home Audience 6 The concept of the postpartum period. Subinvolution of the uterus. Atony and hypotension of the uterus. Reproduction and gynecological diseases of cows: postpartum diseases

The concept of the postpartum period. Subinvolution of the uterus. Atony and hypotension of the uterus. Reproduction and gynecological diseases of cows: postpartum diseases

The postpartum period is considered to be the period from the separation of the placenta to the end of the involution of the genital organs. In practice, it ends with a new pregnancy or infertility. During the process of involution, the swelling of the vulva disappears, the cervix gradually closes, the volume decreases and the muscle fibers of the uterus are shortened, and the lumens of the blood vessels narrow. By days 5-8, colostrum turns into milk. Lochia is abundantly secreted. They include the remains of amniotic fluid and placenta, blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and later - the secretion of epithelial cells, uterine and vaginal glands.

UTERINE PROLPUS (Prolapsus uteri)

It occurs in cows, goats, pigs, dogs, cats as a result of forcible removal of a retained placenta or large fetus during prolonged labor and dryness of the birth canal. Predispose to prolapse due to overstretched uterus, as well as trauma to the birth canal. The prognosis depends on the time of loss and the degree of damage to the mucous membrane.

Before repositioning the uterus in cows, the pressure is removed using epidural-sacral anesthesia, then the remnants of the placenta are removed, necrotic tissue areas, wounds and erosions are treated with iodine glycerin. The uterine mucosa is irrigated with a 3% cold alum solution, covered with a sheet or bandaged.

Reset the prolapsed uterus with the palms of your hands, starting from the part adjacent to the upper edge of the vulva; after reduction, the mucous membrane is treated with an emulsion of syntomycin or streptocide. The vulva is fixed with a purse string suture. Treatment is carried out as for endometritis.

SUBINVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS (Subinvolutio uteri)

Delayed uterine involution after childbirth occurs in the absence of active exercise, inadequate diet, and is often accompanied by dysfunction of internal organs and systems. The main reasons for it are uterine atony, the release of lochia in small portions or their delay, the expiration of liquid brown lochia for more than 4 days after birth, and an increase in the time of separation of lochia.

Accumulation of fluid in the uterus dark- Brown lochia leads to lochiometra and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with the breakdown products of lochia causes mastitis. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

Treatment.

It is necessary to remove lochia from the uterus with a vacuum pump or by subcutaneous injection of ergot, oxytocin, sinestrol or colostrum. Irrigation of the vagina with cold hypertonic solutions is allowed table salt. If there is no intoxication, rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is effective. Novocaine therapy and autohemotherapy are useful. Neofur, hysteroton, metromax, exuter or furazolidone sticks are administered intrauterinely; intravenously - a solution of glucose with ascorbic acid.

MATERNAL PARESIS (Paresis puerperalis)

It is a nerve disease found in ungulates. It is characterized by paralysis of the limbs, digestive and other organs. General depression is accompanied by loss of sensitivity and a drop in the activity of metabolic processes in the body.

The cause of paresis is considered to be a decrease in calcium and sugar levels in the blood due to an increase in the flow of insulin, a pancreatic hormone, into the blood.

Symptoms

Restlessness, unsteadiness, trembling muscles. The animal lies on its stomach, bending its limbs under itself. The neck is curved in an 8-shape, the gaze is absent, the pupils are dilated, there is no appetite. The bases of the horns, limbs and surface of the body are cold. The body temperature decreases, the pulse is rare, weak, arrhythmic, breathing is slow, hoarse, paralysis of the tongue and pharynx, clouding of the cornea, lacrimation, tympany, the head is thrown to the side, the limbs are extended. Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center and tympany.

Treatment.

A 20% caffeine solution is injected subcutaneously, air is pumped into the udder using an Evers apparatus, after pre-treating the nipples with alcohol. The nipples are tied with a bandage for 15-20 minutes. The area of the sacrum and lower back is rubbed and warm wraps are given. If necessary, air pumping is repeated after 6-8 hours. Calcium gluconate is injected intravenously or calcium chloride, and subcutaneous vitamin D3.

Prevention.

Animals are given sweet water, prescribed a diet, mineral supplements, vitamin D, exclude concentrates.

EATING AFTERMISSIONS AND NEWBORN

In meat-eating and omnivorous animals, eating the placenta does not lead to severe digestive disorders, but in ruminants, tympany and colic are possible. The symptoms of gastroenteritis are accompanied by diarrhea. Eating the offspring is possible in pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits and fur-bearing animals. It is believed that the main cause of this defect is disturbances in protein and mineral nutrition. Eating of droppings is preceded by eating of placenta, dead fruits, cannibalism of tails, consumption large quantity products of animal origin.

Farrowing, lambing, and whelping must take place under control. Diets must be balanced in amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition. Mothers are provided with warm, clean water.

INJURIES OF THE BIRTH CHANNEL

There are spontaneous and violent injuries. Spontaneous ruptures are possible in the upper part of the uterine body as a result of strong tension of the walls. Violent inflicted by obstetric instruments, nylon ropes, fetal bones, or with excessive traction. Possible ruptures of soft tissues, contusions of the nerve plexuses, sprain of the pelvic ligaments, etc.

The main diagnostic sign of rupture is bleeding. The location and severity of the damage is determined. Ruptures and perforations occur on the cervix and body of the uterus, in the vagina and vulva.

POSTPARTUM VAGINITIS, CERVICITIS, ENDOMETRITIS (Vagini.tis, Cervicitis, Endometritis)

Vaginitis, or colpitis, is inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. According to the nature of the inflammatory process, serous, purulent-catarrhal, phlegmonous and diphtheritic are distinguished. The causes of their occurrence are trauma during childbirth or other diseases of the genital organs, for example, cervicitis, endometritis and associated associations of pathogenic microorganisms.

Symptoms

Depending on the severity of the disease, symptoms vary: from swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes, streaky hemorrhages to cyanosis, necrosis, tissue destruction, bleeding, abscesses and phlegmon in the paravaginal tissue.

In the differential diagnosis, it is necessary to distinguish between vestibulovaginitis and the presence of blisters on the mucous membrane. Thus, trichomoniasis vaginitis is characterized by the roughness of nodules the size of a millet grain to a pea; campylobacteriosis - the formation of uneven elevations on the mucous membrane with a diameter of about 2-3 mm; infectious - a rash of smooth blisters from dark red to gray-yellow in color, located in rows around the clitoris, and, finally, a vesicular rash - small red blisters on the lower corner of the vulva, when opened, mucopurulent exudate is released.

Treatment.

If the damage to the mucous membrane is minor and there is no intoxication of the body, then the vagina is douched with solutions of soda, furatsilin, rivanol, hydrogen peroxide or iodinol. In case of significant damage, tampons soaked in bactericidal emulsions or ointments (synthomycin, streptocidal, furatsilin, naftalan, Vishnevsky, ichthyol, zinc, etc.) are inserted into the vagina. Erosion is treated with iodine glycerin (1:3) or 3% lapis solution; abscesses and phlegmons are opened. General and pathogenetic therapy are useful.

Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix. The cause is damage to the mucous membrane of the cervical canal or the muscular layer after rupture.

Symptoms

Hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane, changes in the configuration of the organ, bleeding, pain, the presence of adhesions, polyps, the cervical canal is semi-closed, possible fistulas leading to peritonitis, the presence of connective tissue scars and neoplasms.

Treatment.

After toileting the external genitalia, the vagina is irrigated with Lugol's solution or potassium permanganate (1:1000) to free the vagina from accumulated exudate and the cervical canal is tamponed with xeroform, ichthyol or iodoform-tar ointment on fish oil. Erosion is treated with a 1% solution of protargol, pyoctanin or brilliant green. The use of bactericidal suppositories and mud therapy is not excluded.

Endometritis is inflammation of the endometrium (uterine lining). Causes of acute endometritis: trauma to the endometrium during childbirth and obstetrics, complications after retained placenta and subinvolution of the uterus, non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during childbirth, uterine prolapse. Predisposing reasons are vitamin deficiencies, lack of exercise, and a decrease in the overall resistance of the body. Endometritis is differentiated by the nature of the inflammatory process or exudate.

Symptoms

With catarrhal endometritis, the exudate is mucous, and with purulent endometritis, it is purulent, with fibrinous endometritis, with the presence of fibrin films. Fluctuation of the uterus, pain, and increased local temperature are determined rectally. Later, signs of intoxication are determined: rumen atony, increased pulse and respiration, diarrhea, loss of appetite and decreased body weight, milk production, etc. The cervical canal is usually slightly open, and a characteristic exudate is released from it.

Treatment.

A sick animal is isolated from healthy ones. Improve living and feeding conditions. The contents of the uterus are pumped out using a vacuum pump, after first introducing a 2% cold Vagotil solution or Lugol's solution into its cavity.

Antimicrobial boluses, emulsions and liquids are used depending on the sensitivity of the microflora to antimicrobial agents (septimethrin, metromax, neofur, endoxer, furazolidone sticks, lefuran, iodoxide, iodobismuthsulfamide, exuter). Injected subcutaneously neurotropic drugs, vitamin A, ergot preparations (ergotal, ergometrine, ergotoxin). Autohemotherapy, Mosin and perirenal blockade, and general therapy are effective.

POSTPARTUM SEPSIS (Sepsis)

It occurs as a result of the entry into the blood of coccal forms of microorganisms, clostridia and their toxins against the background of a decrease in the body’s resistance and barrier functions of the genital organs in the postpartum period. A factor predisposing to sepsis is a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, vessels, nerves, muscular and serous membranes of the vulva, vagina and uterus after childbirth, as well as difficult and pathological childbirth, the consequences of fetotomy, fetal emphysema, uterine prolapse, placenta retention and complications caused by these abnormalities . The spread of infection occurs through hematogenous and lymphogenous routes. A significant role is played by the lack of a protective barrier in the affected organ, disruption of trophic function, accumulation of toxic products, their entry into the blood and lymph and spread throughout the body with symptoms of general intoxication. As a result, destructive changes develop in the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, lungs, and central nervous system.

Clinically, there are 3 forms of sepsis: pyaemia - sepsis with metastases; septicemia - continuous flow of toxins into the blood; septicopyemia - mixed form.

Symptoms

Depressed condition, diarrhea or constipation, refusal to feed, cardiac arrhythmia, weak pulse, shallow, rapid breathing, high temperature. With pyaemia - fever of remitting type, i.e. temperature fluctuates. Brown putrefactive exudate accumulates in the uterus. The walls of the uterus thicken and are painful. Oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis develop.

