Having your own farm is a thorough and troublesome matter, a process that should be approached with thorough preparation. From this article you will learn about how rabbits reproduce, what you can and should do and what you shouldn’t do, and about the nuances that you may encounter.

Theory tells us that when breeding rabbits you should adhere to a number of criteria that will help you achieve the desired result.

So at what age do rabbits happen? How to properly breed rabbits? The female rabbit is formed by the age of six months, and maturation and the onset of sexual activity in males occurs at the age of approximately seven months, it is at this time that rabbits can begin to mate.

If we talk about more early period- minimum age - five months, not earlier. However, the size of the breed also matters - smaller breeds can be mated a little earlier, by about half a month. Strong and healthy offspring can be obtained from healthy and strong individuals. To select the most suitable “parents”, we suggest you familiarize yourself with a number of parameters:

The female's readiness. Sexual hunting, ability to determine

The female is ready to mate during sexual hunting. Hunting occurs periodically, in summer - every sixth day, and in winter - on the ninth. Its duration is approximately five days. How to determine the heat of a female rabbit? The female's hunting and readiness to mate is determined by certain signs: change in behavior: the female rabbit becomes nervous and may begin to build a nest. He allows the male to approach him quite calmly. A noticeable increase in activity, refusal to eat is possible, the appearance and size of the genital loop differs - when it changes from pale pink to a more saturated color, and increases. For all breeds these signs are the same.

Treat breeding toy terriers as a serious and responsible undertaking. Therefore, you need to know everything, literally down to the smallest detail, about the biology of reproduction.

Puberty in toy terriers begins much earlier than the dogs become physically mature. Your task is to comply with everything that is required. age recommendations on breeding use of dogs. The first estrus, which is called estrus, begins in females between seven and nine months. A shift in the range from six months to a year is also natural, but it is weakly expressed.

If your dog has not been in heat for up to a year, take your pet to the veterinarian.

A dog is in heat, what you need to know and how to care for it during it.

Estrus (heat) signals the dog's puberty, its readiness for mating and procreation. Experienced dog breeders and animal breeders knowhow to tell if a dog is in heateven before the discharge appears. In miniature representatives ornamental breeds, such as the toy terrier, bloody issues may be so insignificant that the owner may not even notice the onset of estrus. Therefore, it is very important to learn to understand that the dog has entered estrus.

How to understand that a dog is in heat.

We'll tell you how to tell if a dog is in heat according to two characteristics - behavioral and visual.

The onset of estrus (proestrus) is characterized by a change in the behavior of your spot:

• if your affectionate dog suddenly turns into an aggressive “monster” towards members of its own sex and at the same time “casts its eyes” on individuals of the opposite sex, then canine menstruation is just around the corner.
• on walks, your spot begins to enjoy “wild” popularity. Males hover around the overexcited dog, growling and fighting with each other.
• before estrus and during it, the usual procedures (trimming nails, washing paws, etc.) are perceived with aggression or irritation.
• the previously playful pet begins to lie down a lot, as if gathering strength.

Visual signs of estrus in a dog can be all at once, or only some. These include:

• enlargement of the uterine loop, which literally “swells”;
• the appearance of bloody discharge from the loop. The first heat is most often characterized by scant discharge. There are cases of bloodless estrus, when the loop is swollen, but there is no blood. In this case, we recommend that you contact your veterinarian for help.

Considering the dog’s constant licking of the loop, in the morning, carefully spread your pet’s outer labia to the side and apply a cotton swab to the mucous membrane. This way you won’t miss the start of estrus and will correctly calculate the timing of mating.

• frequency of urination. The dog asks to go to the toilet more often. While walking, you can observe how the little girl sits down several times to relieve herself. physiological need, which is called “a little bit at a time.”
• personal hygiene. The dog begins to actively lick itself, although you do not see any obvious reason for this.
• loss of appetite. Changes in quantity can be either upward or downward.
• molt. Before the dog goes into heat, hair loss begins. If this symptom is characteristic of your pet, then it will not stop during estrus itself.
• butt riding. In combination with the above symptoms, rubbing your butt on the floor indicates an impending estrus.

In addition to these symptoms characteristic of estrus, the onset of the period can be determined using:

What does estrus look like in dogs?

For owners, determining when a dog is in heat can sometimes be difficult. Especially when it comes to small onesterriers. In order to correctly determine the timing of mating in the future, pay attention to the most obvious sign of the onset of estrus - swelling of the external genitalia, as in PHOTO of estrus in dogs:

How long does that terrier go into heat?

The time period between emptyings ranges from 110 to 280 days and is purely individual. Even among girls from the same litter, the cycle may differ; moreover, after childbirth, the estrous pause shifts. Also, please note that if your pet’s diet contains little protein of animal origin, but a lot plant products, then the timing of estrus may shift towards increasing the periods between them.

