Social support for disabled children. International Journal of Experimental Education
What payments can you expect when a child is born in Moscow? How to apply for a lump sum payment at the birth of a child, child care benefits, benefits for young families
What payments can a single mother or father receive in Moscow? How to apply for payments for single parents
How to improve your living conditions with the help of a social mortgage. What kind of housing can be purchased using a social mortgage. How is the cost of housing sold with a social mortgage determined?
What can you spend maternity capital on? Who can use maternity capital and when. What documents are needed to use maternity capital?
Who can receive housing for free use? How to conclude a free use agreement. What are the consequences of concluding a free use agreement?
What is registration of those in need of residential premises? How to get on the waiting list for housing. What documents are needed to register for housing?
Free travel and free medicines: who is eligible, how to apply, what documents are needed for registration
Who has the right to obtain a radiation victim certificate? What documents are needed to obtain a certificate?
What payments can a woman fired due to the liquidation of an organization receive during pregnancy or maternity leave?
- Selection
- 12 instructions
What support is provided for families with children. How to apply for child benefits and receive payments upon the birth of a child. What payments are they entitled to? large families. What assistance is provided to low-income families with children and single parents. What benefits can military families receive? What payments do adoptive parents, guardians and foster parents receive?
What products can be obtained in the dairy kitchen. Up to what age can a child receive food from a dairy kitchen? What documents are needed to receive free food at the dairy kitchen?
What documents are needed to register as unemployed? Who can register as unemployed
Raising a child with disabilities becomes a difficult challenge for the whole family. The costs of medical care and rehabilitation of children in society are increasing. To solve this problem, the Russian government is providing benefits to disabled children and their parents in 2018. The volumes and types of social assistance are regulated by federal and regional legislation.
Who are disabled children?
This category includes minors with severe physical, sensory, mental or mental disabilities. They may be congenital or caused by a disease. In 2018, disabled children and their parents can take advantage of benefits after official recognition of disability by an authorized medical institution.
Conditions for recognizing disability in childhood
State regulations contain criteria for recognizing a child as partially or completely incompetent. Parents or guardians are required to contact the nearest medical institution at the place of registration for medical and social examination. Recognition of disability is carried out if the child’s health condition meets 2 conditions out of 3. Criteria for recognition as a disabled person:
- Dysfunction of certain organs or systems due to birth defects, serious illnesses or injuries received.
- Limitation of life activity. The minor partially or completely loses the ability to self-care, has problems with controlling behavior, moving independently, communicating, etc.
- Strong need for social support and rehabilitation.
Documents for obtaining status for a disabled child
You can’t just go for a medical and social examination. It is necessary to obtain a referral from an organization providing medical and preventive care to the baby. It doesn't matter whether it is public or private. At the place of registration, a referral can be issued by an employee of the authority social protection population or pension fund. Assignment of disabled person status is carried out on the basis of the following documents:
- referrals from the attending physician;
- certificates confirming the presence of health problems in the minor;
- birth certificate.
Medical and social examination
The event can be held at home, if the minor cannot be brought to the bureau for health reasons, in a hospital where the child is being treated, or in absentia by decision of the bureau specialists. The pension is assigned after passing a medical and social examination. During the procedure, a protocol is drawn up, which describes the citizen’s condition in detail. The act contains the following information:
- conclusion about the types and severity functional disorders;
- cause of disability;
- information about the documents that parents will receive after completion of the examination;
- data on the documents that served as the basis for making the decision;
- consultants' opinions.
Bureau specialists make decisions based on the submitted documents and a visual assessment of the patient’s condition. An extract from the medical history along with examination results must be present. Specialists may suspend the medical and social examination. This happens if additional examination of the minor is necessary to issue a conclusion. If the decision is positive, an extract from the socio-medical examination report.
Regulatory framework
Benefits are provided in accordance with Federal Law (FZ) No. 181. It covers key points social protection of people with disabilities, the procedure for conducting a medical and social examination, features of the development of individual rehabilitation programs and the provision of outpatient care. The amount of payments is regulated by Federal Law No. 178, 213, 388.
What is a disabled child entitled to from the state?
The government pays the maximum social pension to minors with disabilities. After reaching 18 years of age, a disability group is established, so the amount of payments changes. Regional authorities can provide children with disabilities with additional financial and social assistance. The following benefits are provided at the federal level:
| Payment name | Periodicity | Size in rubles |
| Monthly |
|
|
| Drugs and medical supplies | Monthly | |
| To purchase vouchers for a holiday in a sanatorium | Monthly | |
| Free travel on any type of transport | Monthly | |
| Social pension | Monthly |
Social pension
From 2018, the amount of monthly payments will increase to 12,557 rubles. When calculating the social pension, the territorial coefficient is taken into account. The maximum value of this parameter is 2, and the minimum is 1.15. After filling out the declaration, the social pension is accrued either until the citizen reaches the age of majority, or until the expiration of the disability, if the status was assigned for 2-3 years.
Monthly cash payment (MAP)
The amount of this benefit is determined by whether the guardian decided to maintain the set of social services or refused it. The minimum value of EDV is 1,478.09 rubles, and the maximum is 2,527.06 rubles. While maintaining the right of free travel to railway transport the benefit will be 2402 rubles. If the parents of a disabled person do not refuse medications, the EDV will be 1,719 rubles.
Medicines and medical supplies
Benefits are provided for the purchase of certain medications that may be required for prosthetics or routine treatment of minor patients. By order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 117, on a first-come, first-served basis, guardians will be able to receive free strollers and some prosthetic and orthopedic products for their wards.
Vouchers for spa treatment
In 2018, the list of benefits for disabled people and their parents included discounts on the purchase of health tours. The standard duration of sanatorium-resort treatment for incompetent minors is 21 days. If a citizen has become disabled due to spinal cord or brain injuries, the duration of therapy increases to 24-42 days.
Free travel on public transport
Minors with disabilities can receive a 50% discount on the cost of travel on water, air, rail, and road intercity transport once a year. A disabled person will be able to ride city buses, minibuses, and trolleybuses for free. A similar right is granted to the parents or official guardians of the minor accompanying him.
Benefits when entering a university or college
If a child with a disability passes the exam well, he is enrolled in an educational institution without competition. He will have to go to school with other students, unless the rules of the institution provide otherwise. The preference is granted once, so the future student is required to weigh all the pros and cons of the chosen organization and evaluate the academic load before submitting documents for admission there. Benefits that you can take advantage of upon admission:
- admission to the faculty without entrance exams;
- when calculating the same number of points, applicants with disabilities are enrolled in the first wave;
- If the exams are passed successfully, the person is accepted according to the existing quota.
Allowance for caring for a disabled child
Guardians of a disabled minor often cannot go to work: they need constant care, which can be provided by a non-working parent or caregiver. There are often not enough funds for professional medical staff, so one of the family members begins to care for the incapacitated person. In order to support such people, the government decided to add a care allowance to the existing benefits. A citizen must apply to the pension fund (PFR) with the following documents:
- a certificate from a socio-medical examination, which is proof of disability;
- written application for benefits;
- a photocopy of a document confirming the identity of the applicant;
- a written statement with consent to provide care for the incapacitated person;
- a certificate from the Pension Fund confirming the absence of additional payments;
- a certificate from the employment center confirming your unemployed status.
The basic benefit amount is 5,500 rubles. According to the schedule, it is paid once a month. If another person is caring for a minor, the state transfers him 1,200 rubles per month. If the baby recovers partially or completely or the parent goes back to work, payments stop. In some regions, benefits are compared with the subsistence level. For example, in Moscow, instead of 5,500 rubles, they pay 12,000 rubles.
Who is eligible to receive
Contact for financial assistance Parents, official guardians and adoptive parents of a disabled person can. The recipient of the benefit must be fully able to work. If he receives a category III disability pension, then he will not be paid a care allowance. Benefits are not provided to grandparents who are the sole guardians of a minor, receive a pension and do not belong to the category of the working population.
