home Audience 5 Lobar pneumonia in animals briefly. Coat, dew and hooves. Fragment of work for review

Lobar pneumonia in animals briefly. Coat, dew and hooves. Fragment of work for review

Acute pneumonia with sweating into the alveoli and bronchioles of rapidly coagulating fibrinous exudate with a high content of red blood cells. The disease is characterized by the cyclical development of the pathological process, the rapid involvement of large areas of the lung (lobar pneumonia). The disease is observed in all animal species, but in its most typical (staged) form it occurs in horses.

Etiology. The causes of lobar pneumonia in horses have not been sufficiently studied. With the same clinical signs they have two diseases. One of them is highly contagious (contagious equine pleuropneumonia) and is infectious, the other (lobar pneumonia) is not contagious and is considered non-contagious.

Croupous pneumonia as a typical process in the lungs (except for contagious pleuropneumonia) is observed in pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, horse wash, and hemorrhagic disease of horses. It also occurs after overwork, hypothermia, long-term transportation of horses and exposure to other unfavorable factors that reduce the body's resistance.

Clinical signs. The disease suddenly begins with high fever, depression, cough, rapid breathing and difficulty breathing. By auscultation, small and large bubbling wheezes are established (high tide stage); On the second to eighth day, when the exudate released into the lumen of the alveoli coagulates and the flow of air into the alveoli completely stops (hepatization stage), wheezing is no longer audible, but bronchial breathing is detected. Percussion at this stage of pneumonia establishes dullness over a large area of the chest (lobar pneumonia). Its characteristic feature is the curved upper (and not horizontal, unlike exudative pleurisy) border. An extensive area of dullness is a very typical sign of lobar pneumonia. But sometimes, when inflammation is localized in the center of the lungs, when the focus is removed from the periphery and for this reason cannot be detected by percussion, extensive dullness is absent.

After 3-4 days from the onset of dullness, moist rales reappear in the lungs, indicating the beginning of the melting of the exudate and its resorption. Percussion at this time establishes the clarification of the percussion sound, i.e. its gradual transition from dull or dull to clear pulmonary (resolution stage). The appearance of wheezing and clearing of the percussion sound indicate the passage of air into the alveoli. Throughout the illness (if no treatment is applied) until the process begins to resolve, the animal maintains a high body temperature (a constant type of fever).

With the beginning of the resorption of the exudate, nasal discharge of a rusty-brown color appears (an admixture of blood breakdown products). Sometimes bleeding is observed at the beginning of the disease. Urine output decreases at the height of the disease, and increases when the resolution stage approaches. Protein, red blood cells, epithelium, and kidneys are often found in the urine, indicating inflammation of these organs.

The activity of the cardiovascular system changes. The pulse quickens. At the beginning of the disease, it is full, strong, the cardiac impulse and the second sound on the pulmonary artery are intensified. With the development of heart failure, edema appears, the filling of peripheral veins increases, the pulse weakens, has a small wave, the first tone is somewhat muffled and stretched out.

Lobar pneumonia (pneumoniacruposa)– a disease characterized by acute lobar (fibrinous) inflammation, involving entire lobes of the lung, with pronounced allergy symptoms and typical changes in the stages of the fibrinous process. The disease is diagnosed mainly in horses, less often in large animals. cattle and sheep, very rarely in other animal species.

Etiology . Lobar pneumonia is a disease of allergic origin that occurs in a previously sensitized organism or sensitized lung tissue.

Allergens are microorganisms of the respiratory tract, and hypothermia, trauma, microorganisms both involved in sensitization and not involved in it, as well as numerous stress factors can act as resolving factors.

Symptoms and course. Clinical manifestation Lobar pneumonia occurs in 3 stages: hyperemia, hepatization and resolution.

The onset of the disease is characterized by depression, a rise in temperature to 41-42 0C, and persistent fever. The temperature reaction lasts 6-8 days until the end of the hepatization stage. The mucous membranes are icteric, sometimes lemon-yellow.

During percussion in the 1st stage, a tympanic sound is established in the affected lobe, which turns into a dull and dull sound at the stage of hepatization, while upper limit dullness is always arched upward. During the resolution stage, the percussion sound again acquires a tympanic connotation and gradually turns into atympanic.