The sexual cycle consists of several stages regulated by special hormones:

• dormancy (anestrus).
• forerunner (proestrus). This period can pass in one or nine days. It is characterized by the appearance of bloody discharge from the female’s vagina. These secretions attract male dogs, but the girl will not allow them to come near her during this period. She will actively snap and recoil. In this phase, the girl gets used to the attention of the opposite sex and you can see how she can instinctively jump on other ladies.
• estrus (estrus). The duration of estrus in Toy Terriers ranges from ten days to two weeks. Bloody discharge becomes slimy and loses color. You need to breed a toy terrier on one of these days of estrus. Since this phase is the most favorable for mating of Toy Terrier dogs. During this phase, the female, as soon as she sees the male, bends to a position convenient for fertilization, for which the tail is moved to the side. This will allow the male dog to mount.

do not rush to breed a toy terrier on the first day of estrus; it is better to wait a couple of days, then the positive outcome of the mating will increase.

• post-estrus (metoestrus). Three days after estrus, the little female exhibits a clear decrease in “love fervour,” which indicates a decrease in the likelihood of fertilization.

To correctly determine the mating time for toy terriers, focus on how long the estrus lasts for toy terriers. Average duration Girls are in heat for three weeks.

Is it possible to bathe a dog during heat?

Changes hormonal levels bitches entail the appearance of a strong unpleasant odor, heavy discharge. Natural physiological process urination becomes obvious and frequent.

During estrus, owners should pay Special attention animal hygiene. However, during this period you should know about some of the nuances of caring for a girl toy terrier.

The washing process is necessary for the toy terrier during estrus. But! Keeping a dog clean during estrus and the house in general should not amount to fanaticism. Since estrus itself weakens the pet’s body and provokes the penetration of infections. A loosely covered loop of the uterus increases the likelihood of contracting any infection.

The procedure for washing a Toy Terrier should be carried out with caution.

• You should wash the spot twice a day: in the morning and in the evening after walking.
• The washing water should be slightly above room temperature.
• possible use detergents that do not irritate or dry out the skin.
• After the washing procedure, the point must be wiped dry with a soft towel. You can use a hairdryer to dry long-haired breeds. However, monitor the temperature of the air stream so as not to burn the girl or catch a cold.

It is strictly forbidden to bathe a dog during estrus in any body of water. In addition to the risk of catching an infection from open water, there is an added risk of hypothermia and developing inflammatory process in organism.

Frequent urination in the toy terrier before and during estrus manifests itself in the form of marks that the dog in any caseae leaves around the house.

Since you can’t even physically wash an animal every five minutes, let’s look at the best option, what to do if your dog is in heat – diapers for four-legged friends. Using special dog pants will protect your home from marks and blood stains. And the little one won’t be able to get its nose under the diaper and won’t lick itself.

When the toy terrier is ready for breeding.

You can determine when a toy terrier is ready for mating not only by the sexual phases. Change and physiological signs at the dog's. You can detect the approach of estrus by how, during a walk, the girl begins to urinate more often, becomes disobedient, playful, or, conversely, irritable. During this period she may become uncontrollable and should only be taken out on a leash to prevent her from running away. And, of course, she must be protected from the courtship of male dogs.

Some representatives of the breed may have enlarged mammary glands and even produce small amounts of milk.

In addition, the female has a clear enlargement of the external genitalia, which is called the loop. The loop becomes noticeable and swells. The first bleeding should be noticed in order to correctly calculate on what day to plan the breeding of toy terriers.

Most favorable period When the toy terrier is ready to mate, it occurs 4-6 days after the start of estrus. This is 12-14 days after the start of bleeding. By this time, the spotting is not bright red, but pinkish or even colorless. Sometimes you can determine the presence of discharge by placing a sheet of white paper on the bitch's external genitalia. The fact that the ideal time for mating is approaching is also judged by the soft loop, which retains only the upper elasticity. You will notice that the female toy terrier, ready for mating, changes behavior. When you begin to stroke her lower back and croup with your hand, she will immediately begin to take a characteristic pose - she moves her tail to the side and squats.

Ideally, the timing of ovulation can be determined at a veterinary clinic by taking a vaginal smear.
To produce offspring, the bitch must not have any complications or health problems. Plus, the following factors do not provide any guarantees:

• if during mating the girl was weak or had a cold.
• if the dogs were not given time to get to know each other and were mated by force.
• if mating occurred before or after ovulation.
• if the female has diseases associated with the reproductive organs. Here, of course, you cannot do without a veterinarian.

When the female is ready to mate, you need to choose a male toy for mating.

This issue is given close attention by breeders and owners who care about the purity of the breed. The ideal “groom” will have an excellent pedigree, beautiful exterior characteristics and will have a friendly, lively character. And of course, a dog for mating must be in excellent health.