One-time cash payment in 2018
The amount of this benefit changes every year in April. Payments are made by the Pension Fund. Considering that children are considered disabled, one of their parents or guardians can collect the payment. According to preliminary forecasts, the amount will be increased by 4%, but the exact percentage for each category of disability will be announced by the Pension Fund of Russia immediately before indexation. When the status of a disabled person changes, the amount of EDV is automatically recalculated.
Benefits for mothers of disabled children
An employer cannot fire a woman who independently cares for a disabled person under 18 years of age. Until the disabled person reaches the age of majority, the mother can apply for up to 4 paid days off every month, regardless of whether she was previously in maternity leave or not. This ordinance is in effect in the city. Residents of villages will be able to receive only 1 unpaid day off. A woman has the right to receive alimony for a disabled person when he reaches 18 years of age, and to spend part of the money from maternity capital on treatment or adaptation of the baby.
Alimony for disabled adult children
Upon divorce, a permanent payment of funds is provided in favor of disabled children who, upon reaching 18 years of age, are assigned category I disability. The amount of alimony is regulated by a joint agreement between the parties or by decision of a judicial authority. Biological parents will not be able to refuse to provide financial assistance to the child. Money is paid in favor of one of the spouses caring for a group I disabled person for the following reasons:
- health problems that prevent a citizen from finding a job;
- lack of opportunities to receive money in other ways.
Maternity capital for social adaptation and integration in society
Benefits for disabled children and their parents in 2018 apply to existing programs to support the population's fertility. Since 2016 the law came into force legal force and it became possible to use money, which is part of maternity capital, for the rehabilitation of minors with disabilities. The parent must first purchase goods or services, saving cash receipts, receipts or payment agreements, and then receive an inspection report of the purchased products from the social security authority. To receive compensation you will need the following documents:
- statement on behalf of the certificate owner;
- SNILS;
- passport of the certificate holder;
- cash/sales receipts and other payment documents confirming the purchase of goods/services;
- individual rehabilitation program (IPRA) for a minor with a disability;
- act of checking purchased goods or services;
- bank account details.
The documents listed above must be taken to the pension fund office at your place of residence. After consideration of the application, funds will be transferred to the account of the certificate holder within 2 months from the date of submission of the application. You can reduce the document verification period to 1 month if you submit an application on the official website of the Pension Fund through your Personal Area.
Benefits for parents of disabled children in 2018
Social assistance can be received not only by a small disabled citizen, but also by his family. In 2018, benefits for disabled people and their parents are provided upon presentation of documents confirming the presence of health problems in the child. They affect the work activity of adults, help solve the housing problem and reduce rent costs.
Labor benefits
Persons raising a disabled minor have the right by law to refuse night shifts, business trips and overtime work. A parent can be fired only if the institution is completely liquidated or if he or she has expressed a desire to change organization. The employee's working hours must be specified in the contract. The government has prepared the following for families with disabilities: labor benefits:
- provision of additional days off (4 days) per month,
- part-time or part-time work;
- impossibility of firing a working mother.
Early retirement
The rights of the parents of an incompetent person are outlined in the legislation of the Russian Federation. According to Article 1 of Federal Law No. 440 “On Insurance Pensions”, persons who have raised a citizen with disabilities since childhood can take advantage of preferential pensions, receiving an allowance for length of service and other labor achievements. One of the parents or adoptive parents will be able to receive old-age payments earlier than the generally established age:
- father after reaching 55 years of age with at least 20 years of official work experience;
- mother after reaching 50 years of age with at least 15 years of official work experience.
There are only 2 decisive factors for early retirement. The first is recognition as a disabled person before the age of 18 or after reaching adulthood with the mark “disabled from childhood.” The length of time you have been on disability does not matter. The second is to raise a child until he reaches 8 years of age. Those parents whose children were assigned disability for 1-2 years, but then it was lifted due to remission of the disease or improvement in the child’s health, can apply for an early pension.
Tax deduction for personal income tax
In 2018, citizens can take advantage of benefits for disabled children and their parents after paying taxes. According to Article No. 27 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, persons raising an incapacitated citizen can receive a tax deduction equal to 12,000 rubles. A similar tax benefit applies to parents whose children are studying full-time at a university until the age of 24 and have a Group I or II disability.
If guardians are involved in raising minors, then the amount of the personal income tax deduction is reduced to 6,000 rubles. The benefit cannot be used if the income of the parent or adoptive parent is more than 350,000 rubles. Only one citizen raising a minor can receive the deduction. Families with several disabled children receive money for each ward.
The right to improve living conditions
Benefits for families with disabled children include receiving housing from the state. Preference is given to adults raising a child with severe chronic diseases and the officially established need to improve living conditions. The area standard is established by the legislation of the region where the family lives. Children with the following ailments can receive an additional 10 m2:
- multiple skin lesions with copious discharge of pus;
- leprosy;
- HIV infection;
- rehabilitation period after bone marrow or internal organ transplantation;
- diseases of the musculoskeletal system with persistent impairment of the functions of the lower extremities or complete absence legs requiring constant use of wheelchairs;
- mental illness (schizophrenia, epilepsy, bipolar disorder individuals, etc.) requiring mandatory dispensary observation;
- severe kidney damage;
- active forms of tuberculosis of any organ;
- tracheostomy temporary or lifelong to eliminate obstruction respiratory tract;
- fecal, urinary and vaginal fistulas;
- lifelong use of a catheter for artificial removal of urine from the body;
- cavities in bladder, uncorrectable surgical urinary incontinence, unnatural anus;
- neuromuscular malformations of the face and skull with impaired breathing, chewing, and swallowing functions;
- damage to the nervous system caused by injuries to the spine/brain, the formation of cavities in spinal cord, vascular sclerosis.
Priority right to receive land
The property issue is very acute for families raising a disabled minor. Even babies with verbal comprehension problems need special care. In order to improve the living conditions of such families, the government has developed a bill allowing them to receive land out of turn. Citizens can use them for building a house or gardening.
Compensation for housing and communal services and major repairs
In 2018, disabled children and their parents will be able to take advantage of benefits when paying for utility bills. At the initiative of the government, such families will be returned 50% of the payment made. When the rate for utilities increases, the amount paid from the budget is automatically indexed. The duration of the compensation period is 12 months, and then you need to submit documents again.
Social support measures for disabled children
Representatives of the administration of different cities of Russia, together with the country's parliament, regularly allocate a certain amount of funds from the budget to provide financial assistance to minor citizens who have received disabilities. Social support measures can be federal and regional. The former operate throughout the country, while the latter are developed for a specific area. Federal social support measures include:
- free visits to kindergartens;
- free meals in schools;
- homeschooling if the minor is unable to attend school;
- priority for available places in kindergartens;
- individual mode passing unified state exams.
Regional benefits for disabled children and their parents in 2018 in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Orenburg, Murmansk and other cities of the Russian Federation. Thanks to them, caregivers will be able to receive free technical rehabilitation equipment, corrective glasses for vision problems, financial assistance for the purchase of children's orthopedic suits, and partially reimburse the cost of purchasing low-protein food products for phenylketonuria.
Video
The Moscow government approved the program “Social support for Moscow residents” for 2012–2016. It was developed by the Department of Social Protection of the Population.
Related materials:
This program is included in the list of the capital government's priority government programs of the city of Moscow for the medium term 2012-2016.
Main goals of the program — mitigation of social inequality in Moscow, reduction of poverty, increase in the level of social support and transition to more targeted assistance.
In recent years, the capital has been growing, 13% of Muscovites today — under 18 years of age. At the same time, as throughout the world, there are more and more unregistered unions and single-parent families. Simultaneously — The share of citizens of retirement age is increasing, and especially rapidly — elderly Muscovites (over 80 years old) who need the most intensive care And .