On auscultation, crepitating rales are detected at the stage of hyperemia. With the development of the stage of hepatization, wheezing and vesicular respiration disappear and appears bronchial breathing. During the resolution stage, moist rales are heard, which muffle bronchial breathing. Then the sonority of wheezing gradually decreases, bronchial breathing weakens, and then turns into normal vesicular noise.

A characteristic symptom Lobar pneumonia is considered to be the appearance of saffron-yellow or rusty-brown nasal discharge during the hepatization stage. For initial stage Lobar pneumonia is also characterized by a discrepancy between increased heart rate and increased body temperature; if the pulse increases by 10-15 beats, then the temperature is increased by 3-4 0C. Subsequently, there is a significant increase in heart rate, its weakness and arrhythmia, and cardiovascular failure develops.

Leukocytosis is detected in the blood, neutrophilia, aneosinophilia, erythropenia are detected in the leukogram, ESR is accelerated.

The course of the disease in typical cases is acute and lasts 8-14 days.

Diagnosis diagnosed on the basis of anamnestic data and typical clinical symptoms.

Differential diagnosis. At differential diagnosis exclude bronchopneumonia, pleurisy, acute infectious diseases, accompanied by pneumonia (contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, peripneumonia and pasteurellosis in cattle, swine fever, etc.

Treatment . Sick animals should be immediately isolated in a separate, well-ventilated room. The diet should consist of easily digestible foods, rich in vitamins, and low in volume.

Treatment must be comprehensive, taking into account the stage of the process. In the 1st stage, it is recommended to carry out bloodletting (in horses up to 2-3 liters). At this stage it is shown intravenous administration 10% solution of calcium chloride or gluconate in usual doses, intravenous administration of 10-20% sodium hyposulfite solution in a dose of 200-300 ml for horses and cattle, subcutaneous injection of diphenhydramine in doses of 0.1-0.5 g for horses, 0.3-0.6 g for cattle, dogs 0.02-0.04 g, pipolfen orally at a dose of 0.503 mg/kg body weight.

At the hepatization stage, inhalation of hot water vapor with the addition of soda, tar or turpentine is carried out.

Required component complex therapy is the use of antibacterial agents, mainly antibiotics and sulfonamides. The use of novocaine blockades (see Bronchopneumonia), stimulating therapy, and cardiac medications is indicated.

During the resolution stage, expectorants and diuretics are prescribed.

Among the methods of physiotherapy, the use of infrared irradiation and air ionization has been tested.

Prevention. It is necessary to observe the regime of operation and feeding of animals, which is aimed at increasing the body’s resistance.

Inflammatory processes in the lungs of pets are not uncommon. The cause of the disease is most often an infection that enters the respiratory system. foreign objects. As a result of the development of the pathological process, normal gas exchange is disrupted, which severe cases may be life threatening four-legged friend. Treatment of pneumonia is complex and should be carried out under the supervision of a veterinary specialist.

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Causes

Perennial veterinary practice shows that the main reasons contributing to the development of pneumonia in dogs are the following:

Factors that provoke pneumonia, according to veterinarians, are:

Weakening immune system body. failure to local immunity resist penetration into mucous membranes pathogenic microorganisms increases the risk of developing pneumonia. Veterinarians consider insufficient production of class A immunoglobulin to be one of the main immunological reasons pneumonia in animals.
Sudden temperature changes. Long-term walks in the winter are dangerous for short-haired dog breeds.
Unsatisfactory living conditions (damp, cold room with drafts).
Injuries in the area chest.
Contacts with patients infectious pathologies relatives.
Unbalanced. Diet, poor complete proteins, vitamins, minerals weakens the body and increases the risk of inflammatory pathology.
Hit pathogens with low-quality feed. Fungal pneumonia can develop due to contamination of food with pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus.

Long-term use of some medicines, such as Digoxin.
Chemotherapy for malignant neoplasms.
Metabolic diseases (diabetes, uremia).