With septicemia, blood pressure drops sharply, the pulse is very rapid, barely perceptible, jaundice and hemorrhages of the mucous membranes; general weakness, protein in the urine, purulent-necrotic or anaerobic tissue damage develops in the primary septic focus.

Treatment.

Surgical treatment of the primary lesion. Novocaine therapy. Topically applied antimicrobial agents; autohemotherapy is indicated. Kadykov fluid, cardiac medications, solutions of calcium or borogluconate, methenamine, soda, and 20% alcohol are administered intravenously. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used and with prolongators that have not previously been used on the animal. Use uterine agents; aminopeptide or hydrolysine through a subcutaneous drip into different areas body up to 500 ml per day for large animals, as well as vitamins and sulfonamide preparations. To improve digestion, artificial or natural gastric juice and pepsin are given.

Prevention.

Females should receive adequate feeding. It is necessary to observe hygiene during childbirth and the postpartum period; render qualified assistance during childbirth, injuries of the birth canal; promptly and correctly treat retained placenta, uterine subinvolution, endometritis; prevent postoperative peritonitis. The animals complete the course of treatment.

Bartolinitis

This is an inflammation of the ducts of the Bartholin glands and the glands themselves, located caudally from the opening of the urethra in the thickness of the mucous membrane of the lateral walls of the vestibule of the vagina.

Etiology.

The causes of the disease can be trauma and infection of the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule during obstetrics, rough vaginal examination, and artificial insemination. The disease can develop as a consequence of vestbulovaginitis of infectious and invasive origin.

Symptoms

The lack of effective treatment for vestibulitis creates the preconditions for the development chronic course a disease in which narrowing and blockage of the excretory ducts of the Bartholin glands stretches the walls of the gland with accumulating secretion or exudate. Mucosal secretion forms cysts, and purulent exudate forms abscesses, so single or multiple formations appear on the side walls of the vaginal vestibule. Large cysts protrude outward, simulating incomplete vaginal eversion. The mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule is reddened, painful, and has residual exudant overlays.

Treatment.

The diagnosis is clarified by excluding vaginal inversion, neoplasms, abscess, and the underlying disease is eliminated. The abscesses are opened, the pus is removed, the cavity is irrigated with a solution of potassium permanganate at a dilution of 1:2000, an antiseptic emulsion and ointments (synthomycin, streptocide, Vishnevsky, etc.) are applied to the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule. In severe cases, pathogenetic therapy with the use of wholevocaine and other tonic agents is necessary. Cysts are also opened and the cavity is extirpated.

Prevention.

Eliminate the causes of vestibulovaginitis and provide timely and effective assistance.

GARTNERITIS

Chronic inflammation of the Gartner glands with the formation of cysts is observed in cows and pigs as a complication of chronic vaginitis.

Symptoms

Cord-like thickenings of the inferolateral walls of the vagina, reaching the cervix. When cysts occur, elastic, poorly fluctuating cysts. Abscesses may be present.

Treatment.

Vaginitis is eliminated, abscesses are opened and tamponed with antiseptic ointments.

VESTIBULOVAGINITIS (Vestibulitis et vaginitis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina and vagina along the course can be acute and chronic; by the nature of the process - serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, diphtheritic and mixed forms; by origin - non-contagious, infectious, invasive.

Etiology.

The causes are injuries to the mucous membranes, nonspecific microflora And specific pathogens diseases (infectious follicular vestibulitis, vesicular rash of the vaginal vestibule, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis), as well as the consequences of infectious rhinotracheitis, chlamydia, mycoses and other infectious diseases.

Symptoms

Acute serous vestibulovaginitis is distinguished by serous exudate; the mucous membranes are hyperemic, edematous, with pinpoint or banded hemorrhages. Acute catarrhal inflammation is characterized by the separation of mucous, turbid, viscous exudate into the connective and muscle tissue, for purulent - white, yellow or yellow-brown exudate. The animal is worried, scratches the root of its tail, arches its back, strains; Vaginal examinations are associated with pain.

Acute phlegmonous vestibulovaginitis is characterized by the spread purulent exudate into the submucosal connective tissue with the formation of abscesses in the paravaginal tissue, areas of necrosis and tissue disintegration. Crusts of purulent exudate accumulate at the root of the tail. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, the body temperature is elevated, and pyaemia and septicopyemia often develop.

Acute diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis is accompanied by the release of a putrefactive brown liquid mixed with blood and particles of necrotic tissue. The mucous membrane of the vagina is earthy-gray in color, swollen, unevenly dense, painful; Deep ulcers form in areas of decay and rejection of dead tissue. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, the body temperature is high, tenesmus is observed (a futile urge to urinate and defecate).

In chronic catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal vestibulovaginitis, the mucous membrane of the affected organs is pale with a bluish tint, thickened, with dense nodules and ulcerations. Liquid or thick mucopurulent exudate is released from the vulva. Due to purulent, phlegmonous and diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis, adhesions and powerful scar growths often form, which cause a narrowing of the vagina.

Infectious follicular vestibulovaginitis is characterized by redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule and the formation of dense, smooth nodules on it the size of millet grains. They are located in rows or groups around the clitoris.

Blistering rash of the vaginal vestibule is accompanied by a large number small red spots and nodules in the lower corner of the vulva, around the clitoris and at the tops of the folds of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina. The nodules turn into purulent blisters and open, and in their place erosions and ulcers form.

A characteristic feature of trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis is multiple nodules on the mucous membrane of the vestibule and vagina with a rough surface. When palpating the vagina, a grater sensation is created. Microscopy of vaginal mucus reveals Trichomonas. Females abort or remain unfertilized.

With campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) vestibulovaginitis, at the onset of the disease, hyperemia, swelling, pinpoint and streak hemorrhages of the mucous membrane deep in the vagina and accumulation of bloody mucus near the cervix occur.

Under the mucous membrane in the clitoral area and in other places, slightly raised dense and non-bleeding areas with uneven edges (nodules) measuring from 0.1x0.2 to 0.3x0.4 cm are found

Treatment.

The sick animal is isolated. Clean the root of the tail, the vulva from dirt and crusts of exudate. For serous, catarrhal and purulent vestibulovaginitis, the organ cavity is syringed with a warm solution of furatsilin (1:5000), ethacridine lactate (1:1000) or 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda. Antiseptic liniments (syntomycin, gramicidin, streptocide, Vishnevsky) are applied to the mucous membranes. Ulcers are cauterized with a 5% iodine solution. Vaginal tamponade with 10% aqueous tincture of garlic, onion or garlic gruel with an exposure of 20 minutes to 8 hours, depending on the individual reaction of the animal to this drug, is useful.

For phlegmonous and diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis, up to 1% novocaine powder is added to antiseptic emulsions. Tenesmus is removed by epidural-sacral anesthesia with a 1% solution of novocaine between the 1st and 2nd caudal vertebrae up to 10-15 ml in large animals or presacral novocaine blockade according to Isaev with the addition of 1 ml of benzylpenicillin to a 0.5% solution of novocaine and streptomycin sulfate. Symptomatic remedies are used.

For trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis, the vagina is douched with a 1% solution acetic acid or 5% lactic acid solution. The use of trichopolum is effective.

For campylobacteriosis vestibulovaginitis, be sure to intramuscular injection 4 thousand units per 1 kg of benzylpenicillin weight 2 times a day in a 0.25% novocaine solution for 4 days in a row.

Prevention.

Strictly observe sanitary and hygienic conditions and rules for childbirth, natural and artificial insemination and gynecological procedures. They keep the premises and the animals themselves clean, carry out timely and high-quality disinfection, isolate patients and rationally treat them at an early stage.

CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS (Endometritis chronica)

With this long-term inflammation of the uterine mucosa, its stable changes develop, not only functional, but also structural. According to the nature of the exudate and clinical manifestation, chronic endometritis is divided into catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent and hidden.

Etiology.

In most cases, the disease serves as a continuation of acute postpartum or post-abortion endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus. Sometimes inflammation spreads to the uterus from the vagina, cervix or oviduct. Microorganisms can enter the uterus hematogenously, lymphogenously or with sperm.

Symptoms

In females, infertility is observed, sexual cycles become arrhythmic or stop. With catarrhal endometritis, exudate is released in the form of cloudy flaky mucus; with purulent-catarrhal endometritis, it can be liquid or thick, cloudy with streaks of pus, and with purulent endometritis, it can be creamy and yellowish-white in color. The horns of the uterus are enlarged 1.5-3 times, their wall is thickened, painful on palpation, contractility is reduced, and fluctuation is sometimes detected. The animal’s condition has not changed; if the process lasts for a long time, signs of chronic intoxication of the body may appear.

Complications chronic endometritis are accumulations in the uterus of a large amount of pus (pyometra), watery (hydrometra) or mucous (mixometra) contents, sometimes mixed with blood. This occurs when the cervical canal is closed or significantly narrowed, so there is practically no exudation to the outside. By palpation of the organ, fluctuation is felt, the presence of a corpus luteum on the ovary.

This pathology is based on a disorder in the relationship between estrogen hormones and progesterone. Their symptomatology is different and refers to glandular cystic hyperplasia. With hypersecretion of estrogen, mixometra or hydrometer occurs, and against the background of hyperluteinization due to the retained corpus luteum on the ovary, pyometra occurs. Irreversible changes develop in the uterine wall, sometimes uterine rupture and peritonitis with sepsis are possible.

With latent endometritis, there is no leakage of exudate during the period from one estrus to another. But during estrus, the flow of mucus from the uterus is abundant, mixed with grayish-white, yellowish, and sometimes thread-like streaks of pus. Insemination or mating of such females is ineffective and contraindicated.

Treatment.

To aggravate the process and remove exudate from the uterus, warm solutions of 6-10% sodium chloride, 4% ichthyol, 0.1% iodine, 2% vagotil are used in small quantities. The solution is immediately removed from the uterus with liquefied exudate using a V.A. irrigator. Akatova. Then antimicrobial drugs are introduced into the uterine cavity, taking into account the sensitivity of the microflora to them in the form of emulsions and suspensions.

The most effective use of iodine preparations (Lugol's solution, iodosol, iodoxide, iodobismuthsulfamide). At the same time, estrogen drugs are prescribed to stimulate uterine contractions (2% solution of sinestrol subcutaneously for 2 days in a row), and then oxytocin, pituitrin, hyfotocin, ergometrine, brevicolin and other uterine drugs.

