Active substance– component(s) of a medicinal product that has a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7.Combination drugs– medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.

The table below illustrates some of these concepts.

Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic names, which they received in the chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial ( lat. trivialis – “ordinary” ) names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification accepted by chemists; they do not indicate composition or structure. In this respect, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as names of medicinal substances due to their bulkiness and complexity for use in recipes, on labels, and in the pharmacy trade.

Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.

Trivial names of medicines are derivatives of various word-formation structures. A word or group of words, which are often systematic names of chemical compounds or names of the sources of their production, is used as a producer. The main “building” material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-forming elements, roots and simply so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. For example, a preparation from the herb adonis vernalis is called Adonisidum - adonizid; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of the foxglove plant (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - digoxin. The name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance obtained from peppermint oil (oleum Menthae).

Among the various word formation methods used to create trivial names, the most productive is abbreviation (Latin brevis - “short”) - reduction. This is a way of creating compound words, the so-called abbreviations, by combining verbal segments arbitrarily selected from the corresponding generating words or phrases. As such, systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.

Abbreviations are also used to form the names of combination drugs. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned compound abbreviated name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.

Composition of active ingredients:

Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - Anhofen tablets;

Unguentum "Efcamonum" - Efkamon ointment.

By adding a suffix (most often -in-) to the productive base, as a rule, the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials and biological substances - waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) are formed. . The names of the corresponding plants and mushrooms are taken as generating words.

Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.

Even less often than suffixation, addition of stems is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - “bile” + enzymum - “enzyme”), Apilacum (apis - “bee” + lac - “milk”).

1. In Russia, the name of each new drug is officially approved in the form of two mutually translated equivalents in Russian and Latin, for example: solutio Glucosi - glucose solution. As a rule, Latin names of medicinal substances are nouns of the II declension cf. R. The Russian name differs from the Latin only in transcription and the absence of the ending -um, for example: Amidopyrinum - amidopyrin, Validolum - validol.

Trivial names of combination drugs, which are inconsistent applications to the name of the dosage form, are also nouns of the II declension cf. p.: for example, tabulettae "Haemostimulinum" - tablets "Gemostimulin".

2. The name of medicines should be as short as possible; easy to pronounce; have clear phonetic-graphic distinctiveness. The last requirement in practice becomes particularly important. Each title must be noticeably different in its sound composition and graphics (spelling) from other titles. After all, it is enough to remember the sound complex even slightly inaccurately and write it down incorrectly in Latin letters in the recipe for a serious mistake to occur.

A large number of drugs are entering the domestic market under original brand names. They are formatted orthographically and grammatically most often in some national language, that is, they do not have a Latin grammatical format. Often names lack the ending -um completely (German) or partially (English) or the ending -um is replaced with -e (English and French), and in some languages ​​(Italian, Spanish. , rum.) – in -a.

At the same time, companies assign names to their drugs with the traditional Latin ending -um. In domestic prescription practice, in order to avoid discrepancies, it would be necessary to conditionally latinize the commercial names of imported drugs: substitute the ending -um instead of the last vowel or add the ending -um to the final consonant, for example: instead of Mexase (mexase) - Mexasum, instead of Lasix (lasix) - Lasixum, etc. .

Exceptions valid only for names ending in -a: Dopa, No-spa, Ambravena. They can be read and considered by analogy with nouns of the first declension.

In modern commercial names, the traditional scientifically approved transcription of word-forming elements (verbal segments) of Greek origin is often neglected; their graphic simplification is cultivated; To make pronunciation easier, ph is replaced by f, th by t, ae by e, y by i.

When studying this section of the textbook, you must be extremely careful when writing the names of medicines.

A huge number of abbreviations, as noted, are formed by combining segments arbitrarily selected from the composition of the generating words - systematic names. At the same time, in the nomenclature there are many such names, the sound complexes of which include repeating frequency segments- kind pharmaceutical term elements.

1. Frequency segments, very conditionally and approximately reflecting information of an anatomical, physiological and therapeutic nature.

For example: Corvalolum, Cardiovaienum, Valosedan, Apressinum, Angiotensinamidum, Promedolum, Sedalgin, Antipyrinum, Anaesthesinum, Testosteronum, Agovirin, Androfort, Thyrotropinum, Cholosasum, Streptocidum, Mycoseptinum, Enteroseptolum.

