Currently, by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated August 5, 2003 “On measures to improve therapeutic nutrition in medical and preventive institutions of the Russian Federation" a new nomenclature for treatment has been approved. diet - standard system diets, including 5 options.

Formation of options standard diets are carried out not according to the main nosological forms (diseases), which was the basis for the formation of diets (tables) as such, as outlined above, but in relation to mechanical and chemical sparing, the amount of protein and calorie content.

1. The main version of the standard diet, combining numbered diets Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15. Indications for use: chronic gastritis in remission, gastric ulcer and duodenum in remission, chronic intestinal diseases with a predominance of irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation, acute cholecystitis and acute hepatitis in the recovery stage, chronic hepatitis with blurred pronounced signs functional liver failure, chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, gout, uric acid diathesis, nephrolithiasis, hyperuricemia, phosphaturia, diabetes type 2 without accompanying overweight body or obesity, cardiovascular diseases with mild circulatory disorders ( hypertonic disease, ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, cerebral and peripheral vessels), acute infectious diseases, fever. condition.

2. Diet option with mechanical and chemical sparing(diets No. 16, 46, 4c, 5p). Indications for use: peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute stage, acute gastritis, chronic gastritis with high acidity in the stage of mild exacerbation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus, acute pancreatitis in the stage of subsiding exacerbation, severe exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, recovery period after acute infections, after operations (not on internal organs).

3. Diet option with increased amount squirrel(high-protein diet - diets No. 4, 5, 7c, 7d, 9, 10, 11). Indications for use: condition after gastric resection after 2-4 months. about peptic ulcer in the presence of dumping syndrome, cholecystitis, hepatitis; chronic enteritis in the presence of a pronounced impairment of the functional state digestive organs, chronic pancreatitis in remission, chronic glomerulonephritis in the nephrotic variant in the stage of subsiding exacerbation without impairment of nitrogen excretion function of the kidneys, diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 without concomitant obesity and impairment of nitrogen excretion function of the kidneys, rheumatism with a low degree of process activity with a prolonged course without circulatory impairment, pulmonary tuberculosis, suppurative processes, anemia , burn disease.

4. Diet option with a reduced amount of protein(low-protein diet - numbered diets No. 7a, 76). Indications for use: chronic glomerulonephritis with severe and moderate impairment of nitrogen excretory function of the kidneys.

5. Reduced calorie diet option(low calorie diet- numbered diets No. 8, 9, 10c). Indications for use: various degrees nutritional obesity in the absence of pronounced complications from the digestive system, blood circulation, as well as diseases requiring special diets; diabetes mellitus type 2 with obesity, cardiovascular diseases in the presence of excess body weight.

Along with the basic standard diet and its variants, in accordance with the profile of the medical institution, surgical diets are also provided (diet No. 0, diet for ulcer bleeding, gastric stenosis, etc.), fasting diets and special diets (potassium, magnesium diets, diets for myocardial infarction, feeding through a tube, diets for fasting-dietary therapy, vegetarian diet, etc.). In the Order of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation daily averages are provided. sets of products depending on the diet option.

Based on the importance of the health of the nation for the development and security of the country, as well as based on the importance healthy eating the younger generation for the future of Russia, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation (1998) approved the “Concept of state policy in the field of healthy nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation for the period until 2005”. One of the priorities of this concept is the development of production related to the production of new high-tech drugs, including biologically active additives (BAA) to food. Biologically active additives are concentrates of natural or biologically identical to natural active substances, intended for consumption simultaneously with food or for inclusion in food products. Supplements serve as a means of improving the body’s health, reducing morbidity, and increasing the effectiveness of medications. therapy, extension active longevity etc.

Currently, the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated August 5, 2003 “On measures to improve clinical nutrition in medical institutions of the Russian Federation” has approved a new nomenclature therapeutic diets– a system of standard diets, including five options.

The formation of variants of standard diets is carried out not according to the main nosological forms (diseases), which underlay the formation of diets (tables) as such, as described above, but in relation to mechanical and chemical sparing, the amount of protein and calorie content.

1. The main version of the standard diet, combining numbered diets Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15. Indications for use: chronic gastritis in remission, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in remission, chronic intestinal diseases with a predominance of irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation, acute cholecystitis and acute hepatitis in the recovery stage, chronic hepatitis with mild signs of functional liver failure, chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, gout, uric acid diathesis, nephrolithiasis, hyperuricemia , phosphaturia, type 2 diabetes mellitus without concomitant overweight or obesity, cardiovascular diseases with mild circulatory disorders (hypertension, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, cerebral and peripheral vessels), acute infectious diseases, febrile conditions.

