Soft dosage forms. Soft dosage forms: classification, characteristics
Soft dosage forms include ointments (and their varieties: creams and gels), pastes, liquid ointments, suppositories.
OINTMENTS
Ointment– dosage form for application to the skin, wound surfaces, mucous membranes, obtained by mixing one or more medicinal substances with so-called ointment bases.
Singular nominative case Unguentum, Genitive Unguenti(Ung.).
As ointment bases Vaseline is most often used - white or yellow ( Vaselinum album s. flavum), lanolin ( Lanolinum), lard (Adeps Suillus s. Axungia porcina), fat-like oils, beeswax, spermaceti, polyethylene glycols and other substances that have a soft consistency. The amount of ointment prescribed depends on the method of application. Eye ointments are prescribed in the amount of 5.0 – 10.0; ointments for lips, nose, ears in the amount of 10.0 - 20.0; for lubricating affected areas of the skin - from 15.0 to 100.0 or more.
When prescribing ointments, the main prescriptions indicate the medicinal substance included in the ointment and the ointment base. In ointment powdery substances should be no more than 25%.
An ointment consisting of one medicinal substance and an ointment base is called simple ointment. If Vaseline is used as an ointment base (the most common option), then such an ointment can be prescribed in an abbreviated version. The recipe begins with the word Ung. (ointment).
The concentration of the drug substance is indicated as a percentage.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
50.0 ointment containing 2% salicylic acid ( Acidum Salicylicum)
Apply to affected areas of skin
Rp: Ung. acidi Salicylici 2% - 50.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
A simple ointment cannot be prescribed in an abbreviated version in cases where: the ointment base is not petroleum jelly, but other substances (or a mixture of them); ointment contains substances whose activity is expressed in units of action ( ED), in this case they use expanded form copybook
EXAMPLES OF RECIPES
Write out
50.0 ointment containing 750,000 units of mycoheptin ( Mycoheptinum). Prescribe for lubricating affected areas of the skin 2 times a day.
Rp: Mycoheptini 750000 ED
Vaselini ad 50.0
M.f. ung.
D.S. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin 2 times a day.
Write out
30.0 ointment containing 5.0 potassium iodide ( Kalii iodidum) and lanolin ( Lanolinum). Spread on nail plates to soften them
Rp: Kalii iodidi 5.0
Lanolini ad 30.0
M.f. ung.
D.S. Spread on nail plates
to soften them.
If the ointment contains several medicinal substances, then such an ointment is called complex. An ointment that contains one medicinal substance and a mixture of ointment bases (vaseline and lanolin) is also complex.
A complex ointment can only be prescribed in a detailed prescription - it is necessary to indicate the weight quantities of both the medicinal substances and the ointment base. The recipe ends with a sentence M.f. ung. (Misce fiat unguentum - « Mix, let it become an ointment»).
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
100.0 ointment containing 10% ichthyol ( Ichthyolum), petroleum jelly and lanolin in equal quantities. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Rp: Ichthyoli 10.0
Vselini
Lanolini ana ad 100.0
M.f. ung.
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin 3 times a day
day.
Currently, most simple and complex ointments are produced by the pharmaceutical industry in finished form. Such ointments are official and are written out only in abbreviated form without indicating them full composition and, in some cases, concentration. In this case, the recipe begins with the word Unguentum V genitive case singular ( Unguenti ).
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
25.0 Triderm ointment ( Triderm). Apply to affected areas of skin.
Rp: Ung. Triderm 25.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of the skin.
Write out
20.0 Finalgon ointment (Finalgon). Apply 3 times a day to the affected joint area.
Rp.: Ung. Finalgon 20.0
D.S. Apply 3 times daily to area
affected joint.
Creams And gels are a type of ointment. Therefore, the abbreviated recipe for these dosage forms begins with the word Unguenti , then indicate the consistency in brackets ( Gel, Cream ).
Cream (Creame ) - an ointment of soft consistency, which is an emulsion of the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. The content of powdery substances in creams in accordance with regulatory requirements should be no more than 5%.
Gel (Gel ) is a colloidal solution with a jelly-like consistency that can retain its shape and has elasticity and plasticity.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
20.0 5% official ointment (cream) Acyclovir ( Acyclovir). Apply to affected areas.
Rp: Ung. (creame) Acyclovir 5% - 20.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas.
Write out
40.0 2% ointment (gel) Troxevasin ( Troxevasin). Apply to the skin of the lower extremities for superficial thrombophlebitis.
Rp: Ung. (gel) “Troxevasin” 2% - 40.0
D.S. Apply to the skin of the lower extremities when
superficial thrombophlebitis.
