Preventive measures for women. Methods of female contraception: pros and cons

The birth of a child is a real miracle, but only if it is desired. To prevent an unplanned pregnancy from spoiling the plans of young people, forcing them to choose between family and creating a career, they must always remember about contraception.

Many couples do not attach due importance to the choice of method of birth control. Often such negligence leads to unpleasant consequences:

1. The birth of an unwanted child. In Russia, even now, the most common method of family planning is abortion. Artificial termination of pregnancy can lead to many serious health problems, including infertility and serious illnesses.
2. Danger of contracting sexually transmitted infections. Many diseases without proper treatment become chronic and can cause serious complications.

Having information about how to properly protect yourself prevents many problems, allows you to maintain your health and the opportunity to create a full-fledged family at the time when it is needed.

How contraceptives work

Contraceptives are drugs used to protect against pregnancy. All methods of protection are based on simple principle– prevent the egg and sperm from meeting, blocking the process of conception (barrier), and prevent the egg from maturing in the woman’s body (hormonal).

Contraception methods

Everyone can determine for themselves how to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy, having studied the features of use and the degree of reliability of the contraceptive methods used.

Means	Efficiency
Sterilization	99,9-100%
Birth control pills	99-100%
Navy	99%
Contraceptive patch	92-99%
Contraceptive rings	92-99%
Hormonal injections	97%
Diaphragm	92-96%
Condom	85-90%
Symptothermal method	70-75%
Spermicides	65-70%
Cervical cap	75%

Contraceptive patch

This method serves as a physical barrier against the penetration of sperm into the uterus. The device looks like an elastic band with a diameter of 50-100 mm with a springy rim. The device is placed on the cervix several hours before sexual intercourse.

The size of the diaphragm is selected individually after examination by a gynecologist. The advantages of the method are protection against sexually transmitted infections and repeated use.

• Lack of efficiency;
• The need to insert and remove the device and care for it;
• Not recommended for nulliparous women;
• Inability to use during menstruation.

Intrauterine device

An IUD is a plastic T-shaped device measuring 25-35 mm that is placed inside the uterus. It works on the same principle as other physical barriers, preventing sperm from penetrating and further fertilizing the egg. The material from which modern spirals are made significantly increases their reliability compared to other means.

Advantages of the IUD:

• Efficiency up to 99%;
• Long service life (about 10 years);
• No side effects compared to other hormonal drugs;
• Instant restoration of reproductive function after removal.

Disadvantages of use:

• The procedure is performed only by a doctor;
• Suitable only for women who have given birth;
• There is a risk of developing inflammation;
• Lack of protection from venereal diseases;
• Pain and increased menstrual bleeding during the first time after installation;
• In rare cases, the occurrence of an ectopic pregnancy;
• There is a high risk of the device falling out, especially on menstruation days and during active sports.

Symptothermal method

This is a method of natural family planning, including calendar, temperature, and cervical methods. Based on calculation of the probable day of ovulation and the most auspicious days for conception. To do this, the woman keeps a chart for at least 3 cycles, in which she notes the basal temperature data. Typically, before ovulation its value decreases, and after it increases by 0.4 degrees.

The study is complemented by monitoring the condition of the cervical fluid. On dangerous days, the amount of discharge increases, it acquires a liquid and then a stretchy structure.

The positive aspects of this approach are absolute accessibility. Weak sides– time costs, the need to abstain on dangerous days, insufficient reliability.

Spermicides

The barrier type of protection is based on a chemical effect on sperm to prevent entry from the inside of the uterus. This group of drugs includes gels, foams, creams, suppositories, which are inserted into the vagina 15 minutes before intercourse using an applicator.

The reliability of this method is quite low; the number of unplanned pregnancies with this method of protection reaches 35%. Therefore, spermicides are recommended to be used in combination with other barrier methods: condom, diaphragm, cap.

Along with insufficient effectiveness, the products can cause disruption of the vaginal microflora, causing itching and irritation.

Sterilization operations

Sometimes, when deciding how to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy, some people resort to a drastic method - sterilization: vasectomy (in men) or tubal ligation (in women).

Vasectomy is an operation to excise part of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering the seminal fluid. The intervention can be either reversible or irreversible. During temporary sterilization, only the clamp is installed on the seminal canal without removing it. But it will be possible to restore reproductive function only within 5 years; later it will be impossible.

The advantages of the method are high efficiency, complete preservation of sexual function, and no impact on the functioning of the body. But you should know that after this procedure the chances of becoming a father are reduced to a minimum. Therefore, the method is recommended for men who already have children. As with any surgical intervention, complications (suppuration, inflammation) are possible after the operation. It is also necessary to take into account that the effect occurs only after 1-2 months.

Female sterilization involves creating an artificial obstruction fallopian tubes. In this case, the meeting of sperm and egg is impossible. The operation is performed using laparoscopy with minimal incisions. Several types of sterilization are carried out: tubal ligation, cauterization or pinching with special clothespins.

The method has maximum protection against unplanned pregnancy, but in practice there are rare cases the onset of conception and with ligated tubes. Sterilization does not affect the menstrual cycle and hormonal functions body. The main disadvantage of this method of birth control is its irreversibility. But if you want to have children in the future, assisted reproductive technologies can come to the rescue. With artificial conception, a woman is able to carry and give birth to a child.

The impact of contraception on health

Every adult must know how to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy. Active use Contraception as a method of family planning is an important factor in reducing the number of abortions and the associated health risks.

Hormonal contraceptives: pills, injections, patches have a great influence on a woman’s body. Negative consequences taking these contraceptives is associated with incorrect selection of drugs and lack of consideration of existing contraindications. The hormones they contain can negatively affect blood clotting, causing a high risk of blood clots.

Experts have also established some connection between the intake hormonal pills and the development of breast and cervical cancer. However, their use significantly reduces the likelihood of ovarian cancer.

Many modern remedies bring undoubted benefits to healthy women. Drugs can improve the quality menstrual cycle, regulating it, preventing painful sensations, mood swings.

Choosing the Right Method

A wide range of contraceptive methods can confuse a woman. When deciding how to protect yourself from pregnancy, it is worth considering the reliability of the product, possible side effects, and features of use. Here are some conditions that you should pay attention to, giving preference to the most popular methods:

• In the absence of regular sexual activity or a permanent partner, it is recommended to use condoms. Along with birth control, this is the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
• Barrier protection devices (IUDs, caps, diaphragms) can only be used by women who have given birth.
• Choice of hormonal contraceptive drugs It should be done together with a specialist (gynecologist or endocrinologist).

A competent approach to the issue of choosing contraception provides effective protection against accidental pregnancy and associated negative consequences.

2 Sterilization

Female sterilization is also called tubal occlusion or “tubal ligation.” As a result of the operation, an artificial obstruction is created fallopian tubes: the female egg is isolated from the sperm and fertilization becomes impossible. In Russia, this method of contraception is legally permitted only for women over 35 years of age who have at least one child.

BEHIND Almost 100% protection against unwanted pregnancy; the operation does not entail changes in health, hormonal levels, does not affect sexual desire, and sometimes even increases it; the risk of ovarian cancer is reduced.

AGAINST Sterilization is almost irreversible, surgery to restore fertility is very expensive and there is no guarantee of a successful outcome; the operation is performed under anesthesia, and these are associated risks; does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection.

PEARL INDEX 0.15 (in an extremely small percentage of women, pregnancy occurred in the first year after surgery).

3 Vasectomy

Type of male sterilization. During the operation, part of the man's vas deferens is ligated or removed so that sperm do not enter the ejaculate.

BEHIND Relatively simple operation; local anesthesia; libido, erection, ejaculation, sexual attraction, orgasm do not undergo changes.

AGAINST You must carefully consider your decision as reconstructive surgery is much more complex, expensive and success is not guaranteed. Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.

PEARL INDEX 0.4 pregnancies per 100 women.