The reasons why even a magnificent-looking male dog does not produce offspring are the following:

• a disease that cannot be identified by appearance. To understand this, the veterinary hospital performs an analysis of the animal's semen.
• A male dog may have partial or completely suppressed sexual potency. This happens when a male is mated with females that are “empty” or “burnt out.” This problem is characterized by frequent refusals of the male dog to mate.
• Fertilization may not occur when mating occurs in extreme heat. The sperm “dies” in this case.
• Frequent and dense mating of males leads to temporary or complete infertility.

So there should be no less close attention to males than to females.

At what age should you breed a toy terrier?

Despite the fact that the biological mating age of a toy terrier begins before one year, the first mating of a toy terrier should be made no earlier than the third heat.

Firstly, an attentive owner will trace the characteristics of the first two heats and their cycles in the pet. Secondly, it will adjust the animal’s diet for this period - add animal proteins to the diet. Thirdly, given the diminutive size of the breed, he will also monitor the weight of the animal. Mating a mini toy terrier weighing up to two kilograms is at great risk due to the fact that the risk of complications during childbirth increases.

If you listen to the advice of breeders about the age at which you can breed a toy terrier, then the recommended age for mating for males is after one and a half years, and for females - after two years.

Breeding regulations of cynological federations and unions of many countries allow dogs to be mated small breeds from 15 months (for females) and from 9 to 12 months (for males), subject to achieving physiological maturity.

First mating of a toy terrier.

As the toy terrier gets older and ready to mate, be prepared for the fact that the first time the mating may not be successful.

Natural mating is problematic in city life, so owners need to make every effort to minimize stressful situation for that terrier.

So, the knitting itself. For the first time, you can invite an instructor to help.

• For mating, you should not dress up your toy in all kinds of clothes and decorate with accessories. This will scare away the “groom” or “bride”.
• If you decide to breed your miniature terrier for the first time, then the partner must be “experienced”, having or has experience of successful mating. In addition, in order not to irritate your dog, mate your pet for the first time on your territory.
• there should be no distractions (sounds, smells, objects) in the room where the mating will take place.
• Don't rush the animals; they need to communicate and get used to each other.
• If dogs do not mate on their own, then help them. When the dogs have sniffed and calmed down, turn the bitch who is standing with her tail towards the dog, but only so that she does not sit down. Now lift her slightly by the belly so that the male penetrates the vagina with his penis. As soon as this happens, the male will go about his business. Your task at this time, together with the owner of the second dog or instructor, is to hold the toy. This is necessary so that the female does not move away and push the penis out of the vagina or provoke a “lock”.
• If a “lock” does occur, then make sure that the dogs do not jerk sharply. Otherwise, both the male and female will damage their genitals. Give the dogs a break.
• After a couple of days, mating should be repeated. First of all, this applies to females who happen for the first time. The fact is that life cycle Male sperm is three days after release. And for one hundred percent fertilization of eggs in two matings, there are still four days left.

A successful mating results in the appearance of adorable puppies within a couple of months.

In order to help your pet during the mating process, we recommend watching the VIDEO “Mating a Toy Terrier.”

B u m b u r t y

BREEDING RABBITS.

What do you need to know to handle rabbits correctly and effectively?

Mating of rabbits - key moment the whole thing. In this article I bring to your attention, I will tell you how to quickly increase the number of rabbits, how to plan and schedule the mating of animals, the birth of rabbits, and achieve maximum efficiency during littering.

Quick search:

A short introduction to the topic.

• short pregnancy periods (one month);
• rapid growth or weight gain per unit of time, especially in the first 3 to 4 months;
• fantastic fertility (eight to ten or more rabbits in one litter and frequent births, up to 6–7 per year);

If the rabbit breeder cannot influence the first factor in any way, science has not yet reached such heights, then the second and third points depend on the knowledge and efforts of you dear colleague. Perhaps some of my comments will seem unnecessary to experienced rabbit breeders, but if the topic is covered, it will be completely, and the logic must be observed, because as the famous saying goes: “You can’t throw words out of a song.”

How does breeding work or selection affect the quantity and quality of litters?

Think about the question, are you using your farm so effectively? Do the existing rabbits fully meet your expectations in terms of population reproduction and reproduction, rapid increase in the number of animals? After all, it is not a fact that even purchasing breeding rabbits in a nursery or on a farm, you will get at your disposal what you wanted. Some rabbit breeders have misconceptions about the process of breeding their animals. They keep in mind only the processes of mating of males with females and the subsequent birth of rabbits with their further raising. In fact, life in cages (enclosures, pits, loggias, etc.) is a continuous process, all stages of which are closely interconnected. From my point of view, you need to start caring about increasing the efficiency of the farm much earlier, that is, from the moment blind cubs are born. So, after the next successful litter, you recorded the number of born and surviving rabbits, further recorded the maternal qualities of the female: whether the babies were scattered around the cage or not, whether they were bitten, whether they were covered with down, assessed the quality of feeding, the age of the rabbit and what kind of litter it was and who father. All this can be noted in a separate notebook or kept in a dedicated folder on the computer. In addition, there are special programs for counting rabbits and planning events.