Puppies and older pets are most often susceptible to inflammation in the lungs due to a weak immune system. Hunting, guard and sled dogs, which due to the nature of their service have to deal with unfavorable factors external environment.

Types of pneumonia

The variety of causes leading to pneumonia in domestic animals determines the types of pathology. Experts distinguish between infectious and non-infectious types of pneumonia in dogs.

Infectious

Pneumonia caused by implantation pathogenic microflora, refers to infectious species illness.

The infectious agent can enter the dog’s body with food, water, through contact with a sick animal, as well as through the hematogenous and lymphogenous route during the underlying disease.

Aspiration

Aspiration pneumonia is a non-infectious form of the disease. The disease develops for several reasons: inhalation of small foreign objects, vomiting, paralysis and other neuromuscular diseases of the pharynx and esophagus, incorrect insertion of the tube for artificial feeding. Aspiration is often caused by medicine through the mouth.

Based on the nature of the inflammatory process in the lung tissue, veterinary specialists distinguish between catarrhal and lobar pneumonia.

Catarrhal

The catarrhal form of the disease is characteristic of bronchopneumonia, when in the inflammatory pathological process bronchi and alveoli are involved. In this case, serous or serous-catarrhal exudate is formed, and the pathology is focal in nature. Puppies and older dogs are susceptible to the disease.

Krupoznaya

The most severe nature of the inflammatory process is lobar pneumonia. The pathology is associated with the fact that fibrin filaments, formed as a result of pathological inflammation, sweat into the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi. In addition to fibrinous exudate, erythrocytes and leukocytes are exuded.

In case of lobar pneumonia, veterinary specialists distinguish the stage of active hyperemia, red and gray hepatization and resolution. At the stage of red hepatization, fibrin fibers and red blood cells leave the capillaries. The gray hepatization stage is characterized by the migration of leukocytes. At the resolution stage, the exudate liquefies.

Symptoms in a dog

At the beginning of the disease, the owner usually observes general symptoms, characteristic of many respiratory diseases:

loss of appetite or complete failure from food, increased thirst;
lethargic, drowsy, apathetic state of the pet;
nose dry and hot to the touch;
chills, indicating an increase in body temperature;
nasal discharge of a mucopurulent nature.

With the development of inflammation, the symptoms become more characteristic of pneumonia:

Degree of expression clinical picture largely depends on the severity of the inflammation and the state of the dog’s immune system.

Diagnostic methods

If pneumonia is suspected, the veterinarian will first perform lung percussion to detect areas of dullness and auscultation to evaluate breath sounds. Detection of wheezing, increased respiratory sounds, attenuation of breathing in different areas lungs indicate a pathological process.

An informative diagnostic method is an x-ray examination of the animal's chest. The inflamed area of the lungs appears on the image as a darkening with an uneven border.

Complex therapy of the disease includes antibacterial agents, vasodilators, expectorants and mucolytic drugs. Special attention is given to the maintenance and proper feeding of a sick pet.

Antibiotics prescribed by your doctor

Antibacterial drugs play a leading role in the treatment of pneumonia in animals.
therapy. Its effectiveness can be increased by performing preliminary tests of sputum or bronchial washings for sensitivity to a particular group of antimicrobial agents.

Antibiotics are most often prescribed for illness. wide range actions: Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Amoxiclav. Cephalosporin drugs are effective: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime. Cephalosporins are active against staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc.

If the causative agent of pneumonia is chlamydia or mycoplasma, tetracyclines - Doxycycline, as well as macrolides, for example Sumamed, are used.

Vitamin therapy

An integrated approach necessarily includes vitamin therapy. By recommendation veterinarian a four-legged pet may be prescribed multivitamins, as well as intramuscular injections ascorbic acid, B vitamins. Useful for illness fat-soluble vitamin A, which influences tissue regeneration processes.

Home care and recovery

After the pet’s condition has been stabilized in the hospital, get well soon at home, the owner must provide competent care:

The room should be warm, dry, without drafts
A balanced diet must be enriched with vitamins and minerals.
On the recommendation of a veterinarian, the owner can massage the chest to stimulate mucus production.
Useful at home dry heat in the form of irradiation with a Sollux lamp.