PASTES
Pastes- these are types of ointments in which the amount of powdery substances contains from 25% to 65%, As a result, the pastes have a thicker consistency and, when applied to the skin, can remain at the application site for a longer time.
Singular nominative case Pasta, singular genitive Pastae (Past).
The therapeutic advantage of pastes over ointments is that they have a more pronounced adsorbing and drying ability, which is useful in the presence of effusions. If the amount of medicinal substance included in the paste is less than 25%, then some indifferent powdered substances are added to give the required consistency. substances (most often starch - Amylum, talc – Talcum,
zinc oxide – Zinci oxydum, white clay - Bolus alba and etc.)
Official pastes are prescribed in recipes similar to official ointments.
EXAMPLES OF RECIPES
Write out
25.0 zinc official paste ( Pasta Zinci). Prescribe for application to affected areas of the skin.
Rp: Past. Zinci 25.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Write out
107.0 paste containing 2.0 boric acid (Acidum boricum); 5.0 naftalan ( Naphthalanum) and equally 25.0 zinc oxide ( Zincum oxydum), talc ( Talcum), Vaseline ( Vaselinum), lanolin ( Lanolinum). Apply to affected areas of the skin.
Rp: Acidi borici 2.0
Naphthalani 5.0
Zinci oxydi
Vaselini
Lanolini ana 25.0
M.f. past.
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Write out
20.0 paste containing 5% anesthesin ( Anaesthesinum). Lubricate the affected areas.
Rp: Anaesthesini 1.0
Zinci oxydi
Amyli ana 5.0
Vaselini ad 20.0
M.f. past.
D.S. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin.
LIQUID OINTMENTS (LINEMENTS ).
Liniments– a dosage form for external use, which is a thick liquid or gelatinous mass that melts at body temperature.
Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, creams, suppositories and patches.
Ointments –Unguenta.
Name singular - Unguentum.
Rod.p. singular - Unguenti.
Ointment- a soft dosage form for external use with a viscous consistency. Consists of one or more medicinal substances (basis) and formative substances (ointment base) (constituens). Vaseline, lanolin, and pork fat are most often used as an ointment base.
Vaseline (Vaselinum)- a product of oil refining. It is almost not absorbed from the surface of the skin, so it is used to prepare ointments that act on the surface of the skin.
Lanolin (Lanolinum)- a fat-like substance obtained from the rinsing waters of sheep wool. Penetrates easily through the skin and is well preserved. In pharmaceutical practice, anhydrous lanolin (Lanolinum anhydricum) or aqueous lanolin (L. hydricum) is used.
Pork fat (Adeps suillus). Well absorbed through the skin. It is unstable during storage and quickly goes rancid, so ointments prepared on this basis are unsuitable for long-term storage.
In addition to petroleum jelly, lanolin and pork fat, they are used to prepare ointments. Vaseline oil(Oleum Vaselini), paraffin wax (Paraffinum durum), beeswax, spermaceti.
There are simple and complex ointments. A simple ointment consists of one medicinal and one formative substance. A complex ointment includes more than two ingredients.
Ointments are prescribed in two ways: in the form of an abbreviated or expanded prescription.
Abbreviated form of copybook used when prescribing official ointments produced by the pharmaceutical industry in finished form. In this case, the prescription begins with indicating the dosage form in the genitive case, then indicating the medicinal substance, its percentage concentration (if the ointment is produced with different contents of the medicinal substance) and the total amount of ointment.
Recipe examples:
Prescribe 30.0 g of official zinc ointment (Unguentum Zinci). For application to affected areas of the skin.
Rp.: Unguenti Zinci 30.0
Prescribe 60.0 g of ointment containing 10% streptocidum (Streptocidum). Apply to affected areas of skin.
Rp.: Unguenti Streptocidi 10% - 60.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of the skin.
Expanded copybook used for prescribing magistral ointments in prescriptions. In this case, all the ingredients are listed: the medicinal substance (one or more) and the ointment base, indicating their quantity in units of weight. The recipe ends with the prescription M.f. unguentum (Misce ut fiat unguentum. - Mix to make an ointment). If the ointment base is not specified in the recipe for the main ointment, the ointment is prepared with Vaseline. All complex ointments that are prepared on other ointment bases are prescribed only in expanded form. For eye ointments, use a base consisting of 10 parts anhydrous lanolin and 90 parts petroleum jelly.
Recipe examples:
Prescribe 50.0 g of ointment containing 10% dermatolum (Dermatolum). For application to the wound surface.
Rp.: Dermatoli 5.0
Vaselini ad 50.0
Prescribe 30.0 g of ointment containing 10,000 units of erythromycin (Erythromycinum) per gram. For application to affected areas of the skin.