2. Frequency segments carrying pharmacological information. Over the past decades, the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) has become widespread to include in the trivial names of medicinal substances (namely substances!) frequency segments that carry not a random and vague characteristic, like the above segments, but stable information of a pharmacological nature. For this purpose, it is recommended to include in the names frequency segments indicating that the drug substance belongs to a specific pharmacological group. To date, several dozen such frequency segments have been recommended.

For example: Sulfadimezinum, Penicillinum, Streptomycinum, Tetracyclinum, Barbamylum, Novocainum, Corticotropinum, Oestradiolum, Methandrostenolonum.

Vitamins are known both by their trivial names and by letter designations, for example: Retinolum seu Vitaminum A (also known under another name - Axerophtholum); Cyanocobalaminum seu Vitaminum B 12; Acidum ascorbinicum seu Vitaminum C. The names of many multivitamin preparations include the frequency segment -vit– – -vit-, for example Tabulettae “Pentovitum” (contains 5 vitamins), Dragee “Hexavitum” (contains 6 vitamins), etc.

Often the names indicate that the drug affects the enzyme processes of the body. This is evidenced by the presence of the suffix -as– – -az-. Such names are usually Latinized according to the general rule, that is, they receive the ending -um. However, there are also deviations from this rule: for example, Desoxyribonucleasum (or Desoxyribcnucleasa) is a deoxyribonuclease, Collagenasum is a collagenase.

Pharmaceutical terminology is a complex consisting of terminologies of independent special disciplines, united under the general name of pharmacy (gr. pharmakeia), which deal with the issues of extraction, processing, manufacturing, storage and dispensing of medicines. Pharmaceutical terms refer to the raw materials from which medicinal substances, as well as products of processing of these raw materials.

§53. Basic terms of pharmaceutical terminology

and their definitions

Pharmaceutical substance 1 (hereinafter referred to as a medicinal substance) is a substance of natural, synthetic or biotechnological origin that has pharmacological activity and is used for industrial production and pharmaceutical manufacturing of medicines.

Medicinal plant raw materials- whole medicinal plants or parts medicinal plants(roots, rhizomes, tubers, herbs, flowers, spores, fruits, seeds, stems, bark, leaves) used for industrial production and pharmaceutical production of medicines.

Medicine- a substance or a combination of several substances of natural, synthetic or biotechnological origin, possessing pharmacological activity and in a certain dosage form used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, pregnancy prevention, rehabilitation of patients through internal or external use.

Dosage form- the form given to the medicinal product, which determines its condition, dosage, packaging and method of use.

§54. Basic principles of naming

medicines

Most names of finished (produced by the pharmaceutical industry) medicines consist of one word. Since there are currently approximately 300 thousand over-the-counter drugs and 100 thousand prescription drugs, one can imagine how many word names are in use throughout the world. To avoid confusion, there is a fairly limited list of International Nonproprietary Names, compiled according to the rules adopted by the World Health Organization. The names of new medicines undergo international examination according to the established procedure.

Knowledge of the basic rules for the formation of drug names is necessary in order to competently resolve issues of using or prescribing drugs when carrying out treatment and preventive measures.

Modern medicines are obtained by chemical synthesis and initially have scientific (systematic) names that correspond to the composition and structure of the molecule of a chemical compound. Many medicines retain names corresponding to their chemical composition. These are the names of chemical elements, metal salts, inorganic acids and alkalis: iodine, calcium gluconate, sodium chloride, acetylsalicylic acid etc. However, most systematic names are inconvenient not only for patients, but also for doctors and pharmacists in professional communication. For example, the well-known analgin has the following systematic name: 1-Phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-4- methylaminopyrazolone-5Sodium -N-methanesulfonate. In such cases, medications are given trivial names (Latin trivialis “ordinary, ordinary”). The main purpose of such names is to distinguish a particular drug from a number of similar ones. In this case, trivial names must follow the following principles:

1) they should be as brief as possible;

2) easy to pronounce;

3) have clear phonetic-graphic distinctiveness.

Each name must be noticeably different from other names. After all, it only takes a few letters to be wrong for a serious mistake to occur.

Trivial names are composed of the root elements of the names of medicinal raw materials, chemical compounds, prefixes and suffix elements with a stable meaning. Therefore, they cannot be called meaningless, although they do not have a holistic meaning and are not translated into national languages.