Program for rabbit breeders.

In addition, I write the results with chalk on a plate specially nailed to the cage door. It’s more convenient for me, all the information is at hand.

IN ORDER TO the inscriptions were not erased and looked readable; I cover the information plates with a special coating reminiscent of a school board. I apply slate paint to the smoothly sanded plywood.

Practice suggests that “female” individuals left for posterity from a female with the best maternal qualities will themselves subsequently inherit them with a high degree of probability. This is where the success and quality of future births is already laid. Of course, in addition to this, it is necessary to pay attention to other characteristics, which I wrote about in detail in an article on breeding work. These are the correctness and strength of the physique, weight indicators, quality and density of fur. It is necessary to strictly monitor the characteristics of the animal, that is, their compliance with the parameters of the breed being bred. Very important and defining characteristics are health status and resistance to disease.

Sometimes after reading material like this, the rabbit breeder becomes somewhat confused. There are indeed many indicators for selecting the best of the best rabbits, and each of them also has several parameters. If there is so much to choose from, then your head can become spinning. Therefore, I will briefly discuss the main priorities.

It is advisable to keep rabbits born as a result of the first or second, or maximum third, birth. When selecting females, the maternal qualities of their mother take precedence over the rate of growth and weight gain. Obviously, you don’t need large, but infertile and unkempt female rabbits. In the future, after the first three births of the selected contingent, it will be necessary to carry out additional culling. In each of them, at least 8 rabbits should be safely born and then hatched. It has great importance and such a thing as the regular occurrence of heat for mating and the likelihood of getting pregnant after it, the absence of false pregnancies and miscarriages.

When choosing future breeding rabbits, the main factors are the correctness and strength of the physique, bone structure, quality of fur, excellent health, and good activity. An experienced rabbit breeder only needs to look carefully at the male to evaluate him and correctly choose the most worthy of several candidates. Of course, it would be a good idea to pay attention to growth rates and weight gain. Carefully record the behavior of the young rabbit during the first matings, how he copes with his natural function (coating the female).

When estimating the weight of small rabbits, especially in the early stages of life, be sure to adjust for how many were in one nest. The fewer rabbits in the litter, the more milk they get, which means they will gain weight faster. But already within the same nest, such a comparison will be correct. You've probably noticed that one or two little rabbits are usually smaller than the rest, and vice versa, there is always a baby that thrives in growth.

When you select rabbits, pay attention not only to them, but also to their brothers and sisters. If, for example, babies with clear signs developmental disorders, then according to the laws of genetics, such undesirable traits will sooner or later necessarily appear in subsequent offspring in all individuals. So many harmful signs, such as the bony croup, are dominant (predominant) and over time, if selection is not applied, they pass to all offspring.

The healthiest, most viable and genetically “correct” rabbits are born in winter. If you have already mastered and practice winter childbirth in your activities, be sure to use this note as a guide to action.

About monitoring the age of young animals and the importance of determining the sex of rabbits.

When purchasing a rabbit, you should not rely solely on the seller's word. It is very important to learn how to determine the sex of rabbits yourself. Besides this procedure should be carried out no later than two months after the next birth. As you already know, puberty in young animals occurs at approximately three months of age, which means that by this moment all the rabbits should be grouped by gender. If this is not done, then spontaneous coverings and subsequent unwanted litters from family ties. In addition, the males will begin to prove their superiority and get into terrible fights with damage to their health. The most unpleasant thing is that during such fights people suffer reproductive organs. Instinct tells the males what exactly they need to gnaw from their opponent. If such fights do occur, be sure to check additionally when choosing a manufacturer to see if his testicles are still there.

Already about a month after the birth of rabbits, you can determine their gender and assess your prospects in advance and plan upcoming actions. This process is important and must be approached with the utmost seriousness. If you have not done this before, I strongly advise you, in addition to using descriptions and drawings, to ensure that you seek the help of an experienced rabbit breeder. As a rule, the necessary experience appears quickly, after 5 - 6 determinations. At this point, rabbits of different sexes are no different in appearance.

What is the estrus period for a female rabbit?

Click to enlarge

This is a period of time in a female’s life when she is predisposed to fertilization and willingly enters into mating games with a partner. The rabbit breeder should, with a high degree of probability, identify such days and use them as much as possible for mating. In the future, to simplify things, I will simply use the word hunting (popularly called hunting). So it comes periodically about every week. In summer, or more precisely in warm conditions, the period between hunts is shorter, 5–6 days; in winter it can last up to 8–9 days, sometimes hunting does not appear for as long as 20 days. It is most weakly expressed in October - November.