Rp.: Erythromycini 300000 ED
Vaselini ad 30.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Prescribe 30.0 g of ointment containing vaseline and lanolin in equal parts, containing 10% tannin (Tanninum). For lubricating affected areas of the skin.
Rp.: Tannini 3.0
Lanolini ad 30.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Prescribe 10.0 g of ointment containing 20% sulfacylum-natrium. Under the eyelid 3 times a day
Rp.: Sulfacylum-natrii 2.0
Vaselini ad 10.0
D.S. Under the eyelid 3 times a day.
Pastes –Pastae.
Name units – Pasta.
Rod.p. units – Pasta.
Pasta – a thick, doughy consistency ointment containing from 25 to 60% powdery substances. Thanks to great content powdery substances, pastes have pronounced drying and adsorbing properties, and therefore they are most often used to treat weeping wound surfaces. There are main and official recipes for pastes.
Official pastes prescribed only in an abbreviated manner, indicating the medicinal substance and its total amount (pastes of complex composition - according to the author’s surname or indicating the commercial name).
Trunk pastes written out in expanded form indicating all ingredients and their weight quantities. If the content of the powdery substance in the paste is less than 25%, one of the indifferent powders, such as starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), White clay(Bolus alba). Vaseline or lanolin are used as an ointment base for pastes, and glycerin is used in dentistry. The recipe ends with the prescription M.f. pasta (Misce ut fiat pasta. - Mix to make a paste).
Recipe examples:
An example of a main copy:
Prescribe 100.0 g of paste containing 5% streptocidum. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0
Vaselini ad 100.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
In the given task, the thickness of the paste was not indicated, so an arbitrary value of indifferent powder (starch) was taken - 20%. If the task specifies a certain density, then you should calculate the amount of indifferent powder required to obtain a paste of the required consistency.
Prescribe 50.0 g of paste containing 10% novocaine - Novocainum- (paste thickness 50%). Apply to the wound.
Rp.: Novocaini 5.0
Vaselini ad 50.0
D.S. Apply to the wound.
An example of an official copy:
Prescribe: 50.0 g of official zinc-salicylas (Zincum salicylas) paste. Apply to the wound surface.
Rp.: Pastae Zinci salicylatis 50.0
D.S. Apply to the wound surface.
An example of a paste recipe for dentists:
Prescribe 10.0 g of paste containing 75% strontium chloride (Strontii chloridum). Rub into hard tissues tooth
Rp.: Strontii chloridi 7.5
Glycerini ad 10 ml
D.S. Rub into hard tooth tissues.
Suppositories- Suppositoria
Name units - Suppositorium
Vin.p. units – Suppositorium
Vin.p. plural – Suppositoria
Suppositories- dosage form that is solid at room temperature and melts at body temperature. There are rectal suppositories (suppositories) - Suppositorium rectale, intended for insertion into the rectum, and vaginal - Suppositorium vaginale - for insertion into the vagina. They consist of one or more medicinal substances (base substance) and a base. Cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao) and others are used as a base. Excipients and their alloys. Weight rectal suppositories ranges from 1.1 g to 4.0 g, vaginal suppositories 1.5 g-6.0 g. If the doctor does not indicate their weight, then rectal suppositories are made weighing 3.0 g, and vaginal ones - 4.0 g.
Suppositories, which are prepared in pharmacies according to main prescriptions, are prescribed in expanded form.
There are several options for prescribing suppositories.
1st option provides for a listing of all ingredients indicating their single doses. The following is the recommendation of M.f. suppositorium rectale (vaginale) (Mix to make a suppository) and instructions are given on the number of suppositories D.t.d. N.…(Give such doses in number…). If the amount of formative substance is not indicated, write q.s. (quantum satis - as much as needed).
Example recipe:
|
2nd option. If the medicinal substance and base are used for all prescribed suppositories, then the prescription contains an indication - M.f. suppositoria rectalia (vaginalia) N. ... (Mix, get suppositories in number ...). The recipe ends - D.S.
Example recipe:
Prescribe 10 rectal suppositories containing 1 decigram of promedol (Promedolum). Prescribe 1 suppository per rectum.
Rp.: Promedoli 1.0
M.f. suppositoria rectalia N.10
D.S. 1 suppository per rectum
Rp.: Promedoli 1.0
ut f. suppositoria rectalia N.10
Suppositories (candles) produced by the pharmaceutical industry are prescribed in an abbreviated form. In this case, the prescription begins with the name of the dosage form - Suppositorium (vin. p. singular), then follows the preposition "cum" (s), the name of the medicinal substance (vint. p. singular) and its dose. The prescription ends with the prescription - D.t.d. N. ... and signature.