To correctly remember the names of medicines, word-formation analysis is necessary in order to see prefixes, roots or suffixes in the composition of the word, which in this section we will call frequency segments. Unlike clinical terminology, where the main motive for memorizing a term element was its meaning, pharmaceutical terminology requires spelling accuracy Latin names medicines.

The names of medicines include well-known word-forming units: prefix, root, suffix.

Prefixes in pharmaceutical names

Root frequency segments contain basic information about the composition or effect of the medicine. Most of them have a specific meaning, stable spelling and serve as a kind of building material for the formation of various terms. Root frequency segments can be combined in different ways with other frequency segments so that the name of each drug is individual, but at the same time makes it possible to determine whether it belongs to a particular pharmaceutical group:

The names of synthetic drugs can also be compiled on the basis of letters and syllables extracted from their complex systematic name: Dimexidum from dimethyl sulfoxide; Dimedrolum from benzhydrol dimethylaminoethyl ether.

Sometimes the names of medications do not contain any pharmacologically significant elements, since the names are based on some indirect associations. Thus, the name of the well-known enzyme preparation for improving digestion “Festal” is based on Latin word festum - feasting. In the name of the antibiotic Nystatinum indicates the place where it was first received - N ew Y ork Stat e - New York State. Some manufacturers medicines include in the name elements of the company name: Ciprobay from Ciprofloxacincompany Bayer; Baypress from Nitrendipinecompany Bayer.

Suffixes as part of trivial names, they are often used not for informative purposes, but serve to complete, to give terminology to the word; some suffixes have some connection to a specific pharmaceutical group:

Grammatically trivial names are, as a rule, neuter nouns of the 2nd declension with the ending - um: Analginum, i n; Atropinum, i n; Codeinum, i n. Imported medicines signed in accordance with the standards adopted by the manufacturing country. Since most European countries use the Latin alphabet, the difference in special Latin names and national ones is expressed only in the replacement of Latin - um to the unpronounceable -e or null ending. For convenience and uniformity when compiling recipes, these names can be conventionally Latinized, used with the desired Latin ending of the nominative or genitive case.

Trivial names of medicines are not translated into Russian, but transcribed: Dimexidum - dimexide;Dimedrolum - diphenhydramine; Azathioprinum - azathioprine; Cyclophosphamidum - cyclophosphamide etc.

In the trade nomenclature of medicines of the 20th century, the tendency to simplify the writing of word-forming elements of Greek origin intensified, which was subsequently officially recognized by the World Health Organization. Replacement is allowed in newly created names ph on f ; th on t ; ae , oe on e ; y on i . As a result, we observe differences in the spelling of the same frequency segments in names different manufacturers. Such simplifications often make it difficult to interpret general principles. Our tutorial will focus on classical writing. (Practitioners are provided with lists of recommended drugs, which indicate how they are written).

§55. Names of complex medicines

Medicines containing two or more pharmaceutical substances (ingredients) in a strictly defined dose usually receive a conditional (branded, patented, commercial, commercial) trade name. Most often, such a name is an arbitrary combination made up of segments extracted from the names of all or some of the ingredients. For example, the name Pyrcophenum is made up of syllables derived from the names of the ingredients that make up the medicine: Amidopy rinum, Co ffeinum, Phen acetinum; name Asparkam - respectively from Kalii asparaginas, Magnii asparaginas.

Similar names of drugs are placed in quotation marks and placed after the name of the dosage form: tabulettae "Pyrcophenum", tabulettae "Asparkam", unguentum "Laevomecol", suppositoria "Bethiolum", etc.

§56. Uppercase and lowercase letter

In pharmaceutical terms with a capital letter are written:

1. Names of medicines - Analginum, i n; Platyphyllinum, i n; Spiritus aethylicus - ethanol.

2. Names of medicinal plants - Valeriana, ae f; Althaea, ae f;

3. Names of chemical elements: Calcium, i n; Kalium, i n(if a chemical element is part of a complex name as an appendix, then it is written through a dash with a small letter: Oxacillinum- sodium);

4. Prescription verb formulations - Recipe; Da; Signa.

5. The starting word of each new recipe line.

Co lowercase (small) letter are written:

1. Names of dosage forms, if they do not begin the prescription line.

2. Names of plant parts, if they do not begin the recipe line.

3. The names of salt anions, as well as all adjectives and participles, are always written with a small letter, since they cannot begin the prescription line.