To increase the tone of the uterus and activate the function of the ovaries, a rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is performed by stroking and kneading them for 3-5 minutes after 1-2 days. In order to normalize metabolic processes, proper feeding, walks, insolation, and vitamin therapy are organized; Ichthyolotherapy and autohemotherapy are effective.

In case of a purulent process (pyometra), uterine massage is contraindicated. To remove exudate, it is necessary to open the cervical canal by means of novocaine blockades (low epidural-sacral, preacralpa according to S.T. Isaev, pelvic plexus according to A.D. Nozdrachev) and exudate is removed with a drilling movement of the fingers using vacuum devices. In some cases, in order to enhance uterine contractions, myotropic drugs or 2 ml of hellebore tincture should be added to intrauterine devices. In the following days, treatment is continued according to the generally accepted scheme. Of the patented intrauterine devices, rifapol, rifacycline, and iodobismuth sulfamide are effective. Traditional remedies include Konkov's ointment with the addition of antiseptics, syntomycin liniment, lefuran, deoxyfur, iodinol, Lugol's solutions, ichthyol, ASD-2 fraction, etc. The course of treatment requires at least 2-4 administrations at intervals of 48-72 hours. In bitches and cats resort to uterine amputation.

Prevention.

Acute forms of endometritis are treated promptly. Follow the rules of asepsis during insemination. Correctly perform therapeutic techniques for vestibulitis and cervicitis. Measures are taken to ensure the body’s high resistance to the disease.

OVARIAN HYPOFUNCTION (Hypofunctio ovariorum)

A weakening of the hormonal and generative function of the ovaries, accompanied by defective sexual cycles or anaphrodisia, is most often observed in first-calf heifers in the winter-spring months.

Etiology.

The causes of the disease may be inadequate feeding and unsatisfactory living conditions (poor indoor lighting, lack of active walks, stress). One of the reasons for the anovulatory sexual cycle is hypofunction of the thyroid gland, caused by insufficient iodine intake into the animal’s body. The causes of ovarian hypofunction are based on a violation of the neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms of the sexual cycle of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian-uterus system.

Symptoms

Rhythm disturbance, weak manifestation or absence of sexual cycle phenomena (anaphrodisia). This condition can last up to 6 months or more.

Treatment.

Eliminate the causes, improve housing and feeding conditions, promptly treat animals with residual inflammatory processes in the genitals. It is recommended to use serum gonadotropin intramuscularly. It is advisable to combine it with a 0.5% solution of proserin or a 0.1% solution of carbacholin, which is administered subcutaneously 2-3 times every 2 days. It is recommended to use an oil solution of progesterone at a dose of 100 mg for 2 days in a row in combination with a prostaglandin analogue F-2-alpha (estrophan) intramuscularly one day after the administration of progesterone.

In case of anovulatory sexual cycle during the period of estrus, human chorionic gonadotropin or luteinizing gonadotropin or surfagon are used. You can use serum gonadotropin on the 12-13th day of the sexual cycle.

Prevention.

The deficiency of vitamins in feed is compensated for by fortification, especially in the period 2 months before birth and 1 month after it. Pathological processes in the female’s body are promptly eliminated based on gynecological medical examination of animals.

PERSISTENT corpus luteum
(Corpus luteum persistens)

This is a yellow body that lingers in the ovary of a non-pregnant female longer than the physiological period (more than 4 weeks).

Etiology.

The reasons are errors in maintenance and feeding, pathological processes in the uterus and disturbances in neurohormonal regulation between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, the pituitary gland and the ovaries, the ovaries and the uterus. Maceration, mummification of the fetus, retention of placenta, subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis block the formation of proetaglandins, and therefore regression of the corpus luteum does not occur. The persistent corpus luteum maintains a high level of progesterone in the female’s body and inhibits the development of follicles in the ovaries.

Symptoms

Long-term absence of sexual cycle phenomena (anaphrodisia). Rectal examination of large animals (cows, mares) reveals a corpus luteum in one of the ovaries. To clarify the diagnosis, the animal is examined again after 2-4 weeks, during which time the animal’s behavior is observed. Continued anaphrodisia and the presence of the corpus luteum in the same size give grounds, in the absence of pregnancy, to make a diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum. The uterus during this period is atonic, the horns hang into the abdominal cavity, there is no fluctuation.

Treatment.

The reasons for the retention of the corpus luteum are eliminated and means are prescribed to ensure its involution. Often after creation an animal optimal conditions feeding, maintenance and exploitation, involution of the corpus luteum and restoration of sexual cyclicity occur. In some cases, 2-3 sessions of ovarian massage with an interval of 24-48 hours are sufficient to separate the corpus luteum. A single intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F-2-alpha and enzaprosta-F or estrofan gives a good effect. After the appearance of heat, the females are inseminated, and if there is no heat, the injections are repeated after 11 days and inseminated on the 14-15th day. In the absence of these drugs, you can inject a 1% progesterone solution subcutaneously daily for 6 days, and 48 hours after progesterone injections - serum gonadotropin.

Prevention.

Strict implementation of measures to exclude possible causes of the disease.

FOLLICULAR OVARIAN CYSTS
(Cystes follicularum ovariorum)

The formation of follicular cysts is preceded by an anovulatory sexual cycle. Cysts arise due to the stretching of graafian vesicles by fluid, which do not ovulate. Protein overfeeding predisposes to cyst formation, hereditary factors, lack of micro- and macroelements, vitamins, the use of excessive doses of synthetic estrogens (sinestrol, stilbestrol), FFA, folliculin, inflammatory processes of the uterus, reticulopericarditis, ketosis, poisoning.

Symptoms

An excessive amount of estrogen is released into the cyst cavity, and the animal is in a state of hunting for a long period (nymphomania). Deep depressions form between the root of the tail and the ischial tuberosities. An increase in size of the ovary, a pronounced round shape, fluctuation, thinning of the walls and rigidity of the uterus are established. Vaginal examination reveals hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa, the cervical canal is slightly open, and there is mucus at the bottom of the cranial part of the vagina. A long-functioning cyst causes glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium. Nymphomania is replaced by a long period of anaphrodisia, when luteinization of the inner surface of the cyst capsule occurs. The wall of such a cyst is thick and low-stressed.

Treatment.

Before prescribing treatment, it is necessary to organize adequate feeding and optimal maintenance, use vitamin supplements in the diet, microelements, especially iodine, cobalt, manganese. Operative, conservative and combined methods are used. The simplest operational means The cyst is crushed by hand through the wall of the rectum. Often after this, after 5 days. Cyst recurrences occur. If the cysts cannot be crushed, then they limit themselves to massage, resorting to the next attempt after 1-2 days.

On the second or third attempt, the cyst is crushed quite freely. Another operative method- this is a puncture of the cyst through the pelvic wall or vaginal vault, removing the contents and introducing 2-3% tincture of iodine or 1% novocaine solution into the vacated cavity.

For greater treatment effectiveness, it should be used simultaneously with crushing or puncture of cysts. medications: oil solution of progesterone for 10 days. Of the conservative agents, the most effective is parenteral use of human chorionic gonadotropin (CG), and after 10 days estrofan or enzaprosta-F. Instead of hCG, you can use luteinizing hormone (LH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone, surfagon (intramuscular). For a cyst caused by hypofunction of the thyroid gland, it is advisable to intramuscularly administer a 5% aqueous solution of potassium iodide for 5 days in a row in increasing doses.

When treating cysts, animals should simultaneously be given potassium iodide (kayoda) orally for 7-8 days.

Prevention.

The causes of a cycle without ovulation are eliminated, and the sugar-protein ratio in diets is normalized.

Corpus luteum cyst (Cysta corporis lutei)

A cyst is a cavity in the retained corpus luteum of the ovary.

Symptoms

Long absence clinical manifestation phenomena of the reproductive cycle. The uterus is atonic, the horns hang over the edge of the pubic bones of the pelvis into the abdominal cavity. The ovaries are triangular-oval in shape.

Treatment.

The use of prostaglandin F-2-alpha analogues (estrophan, estrumate, enzaprost), which have a luteolytic effect, is effective. Crushing the cyst is not advisable.

Prevention.

Measures are taken to prevent the occurrence of a persistent corpus luteum on the ovary.

OOPHORITIS AND PERIOOPHORITIS
(Oophoritis et perioophoritis)

Ovariitis, or oophoritis, is inflammation of the ovaries; perio-oophoritis - inflammation of the upper layer of the ovary, accompanied by its fusion with nearby tissues.

Etiology.

Aseptic inflammation of the ovaries is a consequence of trauma caused by squeezing the corpus luteum or crushing the cyst. Purulent oophoritis is the result of the action of microflora during salpingitis and endometritis. Chronic oophoritis develops from acute oophoritis after unskilled and untimely treatment as a consequence of prolonged intoxication. The main cause of perio-oophoritis is the spread of the inflammatory process from the deeper parts of the ovary to its periphery or from the oviducts, peritoneum or other adjacent organs.

Symptoms

The animal is depressed, body temperature is elevated, the ovary is enlarged and painful, and there are no sexual cycles. With chronic inflammation, the affected ovary is hard, lumpy, deformed, and painless. Perio-oophoritis is characterized by immobility of the ovary and the presence of adhesions.

Treatment.

Heat to the sacrum and lumbar region, antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs, pathogenetic therapy, suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. are indicated. Mosin or perinephric according to I.G. Moroz, intra-aortic administration of a 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics sensitive to microflora. The morphological changes in the ovaries characteristic of perio-oophoritis cannot be treated due to the irreversibility of the process, and the females are rejected.

Prevention.

Eliminating the causes causing injury organ.

HYPOPLASIA, HYPOTROPHY AND OVARIAN ATROPHY
(Hypoplasia, Hypotrophia et Atrophia ovariorum)

Ovarian hypoplasia is underdevelopment of ovarian tissue during embryonic development. Ovarian hypotrophy is a violation of the process of growth and development of the ovaries due to insufficient nutrition. Ovarian atrophy is a decrease in the volume of the ovaries with a weakening of their functions.

Etiology.

Hypoplasia is observed in heterosexual twins who have anastomoses between the placental vessels, when the hormones of the male gonads, which are formed in males earlier than in females, penetrate the female’s fetus and suppress the development of her genital organs. Ovarian hypotrophy is most common in young females whose mothers received inadequate diets during pregnancy, or can be caused by non-contagious, infectious and invasive diseases (dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, paratyphoid, coccidiosis, dictyocaulosis and others), as well as the result of inbreeding.

Ovarian atrophy is widespread due to inadequate feeding. Unilateral atrophy is possible with cystic degeneration of the ovary and the development of scar tissue in it due to a previous inflammatory process. Bilateral ovarian atrophy often develops as a result of chronic, long-term diseases and age-related changes.