4 Intrauterine device

The spiral is a fairly common method of contraception in women 25-30 years old. This is a small device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent conception. Today there are about 50 types of spirals: round, spiral, T-shaped, copper or silver, hormonal, etc. The IUD prevents the implantation of the egg into the uterine wall, has a detrimental effect on sperm (copper-containing coils), and affects their ability to pass through the cervix (hormonal). Average term use - 2-5 years.

BEHIND High protection against unwanted pregnancy. Using an IUD, you can forget about other methods of birth control for several years. The spiral does not affect lactation, is easily removed by a doctor and is inexpensive.

AGAINST May cause heavy menstruation in some women. Prolonged stay of a foreign body in the body reduces immunity and can also cause inflammatory processes. The IUD is not recommended for nulliparous girls.

PEARL INDEX 1 pregnancy per 100 women.

Hormonal contraception

5 Hormonal implants and capsules

This type of contraception is a small plastic stick (the size of a match) or a thin capsule filled with hormonal drugs and injected subcutaneously, usually at inner side left forearm. After installation, implants regularly release a hormone that interferes with and also changes the cervical mucosa, making it difficult for sperm to pass through. In 2018, a new progressive product is expected on the American market - a hormonal contraceptive chip, which will be implanted under the patient’s skin and controlled using a smartphone and a special application.

BEHIND There is no need to frequently replace the implant. The effect lasts approximately 5 years. The operation is quite simple and painless.

AGAINST Side effects: nausea, headaches and possible allergic reactions. Implants are not widely represented on the Russian market, hence the high cost. In addition, gynecologists do not recommend installing implants for girls who have not yet given birth.

PEARL INDEX 0.3 pregnancies per year per 100 women.

6 Combined oral contraceptives

AGAINST There is a risk of developing thrombosis if there is a predisposition. It takes discipline and regular application. In addition, COCs can reduce libido, cause allergies, nausea, increased breast sensitivity, pigmentation and mood swings.

PEARL INDEX About 0.5 pregnancies per year per 100 women for combination oral medications.

7 Hormonal injections

BEHIND Availability and ease of use, wide choice. Condoms provide the best protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

AGAINST Protection against pregnancy is only 82% for male and 79% for female condoms. Many women complain that female condoms feel a bit awkward and that they can make inappropriate noises during sex. Allergy to latex is a contraindication.

PEARL INDEX From 5 to 12 pregnancies per 100 women.

11 Contraceptive caps, vaginal diaphragms and sponges

A contraceptive cap is a reusable contraceptive, which is a silicone cup with a loop that is placed on the cervix. The caps are recommended for use in conjunction with spermicides. The contraceptive is inserted immediately before sexual intercourse and can be worn for about 48 hours.

The vaginal diaphragm has the shape of a cup with a metal spring along the edge; it is inserted before sexual intercourse so that the rim is in the walls of the vagina and the dome covers the cervix. The spring presses lightly on the walls of the vagina and urethra. The size of the diaphragm is selected by a gynecologist; you can wear the contraceptive for no more than 24 hours.

A sponge soaked in spermicidal solution looks like a small donut with an indentation that should fit snugly against the cervix. The sponge combines both mechanical and chemical protection. The sponge is a universal size, and in the USA you can buy it in a regular supermarket.

BEHIND Caps and Co. are reusable, they do not change hormonal background, suitable for breastfeeding women and for those for whom hormonal medications are contraindicated.

AGAINST If administered incorrectly, the effect is extremely weak. They do not protect against infections, and the quality of sex sometimes decreases. In addition, there are a number of contraindications.

PEARL INDEX From 6 to 20 pregnancies per 100 women.

12 Spermicides

Spermicides are chemical substances, destroying sperm within a short period of time (up to 1 minute). They contain special creams, jellies, suppositories, vaginal tablets, foams and films - all of this is sold in free access at the pharmacy. Spermicides themselves have a low contraceptive effect, so gynecologists advise combining them with barrier methods of protection.

BEHIND Ease of use, protection against certain infections.

AGAINST Low contraceptive effect. Spermicides can negatively affect vaginal flora. And one more thing: make sure that you are not already pregnant, since in this case there is a high risk to the fetus.

PEARL INDEX 25-30 pregnancies per 100 women per year.

Natural methods of contraception

13 Interrupted coitus and others

Coitus interruptus, calendar method, a method that involves tracking basal temperature, monitoring the consistency of discharge and other methods that we inherited from our grandmothers and mothers - all these are natural methods of contraception. Even modern methods contraception does not provide a 100% guarantee, and the reliability of “folk” methods is even more out of the question: out of 100 women who use interrupted coitus as protection, on average, 19-20 become pregnant within a year. Additionally, none of the natural methods protect against sexually transmitted infections.

In conclusion, an important disclaimer: before choosing a method of contraception, be sure to consult with your gynecologist.

Text: Yulia Oleynikova.

Preventing abortion is key to maintaining reproductive health girls. According to experts, artificial termination of pregnancy quite often leads to infertility. Today, approximately every fifth pregnant woman resorts to abortion. Despite high efficiency contraceptives, many young ladies unreasonably neglect this opportunity. We should not forget that the main objectives of contraception are not only to ensure the prevention of medical abortions, but also to prevent infection with sexually transmitted diseases.

Types of contraception

There are different methods of contraception. However, regardless of the type contraception, female contraceptives must be highly effective, safe for health, easy to use and available for purchase.

Modern methods of contraception:

• Physiological.
• Barrier or mechanical.
• Chemical.
• Hormone.

Female contraceptives can be bought in pharmacy chains without a prescription.

Physiological

Peculiarity physiological method contraception is that the girl in certain period during her menstrual cycle, she should abstain from intimacy or actively use other contraceptives. As a rule, if the menstrual cycle lasts 28 days, then it is necessary to abstain from vaginal sex in the period from the 11th to the 18th day, when ovulation occurs. The physiological method is based on alternating periods of high and low fertility (ability to bear children). Scientists have found that the egg remains viable for 1–3 days, and the sperm for about 5 days. What methods can be used to clarify the time of ovulation:

1. Calendar. It is necessary to calculate the fertile period, taking into account the individual duration of the menstrual cycle.
2. Temperature. To determine the fertile period, rectal temperature measurements are taken. They should be held at the same time in the morning. While lying down, the woman inserts a special thermometer into the rectum for 5–6 minutes. Ovulation is recognized by analyzing the temperature curve. The defining moment is a temperature drop of 0.2–0.3 °C and a subsequent rise of 0.7–1.0 °C. Such changes are observed only 1–2 days after the completion of the ovulatory phase. Having determined the day of ovulation, the “dangerous period” is calculated.
3. Cervical. By the nature of changes in cervical mucus due to estrogen during the menstrual cycle, it will be possible to judge what phase the woman is in.
4. Multicomponent. Judging by the name, it is not difficult to guess that this method includes measuring basal temperature, recording changes in the properties of cervical mucus, calendar calculations and some subjective signs (in particular, the appearance of pain in the lower abdomen, discharge, etc.).

The main advantage of the physiological method is simplicity of implementation and absolute safety for female body, since there are no consequences or adverse reactions there is no need to expect. However, it is worth noting that this method of contraception is suitable for women with normal menstrual cycles. But for teenagers and young girls, the physiological method is inappropriate to use for several reasons:

• Irregular ovulatory cycle.
• Young girls quite often experience random or extraordinary ovulation.
• Late ovulation is more common.
• Low efficiency.
• Girls find it difficult to make correct calculations and perform basic methods of physiological contraception.
• This method is not able to protect against sexually transmitted diseases.

Not all types of contraception can provide 100% protection against unwanted pregnancy.

Barrier or mechanical

The use of special means that prevent sperm from moving into the uterine cavity is called a barrier or mechanical contraceptive method. It is known that barrier contraceptives are provided for both women and men. The most common types of barrier protection against unplanned pregnancy:

• Condoms (female and male).
• Vaginal diaphragm.
• Cervical caps.

Condoms

Today, the main material for making condoms is latex. It helps not only protect against unplanned pregnancy, but also prevents infection with sexually transmitted diseases. The main disadvantage of the method is the frequent rupture of condoms made of thin elastic rubber. According to statistics, this happens approximately once every 50-300 times we have sex.