Warming up a dog's chest with a Sollux lamp

Strict compliance with the instructions of a veterinary specialist. Uncontrolled use of antitussive drugs, for example those based on codeine, is not allowed.
Treatment should be carried out under the control of radiographic examination.

Disease prevention

The owner can prevent the development of pneumonia in a four-legged family member by doing following tips and recommendations from veterinary specialists:

Pneumonia in dogs is a common disease that affects the alveolar tissue. Inflammation usually occurs with the introduction of pathogenic microflora. Dogs are often diagnosed with the aspiration form of the disease. Diagnostics includes general clinical methods and chest x-ray.

Treatment is complex and based on long-term use antibacterial drugs and should only be carried out under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Useful video

For information on the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia in dogs, watch this video:

Terminology: inflammation of the nasal mucosa is called rhinitis, larynx - laryngitis, trachea - tracheitis, bronchi - bronchitis.

Etiology. There are banal and specific inflammation. The occurrence of banal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is caused by violations of the technology of keeping and feeding animals. In pigs and cattle, it is associated in most cases with irritation of the mucous membranes when inhaling dusty air and air saturated with ammonia or hot steam. The cause of inflammatory processes is often colds, which reduce the body's resistance to the action of opportunistic microflora, which is always present in the airways. Many infectious and non-infectious diseases are complicated by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

Rice. 10. Diphtheritic bovine laryngitis due to necrobacteriosis

Banal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract occurs mainly in the form of serous, serous-mucosal and purulent catarrh. The mucous membrane is swollen, reddened, dotted with hemorrhages, erosions and ulcers. On the surface of the mucous membrane there is serous, serous-mucosal or purulent exudate. Catarrhal inflammation is sometimes accompanied by follicular rhinitis, while the lymphoid follicles are enlarged in size from poppy seeds to peas, as a result of which the nasal mucosa acquires a granular surface. Follicular nodules suppurate, open, and ulcers appear. The chronic course of catarrh ends with the growth connective tissue. The mucous membrane thickens either diffusely or focally, in the latter case polyps are formed. Less commonly, fibrinous inflammation of the upper respiratory tract develops, which occurs in the form of lobar inflammation and is manifested by the presence of fibrinous-necrotic films; after their separation, ulcers with uneven edges appear. If the outcome is favorable, the ulcers heal. Exudative rhinitis is sometimes complicated by sinusitis and sinusitis, i.e. inflammation of the paranasal cavities. They occur mainly chronically and are manifested by nasal mucopurulent discharge, changes in the configuration of bones in the area of the accessory cavities. Along with banal inflammation, there are rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis and tracheitis, which are the main symptom of infectious diseases. This group of diseases includes infectious rhinotracheitis, plague, catarrhal fever of cattle, smallpox, tuberculosis, glanders, and blastomycosis. In these infectious diseases, the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, especially the nasal cavity, is diffusely or focally hyperemic or dotted with nodules, ulcers and fibrinous-necrotic films.

Rice. 11. Bronchitis with nodose peribronchitis of cattle. The lumen of both bronchi is filled with cellular masses. The peribronchial tissue is heavily infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and thickened. The alveoli are sharply expanded.

Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs is commonly called pneumonia. Pneumonia often affects animals, especially pigs and sheep. Pneumonia often occurs with fatal. According to the localization of foci of inflammation, pneumonia can be lobularia, lobar and acinar. In lobar pneumonia, entire lobes are affected, lobular pneumonia - lobules, acinar pneumonia - acini (the structural unit of the lungs is a bronchiole with a group of adjacent alveoli). By origin, there are banal (simple) pneumonias caused by opportunistic microorganisms present in the airways when the body’s resistance is weakened (colds, overheating, as well as many non-infectious and infectious diseases). There are pneumonias, which are the main symptom of the manifestation of general infectious diseases.

Banal pneumonia occurs predominantly by the exudative type of inflammation. There are two main forms of pneumonia: lobar pneumonia and catarrhal bronchopneumonia.