And although the mortality rate of Muscovites is still slightly ahead of the birth rate, the population of Moscow is growing every year due to large-scale... At the same time, the general standard of living of Muscovites is increasing, which “pulls up” social standards. The changes are, of course, positive, but there is also a downside — social spending the budget constantly has to be increased.
The program “Social support for residents of Moscow” consists of 5 subprograms:
- Social support for families with children.
- Social support for the older generation, WWII veterans, combat veterans and members of their families.”
- Social integration of people with disabilities and the creation of a barrier-free environment for people with disabilities and other groups of the population with limited mobility
- Prevention of social exclusion.
- Modernization and development of the social protection system for the population of Moscow.
The result of the program implementation should be a tangible improvement in the social situation in the capital by 2016, namely:
- 48% with children with incomes below the subsistence level will leave poverty;
- 70% of children 7-17 years old from low-income families will relax in sanatoriums and health camps at the expense of the city budget;
- 100% of children of primary school age will receive free meals in schools;
- Only 3% of pensioners will have incomes below the subsistence level;
- 85% of citizens registered to receive free sanatorium and resort treatment will receive their legal treatment;
- 100% of disabled people who seek help will receive the technical rehabilitation equipment and prosthetic and orthopedic products they need;
- 84% of disabled people with work recommendations will be employed;
- 85% of the city's public buildings will become ;
- 80% of children will be placed in foster care;
- 20% of street children will undergo social rehabilitation.
The main difficulty of social policy in any state — how to help everyone in need and at the same time not encourage dependency and not “waste” the budget on citizens who do not need this help. The “Social Support for Moscow Residents” program provides for a number of measures to make social support more targeted and targeted. In particular:
- More stringent means testing rules will be formulated for those new to the social protection system.
- Recipients of benefits will be required to confirm their income and property status at least once a year.
- Transition to primary support for the family (household), rather than the individual.
- Introduction of social contract technology, providing mutual obligations recipient of assistance and the state. The subject of the contract on the part of the recipient can be positive social changes and their own economic activity.
- Creation special service social district inspectors. The social inspector not only monitors the correctness of the provision of various forms of social support, but also provides support to families in realizing their rights to social protection.
Over five years, funding for the social support program will amount to 2 trillion 100 billion rubles. Funding is evenly divided over 5 years with an annual increase in costs of 5-10%. In 2012, 366 million rubles were allocated for implementation.
Social support for families with children in 2012-2016.
Rosstat has calculated how much budget payments actually help fight poverty. Pilot expert calculations were carried out based on a quarterly survey of 1,400 households. In 2009, before the payment of benefits, the poverty rate among families with children was 19.4%, and after the payment it decreased to 17.4%. Consequently, due to these payments, 1.8% of the total number of families with children came out of poverty. In 2010, due to the payment of benefits to families with children, poverty among them was already reduced by 10%, and by 2016 it is planned to increase this figure to 48%.
This is one of the subprograms of the city program “Social support for Moscow residents.” The main task — reduce the level of poverty in families with children.
From January 1, 2012, the basic monthly benefit for children from 1.5 to 3 years old from low-income families will be 1,600 rubles. For single mothers — 3200 rub. Size monthly payment mothers who have given birth to 10 or more children will increase from 3,000 to 10,000 rubles, and benefits for parents caring for a disabled child or disabled since childhood, — from 5000 to 6000 rubles.
Financial support is also provided for young families, foster parents and foster carers, victims of terrorist attacks and children of military personnel undergoing conscription. Every year all payments will be indexed.
In addition to cash benefits, separate categories families with children in need will receive targeted targeted assistance: free pass, dispensing of medicines, infant formula, free production and repair of dentures, recreation for children in sanatoriums and health camps, reduced payment for housing and utilities.
In 2010, 17.6% of children in Moscow had a per capita income (family income divided by the number of members) below the subsistence level. This share is expected to decrease annually and reach 12%.
One of the areas of the subprogram “Social support for families with children” — improving the health of children from low-income families in camps and sanatoriums. In 2010, 58.4% of children from low-income families aged 7-17 years were restored to health, in 2012 it is planned to send 58% of children on vacation, and by 2016. — reach 70%. Another area of work — free meals for children in educational institutions. Although in the capital, free meals are already organized in 100% of schools, so now the main task — maintain this figure.
Social integration of people with disabilities and the creation of a barrier-free environment for people with disabilities and other groups of the population with limited mobility
The comprehensive target program “Social integration of disabled people in the city of Moscow” for 2011-2013 is perhaps the most detailed subprogram of the program “Social support for residents of the city of Moscow” for 2012-2016, and at the same time — least expensive. Over 5 years, about 149 million rubles will be allocated from the city budget to help disabled people.
Target — ensuring equal opportunities in all spheres of life for other groups of the population with limited mobility.
Certain successes in this field have already been achieved within the framework of the current Comprehensive Target Program “Social Integration of Disabled People and Other Persons with Disabilities in the City of Moscow”, but problems remain.
The main measures of social support for people with disabilities in Moscow:
- Cash payments: additional payments to pensions, compensation payments, one-time financial assistance, etc.
- In-kind assistance: provision of prosthetic products, technical means of rehabilitation for medical reasons, etc.
- A set of measures aimed at expanding opportunities for social integration and creating a barrier-free environment for people with disabilities and other persons with disabilities.
It was the last point that came into the area of special attention among the compilers of the Program “Social Support for Moscow Residents” for 2012-2016. Over five years, 12.5 thousand new jobs will be created for people with disabilities. Thanks to this, the proportion of employed disabled people with work recommendations will increase from 49% to 84%.
26 experimental institutions for the rehabilitation of disabled people will open. As a result, the share of disabled people in the capital covered by the program will reach 90% by 2016. All disabled people who need technical means of rehabilitation will be provided with them.
To improve the quality of life of citizens with limited mobility, Moscow is already working, fulfilling more than 170 thousand requests per year. As part of the Program, it is planned to equip all cars with terminals for using a Muscovite social card.
In addition, by 2016, 100% of educational, social security, cultural, physical education and sports institutions, as well as 86% of healthcare institutions will be fully or partially adapted for people with disabilities. Work will continue to adapt residential buildings and courtyard areas taking into account the needs of people with limited mobility.
It should be noted that a federal program for accessible environment for persons with disabilities. In order to provide disabled people with the opportunity to lead an independent lifestyle, the state program provides for measures to provide disabled people with access to engineering and transport infrastructure, healthcare, cultural and art institutions, etc.
Social support for the older generation, WWII veterans, combat veterans and members of their families
On November 29, 2011, the head of the capital's department of economic policy and development, Marina Ogloblina, said at a meeting of the city government, as reported by RIA Novosti, that by 2014 the Moscow authorities plan to increase the amount of funds for social support of residents to 383 billion rubles. She clarified that social support will be provided to families with minor children, pensioners, disabled people, as well as young people and students. In particular, the number of pensioners who will use sanatorium-resort treatment will increase to 80%. She also added that by 2016 it is planned to create 12.5 thousand additional jobs for people with disabilities.
This is the second subprogram of the comprehensive social protection program for the capital’s residents for 2012-2016. Main goals — improving the well-being of pensioners and increasing the coverage of older citizens with social services.
As the authors of the program note, a large-scale program has already been formed in Moscow social payments for , now on the agenda — the problem of the effectiveness of such payments. One of the solutions — improving the means testing procedure for recipients.
In any case, all existing cash payments to pensioners will remain and will be indexed every year. And these are: monthly city supplements to pensions, compensation payments to veterans and one-time payments dedicated to significant dates, as well as targeted material and natural help.
From January 1, 2012, the minimum pension for a Muscovite will be 12 thousand rubles, 1 million will receive this amount. 800 thousand people. Everything will be saved existing benefits for pensioners: free travel on city passenger and suburban railway transport, free and reduced-price prescription medications, benefits for housing and communal services, etc.
According to the compilers of the agram “Social support for residents of the city of Moscow,” the system of benefits and benefits for older people is well developed in the capital, but there is a shortage of social services for older citizens. And the authorities will be especially active in filling this gap.