If a condom ruptures, it is recommended to inject a spermicidal substance into the vagina and/or use an oral contraceptive for emergency post-coital prevention of unwanted pregnancy. In addition, quite often when using a condom, both sexual partners note a decrease in sexual pleasure. Clinical studies show that many boys and men neglect this method of contraception.

Therefore, a condom for women was invented, which is effective both as a contraceptive and in preventing infection with sexually transmitted diseases. It must be put on a few hours before intimacy and removed after sex. Repeated use is strictly prohibited.

Vaginal diaphragm

To explain in a nutshell, the vaginal diaphragm is a fairly good barrier contraceptive, shaped like a hemisphere and consisting of a rubber cap connected to a ring. To prevent the passage of sperm, it should be inserted into the vagina in such a way as to close the cervical canal. To increase contraceptive effectiveness, the vaginal diaphragm is used together with spermicidal agents, which can be purchased in the form of creams, foams, gels, etc.

Various models and sizes are available, so individual selection is recommended. As a rule, the insertion of the vaginal diaphragm is carried out immediately before intimacy, using a spermicide on both sides. Its removal is carried out 7–10 hours after completion of sexual intercourse. I would like to note that this barrier method of contraception does not help protect against diseases transmitted during sex, although it can protect the internal genital organs from certain types of infections.

Cervical cap

The mechanism of action and contraceptive effectiveness of cervical caps are almost the same as that of vaginal diaphragms. In shape they resemble a hemisphere with thickened edges. The negative pressure created helps the cap not to slip off the cervix. It should be administered 30–10 minutes before sexual intercourse. It can remain in the vagina for 6–9 hours (maximum period – 1.5 days). Unlike a condom, the vaginal diaphragm and cervical cap can be used more than once. Before using any method of barrier or mechanical contraception, it is recommended that you carefully read the instructions.

Modern contraceptives for women (contraceptives) must be available with a prescription.

Chemical (spermicidal)

The chemical or spermicidal method of contraception is based on the use of special agents that can inactivate sperm. This effect is realized due to the active component, which destroys the cell membrane of male germ cells in a few seconds. Spermicides are available in the form of gel, cream, suppositories, foam, tablets, etc. The effectiveness of the chemical method of contraception directly depends on its correct use. Features of application:

1. Spermicidal preparations are administered no later than 30–60 days before sexual intercourse.
2. Spermicides must come into contact with the cervix.
3. If you do not know how to use chemical contraception correctly, consult your gynecologist.

The active substances included in spermicides can not only destroy sperm, but also have a bactericidal and virusicidal effect. For example, the active component nonoxynol or benzalkonium chloride inhibits the growth and reproduction of such pathogenic microorganisms, such as chlamydia, mycoplasma, trichomonas, ureaplasma, etc. To increase contraceptive effectiveness, many experts advise combining the use of chemical and barrier contraceptive methods.

Pharmatex

One of the most popular spermicidal agents for chemical contraception is Pharmatex. To completely destroy sperm, 20 seconds of male germ cells being in an environment with Pharmatex is enough. Repeated sexual intercourse requires a new administration of the drug. In addition, it has antimicrobial activity against a number of sexually transmitted diseases (for example, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, etc.). At the same time, Pharmatex does not affect normal microflora vagina and does not lead to menstrual irregularities.

It can be combined with intrauterine devices (IUD), condoms, vaginal diaphragm, cervical caps. Pharmatex is available in the following forms for vaginal use:

• Pills.
• Pills.
• Candles.
• Tampons.
• Cream.

Each form has its own application features, which you can familiarize yourself with by reading official instructions to the drug. It should be remembered that Pharmatex is contraindicated in hypersensitivity to its active components and inflammatory diseases of the genital organs. To avoid a decrease in spermicidal effect, simultaneous vaginal use of several drugs is not recommended.

Contraceptive sponge

A product that combines mechanical and chemical protection against unwanted pregnancy is called a contraceptive sponge. It acts as a barrier, preventing the movement of male germ cells in the cervical canal, and also secretes a spermicidal component that helps destroy sperm. The shape is a round pad with a small depression on one side, which should be adjacent to the cervix. However, due to its low contraceptive effectiveness, it is usually not recommended for use by adolescents and young girls. More experienced and older women are quite capable of installing this type of contraceptives and do not have special problems using.

The best method of contraception is the combined use of contraceptives (for example, hormonal drugs and a condom).

Hormone

Statistics show that almost 150 million girls and women around the world take oral contraceptives every day. At the same time, at present, the newest hormonal drugs are taken either orally or can be introduced into the body in other ways (injection, transdermal, intravaginal, etc.). The mechanism of hormonal contraception is as follows:

• Slow down the production of gonadotropic hormones.
• Suppress the ovulation process.
• Increase the viscosity and density of cervical mucus, which is produced by the cervix.
• By changing the properties of cervical mucus, the motility of sperm in the direction of the uterine cavity is inhibited.

Taking oral contraception stops ovulation and prevents the fertilization of the egg. Also, due to the effect on the endometrium, there is a prevention of egg implantation in the uterine cavity.

Oral contraceptives

There are many types of hormonal contraceptives. Let's focus on the most clinically significant ones. Depending on the composition, oral contraception is divided into the following main groups:

1. Combined hormonal drugs containing progestogen and estrogen (Mersilon, Ovidon, Regulon, Rigevidon, Silest, Triziston, Triquilar, Belara).
2. Hormonal drugs whose active component is progestogen (Exluton, Ovret, Microlut, Charozetta). They are also called Mini-pills.

The ethinyl estradiol content plays a significant role when choosing the optimal combined oral contraceptive. Considering the amount of estrogens, hormonal drugs are divided into three large groups: high-, low- and micro-dose. Popular representatives of each of these groups:

• The first is Anteovin, Silest, Non-ovlon. They contain more than 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol.
• The second is Regulon, Belara, Microgynon, Femoden (30 mcg each).
• Third - Mercilon, Mirrel, Miniziston (20 mcg each).

Main advantages and disadvantages

Among all hormonal oral contraceptives, priority is given to monophasic drugs containing a stable amount of both female hormones (for example, Mercilon). Two- and three-phase drugs have different amounts of estrogens and gestagens, which helps them act on different periods menstrual cycle. The main advantages of monophasic oral contraceptives:

• They are more effective than other types of non-invasive contraceptives.
• Available for most girls and women.
• They do not provide severe consequences for the body.
• After stopping use, fertility is restored fairly quickly.
• It is considered a highly safe method.
• Long-term use possible.

A distinctive feature of most new combined oral contraceptives is their high efficiency and safety. Moreover, according to clinical studies, contraceptive effect– this is not their only property. What else is characteristic of contraceptives? hormonal drugs:

• Able to regulate the menstrual cycle, especially in young girls.
• Helps get rid of algodismenorrhea ( painful menstruation).
• If you choose the right contraceptive, you don't have to worry about weight gain.
• They do not affect the main types of exchange.
• Eliminate deficiency of female hormones.
• Reduce the likelihood of a number of gynecological and somatic diseases.

The appearance of side effects is possible in the first 3 months of taking combined hormonal drugs. In most cases, they gradually disappear over time. Long-term use usually does not provoke such adverse reactions as headache, dyspeptic disorders, swelling of the mammary glands, painful menstruation, etc.

Unlike combined oral contraceptives, mini-pills containing only progestogens have less pronounced contraceptive effectiveness. However, they do not apply serious harm young body. In addition, they are recommended for girls and women who have contraindications to the use of other oral contraceptives.

Use latest methods Contraception for women is recommended after consultation with a specialist.

Contraindications

Hormonal contraceptives can boast quite long list various kinds of contraindications. Those that have a high lethal risk deserve the most attention. Diseases that are absolute contraindications for the use of hormonal oral contraceptives:

• Heart and vascular diseases (uncontrolled high pressure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic lesion bloodstream).
• Severe pathologies of the blood coagulation system and other diseases that provoke the formation of blood clots (venous thrombosis, thromboembolism).
• Tumors reproductive system and mammary glands.
• Severe pathology of the liver and kidneys with the development of functional failure.