Symptoms

The consequence of ovarian hypoplasia is underdevelopment of the vagina and uterus, secondary sexual characteristics, and the birth of freemartins. With ovarian hypotrophy, genital infantilism is noted. Ovarian atrophy is manifested by a cycle without ovulation, the ovaries are small, compacted, without growing follicles and corpus luteum, the uterus is atonic, reduced in size.

Treatment.

If the reasons are of a pronounced nutritional nature and are not accompanied by profound changes in the tissues of the ovary and uterus, then feed containing the required amount of essential amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, micro- and macroelements is introduced into the diet. To accelerate the normalization of reproductive function, medications used for ovarian hypofunction are prescribed.

Prevention.

The primary task is high-quality and complete feeding of pregnant animals and the young animals born from them.

OVARIAN SCLEROSIS (Sclerosis ovariorum)

Growth of connective tissue in place of glandular tissue in the ovaries.

Etiology.

The pathology occurs due to small cysticity and persistence of the corpus luteum, prolonged intoxication, chronic diseases and age-related changes.

Symptoms

The ovaries have a rocky consistency, lumpy, painless, sometimes of uncertain shape. There are no sexual cycles.

Treatment.

Doesn't work, females are discarded.

Prevention.

Eliminate factors that may cause the disease.

SALPINGITES
Inflammation of the oviducts (fallopian tubes).

Etiology.

The disease is a consequence of transmission of the ampullary part of the oviduct, compression of the corpus luteum, crushing of ovarian cysts and the spread of the inflammatory process from nearby organs and tissues.

Symptoms

In the ligaments between the ovary and the uterus, a fluctuating cord (hydrosalpings) is determined by rectal palpation; there is no pain. Spicy purulent process is accompanied by oophoritis and severe pain in the organ, and chronic - by thickening of the isthmic and ampullary parts of the oviduct to the size of a student’s pencil and the presence of adhesions. Obstruction of the oviduct makes it difficult to transport the fertilized egg and zygote to the uterus, and ectopic pregnancy is possible.

Treatment.

In acute salpingitis, the cause of the disease is eliminated, antibiotics and broad-spectrum sulfonamides are used. Rest, warmth on the sacrum and lumbar region. A 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics is injected into the aorta, intramuscularly - a 7-10% solution of ichthyol in a 20% glucose solution or 0.85% sodium chloride solution with an interval of 48 hours. Injections 5% - th solution of ascorbic acid intramuscularly c.

Prevention.

When conducting rectal examination and massage of the uterus and ovaries strictly adhere to established norms and techniques.

INFERTILITY (Sterilitas)

Temporary or permanent impairment of the ability of a mature organism to fertilize, i.e. loss of the ability of an adult organism to reproduce.

Etiology.

The causes of infertility are mainly of congenital and acquired origin. Congenital diseases include infantilism, freemartinism, and hermaphroditism. Acquired infertility is divided into nutritional, climatic, operational, and senile, but it can be the result of disturbances in the organization and conduct of artificial insemination, pathology in the reproductive organs, and biological processes.

Prevention.

To find out the causes of infertility and eliminate them, a comprehensive analysis of economic conditions is necessary, which includes the state of the food supply; level and nature of feeding throughout the year, taking into account data from biochemical analysis of feed; conditions for keeping animals.

In case of liver diseases (hepatitis), hypovitaminosis A, D, E, impaired phosphorus-calcium metabolism, acidosis, the service period is extended. Prolonged anestrus occurs against the background of ovarian hypofunction and persistence of the corpus luteum, a sharp decrease in hemoglobin content in the blood (less than 9.8 g per 100 ml), as the hormonal function of the pituitary gland and ovaries is weakened.

Obstetric operations

Fetotomy, caesarean section and uterine amputation are of greatest practical importance.

Fetotomy - dissection of a dead fetus in the birth canal. Indications for fetotomy: large fetus, deformities, incorrect positioning of the limbs. Fetotomy is performed using an embryotome or fetotome and other instruments. It is done in two ways: open (cutaneous) and closed (subcutaneous - after preparing the skin with a spatula). The head is amputated when it does not go along with the limbs, the limbs are amputated with a fetotome or torn off with an extractor to reduce the shoulder or pelvic girdle. During fetotomy, injury to the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is not allowed.

Caesarean section is indicated on a living fetus for narrowing of the cervical canal, narrowness of the birth canal, torsion of the uterus, and fetal emphysema.

Amputation of the uterus is indicated for ruptures and tumors, and in small animals - if obstetrics were unsuccessful.

Pathogenesis

With subinvolution of the uterus, hypotonia or atony of the uterine muscles and slow retraction of its muscle layers develop. As a result, the uterine cavity decreases slowly, and lochia (lochiometra) accumulates in it. Microorganisms that penetrate the uterus cause the decomposition of lochia, which acquires a dark brown or grayish color with an unpleasant odor. The breakdown products of lochia are absorbed into the blood, which causes intoxication of the body.

In the cavity of the non-contracting uterus, lochia accumulate and linger, which undergo decomposition due to the introduction of microorganisms into them. As a result, the body becomes intoxicated with the breakdown products of lochia, which enter the blood, which leads to varying severity of uterine diseases and general septic processes. Its contractile function is weakened, the retraction of muscle fibers slows down, as a result of which atrophic-degenerative and subsequently regenerative processes inherent in the normal course of the postpartum period are disrupted. In particular, the restoration and degeneration of the coruncles, mucous membrane, blood vessels of the uterus, and ligamentous apparatus is delayed. Lochia accumulates in the uterine cavity, which causes stretching of the uterine walls and prevents their contraction. The accumulation of liquid dark brown lochia in the uterus leads to lochiometra and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with the breakdown products of lochia causes mastitis. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

V.A. Samoilov (1988) found that cows with uterine subinvolution on the first day before birth have a relatively high level of progesterone in the blood with a low concentration of estradiol -17/3. In cows with uterine subinvolution, 1-2 days after calving, more rapid decline concentrations of estradiol - 17/3 and slow - progesterone compared to animals with a normal course of the postpartum period. At the same time, a lower content of prostaglandin F-2 alpha in the blood of cows with uterine subinvolution was established, both 1 day before calving and in the first 10 days after it (A.S. Tereshchenko, 1990).

Diagnosis

When diagnosing uterine subinvolution, attention is paid to such signs as prolonged separation of lochia, changes in their color and absence of sexual arousal for a long time. In order to clarify the diagnosis, the genitals are examined using a vaginal speculum and palpation of the uterus by hand through the rectum (rectal examination).

You can also use a polystyrene obstetric-gynecological Pankov spoon to make a diagnosis. Pankov's polystyrene obstetric spoon (ALP), a device for diagnosing the condition of the genital organs in cows, consists of a round rod 27 cm long and 5 mm in diameter. At the working end of the rod there is an ellipse-shaped spoon with a slightly pointed leading edge for “cutting off” a sample of mucus-exudate. The LSA handle has a recess (hole) on the side of the open part of the elliptical spoon, so that when introducing the LSA into the cervix, the convex part is pressed against the vaginal wall, and when removing a sample of mucus-exudate, the open part is pressed. This prevents injury to the vagina. After taking the mucus, the upper edge of the spoon is lightly pressed against the vaginal wall, and the mucus sample is removed by moving the spoon along the “bottom”, and at the urethra it unfolds and is pressed against the side wall of the vagina. Samples of mucus-exudate are taken in compliance with antiseptic rules. The LSA case is filled with an antiseptic solution. ALP is black in color to show fragments of pus or color inflammatory exudate contrasted with the color of the ALP. A test card with colored oval circles and inscriptions on them is attached to the LSA. Each colored circle corresponds to a diagnosed pathological process or normal condition in the genital organs. Samples of mucus exudates taken under the cervix are compared.

Criteria for diagnosing ALP

1. If the entire spoon up to the handle has entered the vagina and when you remove your hand from the handle of the spoon it does not come out under the pressure of the cervix, then we can assume that the cervix is at the edge of the pubic fusion. Diagnoses: in a healthy animal, in the presence of a small amount of sticky mucus, pallor and dryness of the vaginal vestibule - pregnancy (more than 2 months), and in a fresh cow, in the presence of reddish or brown-reddish lochia in the sample - subinvolution of the uterus; The return of the ALP from the genital fissure under the pressure of the cervix to half its length after its insertion to the cervix means that the cervix is in the middle of the bottom of the pelvic cavity.

Diagnoses: in healthy animals - involution is complete (the sample contains transparent liquid or thick and sticky mucus) and in full heat it is necessary to inseminate, regardless of the timing after calving; in inseminated animals, fertilization is possible; in patients - exclude hidden endometritis using a mucus-exudate sample; A full spoonful of brown-red, odorless, decomposed liquid with liquefied brown fragments - involution or subinvolution, depending on the timing after calving; a full spoon of cloudy lochia with the smell of decomposition - sapremia (excessive amount of saprophytic microflora); a full spoon with liquid and thick exudate purulent in nature- purulent catarrhal endometritis; a full spoon of pus - pyometra or stage 4 of purulent-catarrhal endometritis;

The spoon is easy to insert, it contains transparent, light, odorless mucus, the vestibule of the vagina is pale pink - the follicle is maturing in the ovary, the animal is healthy; The spoon is easy to insert, it contains clear or slightly cloudy mucus, the vestibule of the vagina is hyperemic - the preovulatory stage of a mature follicle;

The spoon is easily inserted, it contains cloudy or light, but thick mucus with fragments of pus (1: 6-10). The spoon is inserted with some effort, you have to alternately push back the walls of the vagina, and in the spoon there is a little thick sticky mucus - the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle is in the ovary; The spoon is inserted to its length with some difficulty (as in step 7), the spoon contains a little thick mucus with a brown tint - perhaps the animal is pregnant (2-3 months); The spoon is inserted without effort, and in the sample (twice, with an interval of 10 days), a small amount of thick sticky light mucus is a yellow persistent body.