2. Diet option with mechanical and chemical sparing (diets No. 16, 46, 4v, 5p). Indications for use: peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute stage, acute gastritis, chronic gastritis with high acidity in the stage of mild exacerbation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus, acute pancreatitis in the stage of subsiding exacerbation, severe exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, recovery period after acute infections, after operations (not on internal organs).

3. Option of a diet with an increased amount of protein (high-protein diet - diets No. 4, 5, 7c, 7g, 9, 10, I). Indications for use: condition after gastric resection after 2–4 months. for peptic ulcer disease in the presence of dumping syndrome, cholecystitis, hepatitis; chronic enteritis in the presence of a pronounced impairment of the functional state of the digestive organs, chronic pancreatitis in the remission stage, chronic glomerulonephritis in the nephrotic version in the stage of subsiding exacerbation without impairment of the nitrogen excretion function of the kidneys, diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 without concomitant obesity and impairment of the nitrogen excretion function of the kidneys, rheumatism with low the degree of activity of the process during a protracted course without circulatory disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, suppurative processes, anemia, burn disease.

4. Diet option with a reduced amount of protein (low-protein diet - numbered diets No. 7a, 76). Indications for use: chronic glomerulonephritis with severe and moderate impairment of nitrogen excretory function of the kidneys.

5. Option of a diet with a reduced calorie content (low-calorie diet - numbered diets No. 8, 9, 10c). Indications for use: various degrees of nutritional obesity in the absence of pronounced complications from the digestive system, blood circulation, as well as diseases requiring special diets; diabetes mellitus type 2 with obesity, cardiovascular diseases in the presence of excess body weight.

Along with the basic standard diet and its variants, in accordance with the profile of the medical institution, surgical diets are also provided (diet No. 0, diet for ulcerative bleeding, gastric stenosis, etc.), fasting diets and special diets (potassium, magnesium diets, diets for myocardial infarction, feeding through a tube, diets during fasting-dietary therapy, vegetarian diet, etc.). The Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation provides for average daily food sets depending on the diet option.

Based on the importance of the nation’s health for the development and security of the country, as well as on the importance of healthy nutrition of the younger generation for the future of Russia, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation (1998) approved the “Concept of state policy in the field of healthy nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation for the period until 2005.” . One of the priorities of this concept is the development of production related to the production of new high-tech drugs, including biologically active additives (BAA) to food. Dietary supplements are concentrates of natural or natural-identical biologically active substances intended for consumption along with food or for inclusion in food products. Supplements serve as a means of improving the health of the body, reducing morbidity, increasing the effectiveness of drug therapy, prolonging active longevity, etc.

Diet

General management of dietary nutrition in a medical institution is carried out by chief physician, and in his absence - deputy chief physician for medical work. A nutritionist is responsible for the organization of therapeutic nutrition and its adequate use in all departments of a medical institution. He supervises dietary nurses (diet nurses) and supervises the work of the catering department. If there is no position of a dietician in a medical institution, a dietary nurse is responsible for this work.

Monitoring of therapeutic nutrition is carried out by a dietician and a nutritionist at a medical institution. The responsibilities of a nutritionist include the correct preparation of therapeutic diets, monitoring their correct use, advisory assistance to doctors in the optimal prescription of the dietary table, control over the menu, compliance with cooking technology dietary dishes, their quality and chemical composition. For dietary nurse entrusted with monitoring the operation of the catering unit and compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards.



Balanced diet. Components rational nutrition(with comments). Balance of essential nutrients.

Balanced diet– this is nutrition that ensures growth, normal development and vital activity of a person, helping to improve his health and prevent diseases.

Balanced nutrition involves:

Energy balance

Balanced diet

Compliance with diet

First principle: energy balance
The energy value of the daily diet should correspond to the energy expenditure of the body.
Energy consumption of the body depends on gender (in women they are lower on average by 10%), age (in older people they are lower on average by 7% in each decade), physical activity, professions. For example, for people engaged in mental work, energy consumption is 2000 - 2600 kcal, and for athletes or people involved in heavy physical labor, up to 4000 - 5000 kcal per day.