Lobar pneumonia is a fibrinous inflammation of the lungs, characterized by effusion from the vessels of fibrinogen, which in the lumen of the alveoli is converted into fibrin. The inflammatory process often involves entire lobes of the lung, or at first the pneumonia is lobular and then lobar in nature. Lobar pneumonia occurs in stages: the stage of hyperemia, red hepatization, gray hepatization and outcome (resolution). The hyperemia stage is characterized by redness of the affected lobules or lobes. Under a microscope, dilated and blood-filled interalveolar capillaries are revealed. The lumen of the alveoli contains serous exudate with an admixture of rejected epithelium, a small amount of erythrocytes and leukocytes. Sometimes red blood cells are detected in significant quantities, which corresponds to hemorrhagic exudate. The hyperemia stage is followed by the development of the red hepatization stage. The affected areas of the lung become red in color and resemble the liver in density. Under the microscope, along with hyperemia of blood vessels and interalveolar capillaries filled with serous or serous-hemorrhagic exudate, the admixture of fibrinous exudate is noted. Subsequently, the stage of gray hepatization develops, characterized by the fact that a large number of leukocytes are mixed with the fibrinous exudate. The resulting exudate compresses the capillaries, resulting in ischemia. Externally, the affected area of the lung turns from red to gray, and in density it even more closely resembles the liver. With a favorable course of the disease, the outcome (resolution) stage develops. Leukocytes are dissolved by their enzymes

Rice. 12. Acute lobar pneumonia. G-E.

Rice. 13. Acute lobar pneumonia. Stage of red hepatization. 1- delicate fibrin threads with a small number of leukocytes in the lumen of the alveoli; 2 – area of necrosis of the alveolar wall; 3- sharply injected perialveolar capillaries.

Rice. 14. Lobar pneumonia. Stage of gray hepatization. In the lumen of the alveoli, extensive masses of fibrin are visible, stained pink with eosin. These masses contain a small number of leukocytes and desquamated alveolar epithelium. Empty vessels. Staining G-E.

fibrin, liquefied exudate is absorbed and removed with sputum when coughing, and is partially resorbed by macrophages. The alveoli are gradually freed from exudate, the alveolar epithelium is restored. However, the alveolar septa and stroma layers thicken due to newly formed connective tissue. Thus, even with a favorable outcome of the disease, the lungs lose their elasticity and become denser than normal. A less favorable outcome is that due to thrombosis of blood and lymphatic vessels, necrotic foci are formed in the affected parts of the lung, which undergo organization and carnification, encapsulation or sequestration, or purulent softening. In unfavorable cases, it is complicated by ichorous inflammation. Due to the fact that in some infectious diseases, individual lobules of the lung are not simultaneously involved in the inflammatory process, the surface of the pneumonic area has a variegated color (red, gray-red, gray-white, gray-yellow), reminiscent of a marble pattern - a marbled lung.

Rice. 15. Acute lobar pneumonia with interstitial edema in a cow (marmorated lung). The figure clearly shows areas of the lung in different stages of lobar inflammation. The interstitial tissue is swollen and stands out sharply in the form of thick, swollen cords.

Catarrhal bronchopneumonia characterized by the involvement of the bronchi and respiratory tissue of the lung in the inflammatory process. According to localization, lesions can be lobular or lobar. In the acute course of catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the affected area is slightly red in color, slightly swollen above the surface of the organ, and has a consistency similar to the density of the spleen. A cloudy liquid is squeezed out from the surface of the cut, and viscous, grayish-white mucus is squeezed out of the bronchi, stretching into threads. Under a microscope, vascular hyperemia is detected in the affected area of the lung, the alveoli are filled with serous exudate mixed with leukocytes, rejected respiratory epithelium and histiocytes. The lumen of the bronchi is filled with serous cell exudate. The walls of the bronchi are thickened due to cellular infiltration. Bronchial epithelium in a state of mucous degeneration.

The outcome can be favorable, often the exudate resolves, but most of it is removed with sputum when coughing. The lung is restored, however, due to the proliferation of connective tissue, some thickening of the interalveolar and interlobular septa remains. If the course is unfavorable, acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia becomes chronic or becomes complicated purulent inflammation. In chronic catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the affected part of the lung is fleshy, resembles the pancreas in density, and the surface is slightly lumpy. On the red background of the cut surface, gray foci and veins of various shapes are visible, in the center of which the lumen of the bronchi is noticeable. In pigs, the affected lung is white, dense, similar to lard (sebaceous pneumonia). A thick, pus-like mucous mass is squeezed out from the cut surface of the bronchi.