How to take oral contraceptives?

To reduce the development of side effects and increase contraceptive properties, new regimens for the use of hormonal contraceptives have been developed. One of the latest innovations was the introduction into clinical practice prolonged use of combined oral contraceptives. Continuous use of the drug was proposed for 3–5 menstrual cycles, after which a 7-day break was taken and use was resumed.

Passed successfully clinical trial mode called “63+7”. Its essence is that the contraceptive is taken for 63 days, then there is a pause in taking it for exactly a week. In certain cases, the prolonged regimen can be extended to 126+7. With prolonged use of oral contraceptives with minimal interruption, a decrease in the occurrence of “withdrawal symptoms” is observed. The prolonged dosage regimen made it possible for girls and women to experience fewer headaches, menstrual irregularities of various types, breast pathologies and other side effects.

In addition, another one is actively being developed innovative approach to taking hormonal contraceptives, which is called fast start. What are its features:

1. It is allowed to start taking combined oral contraceptives at absolutely any period of the menstrual cycle.
2. Lack of significant negative influence on pregnancy and fetal development from the newest contraceptive drugs allowed scientists to come to such conclusions.
3. If pregnancy is diagnosed while using oral contraception, the medication must be stopped. It has been established that short-term use of hormonal contraceptives during pregnancy does not affect the risk of miscarriage.

The combined method is the most reliable way protection against unwanted pregnancy, involving the simultaneous use of several types of contraceptives.

Modern contraceptives for women may have contraindications and side effects, which should be familiarized with before using them.

Emergency contraception

Despite the wide range of contraceptives, the problem of unplanned pregnancy remains very relevant for millions of girls and women. As a rule, the risk of unwanted pregnancy is associated with having sex without using contraception or its ineffectiveness. Oddly enough, many women believe that in such situations the only thing they can do is wait to see whether the next period will come or not.

However, using methods emergency contraception, you can significantly reduce the likelihood of unexpected conception. It is worth noting that this approach is practically unknown to many girls and women. At the same time, popularizing the basic principles of emergency contraception among the masses would significantly reduce the number of abortions.

When is emergency contraception indicated?

It's no secret that the chance of conceiving a child varies throughout the menstrual cycle. According to some data, the probability of pregnancy after unprotected intercourse is approximately 20%, regardless of the day of the menstrual cycle. At the same time, if sex without contraception occurred during the periovulatory period, then the chances of getting pregnant increase to 30%.

A British study showed that unprotected intercourse during ovulation can result in conception in 50% of cases, even during the first menstrual cycle. It has long been proven that sperm in a woman’s genitals remain viable for 3–7 days, and an unfertilized egg remains viable for 12–24 hours. According to most experts, it is advisable to carry out emergency contraception in the first 1–3 days after intimacy. In what cases is it indicated:

• Any unprotected sexual intercourse. Simply put, vaginal sex occurred without the use of contraceptives (condom, vaginal diaphragm, combined oral contraceptives, etc.).
• During intimacy, the condom broke or fell off.
• Premature removal of the vaginal diaphragm or cervical cap.
• Skipping a dose of oral contraceptives or taking the drug more than 12 hours late.
• A girl or woman was forced to have sex without her consent.

Clinical experience shows that modern contraceptives for women, regardless of the type, method and route of administration, are highly effective in preventing unplanned pregnancy.

Emergency contraception methods

1. Use of combined oral contraceptives (Yuzpe method).
2. Specially developed drugs for emergency protection.
3. Use of intrauterine contraception.

Combined hormonal oral medications It is used quite often as emergency contraception. This method was named after the Canadian scientist Albert Yuzpe, who first used it and widely promoted it. Its essence was reduced to 2 times the use of a large dosage of estrogens and progestogens for 3 days from the moment of completion of sexual intercourse. The break between doses should have been at least 12 hours.

The effectiveness of the method was more than 95% and depended on two factors:

• The duration of the interval between intimacy and the prescription of emergency contraception. The earlier contraceptives are taken, the higher the expected effect.
• The day of the menstrual cycle when there was sex.

Despite the high effectiveness of the Yuzpe method, it requires the use of high doses of oral contraceptives and is associated with a high risk of adverse reactions. It has been recorded that in 30% of cases quite pronounced side effects are observed, including nausea, vomiting, migraine attacks, pain in the mammary glands, etc.

In addition, specially developed drugs based on levonorgesterel are also successfully used for emergency contraception. They are characterized by a pronounced gestagenic effect and the absence of estrogenic action. Among the female population, the two most popular drugs that contain levonorgesterel are Postinor and Escalep. According to the results of world clinical trials, the effectiveness of these contraceptives is slightly higher than that of the Yuzpe method. Also, the tolerability of Postinor and Escalep is much better.

Properly selected female contraception will help maintain reproductive health.

Non-hormonal drugs for emergency contraception

Most non-hormonal drugs for emergency protection against unplanned pregnancy contain the active component mifepristone, which is a synthetic antiprogestin. It is quite often used as a means for artificial termination of pregnancy in the early stages ( medical abortion). However, it can also be used for emergency contraception, especially when the patient cannot be prescribed hormonal contraceptive methods. Taking into account the phase of the cycle, the drug realizes its contraceptive effect due to:

• Interfering with the release of luteinizing hormone.
• Blocking or delaying ovulation.
• Violation natural changes in the endometrium.

Some scientific studies have found that mifepristone is more effective and better tolerated than levonorgesterel. One of the main advantages of mifepristone over other methods of emergency contraception for women was that there was no decrease in effectiveness when the interval between sex and use of the contraceptive was increased (up to 120 hours).

In the post-Soviet space, the drug Ginepristone, used for emergency contraception, has become widespread. Its distinctive feature is that it is well tolerated and has a low dosage of the active component, compared to other existing non-hormonal drugs that are used for “quick” protection against unwanted pregnancy. Ginepristone must be taken once for 3 days after intimacy, excluding the period of the menstrual cycle. If after taking the drug there were repeated coitus, you should use additional contraceptive methods(for example, a condom). Since the contraceptive effect of Ginepristone during subsequent sexual intercourse is somewhat reduced.

Benefits of emergency contraception

I would like to clarify that hormonal and non-hormonal drugs for “emergency” contraception are intended only for emergency situations, and are not used on a regular basis. The main advantages of postcoital protection against unplanned pregnancy:

1. Ability to take contraceptives occasionally. This method will be especially interesting for girls and women who have an irregular sex life.
2. In most cases, there is a high contraceptive effect.
3. There are no significant adverse reactions.
4. Accessibility for many patients.

It should be remembered that emergency contraception drugs do not affect the implanted egg. Most of the recommended methods are safe for the fetus and the course of pregnancy. Therefore, even if conception occurred while using the above drugs, the pregnancy can be maintained. In addition, do not forget that contraceptives, used in emergency situations, do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. In case of suspected infection venereal infection After intimacy, you should immediately consult a specialist.

Modern medicine offers a fairly large list of contraceptives that help prevent unwanted pregnancy. Obstetricians and gynecologists never cease to repeat that the birth of a child must be planned. To do this, a married couple needs to undergo examinations and prepare for conception. If the birth of a baby in the family is not included in the plans of a man and a woman, the most correct decision would be to go together to a specialist who will help you choose effective contraceptive, suitable for both partners. Doctors insist: abortion causes irreparable harm to a woman’s health, so she must take care of a way to protect herself from unwanted conception in advance.

Reasons for preventing unplanned pregnancy

In modern civilized society, it is customary to talk openly with teenagers about sexual relationships. Therefore, during puberty, parents must have a conversation with the boy or girl about contraception. When young people get older and enter into serious relationships, planning the birth of children becomes one of the main issues, so partners should take care of methods of preventing unplanned conception in advance. After all, very often an unexpected positive pregnancy test result disrupts long-term plans.

It is worth noting that some contraceptives, such as condoms, are not only effective methods of protection, but also protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, young people are recommended to use this particular method of contraception to avoid many health problems, especially if they are unsure of their partner.