Particularly for singles elderly people a panic button system is being introduced — organization of emergency care through social protection, health care institutions, etc. Medical and social patronage, a system of social caregivers, and others for older people are being developed. For “younger” pensioners, educational programs, assistance in finding employment, and social tourism are provided. The number of free sanatorium vouchers for beneficiaries will increase. Currently, 75% of citizens entitled to preferential spa services, get it. By 2016 this figure will increase to 85%.
Special attention will be allocated to WWII veterans, of whom there are now 200 thousand people in Moscow. It is planned to conduct a systematic individual work with every veteran, providing comprehensive assistance and social support. The subprogram “Social support for the older generation, WWII veterans, combat veterans and members of their families” promises that by 2016 the needs of veterans for social services and assistance will be met 100%. (Note that no such task is set for the rest of Moscow’s pensioners.)
Prevention of social exclusion
This is the largest subprogram of the city program “Social support for Moscow residents” for 2012-2016. Especially judging by the volume of funding: over 5 years it is planned to spend almost 2 trillion rubles on the prevention of social exclusion of Muscovites.
Purpose of the subroutine — overcoming homelessness, vagrancy and begging, extreme forms of poverty and social vulnerability. One of the new directions for social policy in Moscow — resocialization of citizens released from prison. the main task — to prevent a sharp decline in the standard of living of citizens at risk and turning them into marginalized people.
Another important area of work is improving the epizootic and veterinary-sanitary situation in the city, reducing the risk of people becoming infected with diseases common to humans and animals, and preventing the spread of infectious diseases, including those dangerous to humans.
The main measures provided for by the subprogram “Prevention of social exclusion” :
- Encouraging the placement of orphans in families. Now this has been declared a priority in the education of those left without parental care. The share of “attached” children should grow in 5 years from 73% to 80% of the total number of children living in orphanages.
- Social support for families with orphans and children left without parental care. The main task is to prevent repeated refusals, which often happens in families. Particular attention will be paid to guardian families during the period when the ward enters the most difficult age, adolescence. Today, only 8.5% of families who have adopted or taken guardianship of a child are covered by “social support” measures. By 2016, this share is planned to increase to 80%, and by 2010 — up to 100%.
- Social rehabilitation of neglected and street children. At the federal level, the task of eliminating the problem of homelessness and neglect has been set. “For Moscow, which is particularly attractive for this category of children, activities aimed at overcoming and socially supporting these marginal behavior patterns acquire special significance,” the program emphasizes. However, the authors of the Program do not count on serious success. The share of neglected and street children who have undergone rehabilitation will be less than 20% even by 2016.
- Living arrangements for homeless citizens.“Marginal individuals” not only themselves suffer from illnesses and difficult living conditions, but also spoil the image of Moscow, including in the eyes of potential foreign investors. The presence of effective mechanisms for preventing this phenomenon is considered by investors as a criterion for the attractiveness of a city, the authors of the Program note.
You cannot help a person who does not want it himself. Therefore, it is impossible to arrange the lives of all homeless people — Most homeless people simply don’t want to change anything in their lives. Therefore, the “Social Support for Moscow Residents” program is focused only on those homeless people who contacted social institutions for help. It is expected that 30% of them will and will receive assistance in finding housing.
In addition to the listed measures, which are discussed in the subprogram “Prevention of social exclusion” and Vaccination. Prevention of the most serious diseases that are dangerous to humans. This will be handled by specialists from the State Veterinary Service. Russian Federation, as well as veterinary personnel of non-state veterinary clinics(based on agreements with hot water supply). In particular, the State Veterinary Service provides free vaccination against rabies free of charge, for which special on-site vaccination points are organized.
Other therapeutic, disinfection, pest control and deratization measures will also be carried out. The goal is to increase the percentage of animals covered preventive measures, to the total number of “owners”.
Legal sciences
Keywords: SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIAL SECURITY; FAMILY; DISABLED CHILDREN; GUARANTEES; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIAL SECURITY; FAMILY; CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES; GUARANTEES.
Annotation: The article examines state social policy to support families with children with disabilities. The basic guarantees that the state provides to such families have been studied.
Today, children with disabilities form a special socio-demographic group. They are united by common requests, needs and interests, the implementation of which allows them to integrate most fully into public life.
In most cases, the level of material security in families with such a child is much lower than in other families. The reasons are different, for example, it may be due to a shortened working day, a change of job, and often due to a loss of wages.
State social policy provides various guarantees to support children and help them overcome the difficulties they encounter every day. These guarantees are implemented through the system of social security and social services for families with children with disabled status.
For example, at the federal level, disabled children have the right to a social pension. From April 1, 2016, the amount is 11,903.51 rubles. It is important to note that pension payments are subject to indexation at least once a year (annually from April 1).
From 02/01/2016, after the next indexation, the maximum monthly payment for a child with a disability is 2,397.59 rubles. Minimum size EDV when receiving NSO in kind is 1,402.36 rubles.
A range of special services includes the provision of prescription drugs, medicines, medicinal food products for children, which is 766.55 rubles.
However, it is no secret that the real cost of purchased drugs and medicinal products nutrition for illnesses is much higher than the established monetary amount.
The provision of social services in terms of providing disabled children with vouchers to Spa treatment, and the funds for a voucher for sanatorium treatment are 118.59 rubles.
The state provides such payment as free travel on suburban railway transport, as well as intercity transport to the place of treatment and home, amounting to only 110.09.
It is important to note that providing the most basic needs of a disabled child, taking into account his existing health problems, requires greater material costs than maintaining and raising healthy children. The consumption basket of a disabled child is much more expensive than that of his healthy peer.
From the above data it is absolutely clear that the standard of living of families with disabled children is much lower. A significant number of families in this category live below the subsistence level. By virtue of various reasons, including material difficulties, they cannot provide for their children quality treatment, decent level of education. Paid pensions and benefits are not able to fully cover all the necessary costs of caring for a child.
State social policy regarding children with disabilities is still based on the priority of “extraction” from family and society, and detention in closed inpatient institutions. The state continues to allocate much more funds to boarding schools than to support families with disabled children. So average cost maintaining a child in a boarding school is 5-7 times higher than the total pensions and benefits paid to a disabled child raised in a family.
Thus, today the situation of state social support for disabled children in our country is not at a high enough level. To change the current situation, funding alone is not enough; the personal qualities of people working with children with disabilities play an important role. However, not only the state and society, but also disabled people themselves must take the initiative. Creating public organizations, movements, they thereby declare the opportunity to lead an active lifestyle, despite limited opportunities, help other people with disabilities to self-realize and develop their potential.
Bibliography
- On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of November 24, 1995 N 181-FZ: as amended. Feder. Law of July 24, 2009 // SZ RF. 1995. No. 48.
- On state social assistance: Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ: as amended. Feder. Law of November 28, 2015, as amended. from December 29, 2015 // Ross. gas. - 2009. - December 28.
- On state pension provision in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of December 15, 2001 No. 166-FZ: as amended. Feder. Law of July 21, 2014 // Ros.gaz. – 2001. – No. 247.
- On observance of the rights of children with disabilities in the Russian Federation: Special report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation. - M.: 2006. - P. 11.
- Gerasimov V.N. Legal and social support for families with disabled children // Social and pension law. 2011. - No. 3. - P. 27 - 30.
Problems of families with children with disabilities. Main areas of work with families. Social protection and rehabilitation of disabled children. A system of social assistance for families with a child with disabilities.
Introduction
A family with a disabled child is a family with a special status, the characteristics and problems of which are determined not only by the personal characteristics of all its members and the nature of the relationship between them, but by greater preoccupation with solving the child’s problems, the family’s closeness to the outside world, a lack of communication, and the frequent absence of work from mother, but most importantly - the specific position in the family of a disabled child, which is determined by his illness.