Second principle: balanced nutrition
Each organism needs a strictly defined amount of nutrients, which must be supplied in certain proportions. Proteins are the main building material body, a source of synthesis of hormones, enzymes, vitamins, antibodies. Fats have not only energy, but also plastic value due to the content of fat-soluble substances in them. vitamins, fatty acids, phospholipids. Carbohydrates are the main fuel material for the body's functioning. The category of carbohydrates includes dietary fiber (fiber), which plays important role in the process of digestion and absorption of food. In recent years, dietary fiber has received increased attention great attention as a means of preventing a number of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and oncological diseases. Important For correct exchange substances and ensuring the functioning of the body have minerals and vitamins.
According to the principle balanced nutrition, the provision of basic nutrients implies the supply of proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the body in a strict ratio.
Proteins should be provided 10 - 15% daily calorie content, while the proportion of animal and plant proteins should be the same. Optimal quantity Protein should be 1 g per 1 kg of weight. So for a person weighing 70 kg daily norm protein consumption is 70 g. In this case, half of the protein (30 - 40 g) should be plant origin(sources – mushrooms, nuts, seeds, cereals and pasta, rice and potatoes). The second half of the daily protein intake (30 - 40 g) should be of animal origin (sources - meat, fish, cottage cheese, eggs, cheese).
Optimal consumption volume fat– 15 - 30% calorie content. A favorable ratio of vegetable and animal fats is considered to be one that provides 7-10% of calories from saturated, 10-15% monounsaturated and 3-7% polyunsaturated fatty acids. In practice, this means consuming an equal proportion of vegetable oils and animal fats contained in foods. The optimal amount of fat should be 1 g per 1 kg of weight. Considering that half daily requirement animal fats are found in products of animal origin; it is rational to use them as “pure” fats vegetable oils(30 - 40 g).
For your information: 100 g of doctor's sausage contains 30 g of animal fat - the daily requirement.
Saturated fatty acid are found mainly in hard margarines, butter and other products of animal origin. The main source of polyunsaturated fatty acids are vegetable oils - sunflower, soybean, corn, as well as soft margarines and fish. Monounsaturated fatty acids are found mainly in olive, rapeseed, and peanut oils.
Carbohydrates 55 - 75% of the daily calorie content should be provided, the main share of which comes from complex carbohydrates (starchy and non-starchy) and only 5 - 10% from simple carbohydrates(Sahara).
Simple carbohydrates dissolve well in water and are quickly absorbed by the body. Sources of simple carbohydrates are sugar, jam, honey, sweets.
Complex carbohydrates significantly worse absorbed. Fiber is one of the indigestible carbohydrates. Despite the fact that fiber is practically not absorbed in the intestines, normal digestion is impossible without it. Action of fiber:
- increases the feeling of satiety;
- promotes the removal of cholesterol and toxins from the body;
- normalizes intestinal microflora and etc.
Dietary fiber is found in most types of bread, especially wholemeal bread, cereals, potatoes, legumes, nuts, vegetables and fruits.
Eating enough fiber-rich foods plays an important role in normal bowel function and may reduce symptoms chronic constipation, hemorrhoids, and also reduce the risk coronary disease heart and some types of cancer.

Thus, rational nutrition implies that proteins provide 10 - 15%, fats 15 - 30%, carbohydrates 55 - 75% of daily calories. In terms of grams, this will amount to an average of 60 - 80 grams of protein, 60 - 80 grams of fat and 350 - 400 grams of carbohydrates for different calorie intakes (simple carbohydrates should account for 30-40 g, dietary fiber - 16 - 24 g) .

Proteins – 10 - 15%
Fats – 15 - 30%
Saturated fatty acids (SFA) – 7 - 10%
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) – 10 - 15%
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) – 3 - 7%
Carbohydrates – 55 - 75%
Complex carbohydrates – 50 - 70%
Dietary fiber – 16 - 24%
Sugar – 5 - 10%

Third principle: diet
Meals should be fractional (3 - 4 times a day), regular (at the same time) and uniform, the last meal should be no later than 2 - 3 hours before bedtime.

Modern model rational nutrition has the shape of a pyramid. Based on it, you can create a balanced diet for every day.

To ensure a healthy diet, it is important to adhere to the basic rules that will allow you to create a balanced diet.

51. Dietary (therapeutic) nutrition: definition, modern classification diets, requirements, indications for prescribing diets and application.

Meaning, features

Dietary (therapeutic) nutrition is organized for persons with acute and chronic diseases.

Features of dietary nutrition:

• The purpose of nutrition is not only to maintain general nutritional status, but also to implement diet therapy.
• Dietary intake may influence clinical picture diseases, character and types pathological process.
• Dietary nutrition not only increases the effectiveness of other therapeutic techniques, but also reduces the frequency of relapses and exacerbations, as well as transition acute pathologies into chronic ones.
• For some diseases (for example, Iron-deficiency anemia, phenylketonuria, celiac disease) dietary food is the leading (or only) therapeutic factor.

Medical nutrition consists of three parts:

Symptomatic diet therapy to help eliminate individual symptoms diseases

Organ-specific diet therapy, taking into account the nature of the damage to the organ or system concerned

Metabolic diet therapy, which ensures adaptation of the chemical composition of the diet to the level and nature of metabolic and morphofunctional disorders characteristic of a particular type of disease.

Nomenclature of medical (dietary) tables

Currently, there is a scientifically based nomenclature of dietary (medicinal) tables. According to the nomenclature of Prof. M.I. Pevzner allocated 15 main tables (see table below).