Sexual contacts bring considerable pleasure to both partners. They also bring a man and a woman closer, allow them to get to know each other better, and understand whether they feel good together. Therefore, during sex it is very important that nothing interferes with relaxation and enjoyment of the process. It is because of this that doctors recommend using contraceptives, the options of which are offered in large quantities by modern medicine, so as not to worry about possible conception. The most common reasons why a woman needs to protect herself from an unplanned pregnancy are:

• unwillingness to become parents. Most often, a big role is played by the too young age of both partners, insufficiently serious relationships or other plans that the couple wants to implement before the birth of the baby;
• some health problems. In many cases, a doctor may tell a woman not to become pregnant at a given time. Sometimes the ban can also apply to a man if he is, for example, a carrier of the gene for a serious disease that is inherited;
• presence of a small child in the family. If a young mother has recently given birth to a baby, then the couple may not be planning the arrival of another baby yet;
  

  If surgery was performed C-section, a woman is not recommended to plan a pregnancy for two to three years after giving birth. This can lead to serious complications for the health of the mother and fetus, and in some cases there is a risk to the woman’s life.

• financial difficulties. Children's clothes, food, hygiene items and toys are very expensive today. Therefore, many couples prefer to prepare financially for the birth of a baby, and only then plan a pregnancy.

A man and a woman can choose a contraceptive that will suit both partners

What is the Perl index

On the shelves of pharmacies there are various contraceptives that can be purchased without a doctor's prescription. Also, modern medicine offers women methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy that have a long-term effect, but only a gynecologist can choose a remedy that suits each woman individually.

Experts recommend choosing a contraceptive during consultation with a doctor. The gynecologist will conduct an examination and prescribe the woman necessary tests. Based on the results, the doctor will suggest several means of contraception that are suitable for partners. A man and a woman will be able to choose together exactly the one that suits both of them.

There is a special scientific indicator called the Pearl index, which shows how effective a particular contraceptive is. It is worth paying attention: the lower this index, the more reliable the means of protection. This figure is equal to the number of unintended pregnancies in one hundred women using a particular contraceptive for twelve months. Therefore, when choosing a method of contraception, partners can study the Pearl index, which will help them make a decision in favor of the most effective contraceptive.

Table: Pearl index indicators for different methods of contraception

Method of contraception	Pearl index
Temperature method	1–3
Cervical method	15
Symptothermal method	0,3
Calendar method	25–40
Hormone level test	5–6
Coitus interruptus	4–27
Lactational amenorrhea	2–3
Condoms	2–18
Female condoms	5–25
6–20
Uterine cap	9–20
Combined oral contraceptives	0,1–0,9
Hormonal intrauterine device	0,1–0,5
Postcoital contraception	1–5

Video: various ways to prevent unplanned pregnancy

Barrier methods

Barrier contraceptives are the safest and one of the most popular for protecting against unwanted pregnancy. In most cases, these contraceptives have no contraindications, so they can be used without consulting a gynecologist (with the exception of some types of female barrier contraceptives). The only side effect may be an allergy to latex (this is the material most products are made from), but manufacturers offer barrier contraceptives made of polyurethane specifically for people with individual latex intolerance.

Most married couples and partners who trust each other prefer to use other means of protection against unwanted pregnancy. Men and women note that during sexual intercourse with barrier contraceptives, sensitivity significantly worsens, so they prefer, for example, birth control pills or an intrauterine device.

Principle barrier contraception is to prevent sperm from entering the uterine cavity, and from there into the tubes, where meeting and fertilization occurs female cage male. On sale there are not only male contraceptives, but also female.

Condoms (condoms)

A condom is a kind of cover that is folded in a special way so that it can be conveniently put on a man’s genital organ in an erect state. Each product is individually packaged and supplemented with lubricant. Many companies around the world produce various types of condoms, for example, ribbed (for the thrill), with fruit flavor (especially for oral sex) and others.

There is a huge selection of condoms on sale, which differ in the type of lubricant: there are products that help prolong sexual intercourse, protect against pathogenic microorganisms (the lubricant contains antiseptics), and others. Each couple selects the type of condom depending on their individual preferences.

Distinguish the following types condoms, differing in the material from which the products are made:

• latex condoms. These condoms are the most popular all over the world. They are presented on the shelves of pharmacies and stores in a wide range, and are also financially accessible: the cost of the product is relatively low, so many people can afford to use this contraceptive. The condom is very elastic, easy to use, and rarely slips off during intercourse, of course, provided that the size is chosen correctly. Latex is a natural material, so some men and women may experience allergic reaction after using a condom;
• polyurethane products. If latex condoms are not suitable for a couple, experts recommend trying products made from a different material. Polyurethane condoms are different from latex condoms: they are thinner, so many couples claim that with such products they experience a more natural sensation than during sex using common latex condoms. However, polyurethane contraceptives have three significant disadvantages:
  • difficult to find on sale (not all pharmacies order these condoms);
  • their cost is quite high;
  • less elastic, therefore they often slip during sexual intercourse;
• condoms made of artificial latex - polyisoprene. In terms of effectiveness and feel, these contraceptives are no different from natural latex condoms. However, their big advantage is hypoallergenicity. But because of very high cost they are difficult to find in pharmacies.

Doctors note that condoms are effective means not only to protect against unplanned conception, but also against sexually transmitted infections. When used correctly, this method of contraception is very reliable: the effectiveness is about 97%.

It is very important to know: condoms are intended for single use. For each subsequent sexual intercourse, you must use a new packaging of the product.

Photo gallery: different types of condoms

Polyurethane condoms are hypoallergenic
Durex anesthetic condoms are specially designed to prolong sexual intercourse Contex Lights latex condoms are especially thin to increase sensitivity during sexual intercourse
Condoms for oral sex have a pleasant aroma

Diaphragm and cervical cap

The diaphragm and cervical cap are female contraceptives, and the principle of their operation is to prevent sperm, once in the vagina, from penetrating further and not meeting the egg. The diaphragm is a thin membrane with an elastic rim. It must be inserted into the vagina as deeply as possible. After correct insertion, the product closes the entrance to cervical canal, preventing male cells from gaining access to the egg.

The cervical cap operates on a similar principle. This contraceptive is more like a small cylinder. The woman also needs to insert it into the vagina: the product is placed on the cervix.

It is better to select female barrier contraceptives together with a gynecologist. The fact is that the effectiveness of the method depends on correct installation products in the vagina. The specialist will tell you in detail how to use the diaphragm and cap.

Gynecologists highlight some important points that women who prefer these products should know:

• You need to insert the product into the vagina thirty minutes before sexual intercourse. After completion of intercourse, you should not immediately remove the contraceptive from the vagina. This must be done no earlier than six hours after sexual contact;
• It is strictly forbidden to leave the diaphragm or cap in the vagina for longer than twenty-four hours. Otherwise, this threatens the development of complications: infection of the woman’s internal genital organs, as well as the occurrence of an inflammatory process;
• contraceptives are made of latex and other materials, and they also vary in size. Therefore, only a doctor can select a suitable product;
• There are a number of contraindications, in the presence of which a woman is not recommended to use these drugs. This list includes inflammatory diseases of the genital organs and pathologies of the cervix;
• During sexual intercourse, some women feel discomfort, and after use, irritation and inflammation of the vaginal mucosa may occur.

With proper use of the diaphragm and cervical cap, the effectiveness of these contraceptives is only 65%. To increase reliability, it is recommended to use the diaphragm in combination with spermicidal contraceptives.

Photo gallery: female barrier contraceptives

The diaphragm is inserted deep into the vagina to block the cervical canal and prevent sperm from penetrating the egg. The woman inserts the diaphragm into the vagina on her own half an hour before sexual intercourse. The cap is inserted into the vagina and placed on the cervix, preventing sperm from penetrating the uterus and tubes.

Contraceptive sponges

Recently, female contraceptives called contraceptive sponges have gained popularity. They are round shaped polyurethane products with a recess in the center and a nylon loop on one side. The sponge is impregnated with spermicide, therefore it acts in two directions at once: mechanically prevents the penetration of sperm into the cavity of the reproductive organ and into the tubes, and also chemically affects male reproductive cells, destroying their ability to fertilize.