You can determine when a female rabbit is in heat both by her behavior and by the appearance of her genitals (in common parlance - a loop). If you notice unusual restlessness in the cage, active movement, plucking fluff or carrying hay in the mouth, then everything is fine with hunting. Very often at this time the rabbit does not eat anything, she has no time for it. If you stroke such a female on the back, she will succumb to instinct and immediately lie down on the floor and stretch out, raising her butt. To be sure, you can look at the loop. Take the animal in your arms, lightly press the abdominal corner. Usually having pale color, the loop becomes bright pink during hunting and seems to swell. The duration of the hunting period is also not constant, on average it ranges from 3 to 5 days.

This does not mean that it is impossible to cover a female rabbit who is not in heat. If the male is sufficiently active, this is possible. However, I would advise waiting for a more favorable moment, since one week is not such a critical period. There were cases when, after such experiments, an overly active male brought the female to the point of exhaustion, or, on the contrary, a strong female fought back and pursued the “offender” with unfavorable consequences. It depends on your luck.

Features of the reproductive system or reproductive organs of a female rabbit.

Unlike many other animals, the rabbit has a double uterus. That is, its two horns independently open into the vaginal cavity. It turns out that a rabbit breeder needs to know this, and here’s why. Often, to check the female’s covering, she is again thrown into the male’s cage and, having made sure that the operation was successful, they calmly wait due date. So, sometimes it happens that two coatings occurred, respectively, fertilization occurred twice, independently of each other. And if you carried out the control mating a week later, then the first rabbits will be born a week earlier than the expected date. Moreover, rabbit breeders often loosen control over the newly born animal, and after a week it again gives birth to several wonderful rabbits. Is this good or bad? Rather good, but only if you foresee this option in advance and prepare everything for repeat childbirth. In fairness, I note that this phenomenon observed in domestic rabbits extremely rarely, unlike wild ones.

Another feature of the reproductive system of female rabbits, I would note the ability to engage in mating and, accordingly, become pregnant on the very first day after giving birth. This allows the rabbit breeder to organize compacted litters, which has a great economic effect. By the way in wildlife or when breeding in pits, where the process is not regulated, thanks to the bifurcated uterus, the rabbit can be bred even in the middle of pregnancy. For this reason, I do not recommend keeping the female for a long time (as is sometimes done to guarantee) the female in the cage of the future father.

What breeds should you cross?

Some rabbit breeders, especially beginners, put the wrong concept into the word crossbreeding. It is confused with the words mating, mating or mating of a female... Crossbreeding specifically means obtaining offspring from different breeds of rabbits. You can read in detail about the feasibility of this and all the subtleties in my other article. My opinion, based on practice, is that the process of crossing must be approached with great caution and with sufficient experience. I recommend starting with the simplest crossing, that is, introductory or, as people say, a rush of blood. Sooner or later, in order to improve the health of the herd and prevent family ties, you will have to purchase rabbits “from the outside.” Therefore, think about this point in advance. Will you, for example, be able to buy rabbits of the exact breed that you have, and even with confirmation of its purity? It is very important. Sometimes it happens that when you come to the market, you come across an unscrupulous seller who will “sell” something that will quickly ruin all the many years of work you have previously done.

Compacted and semi-compacted litters.

Now we have reached the very quintessence of the topic under discussion. It is here that I see a huge potential in increasing the number of livestock, which means receiving additional profit from the farm. In addition, as a result, you will have a greater opportunity to carry out large-scale breeding work, that is, improve the herd by selecting the best of the best. This in turn will cause even greater progress in your business. Similar to chain reaction. The conclusion is simple. By following my recommendations, you will ensure, if not explosive growth of the livestock, then close to it. I hope you have already read and adopted the methodology for planning and conducting successful births in winter in severe frost conditions.

Now nothing prevents you from receiving up to eight increases per year from one excellent female. You may ask, why not 12 or, for example, 11? Theoretically, this may be true, BUT...To reach the theoretical maximum, you will have to constantly use compacted litters, when the rabbit is covered on the first or second day after giving birth. This is indeed possible, as I wrote earlier, but even the strongest individual cannot cope with such regular “squeezing out sweat.” Compacted schemes are usually used in the summer or early autumn when there is an abundance of feed and vitamins, in quantities of no more than two. The rest of the time, semi-compacted litters are carried out, this is when the female covers herself after month break after childbirth. This regime is much softer, more humane and economically feasible. Born rabbits have the opportunity to drink their mother's healing milk for one and a half to two months. This is very important for their future health.

But there are times when, for some reason, the rabbit gets tired of giving birth even in a semi-condensed mode. This is noticeable by her weakened and lethargic appearance, by the way she is reluctant to mate. In this case, give her rest for another month. If she is not quite old, less than three years old, then she will probably get stronger and please you more than once.

Rabbit mating technology.

Everything is simple here, you don’t need to invent anything. If the couple is selected correctly in all parameters and terms, then, as a rule, no difficulties arise. Let me remind you. The male and female have reached sexual maturity. Both animals are from the main herd, that is, with good characteristics according to condition. The female has entered the hunting season. Male suitable breed, not old, not fat and not tormented by frequent coatings (up to 4 per day).