Example recipe:
Prescribe 10 rectal suppositories containing 0.1 g of anesthesin (Anaesthezinum). Prescribe 1 suppository for pain in the rectum.
Rp.: Suppositorium cum Anaesthezino 0.1
S. 1 suppository per rectum.
In cases where official suppositories of complex composition have commercial name, when writing out, only their name and quantity are indicated.
Example recipe:
Prescribe 10 rectal suppositories "Bethyolum" Prescribe 1 suppository per rectum.
Rp: Suppositoria "Bethyolum" N.10
D.S. 1 suppository per rectum.
ASSIGNMENTS FOR INDEPENDENT PREPARATION
Write out:
1. 50.0 g of ointment containing 10% streptocidum (Streptocidum). For application to affected areas of the skin.
2. 30.0 g of ointment containing 10,000 units of erythromycin (Erythromycinum) per gram. For application to affected areas of the skin.
3. 30.0 g of ointment containing 10% dermatolum (Dermatolum). For application to the wound surface.
4. 50.0 g of official zinc ointment (Unguentum Zinci). For application to skin.
5. 5.0 g of ointment containing 5% etazol (Aethazolum). Eye ointment.
6. 50.0 g of ointment based on petroleum jelly and lanolin (equal parts), containing 10% tannin. (Tanninum). For lubricating affected areas of the skin.
7. 50.0 g of paste based on petroleum jelly and lanolin (equal parts), containing 5% anesthesin (Anaesthezinum). For application to affected areas of the skin.
8. 50.0 g of Vaseline paste containing 2% salicylic acid (Acidum Acethylsalicylicum), 25% zinc oxide (Zincum oxydum) and 25% starch (Amylum). For application to affected areas of the skin.
9. 50.0 g of naphthalan ointment paste containing 8% ichthyol (Ichthyolum). For application to affected areas of the skin.
10. 25.0 g of official zinc paste (Pasta Zinci). For application to affected areas of the skin.
11. 10 rectal suppositories containing 5 decigrams of anesthesin (Anaesthezinum). 1 suppository into the rectum 1 time per day.
12. 10 official suppositories containing 50 milligrams of indomethacin (Indometacinum). 1 suppository into the rectum 2 times a day.
13. 10 official suppositories "Bethiol" ("Bethyolum"). 1 suppository into the rectum 1 time per day.
14. 6 rectal suppositories containing 50 milligrams of barbital sodium (Barbitalum-natrii). One suppository into the rectum at night.
15. 12 rectal suppositories containing 1 decigram of digitalis leaf powder (Pulvis folii Digitalis). One suppository into the rectum 3 times a day.
16. 6 rectal suppositories containing 10 milligrams of dry belladonna extract (Extractum Belladonnae siccum) and 12 milligrams of Omnoponum. 1 suppository into the rectum at night.
17. 12 vaginal suppositories containing 30 milligrams of quinozol (Chinozolum) and 1 decigram of boric acid (Acidum boricum). 1 suppository into the vagina 1 time per day.
18. 6 vaginal suppositories containing 25 centigrams of aminoacrichinum. 1 suppository in the vagina 1 time every 2 days.
19. 10 vaginal suppositories containing 25 centigrams each of Osarsolum and boric acid (Acidum boricum). 1 suppository in the vagina at night.
20. 10 official vaginal suppositories “Osarcidum”. 1 suppository in the vagina at night.
Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, patches, suppositories, aerosols, medicinal pencils, lipstick.
The general properties of soft dosage forms are their soft consistency, the ability to melt at human body temperature, mainly for external use. These dosage forms are often designed for local drug effects, less often for reflex or resorptive effects. The properties of soft dosage forms are largely determined by the formative substances (Constituens) used for their preparation, they are called ointment bases.
Currently there are 3 groups of ointment bases: lipophilic, hydrophilic and lipophilic-hydrophilic (diphilic). These include substances of natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic origin.
Among lipophilic basics are used:
1) fats and their derivatives: animal fats, vegetable oils, hydrogenated fats obtained from vegetable oils;
2) waxes: beeswax, lanolin, spermaceti;
3) hydrocarbon bases – petroleum products: petroleum jelly, paraffin, etc.;
4) silicone bases: esilon-4 and esilon-5, aerosil, esilon-aerosil base.
TO hydrophilic bases include gels of various natural and synthetic polymers: methylcellulose, gelatin, collagen, bentonite, PEO, etc. Among diphilic bases are divided into adsorption and emulsion bases, which necessarily contain an emulsifier.
Ointment bases should mix well with medications, but not interact with them. chemical reactions, have a high smearing ability, be harmless to body tissues, meet the intended purpose (absorbed or not absorbed by tissues), be stable during storage, and be easily removed from the site of application.