Introduction

afterbirth cow treatment tricilin

Pathology of the third stage of labor, manifested by a violation of the separation or removal of the placenta from the birth canal. The placenta is said to be retained if the placenta does not separate in cows after 6-10 hours, in mares after 35 minutes, in sheep and goats after 5 hours, in pigs, bitches, cats and rabbits 3 hours after the birth of the fetus. Retention of the placenta can occur in animals of all species, but is more often observed in cows, which is explained by the unique structure of the placenta and the relationship between its fetal and maternal parts. Retention of placenta in cows can be recorded at different times of the year, but more often in winter and spring. /2,4,7/

1.Literature review

1.1 Anatomical and topographic data

In the uterus of female farm animals, horns, body and neck are distinguished. The two horns of the uterus, merging at their posterior ends, form a common cavity - the body of the uterus. The body of the uterus is small, does not exceed 5 cm in length. The horns of the uterus of a pregnant cow are 20-30 cm long. They extend slightly upward from the body of the uterus and pass into the oviducts. The body of the uterus ends at the cervix, which has a narrow canal surrounded by a thick muscular layer. In female farm animals, the uterus is located below the rectum and above bladder; it is suspended on the broad uterine ligament, which is attached to the psoas muscles. In a cow, the uterus lies partly in the abdominal cavity, partly in the pelvic cavity.

The wall of the uterus consists of the following layers: inside it is lined with mucous membrane; on the outside it is covered by two layers of smooth muscle fibers - the inner circular and outer longitudinal. The vagina is located in the pelvic cavity under the rectum. Its length is about 35 cm. Inside it is lined with mucous membrane. There is a distinction between the vagina itself - the longer part facing the cervix and the vestibule of the vagina. At the border between these two sections on the underside of the vagina is the opening of the urethra. From the outside, the vestibule of the vagina passes into the genital slit formed by the labia, in the lower corner of which the clitoris is located - the rudiment of the penis. /1.8/

Figure 1 Diagram of reproductive organs

Ovaries; 2-oviduct; 3-horns of the uterus; 4-body of the uterus; 5-cervix; 6-hole of the cervix; 7-vagina; 8-hole of the urethra; 9-vaginal vestibule; 10-clitoris; 11-labia; 12-mesentery of the uterus, or broad uterine ligament.

B-cervix of a cow

Vagina; 2-external opening of the neck; 3-channel cervix; 4-internal opening of the neck; 5-wide ligament; 6-ovary./1/

.2 Etiology

The immediate causes of retained placenta are insufficient contractility (hypotonia) or complete absence contractions (atony) of the uterus, fusion (adhesion) of the uterine and fetal parts of the placenta due to pathological processes in them. After calving, the cow's uterus contracts strongly (postpartum pushing), the placenta gradually separates from the uterine mucosa and is pushed out of the genital tract. If there are no afterbirth attempts or they are weak, then the afterbirth does not separate. The afterbirth does not separate even when it is fused with the uterus. Retention of placenta can be due to many predisposing reasons: 1) insufficient feeding, leading pregnant cows to exhaustion; in such cows the attempts are too weak to expel the placenta from the uterus; 2) improper diet, with a lack of minerals and vitamins, which reduces the body’s strength and predisposes to weak contractions of the uterus; 3) maintenance without walks; 4) obesity of the cow from overfeeding and lack of walks; 5) twins and overly large fetuses, which stretch the uterus too much, causing the force of pushing to decrease; 6) abnormal development and deformity of the fetus in the womb (hydrops fetus and membranes); 7) severe debilitating calving with damage to the birth canal, causing general weakness and weakness of postpartum attempts; 8) contagious and non-contagious diseases of a pregnant cow, which reduce the body’s strength and lead to weak attempts or cause fusion of the placenta with the uterus. /4.7/

1.3 Clinical signs

The animal is anxious, often strains, hunches its back and raises its tail; sometimes reluctant to eat food, often lies down; During straining and increased contractions of the uterus, discharge from the external genitalia is observed. When the placenta is completely retained, it is noted bloody issues. When the placenta is retained, the main clinical sign is the presence of amniotic membranes in the uterine cavity 6 hours after calving of cows. At the same time, general clinical indicators(body temperature, pulse, respiration, rumen contraction) are usually within normal limits.

With complete retention of the placenta, the breakdown of placental tissue is somewhat delayed, and if the diagnosis is untimely, on the fourth or fifth day, the release of catarrhal-purulent exudate mixed with fibrin crumbs begins from the uterus. At the same time it changes general state cows Complications of retained placenta in cows can include endometritis, vaginitis, postpartum infection, mastitis./3,4,5/

.4 Diagnosis

When the placenta is completely retained, a red or gray-red strand protrudes from the external genitalia. Its surface is lumpy in a cow (placenta). Sometimes only flaps of the urinary and amniotic membranes without vessels hang out in the form of gray-white films. With severe atony of the uterus, all the membranes remain in it (detected by palpation of the uterus). /2/

.5 Differential diagnosis

Complete retention of the placenta must be differentiated from incomplete retention of the placenta. To establish incomplete retention of the placenta, it is necessary to carefully examine it.

When the placenta is completely retained, a red or gray-red strand protrudes from the external genitalia. Its surface is lumpy in a cow (placenta) and velvety in a mare. Sometimes only flaps of the urinary and amniotic membranes without vessels hang out in the form of gray-white films. With severe atony of the uterus, all the membranes remain in it (detected by palpation of the uterus).

To establish incomplete retention of the placenta, it is necessary to carefully examine it. The placenta is examined, palpated and, if indicated, a microscopic and bacteriological analysis is performed. /2,3,4/

The released afterbirth is straightened out on a table or plywood. To determine whether the placenta has been completely released, they are guided by the vessels of the placenta, which are a closed network surrounding the entire amniotic sac. During childbirth, the underlying portion of the membranes ruptures along with the vessels passing through it. The integrity of the entire membrane is judged by the breaks of the vessels: when the torn edges come together, their contours should form a matching line, and the central ends of the torn vessels, when they come into contact with the peripheral segments, should form a continuous vascular network. By the location of the defect found in the choroid, it is possible to determine in which place of the uterus the torn part of the placenta remains. Subsequently, when palpating the uterine cavity with the hand, it is possible to palpate the remainder of the placenta. /6,7/

.6 Forecast

The prognosis is cautious towards favorable. If treatment is not treated in a timely manner, endometritis, abscesses, and general exhaustion of the body may develop./5/

1.7 Treatment

Conservative treatment methods for retained placenta:

Treatment of cows with retained placenta begins 6 - 8 hours after the birth of the calf. It involves increasing the tone and contractile function of the uterus, ensuring the fastest and most complete separation of the placenta, preventing infection of the uterus, the development of an inflammatory process in it and general postpartum infection.

Pituitrinum - a preparation of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Contains all the hormones produced in the gland. It is administered subcutaneously in a dose of 3-5 ml (25-35 IU). The action of the administered pituitrin begins after 10 minutes and lasts 5-6 hours. The optimal dose of pituitrin for cows is 1.5-2 ml per 100 kg of live weight. Pituitrin causes contraction of the muscles of the uterus (from the apex of the horns towards the cervix)./7/

The sensitivity of the uterus to uterine products depends on the physiological state. Thus, the greatest sensitivity is noted at the time of birth, then it gradually decreases. Therefore, 3-5 days after birth, the dose of uterine preparations needs to be increased. When the placenta is retained in cows, repeated administration of pituitrin is recommended after 6-8 hours.

Estrone - (folliculin) - Oestronum - a hormone formed wherever intensive growth and development of young cells occurs. Available in ampoules.

The Pharmacopoeia has approved a purer hormonal estrogen drug- estradiol dipropionate. Available in ampoules of 1 ml. The drug is administered intramuscularly to large animals at a dose of 6 ml.

Proserin - Proseripum - white crystalline powder, easily dissolves in water. A 0.5% solution is used in a dose of 2-2.5 ml under the skin for retained placenta in cows, weak pushing, and acute endometritis. Its action begins 5-6 minutes after injection and lasts for an hour./2,3,4,5/

Carbacholine - Carbacholinum - white powder, highly soluble in water. When retaining the placenta in cows, it is applied subcutaneously in a dose of 1-2 ml in the form of a 0.01% aqueous solution. Effective immediately after injection. The drug remains in the body for a considerable time, so it can be administered once a day.

Drinking amniotic fluid. Amniotic and urinary fluid contains folliculin, protein, acetylcholine, glycogen, sugar, and various minerals. In veterinary practice, fruit waters are widely used to prevent retention of placenta, atony and subinvolution of the uterus.

After giving 3-6 liters of amniotic fluid, the contractility of the uterus significantly improves. Contractile function does not resume immediately, but gradually and lasts for eight hours.

Feeding colostrum to cows. Colostrum contains a lot of proteins (albumin, globulins), minerals, fats, sugars and vitamins. Giving cows 2-4 liters of colostrum promotes the separation of the placenta after 4 hours. (A.M. Tarasonov, 1979).

Use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs.

In obstetric practice, tricilin is often used, which contains penicillin, streptomycin and white soluble streptocide. The drug is used in the form of powder or suppositories. When retaining the placenta, 2-4 suppositories or one bottle of powder are inserted into the cow's uterus by hand. The administration is repeated after 24 hours and then after 48 hours. Auremycin introduced into the uterus promotes the separation of the placenta and prevents the development of purulent postpartum endometritis.

Good results are obtained by combined treatment for retention of the placenta of reproaches. 20-25 g of white streptocide or another sulfonamide drug is injected into the uterus four times a day, and 2 million units of penicillin or streptomycin are injected intramuscularly. Treatment is carried out for 2-3 days. /5,6,7/

Nitrofuran drugs - furazolidone sticks and suppositories - are also used in treatment. Good results were also obtained after treating sick animals with septimethrin, exuter, metroseptin, utersonan and other combined drugs that are injected into the uterus.

The reproductive capacity of cows that were treated with antibiotics in combination with sulfonamide drugs after retaining the placenta is restored very quickly.

If conservative methods are not effective, 24 hours after the birth of the fetus they resort to surgical (manual) separation of the placenta. After separation of the placenta, bactericidal sticks on a foaming basis and subcutaneous uterine agents are introduced into the uterine cavity. /7/

Stimulating the defenses of a sick animal

Cows suffering from retained placenta have been successfully treated by injecting 200 ml of a 40% glucose solution into the middle uterine artery, to which 0.5 g of novocaine is added. Intravenous infusion of 200-250 ml of 40% glucose solution significantly increases the tone of the uterus and enhances its contraction. The afterbirth separated on the second day.

It is known that in the process labor activity A significant amount of glycogen from the muscles of the uterus and heart is used. Therefore, to quickly replenish the reserves of energy material in the mother’s body, it is necessary to administer 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution intravenously or give sugar with water (300-500 g twice a day).