The time of day has a certain meaning. In summer it is better to mate rabbits in the morning or evening, in winter it is recommended during the day. This is related to the ambient temperature. In extreme heat and extreme cold, animals are less active. At least two matings of different females are planned on one day. This will allow, after the birth of the rabbits, to equalize the nests according to their number for quality feeding.

Mating is organized exclusively in male cages. If you do the opposite, then most likely nothing will work. In any case, the rabbit needs time to get used to it. And if you decide to mate with someone other than a male (anything can happen), be sure to wait at least a day. All sharp and other dangerous objects, such as feeders, drinking bowls, equipment, and portable queen cells, must be removed from the cage. Anyone who has ever observed the commotion during such a romantic date will definitely do it. It is advisable to clean and disinfect the cells themselves.

Males, as a rule, are assigned to a certain contingent of females, numbering no more than 8 - 10 animals. To make it easier for a young male to gain his first experience, I recommend choosing a proven, experienced and calm female. Increase the load gradually. And vice versa, cover young females first with experienced and proven males.

The rabbit breeder’s task is to carefully observe the immediate subsequent mating games and record the moment of mating. First, a chase begins in a circle, then “Romeo” runs around “Juliet,” when the female seems to freeze, presses herself to the floor and raises her hindquarters. In the end, the rabbit jumps from behind and after several movements falls to the side, emitting a characteristic squeak. All this happens quickly, in 25–30 seconds. It happens when, despite hunting, the female rabbit long time runs away and escapes love's embrace. In this case, you can slow it down and hold it with your hands, giving the crawl the opportunity to climb up and take the correct position.

Usually, for a guarantee, they wait for re-coating, which occurs after a short rest (no more than 5 minutes). Some of my friends go even further and cover the female three times in one cage. I think this is already unnecessary. After completing the described procedure, the rabbit is immediately returned to her cage. Don’t forget to write down the date of mating and the identity of the male who worked hard, and at the same time give him something tasty.

How can you be sure to check whether coating occurred during mating?

Sometimes it happens that you organized the next mating, but the rabbit never became pregnant. I call this false covering. Therefore, rabbit breeders must carry out control mating. As a rule, the date is repeated after 5 – 6 days. It is believed with a high degree of probability that if, upon repeated mating, the female is completely absent from heat, she does not give in and even shows aggression towards her gentleman, then she has already been covered earlier. If coverage occurs as described above, then you record the next date in your records and conduct a control mating after another 5 days.

It’s even rarer, but it also happens that you carried out the main and control matings, made sure that there was no heat, but the rabbits were never born (false pregnancy). In order not to be deceived in this case, on days 14–16 the female’s abdomen is palpated. To do this, pull the animal out of the cage, turn its head towards you, hold it on top with one hand, holding the skin in the area of ​​the sacrum, and feel the stomach with the other. If the pregnancy is not false, then you will find embryos in the posterior part in the form of one, usually two parallel chains (if they are in two branches of the uterus). Do not confuse them with stool pellets, which are smaller, hard and round. By this period, the embryos are already about 2 - 2.5 cm in size, soft and oblong. The procedure must be carried out very carefully so as not to cause harm or cause an induced abortion.

You may ask, what should you do if the rabbit, despite all his efforts, has not covered the female? After all, this happens. In this case, repeat mating after a few hours. If possible, place the female rabbit with another rabbit. This often brings success.

Optimal age for parenting couples.

Puberty in rabbits different breeds does not occur at the same time. Thus, females of medium or medium-large breeds are considered mature at 4 months, females of large breeds at 5-6 months. However, it is advisable to “throw in” another half a month - a month for the final formation of the body. It is not recommended to delay the first coating, since a young and already fat rabbit has a difficult time becoming fertilized, and maternal qualities become worse. In addition to all of the above, the non-productive period of the animal increases, which means the efficiency of the farm suffers.

Males mature two months later than females of their breed, but if overexposed and overfed, they can also “grow fat.” Their condition significantly influences the success of matings and the health of a large part of the livestock. Therefore, those who take special care of the maintenance of males, their condition, do the right thing. proper feeding. A weakened or sick rabbit - the breeder - means incomplete litters, small nests, and defective offspring. It is not for nothing that the method is becoming increasingly widespread artificial insemination, in which one rabbit can inseminate up to 1000 females, and the likelihood of hereditary diseases is minimized. Unfortunately, for small and even medium-sized farms, the method is unacceptable due to its high cost. It has been noted that keeping rabbits in dark rooms increases the maturation period, so if possible, windows should be provided. The optimal length of daylight is at least 12 hours a day.

Until what age should rabbits be kept for breeding?