The sponge is impregnated with a special cream, so it is easy to insert into the vagina. And with the help of a special ring, it is not difficult for a woman to remove the contraceptive from her body.

The contraceptive sponge is impregnated with spermicide, which deprives sperm of the ability to fertilize an egg.

Contraceptive sponges are available in one size. Products are carefully packaged and intended for single use only. After completion of sexual intercourse, the sponge should remain in the vagina for at least six hours. Maximum time the period during which a woman may not remove the contraceptive from her body is 30 hours. When used correctly, the effectiveness of this method is 80% in women who have not yet given birth vaginally, as well as 60% in young mothers who have given birth naturally.

According to reviews of women who used sponges as a means of contraception, some experienced a recurrence of vaginal candidiasis or felt dryness in the vagina. However, most of the fair sex speak positively about this product.

Before inserting a contraceptive sponge into the vagina, it must be moistened with water.

Experience of generations: biological and traditional methods of contraception

There are methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy that are not effective, but modern couples continue to use them. These methods assume natural protection from conception, without using mechanical and other means of contraception, but are based on observations of physiological signs, which help to understand in what period there is a high probability of conception, and which days are safe. Doctors warn that if a couple does not plan to have a baby in the near future, it is better not to take risks and use more effective contraceptives.

Almost all natural methods do not guarantee that a woman will not become pregnant. Although, according to reviews, some partners have been using one or another option for birth control for more than one year. And there were no pregnancies during this period of time.

Calendar method and basal temperature measurement

More than one generation of women has used the calendar method to avoid getting pregnant. Doctors have proven that during the menstrual cycle there are several days that are most favorable for conception. It is at this time that ovulation occurs and the female body is ready for pregnancy. Therefore, experts recommend abstaining from sexual intercourse three days before and the same number after ovulation. On the remaining days of the cycle, conception is possible, but with a lower degree of probability.

Ovulation usually occurs mid-cycle. For example, if its duration is twenty-eight days, then the egg will be released on the fourteenth day.

During the menstrual cycle, there are days that are most favorable for conception, so partners should be extremely careful and avoid sexual contact during this period

If a couple decides to use this particular method, you should know that it is only suitable for those women whose menstruation occurs regularly and without interruptions. According to statistics and the Pearl index, the effectiveness of the method is only 15%. If a woman decides to determine sexual intercourse using the calendar method, doctors recommend using additional means to determine ovulation:

• measure basal temperature. To determine on what day the egg is released from the ovary, it is necessary to measure the temperature rectally. On days that are safe for conception, the reading on the thermometer will be no more than 36.9, but on the day of ovulation the reading will be 37 degrees;
  

  Some women use the temperature method as protection against unplanned pregnancy.

• use a special ovulation test. Pharmacies sell tests that help women determine the day the egg is released and the day the body is most ready to conceive.

It is worth noting that some events in a woman’s life can affect the menstrual cycle. For example, stress, nervous strain, illness or a change in climate zone most often lead to disruptions in menstruation. Therefore, the calendar method will be ineffective. In this case, it is recommended to measure your basal temperature daily to accurately determine the day of ovulation. This should be done in the morning, without getting out of bed: the indicators will be the most accurate.

Cervical method of contraception

The cervical method is not known to many couples. It is based on determining the most likely days for conception based on changes in physiological secretions women. A few days before ovulation and a few days after, cervical mucus changes: vaginal discharge becomes more abundant and thick.

The female body prepares for conception every month. Sperm entering a woman’s genitals can be viable for several days, but only in certain mucus. It is on this principle that the cervical method of birth control is based: find out on which days conception is less likely by nature vaginal discharge.

To use this method of protection, it is necessary to monitor the body for several months, determining changes in the nature of vaginal discharge:

• in the first few days of the cycle there is practically no discharge. This is why sperm, entering the vagina, die within a few hours: fertilization is unlikely;
• then women notice a small amount of sticky discharge that is clear or white. They are thin and non-sticky;
• three to four days before the release of the egg, the discharge becomes more abundant and creamy, liquid. Their color resembles diluted milk. In this secretion, sperm remain viable for several days, so as soon as a woman notices such mucus, it is necessary to refrain from sexual contact;
• on the day of ovulation, the amount of vaginal discharge increases significantly; it is thick and viscous (the consistency is similar to egg white), transparent. Exactly this dangerous time for a couple who is not planning a pregnancy, so you should not have sex without barrier contraception or you must abstain from sexual intercourse at this time;
• after two to three days, the mucus becomes sticky again, and then the discharge decreases. Therefore, you can resume sexual intercourse three to four days after ovulation, when there is much less mucus.

How to determine ovulation by mucus and basal temperature - video

Coitus interruptus (Coitus interruptus)

The PPA method is to prevent sperm from entering the woman’s genital tract: the man removes the penis before ejaculation. The effectiveness of the method is 75%. Coitus interruptus is practiced by many couples, but this method is not reliable, because very often pregnancy occurs for the following reasons:

• insufficient control of the man over the upcoming ejaculation. During sexual intercourse, the partner must control himself in order to have time to remove the penis;
• presence of sperm in seminal fluid. During sexual intercourse, some men release a small amount of seminal fluid. Sometimes this is enough for conception if the sperm have good viability.

Experts insist that PPA negatively affects the health of both partners. It is especially harmful for men: it can lead to impotence or premature ejaculation.

Coitus interruptus is not a reliable method of contraception

Spermicides: the principle of action of chemical methods of contraception

Chemical contraceptives are presented in the form of gels, vaginal suppositories, foams, creams, tablets that contain spermicides - substances that can affect sperm: they destroy them, preventing fertilization, and also protect the woman’s body from certain pathogenic microorganisms. Doctors warn that the effectiveness of the method is 90%, but if used correctly:

• two hours before and after sexual intercourse, it is prohibited to perform intimate toileting using soap, since the components of the product can destroy spermicides;
• the drug must be administered ten to twenty minutes before the start of sexual intercourse;
• To increase effectiveness, it is recommended to use it together with female barrier contraceptives.

Detailed instructions for using the contraceptive are included in each package of the drug. The disadvantage of the method is the need to carry out manipulation immediately before sexual contact, which is not always convenient, and an allergic reaction is also possible due to individual intolerance to the components of the contraceptive.

If partners do not maintain the required period of time between the administration of spermicide and the beginning of sexual intercourse, the contraceptive effect is significantly reduced and conception becomes possible.

Photo gallery: the most popular spermicides

Pharmatex is available in different forms, so each couple can choose the most convenient local contraceptive
Spermatex - vaginal suppositories for local contraception Erotex is available in the form of vaginal suppositories with different flavors

Intrauterine devices

One of the most popular contraceptives today are intrauterine devices (IUDs). This is a small product that needs to be installed in the cavity of the reproductive organ. The procedure is performed in a gynecologist's office, and only a doctor can insert an IUD into a woman.

You should know that a woman cannot install or remove the IUD from the uterus on her own. Therefore, if a couple has decided for themselves that they will protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy with the help of this contraceptive, then they need to consult a doctor. At the appointment, the gynecologist will conduct an examination and take the necessary tests. Then he will select a suitable spiral and install it.

The principle of operation of the contraceptive is that the spiral prevents the attachment of a fertilized egg to the inner surface of the reproductive organ. The method is very effective: its reliability is 98%, so many women prefer to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy with the help of an IUD.
There are spirals on sale made from different materials: at the appointment, the woman and the doctor will select the optimal contraceptive

The maximum period of validity of an intrauterine device varies from three to five years, depending on the type of product. During the consultation, the doctor will offer several options for the IUD, and the woman will choose the type that is most suitable for her. The fact is that IUDs differ in price category: some are expensive, so not every lady can afford to purchase such a product. After the expiration date, the IUD must be removed from reproductive organ. Only a gynecologist can perform the manipulation; it is strictly forbidden to remove the IUD on your own.