Within 24 hours in summer and 2-3 days later in winter, the retained placenta begins to rot. Decay products are absorbed into the blood and lead to general depression of the animal, a decrease or complete loss appetite, increased body temperature, hypogalactia, severe exhaustion. 6-8 days after intensive blocking of the detoxification function of the liver, profuse diarrhea appears. /6.7/

Thus, when the placenta is retained, it is necessary to maintain the function of the liver, which is capable of neutralizing toxic substances coming from the uterus during the decomposition of the placenta. The liver can perform this function only if there is a sufficient amount of glycogen in it. That is why intravenous administration of glucose solution or oral administration of sugar and honey are necessary.

Autohemotherapy for retained placenta was used by G.V. Zverev (1943), V.D. Korshun (1946), V.I. Sachkov (1948), K.I. Turkevich (1949), E.D. Walker (1959), F.F. Muller (1957), N.I. Lobach and L.F. Zayats (1960) and many others.

It stimulates the reticuloendothelial system well. The dose of blood for the first injection into a cow is 90-100 ml, three days later 100-110 ml is administered. The third time blood is injected after three days at a dose of 100-120 ml. We injected blood not intramuscularly, but subcutaneously into two or three points in the neck. /7/

K.P. Chepurov, when retaining the placenta in cows, used intramuscular injections of anti-diplococcal serum in a dose of 200 ml to prevent endometritis. It is known that any hyperimmune serum, in addition to its specific action, stimulates the reticuloendothelial system, increases the body's defenses, and also significantly activates the processes of phagocytosis.

Tissue therapy for retained placenta was also used by V.P. Savintsev (1955), F.Ya. Sizonenko (1955), E.S. Shulyumova (1958), I.S. Nagorny (1968) and others. The results are very contradictory. Most authors believe that tissue therapy cannot be used as an independent method of treating retained placenta, but only in combination with other measures for a general stimulating effect on the sick body of the woman in labor. Tissue extracts are recommended to be administered subcutaneously to a cow in a dose of 10-25 ml with an interval of 3-4 days. /2,3/

For the treatment of placenta retention, a lumbar novocaine blockade is used, which causes vigorous contraction of the uterine muscles. Of the 34 cows with retained placenta, for which V.G. Martynov performed a lumbar blockade, in 25 animals the placenta separated spontaneously.

I.G. Morozov (1955) used a pararenal lumbar blockade in cows with retention of the placenta. The injection site is determined on the right side between the second and third lumbar processes at a palm's distance from the sagittal line. A sterile needle is inserted perpendicularly to a depth of 3-4 cm, then a Janet syringe is attached and 300-350 ml of a 0.25% novocaine solution is poured in, which fills the perinephric space, blocking the nerve plexus. The animal's general condition quickly improves, the motor function of the uterus increases, which promotes independent separation of the placenta. /2,3,4,7/

D.D. Logvinov and V.S. Gontarenko received a very good therapeutic result when a 1% solution of novocaine was injected into the aorta in a dose of 100 ml.

In veterinary practice, there are quite a few methods for local conservative treatment of retained placenta. The question of choosing the most appropriate method always depends on the variety of specific conditions: the condition of the sick animal, the experience and qualifications of the veterinary specialist, the availability of special equipment in the veterinary institution, etc. Let us consider the main methods of local therapeutic effects when retaining the placenta in cows.

Infusion of solutions and emulsions into the uterus. P.A. Voloskov (1960), I.F. Zayanchkovsky (1964) found that the use of Lugol's solution (1.0 crystalline iodine and 2.0 potassium iodide per 1000.0 distilled water) when retaining the placenta in cows gives satisfactory results with a small percentage of endometritis, which is quickly cured. The authors recommend pouring 500-1000 ml of fresh warm solution into the uterus, which should get between the placenta and the mucous membrane of the uterus. The solution is reintroduced every other day./6,7/

I.V. Valitov (1970) received good healing effect in the treatment of retained placenta in cows combined method: 80-100 ml of a 20% solution of ASD-2 was injected intravenously, 2-3 ml of 0.5% proserin - under the skin and 250-300 ml of a 3% oil solution of menthol - into the uterine cavity. According to the author, this method turned out to be more effective than surgical separation of the placenta;

The Latvian Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute proposed intrauterine sticks containing 1 g of furazolidone, made without a fat base. When retaining the placenta, 3-5 sticks are inserted into the cow's uterus.

According to A.Yu. Tarasevich, infusion of oil emulsions of iodoform and xeroform into the uterine cavity gives satisfactory results in the treatment of placenta retention in cows.

Injection of fluid into the vessels of the umbilical cord stump. In cases where the vessels of the umbilical cord stump are intact, as well as in the absence of blood coagulation, it is necessary to clamp two arteries and one vein with tweezers, and pour 1-2.5 liters of warm artificial gastric juice into the second umbilical vein of the umbilical cord stump using the Bobrov apparatus. (Yu. I. Ivanov, 1940) or cold hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Then all four umbilical vessels are ligated. The afterbirth separates on its own after 10-20 minutes.

Infusion of hypertonic solutions of medium salts into the uterus.

To dehydrate the villi of the choroid and the maternal part of the placenta, it is recommended to pour 3-4 liters of a 5-10% solution of table salt into the uterus. A hypertonic solution (75% sodium chloride and 25% magnesium sulfate), according to Yu I. Ivanov, causes intense contractions of the uterine muscles and promotes the separation of placenta in cows. /2,3,4,5,7/

Repeated cutting of the stump of placenta vessels

After the calf is born and the umbilical cord ruptures, there is almost always a stump of blood vessels hanging from the vulva. We have repeatedly observed how veterinary workers who do not have sufficient knowledge in the field birth process, diligently stopped the “bleeding” from the stump of the blood vessels of the placenta. Naturally, such “help” helps to delay the placenta. After all, the longer blood flows from the vessels of the baby placenta, the better the villi of the cotyledons are bled dry, and, consequently, the connection between the maternal and baby placenta weakens. The weaker this connection, the easier the afterbirth is separated. Therefore, repeated cutting of the umbilical cord stump with scissors must be used to prevent retention of the placenta in cows. /7/

Surgical intervention in case of strong pushing in a cow is carried out against the background of low sacral anesthesia (injection of 10 ml of 1-1.5% novocaine solution into the epidural space) or novocaine blockade of the pelvic nerve plexus according to A. D. Nozdrachev Synoestrolum - 2.-1 % oily solution. Available in ampoules. Injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The dose for a cow is 2-5 ml. The effect on the uterus begins an hour after administration and lasts 8-10 hours. Sinestrol causes rhythmic energetic contractions of the uterus in cows and promotes the opening of the cervical canal. Some scientists (V.S. Shipilov and V.I. Rubtsov, I.F. Zayanchkovsky, and others) argue that sinestrol cannot be recommended as an independent remedy in the fight against placenta retention in cows. After using this drug in high-milk cows, lactation decreases, atony of the forestomach appears, and sometimes sexual cyclicity is disrupted.

Many methods have been proposed for separating the placenta, both conservative and operative, manual. /2,3,5/

In cows: if the placenta has not separated 6-8 hours after the birth of the fetus, you can administer sinestrol 1% 2-5 ml, pituitrin 8-10 units per 100 kg. Body weight, oxytocin 30-60 units. or massage the uterus through the rectum. Sugar 500g is given inside. Promotes separation of the placenta during uterine atony by tying it with a bandage to the tail, 30 cm away from its root (M.P. Ryazansky, G.V. Gladilin). The cow seeks to release the tail by moving it from side to side and back, which encourages the uterus to contract and expel the placenta. This simple technique should be used both therapeutically and for preventive purposes. The villi and crypts can be separated by introducing pepsin with hydrochloric acid between the chorion and the uterine mucosa (pepsin 20 g, of hydrochloric acid 15 ml, water 300 ml). ON THE. Phlegmatov found that amniotic fluid, administered in a dose of 1-2 liters to a cow through the mouth, already after 30 minutes increases the tone of the uterine muscles and increases the frequency of its contractions. Amniotic fluid is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes when the placenta is retained. During rupture of the membranes and during expulsion of the fetus, amniotic fluid is collected (8-12 liters from one cow) into a basin well washed with hot water and drained into a clean glass container. In this form they can be stored at a temperature no higher than 3 degrees Celsius for 2-3 days. When the placenta is retained, it is recommended to drink amniotic fluid 6-7 hours after the birth of the fetus in the amount of 3-6 liters. If there are no placental fusions, as a rule, after 2-8 hours the placenta separates. Only some animals have to be given amniotic fluid (in the same dose) up to 3-4 times at intervals of 5-6 hours. Unlike artificial drugs, amniotic fluid acts gradually, its maximum effect appears after 4-5 hours and lasts up to 8 hours ( V.S. Shipilov and V.I. Rubtsov). However, the use of amniotic fluid is associated with difficulties in obtaining and storing it in the required quantity. Therefore, it is more convenient to use amnistron, a drug isolated from amniotic fluid; it has tonic properties (V.A. Klenov). Amnistron (it is administered intramuscularly in a dose of 2 ml), like amniotic fluid, has a gradual and at the same time long-lasting effect on the uterus. Within an hour, the activity of the uterus increases 1.7 times, and by the 6th -8th hour it reaches its maximum. Then the activity begins to gradually decrease, and after 13 hours only weak contractions of the uterus are noted (V.A. Onufriev). /6/

When retaining the placenta due to atony of the uterus and increased turgor of its tissues, the use of an electric separator designed by M.P. Ryazansky, Yu.A. Lochkarev and I.A. Dolzhenko, subcutaneous injections of oxytocin or pituitrin (30-40 units), colostrum from the the same cow in a dose of 20 ml, prostaglandin preparations, blockade according to V.V. Mosin And other methods of novocaine therapy. Particularly effective is the intra-aortic administration of a 1% solution of novocaine in a dose of 100 ml (2 mg per 1 kg of animal weight) with the simultaneous administration of a 30% solution of ichthyol intrauterinely in an amount of 500 ml (D.D. Logvinov). Repeated injections are carried out after 48 hours. If within 24-48 hours conservative methods of treatment do not produce an effect, especially when the fetal part of the placenta is fused with the maternal one, then surgical separation of the placenta is resorted to. /6.7/

Manipulations in the uterine cavity are performed in an appropriate suit (sleeveless vest and robe with wide sleeves, oilcloth apron and sleeves). The sleeves of the robe are rolled up to the shoulder, and the hands are treated in the same way as before the operation. Skin lesions on the hands are smeared with iodine solution and filled with collodion. Boiled Vaseline, lanolin or enveloping and disinfecting ointments are rubbed into the skin of the hand. It is advisable to use a rubber sleeve from a veterinary gynecological glove. It is advisable to carry out surgical intervention against the background of anesthesia (sacral, according to A.D. Nozdrachev, G.S. Fateev, etc.). After preparing the right hand, grab the protruding section of the membranes with your left hand, twist it around its axis and pull it slightly, trying not to tear it. Right hand injected into the uterus, where it is easy to identify areas of attachment of the fetal placenta, orienting along the course of the tense vessels and tissues of the choroid.