For orientation and planning, I will provide approximate averaged data. Typically, farms adhere to the following layouts for life expectancy:

• For females: 1 year old - 50%, 2 year old - 35%, 3 year old - 20%, over 3 years old - 5%
• For males: 1 year old - 50%, 2 year old - 40%, 3 year old - 10%, over 3 years old - 0%

Sometimes it happens that a female rabbit, who had previously taken excellent care of her offspring and was considered exemplary, and suddenly, after another birth, scattered the babies around the cage or even gnawed on them, despite the presence of water in the drinking bowl. This means the loss of maternal instinct and tells the owner that it is time to look for a replacement.

Another problem can be listeriosis - a disease that manifests itself in the fact that an obviously pregnant woman aborts or the fetuses die in the womb. This disease is dangerous because it can be transmitted to other rabbits.

Do not forget that we are now talking about frequent matings and tight schedules, and in this case, control over the health of females should be increased, and the terms of their use will be somewhat shorter and are unlikely to exceed 2 - 2.5 years. With proper planning of your actions, you can always find a worthy replacement to their females and buy a stud male. If you follow the basic instructions that I presented to you, your farm will not only be stable, but prosperous.

Forward to success!!!

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Content:

Any rabbit breeder sets himself the task of increasing his livestock and at the same time getting healthy and purebred rabbits. Breeding work begins with creation good conditions feeding and keeping young animals. Selecting a pair for reproduction, preparing it for mating, and the mating procedure itself are important stages that require certain knowledge and skills. Let's talk about them in more detail.

When should rabbits be mated?

Each breed of rabbit reaches sexual maturity at different time. Early maturing animals are ready for mating already at 4-4.5 months, the rest not earlier than 6-7 months. Early matings lead to abortions, the birth of a small number of babies and low milk supply of the female. Therefore, veterinarians advise crossing any breeds no earlier than 7-8 months in order to obtain strong rabbits physically and genetically.

Another point is the choice of time of year for giving birth. Rabbits can reproduce and all year round, if you create for this optimal conditions. However, most rabbit breeders prefer mating in the cold season, from November to March. An undeniable plus in winter litters is better health litter Such babies develop faster, have a strong physique and excellent immunity. Winter bunnies They get sick less often in adulthood and have better breeding qualities.

Although summer litters are larger in number of cubs, they are inferior to winter ones in terms of physical development. Rabbits born in summer are most at risk of developing infectious and viral diseases. The lowest quality offspring appears during autumn and spring births. Farmers advise not to conduct mating at all during this period and to allow the females to rest for 40-60 days.

Manufacturers' choice

When choosing a female or male for mating, you should first evaluate appearance a rabbit. He must be well-fed, meet breed standards, have no physical abnormalities, and be in exceptional health.

• animals from the same litter;
• obese individuals;
• females predisposed to eat offspring;
• low-milk rabbits with poorly developed nipples;
• animals within 20 days after vaccination.

After several matings, the rabbits are culled. Low-fertile females, aggressive and wayward animals, infertile individuals, etc. are not allowed to further reproduce.

Preparing rabbits for mating

Mating of eared ones is allowed at the moment of sexual heat of the female. In summer, this period occurs every 6-7 days and lasts 3-4 days. In winter, the female comes into heat every 9-10 days. Signs of desire in the female include redness and swelling of the genitals, as well as violent behavior.

Rabbits selected for the production of offspring are fed with more fortified food 15 days before mating, are not allowed temperature changes, and are not disturbed again. Steamed oats and boiled potatoes are added to the diet of males. Females are transferred to concentrated mixtures, hay and twig food.

If necessary, their fur near the genitals is trimmed so that it does not interfere with the mating process.

The process itself

Mating of rabbits should be carried out in the male's cage, where he knows the situation. First, drinkers, feed and other objects that interfere with the process are removed from there. IN summer time a female rabbit is placed next to him in the early morning, and in winter between 11 and 16 o'clock in the afternoon.

The presence of a person at the time of mating is mandatory in order to control its progress and monitor the behavior of the animals. If the partners are aggressive towards each other, then the female should be removed from the cage. The successful completion of mating is indicated by the characteristic actions of the male: he falls from the female on his side and quietly squeaks.

After 4-6 days, control mating is carried out. Thanks to it, it will be known whether the previous event was successful. If the female fights fiercely with the male, not allowing him to approach her, then fertilization has occurred. After 15 days, you can palpate the fruits abdominal cavity to exclude false pregnancy.

At home, you can breed rabbits using the cohabitation method: the female is left in the male’s cage for certain period(7-10 days). But here you need to specifically make sure that the animals can get along together and will not hurt each other.

Mating rabbits is quite a responsible and significant moment in breeding work, therefore, for effective results, experienced farmers advise following rules:

• It is forbidden to plan mating in extreme heat or frost, as well as during the molting period;
• it is necessary to carry out control mating;
• a young female should be allowed to visit an experienced male and vice versa;
• do not allow inbreeding;
• After giving birth, the female is placed with the male a week later;
• a male can qualitatively fertilize 4-5 female rabbits per day.