Let's consider in this regard characteristics some of the most common lipophilic (hydrophobic) bases.
Refined pork fat ( Adeps suillus depuratus) It is well absorbed through the skin, therefore it promotes the absorption and resorptive effect of drugs. But little stability, as well as value as food product sharply reduced its use as an ointment base.
Vegetable oils: sunflower (Oleum Helianthi), peach (Oleum Persicorum), bleached (Oleum Hyoscyami), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao) and others - just like pork fat, they easily penetrate the skin, are biologically harmless, but do not withstand long-term storage (go rancid). Liquid vegetable oils are used as Constituens in liniments, solid cocoa butter - in suppositories, lipsticks.
Waxes are fat-like substances. Beeswax– white and yellow ( Cera alba, Cera flava) are added to obtain a denser base consistency when preparing ointments, plasters, dental cones, etc.
Lanolin ( Lanolinum) obtained from the rinsing waters of sheep wool. Lanolin is absorbed by the skin, chemically inert, and shelf stable. Highly hygroscopic: anhydrous lanolin ( Lanolinum anhydricum) is able to absorb up to 150% of water without changing its viscous consistency; lanolin water ( Lanolinum hydricum) contains 30% water, its hygroscopicity is lower.
Lanolin is usually used in a mixture with other ointment bases. For example, to prepare eye ointments, use a base consisting of 1 part anhydrous lanolin and 9 parts petroleum jelly of the “eye ointment” grade. Antibiotic ointments are prepared on a base containing 4 parts anhydrous lanolin and 6 parts petroleum jelly.
Ointment bases, received from oil, are characterized by chemical inertness, biological harmlessness, storage stability, but are practically not absorbed by tissues, providing only a local effect of drugs. The most commonly used petroleum product in pharmacy is Vaseline (Vaselinum) . In some cases, petrolatum is used to thicken ointment bases ( Petrolatum), paraffin solid ( Paraffinum solidum), ozokerite ( Ozokeritum), ceresin – refined ozokerite ( Ceresinum). For example, in hot weather conditions, up to 10% solid paraffin is added to the ointment base. As an excipient in the preparation of soft dosage forms, liquid paraffin can be used - petroleum jelly ( Oleum Vaselini).
Polymer silicone bases are inert, shelf stable and have proven themselves as skin protectants.
Ointment bases are not only formative, but also have a certain local effect. By creating a protective film, they protect the skin and mucous membranes from mechanical irritation, reduce heat transfer, and increase skin elasticity.
Ointments, Unguenta
(singular unit Unguentum, gen. pad. Unguenti)
Ointments is a viscous, homogeneous dosage form with a soft consistency and high smearing ability.
Ointments consist of one or more medicinal substances evenly distributed in an appropriate ointment base. Most often, ointments are prepared with Vaseline ( non-absorbable ointments). Animal fats are added to the base of ointments designed for a resorptive effect ( absorbable ointments). Powdery substances in the ointment should be no more than 25%. If necessary, stabilizers, preservatives and other auxiliary substances are also added to the composition of ointments. For example, the absorption of drugs through the skin is facilitated by dimexide added to ointments.
Ointments can be classified according to various parameters. According to their composition they are distinguished simple ointments consisting of one medicinal and one formative substance, and complex ointments having more than two ingredients. In pharmaceutical terms, there are ointment solutions, ointment alloys, ointment suspensions, ointment emulsions, etc.
Ointments are classified according to application dermatological, ophthalmic, nasal, dental, and vaginal, rectal, urethral. By type of action, ointments are often designed for local action, sometimes - on reflex or resorptive.
Ointments - mostly undosed dosage form, prescriptions indicate only their total quantity. The total amount of ointment for the treatment of diseases of the skin and mucous membranes is 10-100 g or more, eye ointments are prescribed in quantities of 5-10 g. Rectal, vaginal, urethral ointments are dosed, they are produced in special syringe tubes for insertion into the corresponding cavities. Ointments designed for a resorptive effect are also dosed (Nitro ointment).
Based on prescription, ointments are divided into official and main ones. Official ointments are prescribed in an abbreviated form indicating the name of the ointment and its quantity.
4. Liquid and soft dosage forms
Solutions (Solutiones, Sol.) are prepared by dissolving medicinal substances in a solvent.
Concentration in the abbreviated version is expressed as a percentage or as a ratio of mass to volume. There are aqueous and alcohol solutions.
Herbal preparations are extracts from plant materials obtained by heating or dissolving the corresponding extracts. Water or alcohol is used as a solvent.
Infusions (Infusa, Inf.) and decoctions (Decocta, Dec.) are aqueous extracts from the dry parts of medicinal plants.