§57. Names of plants and their parts

in pharmaceutical terminology

Many medicines are prepared from plant materials: infusions, tinctures, decoctions, extracts, etc. When prescribing them, both the name of the plant and the name of the part from which the medicine is to be made are indicated. Plant names are always written with capital letter, and parts of plants - with lowercase, if they do not start a line in the recipe.

It must be remembered that the names of medicinal plants can be nouns of the I–IV Latin declensions of all genders: Mentha, ae f- mint; Leonū rus, i m- motherwort; Foenicŭ lum, i n - dill; Adonis, ĭ dis m- adonis; Quercus, us f- oak.

Some plant names of ancient Greek origin retain the Greek endings of the nominative or genitive cases, therefore, when memorizing the lexical minimum, pay attention to the dictionary form: Alohers f- aloe; Strychnos, i m- chilibuha.

Please note that all tree names in Latin are feminine, regardless of grammatical gender: Eucalyptus, i f eucalyptus; Quercus, us f- oak; SambuWithus, i f- elderberry 1.

In a recipe, the names of plants are written in singular, parts of plants - singular or plural. Nouns herba, ae f - grass; cortex, ĭcis m - bark; radix, īcis f - root; rhizōma, ătis n - rhizome- in the only thing; flos, floris m - flower; folium, i n - sheet; fructus, us m - pl od; gemma, ae f - bud- in the plural.

§58. Brief information about dosage forms

Liquid dosage forms

Solution (solutio, ō nisf) - a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a solid drug substance or liquid in a solvent. Depending on the solvent, aqueous, alcoholic, glycerin and oil solutions. Solutions are used for internal and external use, as well as for injection.

Slime (mucilago, ĭ nisf) - obtained by dissolving mucous substances of plant origin or by extracting mucous substances from plant materials by infusion, as well as from starch by treating it with hot water.

Suspension (suspension, ō nisf) - a liquid dosage form in which solid, finely crushed insoluble medicinal substances are suspended in a liquid.

Emulsion (emulsum, in) - a liquid dosage form in which water-insoluble liquids (fatty oils, balms) are suspended in an aqueous environment in the form of tiny droplets.

Infusion (infū sum, in), decoction (decoctum, in) - liquid dosage forms, which are aqueous extracts from plant materials.

Medicinal collection (species, ē rumf) - a mixture of several types of crushed, less often whole plant medicinal raw materials.

Tincture (tinctū ra, aef) - a liquid, transparent, differently colored alcoholic extract from plant materials.

Extract (extractum, in) - concentrated extract obtained from medicinal plant materials.

Potion (mixtū ra, aef) - a liquid dosage form that is obtained by dissolving or mixing several solid substances in various liquid bases (water, alcohol, glycerin, vegetable oils, etc.) or by mixing several liquids.

Liniment (linimentum, in) - dosage form for external use. Most liniments are homogeneous mixtures in the form of thick liquids.

Soft dosage forms

Ointment (unguentum, in) - dosage form for external use, having a viscous consistency.

Pasta (pasta, aef) - a type of ointment containing at least 25% powdery substances.

Suppositories (suppositorium, in) - dosage forms that are solid at room temperature and melt or dissolve at body temperature. There are rectal suppositories (suppositoria rectalia), vaginal (suppositoria vaginalia) and sticks (bacilli).

Solid dosage forms

Tablet (tabuletta, aef) - solid dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances or mixtures of medicinal and excipients. Tablets are manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry using special machines.

Dragee (dragé euncl.)- a solid dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeated layering (panning) of medicinal and auxiliary substances onto sugar granules. Dragees are made in a factory.

Powder (pulvis, ĕ rism) - a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability.

Granule (granŭ lum, in) - solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of round, cylindrical or irregular shape.

Pill (pilŭ la, aef) - solid dosed dosage form for internal use in the form of balls weighing 0.1–0.5 g, prepared from a homogeneous plastic mass. Currently, pills are prescribed extremely rarely. They have been replaced by tablets and dragees as much more convenient forms.

Capsule (capsŭ la, aef) - is a shell for dosed powder, paste, granular or liquid medicinal substances used internally. Medicines that have an unpleasant taste, odor or irritant effect are released in capsules.

Different dosage forms

Ophthalmic films (membraneŭ laeophthalmĭ cae) - sterile polymer films containing medicinal substances in certain doses and soluble in tear fluid.

Aerosol (aerosō lum, in) - an aerodisperse system for spraying medications used for inhalation or external use.

§59. Structure trade names medicines