Women who have had an IUD installed should come to routine examinations see a female doctor at least once every six months. This is necessary in order to timely diagnose diseases of the genital organs and develop a treatment regimen.

Gynecologists highlight the following undeniable advantages of the IUD:

• long-term contraceptive effect that lasts several years;
• a woman does not need to worry that she did not take the pill, etc., it is enough to install the IUD once and not worry about contraception;
• A woman’s reproductive ability is restored immediately after the doctor removes the IUD from the cavity of the reproductive organ.

However, there are also disadvantages of this method, which the gynecologist will definitely familiarize the woman with before the procedure:

• does not protect at all from infections that are transmitted through sexual contact;
• influences character menstrual flow: periods become more abundant, and some women note that in the first days of the cycle they feel severe pain in the uterine area;
• the risk of inflammatory diseases increases: this is how the body can react to a foreign body in the cavity of the reproductive organ. Also, antennae that remain in the vagina can cause infection of the uterus;
• discomfort during sexual intercourse. Some women report experiencing pain during intercourse. Also, according to reviews from men, the partner can feel the antennae, which is not very pleasant during intercourse;
• there is a risk of the spiral growing into the uterine tissue.

The intrauterine device is installed using a special tube, which, after placing the device in the uterine cavity, is removed from the female body

Mirena intrauterine system

Today, gynecologists often recommend the Mirena intrauterine system to women as a means of contraception. The product is very similar to a regular IUD, but Mirena is equipped with a special capsule that contains the hormone levonorgestrel. The system is installed in the uterine cavity only by a gynecologist. The validity period is 5 years. The effectiveness of Mirena is 98%, but not all women can afford to use such a contraceptive due to its high cost. The average price of Mirena is about 10 thousand rubles.

Not all women are suitable for the intrauterine system. Some experience side effects and remove Mirena ahead of schedule. Each organism is individual, so before installation the doctor will definitely tell you about possible negative points use of this system.

The Mirena intrauterine system is very popular among women

After installing Mirena, microdoses of the hormone, which is in a special capsule, begin to be released, as a result of which the nature of the cervical mucus changes (it becomes more viscous), and the epithelium on the walls of the uterus becomes thinner so that the fertilized egg cannot attach. In some women, hormones act on the ovaries to suppress ovulation. In addition to the contraceptive effect, Mirena also has medicinal properties, therefore it is recommended to install it if a woman has diseases reproductive sphere, for example, endometriosis of the uterus.

Video: what is the Mirena intrauterine system

Hormonal contraceptives

Modern hormonal contraceptives are very popular among women. However, it is not recommended to make a decision on the use of a particular drug (product) on your own. The fact is that hormones can cause negative reactions in the body, especially if a woman has a hormonal imbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to make an appointment with a gynecologist. The doctor may order hormone tests and, based on the results, select the appropriate contraceptive.

Each body is individual, the drug is ideal for some women, while others experience serious side effects. Therefore, there are situations when one method is not suitable, and the gynecologist selects another contraceptive.

Combined oral contraceptives

Many women around the world prefer combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Modern birth control pills contain minimal doses of hormones, so you should not be afraid of serious side effects when using COCs. The tablets contain two main components: the hormones estrogen and gestagen. Once in a woman’s body, they affect the functioning of the ovaries, suppressing ovulation, so conception does not occur. Also, during the use of the drug, the epithelium of the inner surface of the reproductive organ becomes thinner, so if fertilization does occur, the egg will not be able to attach to the walls of the uterus.

COCs are used not only as contraceptives, but are also often prescribed to women to treat certain diseases of the reproductive system.

Birth control pills should be taken once a day at the same time. Each package of the drug contains detailed instructions. Some tablets need to be taken for twenty-one days, then take a break for a week, and only then start the next pack. But most modern medications can be taken without interruption: this makes it much easier for a woman not to get confused and miss taking a pill.

Depending on the drug, the amount of active ingredients in the tablets is different. Some COCs contain supplements in the form of vitamins, for example, folic acid. Such drugs are excellent for women planning a pregnancy, so that after stopping the contraceptive the body is ready to conceive a baby.

Birth control pills Jess Plus contain, in addition to hormones, folic acid

Monocomponent oral contraceptives

Monocomponent oral contraceptives differ from COCs in their composition, since effectiveness is achieved thanks to one component - gestagen. Most often, such contraceptive pills are prescribed to young mothers who are breastfeeding. The principle of action is based on thickening the cervical mucus, as well as suppressing the maturation and release of the egg from the ovary.

The choice of monocomponent contraceptives is not as wide as traditional COCs. Therefore, if a woman is not breastfeeding, most often the gynecologist recommends that she take birth control pills that contain both gestagen and estrogen.

OK also needs to be taken at the same time once a day. It is better to do this in the morning or before bed. If a young mother forgets to take a contraceptive, this significantly reduces the contraceptive effect. Therefore, it is necessary to be very careful to remember every day to take the drug.
The hormonal drug Modell Mam is allowed during breastfeeding

Subcutaneous implants

Subcutaneous implants are a small capsule or rod no more than four centimeters long. They contain one hormone, microdoses of which are released into the female body after installation of the product. Only a doctor can install a hormonal implant. The injection site is under the skin of the shoulder. The procedure is carried out under local anesthesia and doesn't take much time.

This type of contraceptive is not very popular in our country due to the high cost of the product. However, recently, many women are trying subdermal implants as a replacement for taking birth control pills every day.

The developers offer two types of subcutaneous implants:

• are made of special hypoallergenic synthetic material. After the expiration of the period of use, which is three or five years, the woman needs to make an appointment with a gynecologist so that the specialist removes the product from the body;
• more modern implants are made of material that, after the end of use, breaks down on its own, so they do not need to be removed from under the woman’s skin.

The hormone contained in the capsule acts in the same way as when taking oral monocomponent contraceptives. After inserting the implant under the skin, side effects are possible, so if a woman notices unpleasant symptoms, you must consult your doctor. Some sensations go away after some time when the body gets used to the flow of hormones, while others are a direct indication for removing the implant and selecting another means of contraception.

Photo gallery: hormonal implants

The price of hormonal implants is quite high. The package with the implant contains a special device with which the doctor installs the contraceptive under the skin. The hormonal implant is inserted under the skin in the shoulder area.

Hormonal injections to prevent unplanned pregnancy

Some women prefer long-acting hormonal injections. At the appointment, the gynecologist uses a special syringe to make an injection and inject a solution containing gestagen into the muscle. The hormone enters the body, thereby achieving a contraceptive effect. A significant advantage is the fact that a woman does not need to worry about the need to take a pill. The duration of the injection is from eight to twelve weeks; after this time, the injection of the solution into the body must be repeated.

Usually the drug injection is given on the fifth day of the cycle.

The effectiveness of this contraceptive is quite high and is almost 100%, so it is considered reliable protection from unplanned conception.

How to protect yourself from unwanted pregnancy after sexual intercourse

Unforeseen situations can happen to every couple. For example, a woman forgot to take a birth control pill or her partner’s condom broke. As a result, there is a high risk of pregnancy, which is not at all included in the couple’s plans.

Hormonal drugs

Medicine offers special means of emergency contraception, which are taken once or several times within one to three days after unprotected sexual intercourse. The greatest effectiveness is observed when the woman takes the pill in the first twenty-four hours after sexual intercourse.

You should know that these products have a serious impact on the hormonal levels of the female body, so they are allowed to be used no more than once or twice a year.

The preparations contain an active substance that affects hormonal balance women changing him. As a result, menstrual bleeding begins earlier than expected, which prevents the fertilized egg from fixing in the uterine cavity. If the embryo is attached to the wall of the organ, the use of emergency contraception is prohibited, since these drugs do not have an abortifacient effect.
Postinor is one of the most famous emergency contraceptives

Emergency installation of an intrauterine device

If there is a risk of unplanned pregnancy, you can use another method of extreme contraception - urgently install an intrauterine device. To do this, you need to make an appointment with a doctor who will perform the procedure. It should be taken into account that this method is only effective if the IUD is installed within five days after unprotected sexual intercourse. If pregnancy does not occur after installation of the IUD and the woman is comfortable with this contraceptive, then the IUD can not be removed, but can be left as a permanent means protection.