Tinctures (Tincturae, Ф-rae) and extracts (Extracta, Extr.) are alcoholic (alcohol-based or alcohol-ether) extracts from medicinal raw materials without heating.
Extracts (Extractum, Extr.). There are liquid, thick and dry extracts.
New galenic preparations are obtained as a result of special testing with high degree purification of drugs (Adonisidum).
Dispersed systems are systems where the dispersion medium is liquid (water, oil, gas, etc.), and the dispersed phase is insoluble small particles. These are suspensions, aerosols, mixtures.
Liquid dosage forms also include applications, balms, collodions, creams, lemonades, and syrups.
Applications are liquid or ointment-like preparations used for application to the skin for therapeutic purposes.
Balms (Balsama) are liquids obtained from plants and having an aromatic odor, antiseptic and deodorizing properties.
Collodions (Collodia) are solutions of nitrocellulose in alcohol with ether (1: 6) containing medicinal substances. For external use.
Creams (Cremores) are semi-liquid preparations containing medicines, oils, fats and other substances, but less viscous than ointments.
Lemonades (Limonata) are sweet-tasting or acidified liquids for oral administration.
Syrups (Sirupi) are thick, clear, sweet liquids for oral administration.
Injectable dosage forms include sterile aqueous and oily solutions. There are simple and complex in composition.
Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, suppositories, and patches. Fats and fat-like substances obtained from petroleum and synthetic polymers are used as forming bases.
Ointments (Unguenta, Ung.) are a soft dosage form of viscous consistency, used for external use and containing less than 25% dry (powder) substances.
Pastes (Pastae, Past.) contain at least 25% dry matter.
Liniments (Linimtnta, Lin.) are liquid ointments in which the dissolved substances are evenly distributed in the liquid ointment base. Shake it before use. Suppositories (suppositories, Suppositoria, Supp.) - a dosage form that is solid at room temperature, but melts at body temperature. Patches (Emplastra) are a dosage form in the form of a plastic mass that softens at body temperature and adheres to the skin.
From book Latin language for doctors author A. I. Shtun38. Dosage forms Aerosolum, -i (n) - aerosol - a dosage form, which is a dispersed system obtained using special packaging. Granulum, -i (n) - granule - a solid dosage form in the form of grains, grains. Gutta, - ae (f) – drop – dosage form,
From the book Pharmacology: lecture notes author Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya39. Liquid dosage forms. Name of drugs Solutio, -onis (f) – solution – dosage form obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances; intended for injection, internal or external use. Suspensio, -onis (f) – suspension –
From the book Family Book author Tatyana Demyanovna Popova3. Liquid dosage forms These include solutions, galenic and new-galenic preparations, dispersed systems, etc. Solutions (Solutiones, Sol.) are obtained by dissolving medicinal substances in a solvent. They can be prescribed in expanded, abbreviated or semi-abbreviated form
From the book 33 Recipes for men author V. D. Sheremetyev4. Dosage forms for injections. Soft dosage forms Injectable dosage forms include sterile aqueous and oily solutions. There are simple and complex in composition. Rp.: Sol. Glucosi 5% – 500 ml; Rp.: Sol. Camphorae oleosae 20% – 2 mlSteril.! D.t. d. No. 10 in amp.D. S. drip Solutions in
From the book Golden Mustache. Treatment and prevention colds author Yulia UlybinaDosage forms Homeopathic medicines are prepared in the form of grains, tablets, powders and alcohol solutions in pharmaceutical laboratories and specialized pharmacies. The most common form currently is
From the book Pocket Guide to Essential Medicines author author unknownDosage forms and use: Orally – a decoction of the roots (25 g of roots per 0.5 liters of water, boil for 10 minutes) taken 4 times a day before meals; fresh juice from grass or roots, take 1 tablespoon in half a glass of water with the addition of honey, 3 times a day. PRIMORSKIAN BLUE BLUE
From the book Siberian Health Recipes. Miracle cures for all diseases author Maria Vitalievna NikitinaDosage forms Juice is obtained from the succulent parts of the plant and syrup, ointment, tea, decoction for poultices and other dosage forms are prepared. Juice Plant juice is squeezed from freshly collected raw materials immediately or within 24 hours after collection. Use internally for colitis and ulcers
From the book Dandelion, plantain. Natural Medicines author Yuri KonstantinovLiquid dosage forms A solution is a clear dosage form obtained by dissolving liquids or solids in some solvent. Common solvents are distilled water, ethanol, glycerin, various oils(glycerin,
From the book Directory of Essential Medicines author Elena Yurievna KhramovaSoft dosage forms Ointments are soft homogeneous masses. They can give you a great idea about ointments cosmetic creams. Just as the production of a tablet requires an active substance and one or more auxiliary ingredients, to obtain an ointment it is necessary