The fetal part of the placenta is separated from the maternal part carefully and consistently, the index and middle fingers the chorion is brought under the placenta and separated from the caruncle with several short movements. Sometimes it is more convenient to grasp the edge of the fetal placenta with the thumb and forefinger and gently pull the villi out of the crypts. It is especially difficult to manipulate the placenta at the apex of the horn, since with an atonic uterus and a short arm of the obstetrician, the fingers do not reach the caruncles. Then they slightly pull the uterine horn to the cervix by the afterbirth or, spreading their fingers and resting them on the wall of the horn, carefully lift it up and then, quickly squeezing the hand, move it forward and down. By repeating the technique several times, it is possible to “put” the uterine horn on your hand, reach the placenta and, grasping it, separate it. The work is made easier if the protruding part of the placenta is twisted around its axis - this reduces its volume, the hand passes through the cervix more freely and the deeply located placentas are somewhat pulled outward. Sometimes the uterine caruncles break off and bleeding occurs, but it stops quickly and on its own. With partial retention of the placenta, unseparated placentas are easily identified by palpation - the caruncles have a round shape and elastic consistency, while the remains of the placenta are doughy or velvety. During the operation, you must ensure cleanliness, wash your hands repeatedly and rub the enveloping substance into the skin again.

After the final separation of the placenta, it is useful to introduce no more than 0.5 liters of Lugol's solution into the uterus; penicillin, streptomycin, streptocide, uterine bacilli or suppositories with nitrofurans, metromax, and exuter are also used. However, several antibiotics with the same organotropic toxicity cannot be used at once; this causes synergism and, as a result, the development of severe complications. The sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to the antibiotics used should be taken into account. /7/

In the absence of a putrefactive process in the uterus, it is considered more appropriate to use the dry method of separation of the placenta; in this case, no disinfectant solutions are introduced into the uterus either before or after the surgical separation of the placenta (V.S. Shipilov, V.I. Rubtsov). After this method there is less various complications, the ability of animals to reproduce offspring and their productivity are restored faster.

In case of putrefactive decomposition of the placenta, it is necessary to syringe the uterus with the obligatory subsequent removal of the solution. Various methods of novocaine therapy, intramuscular injection of 10-15 ml of a 7% solution of ichthyol in a 40% glucose solution, and intrauterine suppositories have a good effect. All these methods should be combined with the use natural methods increasing the body's resistance and postpartum activation of sexual function (active exercise, etc.). /4.5/

1.8 Prevention

Prevention of placenta retention is strict adherence the entire complex of economic and veterinary activities. Particular attention is paid to proper feeding and organization of exercise for pregnant animals, proper management of labor and care for the mother. Women in labor are given 3-5 liters of amniotic fluid or 1-2 liters of colostrum./3,6,7/

2.Result of our own research

The call came from an individual sector in a neighboring village. Red-motley color, 3.5 years. The cow was in a barn that did not comply with veterinary standards - sanitary standards, there is a draft in the room, the floor is wooden and without bedding, there is a lot of dampness. Feed: not very good quality hay, feed, straw. The animals were fed three times a day, watered cold water. The cow calved in that barn, with difficulty, since the fetus was large. We provided obstetric care.

2.1 Rationale for the disease

Complete confinement of this cow developed as a result pathological childbirth. The size of the fetus did not correspond to the lumen of the pelvic cavity. Obstetric services were provided. This factor gave impetus to inflammatory processes.

The preceding factors were:

In this case, the treatment was chosen based on the above points, as well as the availability of drugs, their cost and accessibility.

Infusion of oil emulsions of iodoform into the uterine cavity gave satisfactory results in treatment.

Tricilin was used, which contains penicillin, streptomycin and white soluble streptocide. The drug was used in powder form. When retaining the placenta, one bottle of powder was inserted into the cow's uterus by hand. The administration was repeated after 24 hours and then after 48 hours. Auremycin introduced into the uterus promotes the separation of the placenta and prevents the development of purulent postpartum endometritis.

Combined treatment for retaining the placenta of reproaches also gives good results. 20-25 g of white streptocide or another sulfonamide drug is injected into the uterus four times a day, and 2 million units of penicillin or streptomycin are injected intramuscularly. Treatment is carried out for 2-3 days. /5,6,7/

2.7 Prevention

Ukorov's placenta is separated 6-10 hours after birth. Detention of the placenta for more than the specified period has a detrimental effect on fertility. After 24 hours, it is necessary to take measures to remove the placenta. Retention of the placenta may be the result of uterine atony due to muscle fatigue or gross violation feeding and keeping the animal. If the placenta is separated on the first day after calving, then on the second day the animal is no different from normally calved cows.

To stimulate removal of the placenta, you can give the animal 400-500 g of sugar, 5-6 liters of amniotic fluid, or prescribe chemotherapy drugs. To prevent decomposition of the placenta, tricillin or biomycin is injected into the uterus. At the same time, measures are taken to enhance uterine contractions by introducing under the skin aqueous solutions of neurotropic drugs (corbocholine 0.1%, proserin 0.5%, furamon 1% 2 ml every 3-4 hours). For these purposes, you can also use oxytocin and sinestrol in combination with pituitrin.

If the drugs are not given desired result, then take measures to remove the placenta by hand. The technique of mechanical removal of the placenta and the procedures thereafter have an important impact on the timing of the end of the postpartum period. The placenta should be removed in one session, since repeating the intervention a day or two after the first causes endometritis. The placenta should be separated carefully, trying not to injure the uterus (caruncles). Separation should begin with the body and free horn. It is impossible to process the membranes and leave them in the uterus, as this will cause inflammatory processes. When completely removed, the surface of the caruncles will be rough and dry.

Upon completion of separation of the placenta, it is recommended to introduce 500-1000 thousand units into the uterine cavity. antibiotic and 500 thousand units. intramuscularly. Rinse disinfectants and there is no need to apply solutions to the uterus after separation of the placenta, as this can cause complications and the cows remain infertile for a long time.

Cows that have retained placenta should be closely monitored and recorded in a gynecological log.

Animals need to be monitored after normal birth. The external genitalia of cows should be washed warm water and a disinfectant solution until the release of lochia stops, which normally stops by 15-17 days after birth, during the period when the animal is in the maternity ward.

Lack of exercise during the postpartum period has an extremely adverse effect on the involution of the reproductive system. Lack of exercise leads to stagnation in organs and tissues, which leads to a decrease in the level of all metabolic processes.

The only way to increase the function of all organs and systems of the female after childbirth is mechanical muscle work, which increases neuromuscular tone and motor function of the uterus. This accelerates the removal of postpartum cleansing from the uterine cavity and promotes the resorption of degenerated muscle fibers.

Many researchers recommend starting regular cow walks on the 3-4th day after birth, lasting 30-40 minutes, and then increasing them every day by 10-15 minutes, bringing them to at least two hours by the 15th day after calving. Exercise should be active, that is, accompanied by muscle work. This is achieved by continuous movement of the animals throughout the entire walk. With such a housing system, animals will come into heat in a timely manner and be inseminated fruitfully.

Proper preparation of animals for mating is of great importance in preventing barrenness. Timely release of animals is one of the important factors in preparing animals for mating. The dry period should be at least 45-60 days, and for weak animals - at least 70 days.

IN winter period special attention should be paid to cow walks. Walking promotes not talc better absorption feed, but also increased sexual activity and rapid involution of the uterus. Walking animals should be active.

Conclusion

The cow was taken to the isolation ward on 04/15/2011. The animal had complete retention of the placenta. The cow is anxious, often strains, hunches her back and raises her tail. The labia are hyperemic, swollen, and bloody discharge comes from the vulva. A gray-red cord protrudes from the external genitalia.

Based on clinical signs and anamnesis, a diagnosis was made - complete retention of the placenta. After a vaginal examination of the cow, there was surgical separation of the placenta.

To prevent inflammatory reactions, antibiotic therapy was prescribed - 2 g of streptomycin and penicillin, 2,000,000 units/kg intramuscularly, once a day.

As a result of the treatment, the animal was cured. Recommendations have been written for prevention

Bibliography

Akaevsky A.I. Anatomy of domestic animals. - M.: Agropromizdat, 2000.

Valyushkin K.D., Medvedev G.F. Obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. - Minsk: “Harvest”, 1997

Gavrin V.G., Ubiraev S.P. and others. Modern reference book for veterinarians. - Rostov-on-Don: “Phoenix”, 2003.

Kolonov G.A. Handbook of veterinary medicine. - M.: Agropromizdat, 2002.

Nikitin V.Ya., Mirolyubimov V.G. and others. Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. - M.: Kolos, 2004.

Studentsov A.P., Shipilov V.S. Veterinary obstetrics and biotechnology of reproduction. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1986.

Usha B.V. Clinical diagnosis of internal non-contagious animal diseases. - M.: Kolos, 2003.

Usha B.V. Workshop on clinical diagnosis of internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. - M.: Kolos, 2005.

Khrustalev V.P. Anatomy of domestic and farm animals. - M.: Agropromizdat, 2000.

Treatment of postpartum diseases of cows must be undertaken as early as possible. It must be comprehensive, aimed at normalizing the body's defenses and metabolic processes - expelling pathological contents from the uterus, relieving the inflammatory reaction, suppressing the activity of microflora.

Postpartum vulvitis, vestibulitis and vaginitis

First of all, thoroughly wash the tail and external genitalia; the tail is bandaged and tied to the side to avoid unnecessary irritation of the vulva.

The cavity of the vaginal vestibule is cleaned by irrigating with disinfectant solutions: potassium permanganate, Lysol, creolin. A good effect is achieved by using a 1-2% salt-soda solution (1:1 ratio) or hypertonic sodium chloride solution. It should be remembered that irrigation can give a negative result and even contribute to the further spread of inflammation due to the mechanical movement of pathogens, therefore it is necessary to wash the vestibule of the vagina with the genital slit open, so that the solution used immediately pours out. Under no circumstances should solutions be poured under pressure.