Rice. 16. Acute bronchopneumonia in a calf

Rice. 17. Micropicture of the lung in acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia in a calf. Staining G-E.

Under a microscope, the alveoli are filled with respiratory epithelium, histiocytes, and lymphocytes. In some places, nested accumulations of leukocytes are observed. There is relatively little liquid exudate. The lumen of the bronchi is filled with leukocytes, rejected epithelium and mucus, and bronchiectasis is observed. Granulation tissue with a large number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts is detected around the bronchi. The layers of interlobular connective tissue and alveolar septa are thickened due to newly formed connective tissue. Necrotic foci without encapsulation and with encapsulation are often found. With a favorable outcome of the disease, complete recovery of the affected part of the lung does not occur; significant growths of connective tissue remain. Catarrhal bronchopneumonia can be complicated by gangrenous inflammation.

Purulent pneumonia develops against the background of catarrhal bronchopneumonia or when pyogenic microbes enter the lungs from purulent foci of other organs (metastatic purulent infection). Therefore, purulent pneumonia occurs either diffusely, in the form of catarrhal-purulent, or in an abscessed form. With purulent-catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the affected part of the lung is compacted, red, and lumpy. The cut surface is red, with a large number of grayish-white lesions with purulent softening in the center. A creamy, thick, viscous mass of exudate is squeezed out of the bronchi.

Rice. 18. Purulent pneumonia. Micro picture. In the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi, a large number of leukocytes and desquamated alveolar epithelium are observed. Purulent exudate fills the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi almost completely.

A febrile disease characterized by fibrinous inflammation of the lungs of the lobar type. Mostly horses are affected.

E T I O L O G Y

The primary role in the occurrence of lobar pneumonia is given to two factors: pathogenic microflora and allergic condition body.

Most researchers associate the occurrence of lobar pneumonia with an increase in allergic reaction organism caused by a strong irritant - stressor.

P a t o g e n e s

The pathological process in lobar pneumonia in most cases develops rapidly (hyperergic inflammation) and is characterized by the rapid coverage of large areas of the lungs within several hours and the leakage of hemorrhagic-fibrinous exudate into the cavity of the alveoli. Inflammatory process in the lungs, as a result of the penetration of pathogenic microflora, it spreads in three ways: bronchogenic, hematogenous and lymphatic.

The typical course of lobar pneumonia is characterized by a certain staged development of the inflammatory process.

There are four successive stages. The stage of inflammatory hyperemia, or hot flash, lasts from several hours to 2 days. At this stage, there is a pronounced overflow of cellular capillaries with blood, the patency of the capillary walls is impaired, diapedesis of erythrocytes, sweating of serous-hemorrhagic exudate into the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi, and swelling of the alveolar epithelium.

The stage of red hepatization is characterized by filling the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi with coagulated substances from erythrocytes and plasma proteins, mainly fibrinogen. The duration of this stage is 2-3 days. The stage of gray hepatization lasts 2-3, sometimes up to 4-5 days. At this stage it happens fatty degeneration fibrinous exudate and a further increase in the number of leukocytes in it.

The resolution stage is characterized by liquefaction under the influence of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes of fibrinous exudate, ero resorption and partial release through Airways during a cough. The duration of the permit station ranges from 2-5 days.

With lobar pneumonia, the function of the central nervous system, heart, liver, kidneys, intestines and other organs.

Pathological changes

In the stage of inflammatory hyperemia, the affected areas of the lungs are enlarged in volume, swollen, red-blue in color, do not sink in water, and when pressed, a foamy reddish liquid is released from the lumen of the bronchi when cut.

In the stages of red and gray hepatization, the affected lungs are airless, dense to the touch, resemble liver in consistency (hence the name hepatization), graininess is expressed on the cut, and they sink in water. In the stage of red hepatization, the coagulated fibrous exudate gives the lungs a red color, and in the stage of gray hepatization, the lung has a grayish or yellowish color due to fatty degeneration and migration of leukocytes.