From the author's bookDosage forms Powders, pills, ointments, and tinctures are made from bear bile. Dried bile is marketed in the form of gallbladder. The cost of such a bag ranges from 200 to 250 rubles per gram. A whole bear gall bladder weighs on average 30–80 g. To market
From the author's bookDosage forms Bear and badger fat is supplied to the market in in kind(rendered fat); sold in pharmacies in biological form active additive to food; included in medicinal and cosmetic creams and ointments. Bear and badger have proven themselves
From the author's bookDosage forms Manufacturers supply to the market beaver stream in its natural form (whole dry iron), as well as in the form of powders and ready-made tinctures. Some traditional healers potent rubs and ointments are made from natural raw materials. Essential
From the author's bookDosage forms Complex complex active ingredients ginseng is not divided, and they have not yet been obtained individually, therefore from the roots of this medicinal plant make tinctures and extracts. The most common in medical practice is alcoholic
From the author's bookDosage forms Buy fresh cedar resin possible from the manufacturers. There are a lot of private advertisements and offers from various companies on the Internet. To prepare turpentine balsam, the collected resin is cleaned and filtered, and then mixed with cedar and
From the author's bookDosage forms Decoction 1. Prepare as follows: 1 tbsp. pour a spoonful of crushed roots into 1 cup hot water, simmer over low heat for 15 minutes, cool for 45 minutes and filter. Take 1/3-1/2 cup 3 times a day 15 minutes before meals with liver diseases,
From the author's bookDosage forms All medicines can be divided according to their state of aggregation into the following forms: – solid; – liquid; – soft; – gaseous. Also medications divided according to the method of their introduction into the body (orally, by injection,
Ointments - Unguenta (Unguentum, Unguenti) - soft dosage forms for external use. Ointments are prepared by mixing medicinal substances with ointment bases.
Vaseline, lanolin, purified pork fat (Adepssuillus depuratus), etc. are used as ointment bases. Ointment bases may include wax, paraffin, vaseline oil, etc. This is taken into account. that Vaseline is poorly absorbed through the skin, but lanolin is well absorbed. Some ointment bases, such as naphthalan ointment, have an anti-inflammatory effect.
Ointments are used mainly for treatment various diseases skin and mucous membranes. This takes into account mainly the local effect of the ointment. However, in some cases, ointments can have a reflex and resorptive effect. Official ointments are prepared in factories, while main ones are prepared in pharmacies. Ointments are prescribed in shortened or expanded forms of prescription.
The abbreviated form of the prescription is used when prescribing ointments industrial production, as well as in cases where the ointment contains one substance and Vaseline is used as an ointment base. The abbreviated form of the prescription begins with the name of the dosage form - Unguenti..., followed by the name of the medicinal substance. designation of the concentration of the ointment or its quantity, after which they write D.S.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Prescribe 10.0 g of 1% hydrocortisone ointment to lubricate the affected areas of the skin.
Rp.: Unguenti Hydrocortisoni 1 % 10,0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin 2-3 times a day
Official multicomponent ointments are prescribed in an abbreviated version, using the patent name of the ointment.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Prescribe 50.0 g of Bom-Benge ointment.
Prescribe for rubbing into the joint area.
Rp.: Unguenti «Bom-Bcngc* 50.0
D.S. Rub into joint area at night
When prescribing an ointment in expanded form, the prescription indicates the names of all components and their quantities included in the ointment. Then they write Misce ut fiat unguent uni (Mix to make an ointment). This post is followed by D.S. and signature.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Prescribe 30.0 g of ointment containing 0.25 g of silver nitrate and 1.0 g of vinylin.
Prescribe for skin diseases.
Rp.: Argcnti nitratis 0.25 Vinylini 1.0 Vaselini 30.0 M.f. unguent urn
D.S. Lubricate the affected area of skin
Pastes - Pastae (Pasta) is a type of ointment, characterized by a thicker consistency!. Pastes contain at least 25% (but not more than 65%) powdery substances. When making paste, the amount of powdery substances necessary to achieve a thicker consistency is increased by adding indifferent powders of talc, starch, etc.
Pastes last longer than ointments at the site of application and, due to the high content of powdery substances, have pronounced adsorbing properties. The infusions are prescribed in an expanded copybook form. After a list of medicinal substances, indifferent powders, an ointment base and an indication of their quantity, they write: Misce lit fiat pasta (Mix to make an infusion), then follows D.S. and signature. Official pastes are prescribed in an abbreviated form of the recipe.