After irrigation and cleansing, the mucous membrane is lubricated with Vishnevsky’s liniment, streptocide emulsion, iodoform, xeroform, creolin, ichthyol or other ointment. Powdered drugs, especially those insoluble in water, do not give positive results: during urination and along with exudate, they are quickly removed. The ointment prevents the fusion of surfaces exposed from the epithelial cover; located in a layer on the mucous membrane or on its damaged area, it replaces a bandage that protects the source of inflammation from additional infection. In case of severe pain, dicaine (1-2%) should be added to regular ointments. After cleaning, ulcers, wounds and erosions are cauterized with lapis, 5-10% iodine solution. Ichthyol swabs deserve attention as an auxiliary product. Tamponation should be repeated after 12-24 hours.

Treatment for postpartum vaginal inversion and uterine prolapse

It comes down to the quickest adjustment of the prolapsed organ after a thorough toilet, which is best done with the coldest possible solution of tannin of 0.1% concentration, weak solutions of potassium permanganate or furacillin. In order to reduce the volume of the uterus, before reduction, oxytocin can be used in the form of injections into the thickness of the uterus in various places, 1-2 ml with a total dose of 50 units. After repositioning the vagina or uterus, measures must be taken to ensure their secure fixation.

Fixation methods using nylon threads, rollers, and metal wire are ineffective and ultimately lead to rupture of the vulva at the site of sutures. The most reliable and justified method of fixation is using a wide bandage. To carry out fixation, it is necessary to sharpen Pean or Kocher tweezers in the form of a wide needle on a sharpening unit and use it to pierce the wall of the vulva, followed by gripping with a bandage and suturing. Before suturing, one of the antiseptic drugs is injected into the uterus.

Weak contractions and pushing

This pathology causes prolongation of the birth act. Initially, conservative treatment is carried out. The cow is injected intramuscularly with 4-5 ml of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol (1 ml per 100 kg of body weight) and subcutaneously with 30-40 units of oxytocin or pituitrin. 100-120 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride (calcium gluconate) and 150-200 ml of a 40% solution of glucose are administered intravenously. After 1.5-2 hours, it is advisable to administer one of the prostaglandin F-2 alpha preparations (estrophan in a dose of 2 ml or enzaprost in a dose of 5 ml).

If labor is weak, manifested by an increase in the timing of labor, low-intensity laser radiation (LILI) can be used using the transrectal method in exposure modes of 3-5 minutes, pulse frequency 64-512 Hz, if using the Rikta-MV apparatus and the same exposure time during treatment with the STP apparatus. If after 1-2 hours there is no effect, then the irradiation is repeated. Efficiency laser beam when prolonging the birth act is explained by the fact that laser irradiation has mitonic and analgesic effects.

If there is no effect in the next 3-4 hours, they begin surgical delivery in compliance with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics. After surgical intervention Tricillin - 18-24 g or a mixture of antimicrobial drugs in the following combinations is introduced into the uterine cavity in the form of powder:

Furacilin - 1 g, furazolidone - 0.5 g, neomycin - 1.5 g, penicillin - 1 g, norsulfazole - 5 g or oxytetracycline - 1.5 g, neomycin - 1.5 g, polymyxin-M - 0, 15 g and norsulfazole -5 g. In the absence of the indicated nitrofuran, antibiotic and sulfonamide drugs, you can use their analogues in the same combination, as well as neofur, metromax, exuter, hysteroton and other drugs in the form of sticks and suppositories.

With complicated births, in order to prevent postpartum complications, cows are prescribed sinestrol in combination with oxytocin or pituitrin. You can also use a 0.5% solution of proserin, a 0.1% solution, carbacholine in a dose of 2-2.5 ml or one of the prostaglandin F-2 alpha preparations, as well as colostrum taken from a postpartum woman in the first 4- 6 hours after birth of the fetus. Colostrum is administered subcutaneously with a sterile syringe in a dose of 20-25 ml. Before taking colostrum, the cow is examined for mastitis using one of the rapid mastitis tests.

Retention of placenta

If 6-8 hours after the birth of the calf the placenta has not separated, then proceed to conservative treatment according to his department.

1. Injection into the uterine cavity using a Janet syringe and a rubber adapter of a solution consisting of 3 ml of hellebore tincture and 97 ml of boiled water. It is possible to administer hellebore tincture intravenously in a dose of 2-3 ml once in order to enhance smooth muscle motility.

2. Administration parenterally in the first hours after calving of prostaglandin drugs: estrofan, superfan, aniprost, clatraprostine - in a dose of 2 ml or enzaprst in a dose of 5 ml intramuscularly or subcutaneously once. The introduction is designed to resolve the possibly delayed corpus luteum of pregnancy as a blocking link contractile activity uterus and increased contractions.

3. Injection of a double dose of prostaglandin with the addition of 1.5 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The latter prolongs the action of prostaglandin.

4. To enhance uterine motility, the following is administered subcutaneously: carbacholin 0.1% or prozerin 0.5% in the form of an aqueous solution in a dose of 2-2.5 ml every 4-6 hours; intravenously 150-200 ml of 40% glucose solution, 100-200 ml of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride.

5. Instillation of 2-3 ml of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol or folliculin, followed by the introduction after 12 hours of 50 units of oxytocin or pituitrin. Oxytocin has a more targeted and active effect against the background of estrogens.

6. Subcutaneous administration with 3-hour intervals in increasing doses (30-40-50 units) of oxytocin or pituitrin.

Recently, drug-free methods of treating placenta retention in cows have been actively used. A good therapeutic and prophylactic effect is achieved by using an electronic placenta separator for cattle. The device is a compact sealed capsule. After the generally accepted preparation of the cow's external genitalia, the capsule is introduced into the uterine cavity, into the horn-fetal receptacle between the uterine wall and the retained placenta. Upon contact with the moist surface of the uterine mucosa, amniotic fluid, the device turns on and delivers short current pulses according to a given program for about 30 minutes, after which it turns off. Therapeutic effectiveness is 50-90%. The device is easy to use, does not require special storage methods and is absolutely electrically safe.

Also worthy of attention is the use of the device for electrical neurostimulation ETNS-100-1B for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes when retaining placenta in cows. It is a fabric belt with electrodes applied to the lumbar region in the area of the 4th sacral vertebra. The device delivers pulses with a frequency of 5-10 Hz and an amplitude of 50-80. Within 3-5 minutes. When using the device correctly, the service period is reduced to 45-50 days.

If there is no effect from the techniques used, one day after the fetus is delivered, 200-300 ml of a 10% solution of ichthyol is injected into the uterine cavity (amniotic membranes), and into the aorta or abdominal cavity, respectively, 10 ml of a 10% solution or 100 ml 1 % solution of novocaine (trimecaine). You can also use suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. Mosin. It is advisable to combine anesthetic injections with oxytocin or pituitrin, 40-50 units.

If the placenta does not separate within 36-48 hours from the birth of the fetus, proceed to surgical (manual) separation using the “dry” method. At the same time, special attention is paid to thorough cleaning and disinfection of hands, as well as the external genitalia. The introduction of any disinfectant solutions into the uterine cavity either before or after separation of the placenta is not allowed. After manual separation of the placenta, in order to prevent the development of subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis, the cow is injected subcutaneously for 2-3 days with oxytocin 40-50 units or any other myotropic agent, 150-200 ml of 40% glucose solution and 100-120 ml are injected intravenously 10% solution of calcium chloride (calcium gluconate), broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs are injected intrauterinely. In case of delayed separation and putrefactive decomposition of the placenta, a full course of complex preventive therapy is carried out as for endometritis.

Subinvolution of the uterus

Treatment of cows with delayed reverse development of the uterus should be comprehensive and aimed at restoring its contractile function and retraction ability, freeing the uterine cavity from accumulated and decaying lochia, preventing the development of microflora, increasing the general tone and defenses of the animal's body. When choosing treatment regimens, it is necessary to take into account the severity of the pathological process.

In the acute form of the disease (5-10 days after birth), cows are injected twice with a 24-hour interval with a 1% solution of sinestrol in a dose of 4-5 ml and within 4-5 days they are injected with 40-50 units of oxytocin or pituitrin, or 5-6 ml of 0.02% solution of methylergometrine or 0.05% solution of ergotal, or 2-2.5 ml of 0.5% solution of prozerin, or 0.1% solution of carbacholine. (Table No. 2)

Along with this, one of the means of pathogenetic or general stimulating therapy is used: novocaine therapy, vitamin therapy, ichthyolotherapy or hemotherapy or UHF, laser therapy and laser puncture.

Among the methods of novocaine therapy, suprapleural novocaine blockade of the splanchnic nerves and sympathetic border trunks is used according to V.V. Mosin or perirenal novocaine blockade (administer 300-350 ml of 0.25% novocaine solution), or intra-aortic or intraperitoneal administration of 1% or 10% solution of novocaine (trimecaine), respectively, in a dose of 100 or 10 ml. Injections are repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 48-96 hours.

During ichthyol therapy, a 7% sterile solution of ichthyol, prepared in a 0.85% sodium chloride solution, is injected into cows six times, subcutaneously at 48-hour intervals, starting from the first day of treatment, in increasing and decreasing doses: 20, 25, 30. 35, 30, 25 ml.

To prevent the development of endometritis, it is advisable to introduce broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs into the uterine cavity once or twice (section 5.4.).

In the subacute form of uterine subinvolution, the same means and treatment regimens are used, with the only difference that a 1% solution of sinestrol is administered only once in a dose of 3-4 ml (0.6-0.7 ml per 100 kg of body weight), and antimicrobial drugs intended for administration into the uterine cavity are not used.

In case of chronic subinvolution and uterine atony, along with pathogenetic obstimulating therapy (ichthyologemotherapy, tissue therapy) and myotropic drugs, prostaglandin F-2 alpha preparations and gonadotropic hormones are also prescribed. If there are functioning corpora lutea or luteal cysts in the ovaries, estuphalan 500 mcg or clathroprostin 2 ml is administered at the beginning of the course of treatment. Prostaglandins are administered again at the same dose on day 11 in combination with a single injection of gonadotropin FFA at a dose of 2.5-3 thousand i.e. With subinvolution of the uterus, accompanied by ovarian hypofunction, prostaglandins (estuphalan, clathroprostin, gravoprost, gravoclatran) are administered to cows once at the beginning of the course of treatment. On day 11, animals are injected with only gonadotropin FFA at a dose of 3-3.5 thousand IU.

In all cases of uterine dysfunction, treatment of cows should be carried out against the background of organizing daily active exercise, rectal massage uterus lasting 2-3 minutes (4-5 sessions), communication of cows with test bulls. If there are medical indications, vitamins (A, D, E, C, B), calcium and other mineral preparations are prescribed.