The family, as is known, is the least restrictive, most gentle type of social environment for a child. However, a situation where there is a disabled child in a family may influence the creation of a more rigid environment necessary for family members to perform their functions. Moreover, it is likely that the presence of a child with developmental disabilities, coupled with other factors, can change the family’s self-determination and reduce opportunities for income, recreation, and social activity.
Young children with developmental disabilities do not live in isolation. The family, being their primary social environment, is itself immersed in a broader social context.
The ecological model includes the individual parameters of the organism and the characteristics of the environment, together with social and psychological characteristics, into a single system. The systemic-ecological approach allows us to assess the family’s ability to perform rehabilitation functions, and, on the other hand, to understand that not everything will depend only on the family.
The purpose of this course work is to consider social work with families raising children with disabilities.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:
Show the problems of families with children with disabilities;
Consider social protection of disabled children;
Describe the system of social assistance to families with a child with disabilities;
Reveal the tasks of family education where there are disabled children.
The object of the study is the problems of families with disabled children.
The subject is the main directions of social work with families with disabled children
Hypothesis: The problem of childhood disability is relevant all over the world. The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities (LD) is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, and career guidance. When there is a disabled child in a family, it can influence the creation of a more rigid environment necessary for family members to perform their functions.
In this course work, the works of Antonova A.I., Oliferenko L.Ya., Shulga T.I., Kholostova E.I. and others were used, which discuss the problems of families with children with disabilities, the main directions of families with disabled children , a system of social assistance to families with a child with disabilities.
Chapter I. Problems of families with children with disabilities.
1.1. Causes leading to disability.
According to Federal law RF “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1995 No. 181 “A disabled person is a person who has a health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by a disease, the consequence of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life activity and necessitating his social protection "
“Limitation of life activity is the complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to provide self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one’s behavior, learn and engage in work,” this law explains.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated July 4, 1991 No. 117 “On the procedure for issuing medical report for disabled children" disabled children include children who have "... significant limitations in their life activities, leading to social maladjustment, due to a violation of the child’s development and growth, his ability to self-care, movement, orientation, control of his behavior, learning, communication, play and work activities in the future.”
This definition follows from modern concept World Health Organization: the reason for assigning disability is the consequences of illness, injury, manifested in the form of a violation of one or another psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or functions leading to limitation of life activity and social maladjustment. Russian encyclopedia of social work. - M., 1997. - T. 2.
Social maladaptation is a violation of an individual’s adaptation to a changed social environment, in relation to disabled children - as a result of social failure or social dysfunction. This is a disability in which the child can perform only limited or cannot perform a role that is completely normal for his situation in life and in society, depending on age, gender, social and cultural status (in accordance with the nomenclature of social disability, Section IV of the International Guidelines on assessing the consequences of disease, WHO, Geneva 1989):
limited physical independence (inability to behave independently with another person);
limitation of mobility (move in time and space);
limited ability to engage in normal activities;
limited ability to receive education and engage in professional activities;
limited ability to integrate into society, not participating in all types of daily activities on an equal basis with peers.
Impaired ability to carry out a particular activity may be from birth or acquired later, and may be temporary or permanent.
A feature of modern childhood pathology is the increased frequency of transition acute forms diseases into recurrent and chronic ones, as well as an increase in chronic pathology of internal organs.
In developed countries, the rate of childhood disability is 250 cases per 10,000 children and tends to increase. According to WHO, people with disabilities make up 10% of the world's population, of which 120 million are children and adolescents. The number of disabled children in the Russian Federation at the beginning of 1998 amounted to 563.7 thousand and continues to increase (of which 57.7% are boys, 42.3% are girls). According to the 2000 state report “On the situation of children in the Russian Federation”, the largest group is children 10-14 years old (47.1%), the second largest group is children 5-9 years old (29.4%) and children of age family has a disabled child, can influence the creation of a more rigid environment necessary for family members to perform their functions. Btu up to 4 years (14%).
Disabled children in the Russian Federation make up more than 12% of the total number of all disabled people registered for the first time with social protection authorities, among disabled people under 39 years old - 55.6%.
Due to the great significance of this problem, the UN General Assembly in 1982 adopted the World Program of Action to assist “disabled persons” (i.e. those with disabilities and social functions), in which an important place is given to health prevention, starting from an early age. The Assembly declared 1983-1992. decade of disabled people, December 5 became World Day of Persons with Disabilities, drawing the attention of the world community to this problem.
The word “disabled” translated from English means sick, inferior, incapacitated, from Latin - “helpless”. Currently, the opposite point of view is gradually being established: a disabled person is a person who has certain limitations in his capabilities, who can actively participate in all spheres of social activity, should have equal rights and opportunities with other members of society. This was facilitated by the political movement around the world for the independence of people with disabilities since 1962 as a minority whose rights and responsibilities are infringed upon and limited. In Russia there is also a growing social movement of people with disabilities to defend their rights to freedom of choice, self-determination and open access to participation in all spheres of society. Fundamentals of social work. - M., 1998. p. 109
This approach must be taken into account when organizing social work, which should be aimed at self-determination of a person with disabilities (LD) and the desire to manage his own life situations. Since 1996, after passing a medical and social examination, children are assigned the status of a disabled child and given a medical and social conclusion (form No. 080-u-96, approved by order of the Ministry of Health and
MPRF No. 95 of March 18, 1996). The structure of childhood disability is dominated by: psychoneurological diseases (more than 60%) - mental retardation and other mental illnesses; diseases of the nervous system (cerebral palsy, other organic damage to the central and peripheral nervous system). Recently, according to the 1997 state report “On the situation of children in the Russian Federation,” there has been an increase in congenital deformities and diseases of internal organs (up to 20%), diseases of the musculoskeletal system (9-10%), visual and hearing impairments (17%).
Every tenth disabled person has a complete or partial inability to independent activity, severity of disorders and limitation of social functions.
Neurological delay problems require serious attention mental development children under 1 year of age (risk group for the development of cerebral palsy); delay mental development, which in 30-40% of cases subsequently leads to failure at school, decreased ability to work, and ineligibility for military service.
Numerous studies show that the leading unfavorable factors contributing to the development of complications of pregnancy and childbirth, miscarriage, miscarriages, asphyxia and birth trauma, perinatal encephalopathy, etc. are: ecology (high level of radiation, chemical substances, including salt heavy metals, nitrates), noise, vibration, physical radiation; harmful effects production factors, which contribute to the formation of congenital malformations and intrauterine fetal death. From 1995 to 1997, the share of women employed in jobs with harmful and difficult working conditions has not decreased (from the 1997 state report “On the situation of children in the Russian Federation”).
Poor nutrition of a pregnant woman, high consumption of animal fats, lack of calcium and a number of vitamins (folic acid, thiamine, riboflavin) leads to the birth of children with low body weight.
Neuro-emotional and physical stress is of great importance for normal pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child.
There is an increase in hereditary and congenital pathology. Every year about 30 thousand such children are born in the Russian Federation (according to: “Problems of family and childhood in modern Russia“-children’s injuries are growing, the level of morbidity among parents, especially mothers, is high. Vasilkava Yu.V., Vasilkova T.A. Social pedagogy. M., 2000. p. 65
1.2. Main directions for families with disabled children.
The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities (LD) is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, and career guidance.
Material, financial, and housing problems increase with the birth of a child with disabilities. Housing is usually not suitable for a disabled child, every 3rd family has about 6 m2 of usable space per family member, rarely a separate room or special devices for the child.
In such families, problems arise related to the purchase of food, clothing and shoes, the simplest furniture, items household appliances: refrigerator, TV. Families do not have what is absolutely necessary to care for a child: transport, summer cottages, garden plots, telephone.
Services for a child with OB in such families are mainly paid (treatment, expensive medications, medical procedures, massage, sanatorium-type vouchers, necessary devices and equipment, training, surgical interventions, orthopedic shoes, glasses, hearing aids, wheelchairs, beds, etc.). d.). All this requires a lot of money, and the income in these families consists of the father’s earnings and child disability benefits.