If the female does not allow the rabbit to approach her, then it is recommended to once again make sure that she is hunting, and then tie a ribbon to her tail. During rabbit games, you should lift the female's tail with a string, freeing the genitals.

Any rabbit breeder who follows all the rules for mating his pets is able to produce litters all year round. But you shouldn’t be overzealous with this, because animals sometimes need to have a rest period.

The time frames indicating from how long, when, until what time and with what restrictions you can listen to loud music in your apartment are approved by law in the Russian Federation. Violation of them will result in administrative liability for violating peace and quiet. At the same time, regional entities have their own acts, so time restrictions in different populated areas RFs may differ from each other. In general, the time varies in the morning from six to seven and in the evening from twenty-two to twenty-three, as discussed below.

In addition to being aware of when and at what time you can listen to loud music at home, you should know that sanitary and epidemiological requirements set additional conditions and rules regarding living in apartment buildings. These include the level permissible noise, for exceeding which violators face administrative penalty. The level is measured in decibels and its maximum rate varies in different regions from 38 to 42.

It is difficult to bring a violator to administrative responsibility for noise exceeding the norm due to the fact that its level must be measured by a specialist, recording the values ​​​​with a special act. It is much easier to prosecute people for violating the order late at night or early in the morning.

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About preventive measures To summarize sanitary rules and standards, answering the question at what time you can listen to music loudly in your apartment, it should be noted that for residents of multi-storey buildings it is impossible to disturb the peace and quiet after twenty-three hours. If dissatisfied neighbors call a local police officer, who records the fact of a violation, the citizen will be given a warning the first time, but the fact will be documented. Subsequent times for a similar violation will be brought to administrative responsibility. If ignored, the fine will be forcibly collected through the court, and for particularly malicious violators, such antics may even threaten eviction.

The size of fines varies depending on the region, ranging from five hundred rubles to several thousand. Each repeated fine will be higher than the previous one. Moreover, each violation must be recorded in an act or protocol. Oral complaints from neighbors have no force. Therefore, calling the local police officer or the police is mandatory.

It is important to know that to call the appropriate authorities affected by loud noise neighbors have the right at any time of the day. An employee of Rosekonommonitoring visits your home to measure the decibel level.

Weekend

Conflicts with neighbors are a common practice and often lead to very serious consequences. That is why it makes sense to try to negotiate with the troublemaker before calling the police or local police officer. There are different situations (shift work schedule, Small child, illness, etc.), however, we should not forget that apartment house and private housing are two big differences. A neighbor who wants to listen to music in his apartment at the permitted time has every right to do so.

No less exciting today is the question of how loud you can listen to music loudly at home on the weekends. Unfortunately, the law does not establish a uniform framework. Again, regional acts are at the discretion of local authorities. If you refer to the Code of the Russian Federation, you can get completely confused, since it contains contradictory provisions. More or less clearly there is talk about the noise that occurs when repair work, but there is no mention of music or anything else. If we balance these requirements, it turns out that on weekends you can make noise from nine in the morning until seven in the evening. In some regions up to eight.

Distribution in regions of federal significance

For federal regions often act individual rules. So for Moscow, which is a city of federal significance, night time is considered from 23:00 to 07:00. During this period, any noise is prohibited at all. Regarding music this is:

• Listen to music loudly (through a radio, speaker system, TV and other audio devices);
• Play musical instruments;
• Screaming, singing and talking loudly;
• Triggering of alarm systems without reason.

In the Moscow region, the time frame is somewhat different. For example, in the Moscow region you can listen to music loudly on weekdays from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., and on weekends from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m.

Moreover, there is such a thing as lunch break from 13:00 to 15:00, during which noise is also prohibited. Violation can result in a fine of three thousand rubles.

Speaking about when you can listen to loud music in your apartment while living in St. Petersburg, it is worth noting that there is night time from 22:00 to 07:00. The same restrictions apply in the region, but the fine is up to two thousand rubles.

Distribution in other regions

Other regions also have different rules and requirements. Examples for some regions can be seen below.

Name of settlements	Allowed to listen to loud music
Tyumen, Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod	From 08:00 to 22:00
Kazan	From 06:00 to 23:00 on weekdays and from 09:00 to 19:00 on weekends
Novosibirsk	From 08:00 to 20:00 on weekdays and from 09:00 to 20:00 on weekends. Fine for violation is three thousand rubles
Krasnoyarsk	From 07:00 to 22:00 on weekdays and from 09:00 to 22:00 on weekends. The fine for violators on weekdays is three thousand rubles, on weekends – four thousand
Chelyabinsk	From 06:00 to 22:00 on weekdays and from 08:00 to 23:00 on weekends. Fine five thousand rubles

As can be seen from the table above, it would not be so easy to voice a single standard. However, if there is already a conflict with neighbors, and the relevant authorities require a fine, you need to ask at what time you can listen to loud music in your apartment and what the maximum fine is for a particular region. Unfortunately, some structures exceed their powers, taking advantage of the ignorance of citizens.