However, it is not always possible to install an IUD into the uterus at the required time. The fact is that before the procedure, the gynecologist is obliged to take tests to make sure there is no inflammation of the genital organs or infection. If the results are unsatisfactory, the doctor will prescribe treatment and only after its successful completion will it be possible to install a contraceptive. But time will be lost, and the risk of conception and pregnancy remains.

Traditional methods: more harm than good

Besides modern means contraception, some women use traditional methods. However, most of them do not help prevent conception and pregnancy at all, and some are completely unacceptable because they can be harmful to health. The most famous are:

• douching with water lemon juice, vinegar or decoctions of medicinal herbs immediately after sexual intercourse. The principle of operation is that sperm will be removed from the vagina along with the fluid, and acidic water has a detrimental effect on male cells, destroying them. However, this method is not effective. Doctors also warn: frequent douching negatively affects the vaginal microflora, which leads to inflammatory processes mucous membrane;
• douching with manganese water. Positive effect it will not be possible to achieve, but the woman risks getting a burn to the vaginal mucosa if the concentration of manganese in the liquid is too high;
• entering a piece laundry soap or lemon slices into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The sperm will not die, but the balance of the vaginal microflora will be disrupted. Gynecologists insist: the use of this method can lead to serious illnesses woman's genital area;
• hot bath with mustard. Some women take such a bath immediately after sexual intercourse. The method does not lead to a positive result, but there is a risk of developing a severe allergic reaction.

Pregnancy protection is one of the important stages in the sexual life of partners who are not yet ready to become parents. In the modern world, there are many effective methods to prevent the conception of a child.

Popular methods of protection

The most common methods of birth control are:

• hormonal contraceptives;
• barrier contraceptives;
• interruption of sexual intercourse.

Each of these methods has its own advantages, disadvantages and features.

Hormonal contraception

One of the effective ways for a woman to protect herself is to use hormonal drugs, which have the following types:

• pills;
• patch;
• implants.

The tablets require a long period of taking. Often, after their cancellation, a woman can for a long time don't get pregnant. It is very important to follow the treatment regimen during hormone therapy and not skip pills, as this can lead to pregnancy.

We think you will also be interested in our publication about that? An educational article for those who are preparing to become a mother for the first time!

The patch is intended for sticking to the skin. It contains special hormones that are able to penetrate the blood through protective coverings and have a contraceptive effect.

Implants are sewn under the skin and have a long period of action, which can be up to five years.

Birth control pills

At the pharmacy you can find a wide selection of birth control pills that protect against unwanted pregnancy. Drugs of this type are divided into:

• monophasic;
• two-stage;
• three-phase.

Monophasic contraceptives include an equal ratio of estrogen and gestodene. Drugs in this group include Janine, Regulon, Logest, Jess.

Two-phase tablets are produced under the trade names Femoston, Binovum, Neo-Eunomin.

Three-phase contraceptives have different dosage hormones, which largely depends on the period of the menstrual cycle. The most popular and affordable drug This category is represented by Tri-Regol.

There are also contraceptives that belong to the mini-pill category. They include only one hormone - progestogen. Drugs in this group can only have a local effect on the cervical mucus and its composition. It becomes more viscous, which prevents sperm from moving forward. The mini-pill category includes tablets under such names as Lactinet, Exluton, Microlut.

Self-prescribe pills for oral administration highly not recommended. Taking contraceptives incorrectly may not give desired effect, and call serious complications with health. Before prescribing any contraceptives, a woman is prescribed laboratory examination and taking tests.

It should be remembered that oral contraceptives large list contraindications. Before taking them, you should make sure that they are absent, which a laboratory examination will help with.

The likelihood of becoming pregnant while taking hormonal pills is very low, but the risk of fertilization cannot be completely ruled out. For this reason, it is recommended to immediately use several methods of birth control.

Contraceptive patch

Methods of preventing pregnancy for women through contraception also involve the use of a special patch produced under the name Evra. To be effective, it is recommended to stick it on the stomach, shoulder, shoulder blade or buttocks. One patch is worn for one week, after which it is replaced with a new one. The period of use is three weeks before the onset of menstruation. After the end of menstruation, continue to use the patch.

This method helps prevent pregnancy in nine out of ten cases.

With the help of this remedy, two hormones are released into the blood: the right dosage– estrogen and progestin. They affect female ovaries and secreted mucus. Due to this, the production of eggs stops. Mucus also helps prevent fertilization, as it becomes thick and prevents sperm from moving through.

The patch must be used on the first day of the menstrual cycle. Its use eliminates the risk of erosions and ectopic pregnancy.

Contraceptive implants

Some experts claim that The best way pregnancy protection - application hormonal implant. Its effectiveness is several times higher than the use of tablets and patches.

Parenteral hormonal contraception helps prevent unwanted pregnancy in 95% of cases out of 100. There are several types of implants that have different period validity ranging from two to five years.

With a single injection under the skin, no further checks of hormone levels in the blood are required. Other advantages include the absence negative impact on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, including the liver.

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Other negative consequences caused by implants include decreased libido, drowsiness and general malaise.

Implants are produced under two trade names – Norplant and Implanon.

Barrier contraceptives

There are the following methods of preventing pregnancy using a barrier method:

• insertion of spirals;
• using condoms;
• use of caps.

Each method, like other types of protection, has its pros and cons.

Spirals

There are several types of IUDs that protect against pregnancy. They may vary in shape, hardness and duration of action.

Spirals are divided into two large groups based on material - plastic and metal. The first type is capable of causing an immune reaction of the endometrium, and the second type has a spermicidal effect. The second type of spirals is most effective. For metal structures Copper is most often used.

A separate group consists of hormonal IUDs, which not only prevent conception, but also eliminate pain during menstruation.

The advantage of this type of contraception is the direct local effect and the absence of many adverse reactions that cause oral medications.

Among the disadvantages of this method is the inability to protect against sexually transmitted infections.

Condoms

A woman can prevent pregnancy by using condoms. In this case, it is not necessary for the partner to use the candon. Currently, there is a wide selection of female condoms that are no less effective. In appearance, they resemble an elastic tube, with two rings at both ends of the product. One of them remains outside, and the other is inserted into the vagina. The product is securely held inside, so it can be put on well before sexual intercourse. The advantage of this type of contraception is the ability to protect against sexually transmitted diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.

Caps

The cervical cap is designed to prevent sperm from entering the uterine cavity. The product has several forms depending on anatomical features structure of the genital organ, and is intended to be placed on the cervix. This method contraception is ideal for nulliparous girls.

This method is outdated and does not guarantee that pregnancy will not occur. In addition, most men are against this method of contraception, because it requires constant monitoring from a partner during sexual intercourse. Even if the partner is not against interrupting sexual intercourse, it is not always possible to completely avoid the entry of sperm into the vagina. Out of 10, conception still occurs in 3 cases.

Traditional methods of protection

Among the unconventional methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy are: folk remedies. These include douching using special acidic and alkaline solutions. For these purposes the following are most often used:

• lemon juice;
• potassium permanganate;
• table vinegar;
• laundry soap;
• soda.

Most effective solution considered a remedy made with table vinegar. To prepare it you will need a liter of boiled, room temperature water and a couple of tablespoons of the main ingredient. It is important that table vinegar is used and not essence, which can lead to serious burns to the mucous membranes.

The resulting solution is douched immediately after sexual intercourse, using the entire solution at once. The effectiveness of this method is observed only in half of the cases. It should be remembered that various types of douching can lead to serious consequences.

Safe folk methods include the calendar method. Its essence is to calculate on which days a woman can not use protection. It is believed that pregnancy is impossible in the last two days of menstruation and the next couple of days after their end. This rule applies only to those representatives of the fairer sex who have regular periods. You should not trust this method one hundred percent, as it is extremely unreliable.

Before choosing one or another method of contraception, you should definitely consult your doctor.