The analysis showed that among families with children with disabilities, the largest percentage are single-parent families. 15% of parents divorced due to the birth of a disabled child; the mother has no prospect of remarriage. Therefore, the problems of an incomplete family are added to the problems of the family of a child with disabilities. Problems of family and childhood in modern Russia: Materials of a scientific and practical conference: Ulyanovsk, December 1991, part 2. - M., 1992.
Psychological problems. The psychological climate in the family depends on interpersonal relationships, the moral and psychological resources of parents and relatives, as well as on the material and living conditions of the family, which determines the conditions of education, training and medical care. social rehabilitation.
There are 3 types of families based on the reaction of parents to the appearance of a disabled child: with a passive reaction associated with a misunderstanding of the existing problem; with a hyperactive reaction, when parents intensively treat, find “luminary doctors”, expensive medications, leading clinics, etc.; with an average rational position: consistent implementation of all instructions, advice from doctors, psychologists.
In his work, a social worker must rely on the positions of the 3rd type of family.
The appearance of a child with disabilities in a family is always a severe psychological stress for all family members. Often family relationships weaken, constant anxiety about a sick child, a feeling of confusion, depression are the causes of family breakdown, and only in a small percentage of cases does the family unite.
The father in a family with a sick child is the only breadwinner. Having a specialty and education, due to the need to earn more money, he becomes a worker, seeks secondary income and has practically no time to take care of his child. Therefore, caring for the child falls on the mother. As a rule, she loses her job or is forced to work at night (usually home-based work). Caring for the child takes up all of her time, and her social circle is sharply narrowed. If treatment and rehabilitation are futile, then constant anxiety and psycho-emotional stress can lead the mother to irritation and a state of depression. Often older children, rarely grandmothers, and other relatives help the mother in caring. The situation is more difficult if there are two children with disabilities in the family.
Having a disabled child negatively affects other children in the family. They receive less attention, opportunities for cultural leisure are reduced, they study worse, and get sick more often due to parental neglect.
Psychological tension in such families is supported by psychological oppression of children due to negative attitude those around them to their family; they rarely communicate with children from other families. Not all children are able to correctly assess and understand the attention of parents to a sick child, their constant fatigue in an oppressed, constantly anxious family climate. Methods and technologies of work of a social teacher / Ed. M. A. Galaguzova, L. V. Mardakhaeva. - M., 2002. p.115
Often such a family experiences negative attitude from others, especially neighbors who are irritated by the uncomfortable conditions of existence nearby (disturbance of peace and quiet, especially if the disabled child has mental retardation or his behavior negatively affects the health of the child’s environment). People around them often shy away from communication, and children with disabilities have virtually no opportunity for full-fledged social contacts, a sufficient circle of communication, especially with healthy peers. Existing social derivation can lead to personality disorders (for example, emotional-volitional sphere, etc.), intellectual delay, especially if the child is poorly adapted to life’s difficulties, social maladjustment, even greater isolation, developmental deficiencies, including communication disorders opportunities, which creates an inadequate understanding of the world around us. This has a particularly difficult impact on children with disabilities brought up in boarding schools.
Society does not always correctly understand the problems of such families, and only a small percentage of them feel the support of others. In this regard, parents do not take children with disabilities to the theater, cinema, entertainment events, etc., thereby dooming them from birth to complete isolation from society. Recently, parents with similar problems have been establishing contacts with each other.
Parents try to raise their child, avoiding his neuroticism, egocentrism, social and mental infantilism, giving him appropriate training and career guidance for subsequent work. This depends on the availability of pedagogical, psychological, medical knowledge parents, because in order to identify and evaluate the child’s inclinations, his attitude towards his defect, his reaction to the attitude of others, to help him adapt socially, to achieve maximum self-realization, special knowledge is needed. Most parents note their inadequacy in raising a child with disabilities; there is a lack of accessible literature, sufficient information, and medical and social workers. Almost all families have no information about the professional restrictions associated with the child’s illness, or about the choice of profession recommended for a patient with such a pathology. Children with disabilities are educated in regular schools, at home, in specialized boarding schools according to various programs (general education school, specialized, recommended for a given disease, auxiliary), but they all require individual approach.
Medical and social problems. Medical and social care in our country has deteriorated sharply due to changes in the socio-economic situation. Medical and social rehabilitation of children with disabilities should be early, stage-by-stage, long-term, comprehensive, including medical, psychological, pedagogical, professional, social, domestic, legal and other programs, taking into account an individual approach to each child. The main thing is to teach the child motor and social skills so that in the future he can get an education and work independently.
There is no reliable special registration of children with disabilities either in state social security agencies or in the society of disabled people. There is no coordination in the activities of various organizations related to medical and social support for such families. There is insufficient information work to promote the goals, objectives, benefits, and legislation related to medical and social rehabilitation. All social work is focused on the child and does not take into account the characteristics of families, and the participation of the family in medical and social work is decisive along with specialized treatment.
Sometimes treatment and social assistance are carried out late due to late diagnosis. Most often, the diagnosis is made at 1 or 2 - 3 years of life; only in 9.3% (out of 243 families), the diagnosis was made immediately after birth, at the age of 7 days (severe central nervous system lesions and congenital malformations). Oliferenko L.Ya., Shulga T.I., Dementieva I.F. Social and pedagogical support for children at risk. - M., 2002. p. 99-105
Dispensary medical care does not provide for a clearly established stage (according to indications) - inpatient, outpatient, sanatorium. This principle can be seen mainly for young children.
Particularly low outpatient health care. It appears mainly when acute diseases and unsatisfactory profile in case of disability. Examination of children by specialized specialists, massage, physical therapy, physiotherapy are at a low level; the nutritionist does not solve nutritional issues during severe forms diabetes, kidney diseases. There is an insufficient supply of medications, exercise equipment, wheelchairs, hearing aids, prostheses, and orthopedic shoes.
When considering family planning, only a few parents decide to give birth again after having a child with disabilities.
Many socio-medical, psychological and pedagogical problems remain unresolved, including unsatisfactory equipment medical institutions modern diagnostic equipment, an insufficiently developed network of rehabilitation treatment institutions, “weak” services for medical-psychological-social work and medical-social examination of disabled children; difficulty in obtaining a profession and employment, the lack of mass production of technical means for training, movement, and everyday self-service in children's boarding schools and home environments.
The government measures of demographic policy and assistance to families with children, including children with disabilities, carried out in Russia are fragmented, ineffective and do not take families into account as a whole.
1.3. Social protection of disabled children
Institutions serving disabled children. Disabled children are served by institutions of three departments. Children under 4 years of age with damage to the musculoskeletal system and decreased mental development are placed in specialized children's homes of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, where they receive care and treatment. Children with mildly expressed anomalies of physical and mental development are educated in specialized boarding schools of the Ministry of General and vocational education RF. Children aged 4 to 18 years with more profound psychosomatic disorders live in boarding homes of the social protection system. There are 30 thousand children with severe mental and physical disabilities in 158 orphanages, half of them are orphans. Selection for these institutions is carried out by medical and pedagogical commissions (psychiatrists, speech pathologists, speech therapists, representatives of social protection of the population), examining the child and establishing the degree of the disease, then drawing up documentation. As of January 1, 1994, there were 31,907 children in 150 orphanages; They were trained in self-service and labor skills according to specially developed programs from the age of 12. Having mastered some professional skills (seamstress, carpenter, nurse-cleaner, janitor, loader, etc.), they received pediatric, neurological, and psychiatric care.
Children who cannot care for themselves are in specialized boarding homes of the social protection system and need care. There are only 6 such institutions in Russia, where as of January 1, 1994 there were 506 children from 6 to 18 years old.
Medical rehabilitation leaves much to be desired. In rehabilitation institutions, children are educated according to the general education school program. In accordance with the federal target program “Disabled Children” and the presidential program “Children of Russia”, territorial rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities and territorial centers for social protection of families and children are being created.