In the resolution stage, the lung resembles the spleen in consistency and color, the granularity is less pronounced.

Symptoms

In typical cases, lobar pneumonia occurs acutely, less often subacutely.

Signs of the disease appear suddenly: in sick animals, general depression quickly increases, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and tense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear. Fever of a constant type: from the first day of illness with a typical staged development and until the stage of resolution, it lasts high level Regardless of the time of day, the horse’s temperature is usually within 41-42 °C. The pulse is increased against the norm by 10-20 per minute. The heartbeat is pounding, the second heart sound is increased.

In the first hours and days of illness, dry painful cough, which subsequently becomes less painful, dull and moist. The stage of red hepatization is characterized by bilateral outflow of brown or reddish-brown hemorrhagic-fibrinous exudate from the nasal openings. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected.

In the stages of red and gray hepatization, dry rales, bronchial breathing are listened to, or the absence of respiratory sounds in the areas of hepatization is detected. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in places of lung damage reveals a sound with a tympanic tint, and in the stage of hepatization - areas of dullness or dullness with a border that is arched and convex and located in the upper third of the pulmonary field.

D i a g n o z

based on anamnesis and clinical symptoms, the main of which are: suddenness of the disease, acute course, constant type of fever, staged course, extensive zone of dullness of the lung area in the form of an upward curved arc - corresponds to the upper arcuate line of the lung.

A blood test reveals leukocytosis with an increase in the number of band neutrophils and the presence of young neutrophils, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, a sharply increased ESR, a relative increase in globulin and a decrease in albumin protein fractions, the presence of large quantity fibrin and direct bilirubin.

X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of darkening of the pulmonary field. The intensity of the darkening is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization.

PROGNOZ

Cautious, delaying the provision of medical care is often unfavorable.

Treatment

primary goal drug treatment- impact on pathogenic bacterial microflora, aimed at its destruction.

Etiotropic bacterial therapy is carried out immediately after diagnosis, for which maximum doses use antibiotics or sulfa drugs.

Antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs are prescribed for a course of treatment in such a way as to ensure their constant therapeutic concentration in the blood.

Antibiotics are administered intramuscularly 3-4 times a day for 6-10 days in a row at an average rate of 7000-10,000 units/kg. If antibiotics do not provide an effect, it is advisable to use other antibiotics to the maximum extent possible. therapeutic doses(previously laboratory research determine the most active antibacterial drug based on the sensitivity of the pulmonary microflora to it).

Norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, etazol or sulfonamide drugs of similar dosage are given orally 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days in a row.

In parallel with antibacterial therapy, pathogenetic, replacement and symptomatic therapy is indicated.

Antiallergic drugs include intravenous injections of sodium thiosulfate and calcium chloride. For this purpose, you can also use suprastin or pipolfen internally.

With progressive intoxication of the body, it is administered intravenously hypertonic solutions glucose with ascorbic acid, sodium chloride or hexamethylenetetramine.

When symptoms of cardiovascular failure develop, caffeine, intravenous camphor-alcohol solutions, strophanthin, cordiamine, adrenaline are used in therapeutic doses, and in case of hypoxia, oxygen therapy is carried out.

To accelerate the resorption of exudate in the resolution stage in the complex medicinal products expectorants and diuretics are used.

In the first 3-4 days of illness, in parallel with antibacterial drugs, it is recommended: unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes, rubbing the chest walls with turpentine or 5% mustard alcohol, placing jars on the side surfaces of calves and small animals chest wall, use inductothermy, UHF, heating the chest with incandescent lamps (not in the heart area), warm wraps, heating pads and other means of physiotherapy.

In cases of sluggish or chronic course, with slow resorption of pneumonic foci, pneumosclerosis and the transition of inflammation to the pleura, autohemotherapy, iodine preparations, ion therapy, etc. are indicated.

P r o f i l a c t i c a

Aimed at increasing the body's resistance, compliance with maintenance technology and proper use of sports and working animals.