EXAMPLES OF RECIPES
1. Prescribe 50.0 g of infusion containing 5% anesthesin for application to the affected area of the skin.
Rp.: Anacsthesini 2.5 Zinci oxydi 20.0 Vaselini ad 50.0 M.f. pacta
D.S. Apply to damaged skin surface
2. Prescribe 50.0 g of Teymurov’s infusion
Rp.: Pastae Teimurovi 50.0
D.S. Apply to skin for diaper rash
Suppositories - Suppositoria (Suppositorium, Suppositorii) - dosage forms that melt at body temperature, retain a solid consistency at room temperature.
The composition of suppositories includes medicinal substances and a form-forming mass (base). Cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao) or special alloys. The main requirements for suppository bases are: the coincidence of their melting point with body temperature (not higher than 37°C), indifference to other medicinal substances and the absence of irritating properties.
There are rectal suppositories (suppositories) and vaginal ones - Suppositoria rectalia, Suppositoria vaginalia.
Rectal suppositories usually have the shape of a cylinder or cone weighing from 1.0 to 1.0 g (average 3.0 g). Vaginal suppositories can be spherical (balls), ovoid (ovules) or in the form flat body with a rounded end (pessaries). The weight of vaginal suppositories ranges from 1.5 to 6.0 g (average 4.0 g).
Medicinal substances in vaginal suppositories are used for local action, and in rectal suppositories - for local and resorptive action.
Suppositories are most often prepared factory-made, sometimes in pharmacies. Suppositories produced by the pharmaceutical industry are prescribed in an abbreviated form. In this case, the recipe begins with the name of the dosage form Suppositorii..., then after the preposition cum (c) follows the name of the medicinal substance in the instrumental case and its dose. The prescription ends with the prescription - D.t.d. N... and signature.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Prescribe 10 rectal suppositories containing 0.0001 g of digitoxin.
Prescribe 1 suppository 2 times a day.
Rp: Suppositorii cum Digitoxino 0.0001 D.t.d. N 10
S. 1 suppository into the rectum 2 times a day
In some cases, official suppositories of complex composition will be given a commercial name, for example “Anuzol”, “Bstiol”, etc.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Prescribe 10 Anuzol suppositories.
Prescribe 1 suppository 2 times a day.
Rp.: Suppositoryrum "Anusolum" N 10
D.S. 1 suppository 2 times a day into the rectum
Suppositories that are prepared in a pharmacy are prescribed in expanded form. First, the names of medicinal substances and their quantities are indicated, then cocoa butter per 1 candle. Most often, the amount of cocoa butter is not indicated, but written: Olei Cacao q.s. ut f. suppositorium rcctalc (vaginale), i.e. cocoa butter as needed to make a rectal (vaginal) suppository. This is followed by D.t.d. N..., then signature.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Prescribe 10 vaginal suppositories containing 0.5 g of mstronidazole.
Prescribe no 1 suppository into the vagina 2 times a day.
Rp.: Mctronidazoli 0.5
Ol. Cacao q.s. ut fiat suppositopium vaginalc D.t.d.N 10
S. 1 suppository in the vagina 2 times a day
Sticks - Bacilli - a type of suppository intended for insertion into narrow canals (urethra, cervix, fistula tracts, etc.). Sticks (bougies) are made in the form of thin cylinders (thickness 2-5 mm) up to 5 cm long, depending on the purpose.
They write out prescriptions according to the main prescriptions in an expanded form, indicating not only the list of ingredients and doses, but also the sizes of the sticks: length and thickness... (longitudine et crassitudine).
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out 6 sticks 5 cm long and 0.5 cm thick, containing 0.1 g of furagin each, for introduction into urethra.
Rp: Furagini 0.1
Olei Cacao q.s. ut Fiat bacillus longitudine 5 cm et crassitudine 0.5 cm D.t.d. N 6
S. Insert a stick into the urethra once a day
Plasters - Emplastra (Emplastrum, Emplastri) - a dosage form that is solid at room temperature and softens at body temperature for external use.
Patches consist of medicinal substances and adhesive mass, which has the property of sticking tightly to the skin. Such patches have a healing effect on the skin.
Some patches, such as adhesive tape, are designed to hold a bandage in place, bring wound edges together, etc.
The patches are made in pharmaceutical factories. The patches are prescribed only in a shortened manner.
EXAMPLES OF RECIPES
1. Prescribe 50.0 simple lead plaster.
Rp.: Emplastri Plumbi simplicis 50.0
D.S. Warm up slightly, apply to the material and apply to the affected area of the skin.
2. Prescribe an adhesive patch 50 cm long and 2 cm wide.
Rp.: Emplastri adhaesvi extensi 5x2 cm D.S. To strengthen bandages