In 1997, the system of social protection organizations operated 150 specialized centers, where there were 30 thousand children with severe mental and physical disabilities and 95 rehabilitation departments for children and adolescents with disabilities. 34.7% of these institutions are engaged in the rehabilitation of children with childhood disabilities cerebral palsy; 21.5% - with mental and mental development disorders; 20% - with somatic pathology; 9.6% - with visual impairment; 14.1% - with hearing impairment. On the situation of children in the Russian Federation: State report. - Kaluga, 1997. p. 45-48.
The federal target program “Disabled Children,” which is part of the presidential program “Children of Russia,” provides for a comprehensive solution to the problems of children with developmental disabilities. It has the following objectives: prevention of childhood disability (providing relevant literature, diagnostic tools); screening test of newborns for phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, audiological screening, improvement of rehabilitation (development of rehabilitation centers); providing children with technical means for household self-service; strengthening personnel with systematic advanced training, strengthening the material and technical base (construction of boarding houses, rehabilitation centers, providing them with equipment, transport), creation of cultural and sports bases.
In 1997, in 70 regions of the Russian Federation there were regional programs. In a number of regions, quota jobs were created for women raising disabled children (Astrakhan, Kursk); in Moscow, jobs were created for disabled teenagers (vocational education in 13 specialties), etc.
Recently, the level of material and technical base of orphanages has decreased due to lack of funding, and the construction of new orphanages has been suspended.
Chapter II. Social rehabilitation of disabled children.
2.1 System of social assistance to families with a child with disabilities.
A social worker is a link between the family of a child with disabilities and the subjects of family policy (government bodies, labor collectives, public, socio-political, religious organizations, trade unions, social movements). The functions of a social worker include organizing legal, medical, psychological, pedagogical, material and other assistance, as well as stimulating the family’s efforts to gain economic independence in a market economy.
A psychologist is engaged in diagnosing problems of the psychological climate in the family, counseling and correcting the psychological state and behavior of family members, analyzing the situation around the family, and, if necessary, working with others.
Public education authorities provide education for the child (drawing up and correcting individual programs, quality analysis, organizing the child’s communication with peers), are involved in placing other children in child care institutions, special kindergartens, as well as issues of career guidance, employment, registration in specialized institutions.
Health authorities register and compile characteristics of the family, taking into account all its members; are engaged in dispensary observation, recommendations on career guidance and employment, sanatorium treatment, paperwork, medical equipment, registration in specialized institutions, rehabilitation. Fundamentals of social work. - M., 1998. p. 66.
Social protection authorities make changes and additions to social security, provide benefits and services, organize material and other types of assistance, sanatorium treatment, adjustments to actions, registration in specialized institutions. Social protection bodies consist of: employment center (employment of mother and father); enterprises organizing work from home; career guidance center (career guidance for a child with disabilities).
The lawyer provides advice on legislation and legal issues, family rights, benefits, violation of rights, legal protection, employment issues and organization of family businesses.
Charitable organizations, including the Red Cross Society - material, in-kind assistance, organization of communication; trade organizations - supply of food, children's goods, furniture, appliances, books, etc.
City and district executive authorities are involved in organizing family enterprises, family businesses, and rehabilitation centers.
Neighbors partially solve problems of public opinion, communication, and provide assistance.
Trade unions and travel agencies organize vacations and provide financial assistance.
Similar families often form associations with similar families to solve problems together.
Enterprises of working parents provide financial support, improve housing if possible, organize part-time work, part-time work for working mothers, home work, protection from dismissal, and provide vacation benefits.
Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ defines the main benefits and benefits for disabled people and families with disabled children.
Depending on the degree of impairment of body functions and limitations in life activity, persons recognized as disabled are assigned a disability group, and persons under 18 years of age are assigned the category “disabled child.”
Main benefits and advantages:
Free provision of medications prescribed by doctors;
free sanatorium-resort treatment (a second voucher is provided to the accompanying person);
disabled children, their parents, guardians, trustees and social workers caring for them enjoy the right to free travel on all types of public transport, urban and suburban transport. In this case, for disabled children, the basis for granting this right is a certificate confirming the fact of the establishment of disability, issued by the institution of the state medical and social examination service, the form of which is approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of September 18, 1996 No. 230, or a VTEC certificate and, in addition In addition, for disabled children under the age of 18, a medical or medical-social certificate for the child issued by a state or municipal medical preventive institution healthcare. Parents of disabled children enjoy this right on the basis of the child’s documents establishing disability. Social protection authorities at their place of residence must issue parents, guardians, trustees and social workers with a certificate of entitlement to this benefit;
50% discount on fares on intercity lines by air, rail, river and road transport from October 1 to May 15 (without limit on the number of trips). Persons accompanying a disabled child purchase tickets with the specified discount based on a certificate from disabled children for each specific trip during a given period;
50% discount on travel costs once a year (round trip) from May 16 to September 30, as well as free travel once a year to and from the place of treatment. The basis for the provision of this benefit are sheets of coupons issued by social security authorities at the place of residence;
according to Art. 17 of this Law, disabled people and families with disabled children in need of improved housing conditions are registered and provided with living quarters. Families with disabled children are provided with a discount of at least 30% on rent (in houses of state, municipal and public housing stock) and payment for utilities (regardless of the ownership of the housing stock), and in residential buildings that do not have central heating, by the cost of fuel purchased within the limits established for sale to the public;
according to Art. 18 of this Law, educational institutions, together with social protection authorities and health authorities, provide pre-school, school, out-of-school education and education for disabled children, secondary and higher vocational education in accordance with the rehabilitation program for disabled people.
According to the explanation of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation dated July 19, 1995 No. 2/48 “On the procedure for providing and paying 4 additional days off per month to one of the working parents (guardian, trustee) for caring for disabled children under the age of 18 years old", 4 additional paid days off for caring for disabled children are provided per calendar month to one of the working parents (guardian, trustee) upon his application and are issued by order (instruction) of the administration of the organization on the basis of a certificate from the social protection authorities confirming the child’s disability indicating that the child is not kept in a special children's institution, owned by any department with full state support. The working parent also provides a certificate from the other parent’s place of work stating that at the time of application they have not used additional paid days off in this calendar month. In cases where one of the working parents has partially used the specified additional days off in a calendar month, the other working parent is provided with the remaining additional paid days off in the same calendar month. The specified certificates are provided from social security authorities annually, from the place of work of the other parent - when applying for additional paid days off. The summation of additional paid days off provided for caring for disabled children over two or more months is not allowed. Domestic journal of social work. M., 2004. No. 3. With. 60-65
2.2. Tasks of family education with disabled children.
It is impossible to study a child with disabilities in isolation from the family, and therefore it is necessary to perceive all types of roles and interpersonal relationships in the connection “child - mother - family” (mother - father, mother - disabled child, mother - healthy child, father - disabled child, father - healthy child, disabled child - healthy child). This microsystem is in constant interaction with other microsystems (health workers, neighbors and friends, educators, teachers, etc.).
The microsystem operates in the context of an ecosystem - these are individuals, services and organizations that actively interact with the family, special rehabilitation or educational programs. Significant social, psychological and practical assistance can be provided to families of disabled children by support groups. Such groups can protect the rights of families, influencing social policy and introducing constructive initiatives into government structures. Associations of parents of children with disabilities not only have great importance in family support - they are increasingly initiating new forms, types and technologies of rehabilitation work and assistance to children.
The ecosystem includes those institutions in which the family may not be directly involved, but which can indirectly influence the family: the media; health care system; social security system; education system.
The macrosystem covers sociocultural, socioeconomic and political factors. This is also the influence of the wider social environment on the formation of the point of view from which family members look at their child’s disability. This is both the character and level of resources of the family. This is the state of the economy and the political atmosphere of the region or country as a whole, influencing the content and quality of programs adopted in the interests of people with disabilities and their families.
Thus, efforts should be aimed at the social rehabilitation of the family, and, on the other hand, it is necessary to create conditions to support the initiative of the family itself in the rehabilitation of a child with disabilities. It is in the family that the social role that he will demonstrate is formed, and this can be the role of a sick person, the role of a healthy person (leading to denial of the fact of his disability). Both roles are negative. WITH psychological point vision, only in the family can the only correct attitude be developed - to adequately consider mental or physical deviations in the development of the child.
To summarize what has been said, we can conclude that the initiative for the rehabilitation of a child in the family must coincide with the initiative for the rehabilitation of the family itself. And here the role of public associations of disabled people and parents of disabled children is invaluable. Antonov A.I. Family - what it is and where it is going // Family in Russia. - 1999. - No. 1-2. - P. 30-53.
The second point of application of social work for the rehabilitation of a child with disabilities and a family is the integration of top-down and bottom-up rehabilitation programs. What it is? The top-down program is planned, organized and controlled primarily by the state, and is focused on long-term performance and the entire population and often does not take into account a specific family. Bottom-up rehabilitation initiatives due to financial difficulties and lack of methodology do not find support in best case scenario boil down to the organization of another departmental institution that solves some particular problem.
The lack of a national approach to family rehabilitation does not stimulate the interest of local authorities in developing the technology of social work with disabled children and their parents.
From all of the above, specific tasks of rehabilitation specialists, social workers and representatives of public associations follow. These are: turning the family into a rehabilitation institution; rehabilitation of the family itself; linking upward and downward initiatives. Simply put, it is a concern for the rights of people with disabilities; providing specific assistance to a disabled person and his family; taking part in the development of social security programs; stimulating family efforts to rehabilitate a disabled child; integration of a disabled person and his family into the life of the local community.
"Generalized" psychological picture Parents of disabled children are characterized by expressed concern, high levels of anxiety, weakness, fragility of emotional structures, social timidity, and suspicion. On their own initiative, parents rarely come into contact with strangers and are wary of anyone who tries to communicate with their children. The pity or surprise of others at the sight of their sick child contributes to the fact that parents begin to hide the child from prying eyes: they try not to be with them in public places, thereby further contributing to the child’s social maladjustment. In such families, a sick child becomes the cause of family conflicts, often leading to destabilization of family relationships, family breakdown, and an incomplete family is a brake on the physical and mental development of the child. Some parents perceive a child’s defect as their own inferiority, inferiority, which is suppressed in the form of experiencing an acute sense of guilt, guilt towards the child and the people around them.
As the child grows up, the problems do not decrease; they acquire a social connotation. Surveys of parents show that if the concerns and problems of the parents of a preschool child are related to his behavior, sleep, walking and providing general care for him, then the problems of the future child, his professional identity and his relationships with others arise in full force.
The situation in the family with the appearance of a child with disabilities is also aggravated due to difficulties material order: there is a need to provide paid care, medical consultations, purchase of medications, additional nutrition, and rehabilitation equipment.
Summarizing the above, it can be argued that a child’s defect or limitation in development has two levels of compensation, which are implemented in accordance with the solution of certain problems of a family with a child with disabilities: high - with active overcoming and low, consisting of adaptation to it ( to the defect).
Raising a child in accordance with the first strategy ensures the satisfaction of the child’s needs for recognition and independence, and does not limit him in communication and interaction with other children and adults.
If the second strategy is chosen, then the child is instilled with a specific status, which becomes an organizing factor in the entire life of the family. The role of a sick or disabled person satisfies the child’s need for recognition, love, care, but significantly limits his independence and the development of abilities to social adaptation. In this regard, experts identify several special types of family education. Most often, in families where children with disabilities live, there is a parenting style known as overprotection, which manifests itself in excessive care for the sick child, in devotion to him, which leads to the formation of egocentric attitudes in the child and negatively affects his initiative. , sense of responsibility and duty. Contact with others is disrupted, which affects the child’s subsequent adaptation to society. In 50% of cases, parents lack confidence in their abilities and educational capabilities, and they follow the desires and needs of their child. It is with regret that we have to state the fact that “overprotection leads to the emergence of learned helplessness.” A reference manual for social work. - M., 1997
Less common, but emotional rejection of a sick child is observed. Parents, misunderstanding the current situation, try to compensate for their negative or passive attitude towards the child by emphasizing concern for his health and material well-being. In these families there is no close emotional contact between parents and children. Parents often blame doctors for the occurrence and incurability of a child’s disease.
A favorable type of family education is considered to be “acceptance and love,” where parents help the child in matters that are important to him, encourage, punish, and approve of the child’s independence. If parents want to understand the child and help him, then they must learn to realize that, on the one hand, they are environment, in which the child lives and grows, and, on the other hand, they find themselves directly involved in the development of the child in the fight against the disease. At the same time, parents, as well as specialists working with disabled children, must rely on those functions that remain intact in the child, that is, to some extent perfect and better developed.
Obviously, in all three situations, painstaking, serious work with parents must be carried out. It is necessary: to direct their efforts along a more optimal path; teach a correct understanding of their difficult responsibilities; equip with at least a minimum of psychological, pedagogical, medical knowledge and reveal the possibilities of their use; help parents recognize their child’s potential exceptionality. If there is no clarity in the family on these issues, then the family itself becomes a serious obstacle to the development of a disabled child.
All services should be coordinated to help children and their families, support individual and family development, and protect the rights of all family members. As much as possible, assistance should be provided in the child’s natural environment, that is, not in an isolated institution, but at the place of residence, in the family. Work in this direction is a concern not only for specialists from health authorities, education, and the social protection system. Parents themselves, public organizations and associations must cultivate in society the desire to morally support families with a child with developmental disabilities, do everything for a better understanding of their problems, and contribute to the elimination of all obstacles that impede the successful social development, learning, social adaptation and integration of a disabled child. Vasilkava Yu.V., Vasilkova T.A. Social pedagogy. M., 2000.
Conclusion
Thus, in recent years there has been a tendency to improve social support for families with children with physical and mental disabilities. This was facilitated by a number of circumstances, in particular, the strengthening and expansion of the legislative and regulatory framework for social support for families with disabled children (primarily at the regional level), a certain transformation of the mass consciousness of Russians, who until recently represented disability only in the medical aspect, the dynamic increase in the number rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities.
Particular attention is paid to social services for disabled children and the development of social rehabilitation services. By the beginning of 2004, the system of social protection bodies of the Russian Federation operated 305 specialized rehabilitation centers and 680 rehabilitation departments as structural units in family social service institutions. As part of the federal target program “Disabled Children,” in 2001, over 60 rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities received the necessary rehabilitation equipment and vehicles.
But all this has little effect on solving the internal psychological problems of the parents of a disabled child, especially the mother. Close emotional contact with the mother, starting from the first days of life, her affection and care are the key to the full mental development of any child. A disabled child should feel that loved ones love and understand him, not considering him worse than other children, and are always ready to help]
But someone must come to the aid of the family, because a sick child is a constant stress factor, especially for the mother. Emotional overload cause certain changes in her behavior and health, which affects the child. It turns out vicious circle: illness or disability of a child causes stress in the mother, and the consequences of stress aggravate the child’s illness.
In addition, I would like to note that the main goal of early social rehabilitation work is related to ensuring the social, emotional, intellectual and physical development of a child with disabilities, and achieving maximum success in unlocking the child’s learning potential. Another important goal is the prevention of secondary defects in children with developmental disorders. The third goal is to accommodate families with children with developmental delays so that these families can meet the child's needs as effectively as possible. Social work with families requires the professional to treat parents as partners, study the way a particular family functions and develop individual program, matching family needs and styles.
The problem of childhood disability is relevant all over the world. The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities (LD) is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, and career guidance. When there is a disabled child in a family, it can influence the creation of a more rigid environment necessary for family members to perform their functions.