Diet number	Indications for use
1a	Exacerbation of gastric and duodenal ulcers in the first 10-14 days, acute gastritis (exacerbation of chronic gastritis) in the first days of the disease (with preserved or increased acidity).
1b	Exacerbation of gastric and duodenal ulcers in subsequent days (starting from the third week), acute gastritis (exacerbation of chronic gastritis) in subsequent days of the disease (with preserved or increased acidity).
	Exacerbation of gastric and duodenal ulcers in the fading stage or the stage of remission, acute gastritis (exacerbation of chronic gastritis) in the fading stage of the disease or chronic gastritis (with preserved or increased acidity).
	Anacidic gastritis in the stage of mild exacerbation and beginning remission.
	Chronic intestinal diseases with a predominance of dyskinesia syndrome, as well as dyskinetic constipation in other diseases.
	Acute colitis and enteritis with profuse diarrhea (in the first 3-5 days).
4b	Acute colitis and enteritis at the subsequent stage of treatment (from 3-5 days), exacerbation chronic colitis and enteritis.
4v	Acute colitis and enteritis in the stage of fading exacerbation, chronic enteritis in remission.
4a\g	Celiac enteropathy, celiac disease, idiopathic steatorrhea.
4p	Chronic intestinal disease in the acute stage with concomitant pancreatitis in the acute stage.
5a	Acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis in the acute stage, acute hepatitis or exacerbation of chronic hepatitis.
	Chronic cholecystitis in the acute and remission stages, chronic hepatitis in the remission stage.
5l\f	Chronic liver diseases with bile stagnation syndrome.
5p	Chronic pancreatitis.
5r	Dumping syndrome after gastric resection for peptic ulcer.
	Gout, uric acid diathesis, hyperuricemia.
7a	Chronic renal failure, a pronounced violation of the nitrogen excretory function of the kidneys.
7b	Chronic renal failure, moderate impairment of nitrogen excretory function of the kidneys.
7v	Nephrotic syndrome.
7g	End-stage renal failure (hemodialysis).
	Acute diffuse glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and other kidney diseases.
8 (a,b)	Obesity.
9 (a, b)	Diabetes.
10a	Hypertension (10g), myocardial infarction (10i), chronic cardiovascular failure stages 11b -111.
10r	Rheumatoid arthritis.
10b	Rheumatism small degree activity.
10s	Atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertension stages 11b-111.
	Active phase of rheumatism, chronic cardiovascular failure stage 11.
	Pulmonary tuberculosis, suppurative processes.
	Feverish conditions, acute infectious diseases.
	Phosphaturia.
	A rational diet (can be hyposodium, hypoallergenic).
R-1	Anemia of various etiologies.
R-11	Burn disease.

Together with the main ones and their variants, the following are used:

Surgical diets(0-1, 0-11, 0-111, 0-1U; diet for ulcer bleeding, diet for gastric stenosis, etc.

Fasting diets – tea, sugar, apple, rice-compote, potato, cottage cheese, juice, meat, etc.

Special diets – potassium, magnesium, tube diet, for myocardial infarction, vegetarian, etc.

Since 2003, in health care facilities, in order to optimize, improve the organization and improve the quality management of medical nutrition, new nomenclature – five standard diet system, differing in the content of basic nutrients and energy value, cooking technology and average daily set of products.

The main version of the standard diet (No. 1,2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15 number system).

Diet option with mechanical and chemical sparing (No. 1b, 4b, 4c, 4p).

A diet option with an increased amount of protein is a high-protein diet (No. 4p, 4a\g, 5p, 7c, 7g, 9b, 10b, 11, P-1, P-11).

Medical nutrition for chronic diseases Kaganov Boris Samuilovich

Chapter 3 System of standard diets for therapeutic nutrition

System of standard diets for therapeutic nutrition

Dietary therapeutic nutrition is based on physiological needs healthy person V nutrients and energies, which are corrected based on the characteristics of pathogenesis, clinical course, stages of the disease, severity metabolic disorders, risk factors for the development of nutrition-dependent diseases in each individual patient.

Numerous studies on the mechanisms of food assimilation under normal conditions and in various diseases formed the basis for the development of balanced nutrition concepts, and then optimal nutrition concepts, according to which chemical structure diet and its nutritional, biological and energy value must correspond functional status enzyme systems of the body responsible for the assimilation of nutrients, provided that the body's needs for basic nutrients, essential nutritional factors and energy are fully met.

It is more correct to consider the complex and essentially unified process of food assimilation in a certain sequence and at different levels assimilation of food: at the level of perception of food and its digestion in gastrointestinal tract, at the level of intake of food digestion products into cellular structures and their transformation in intracellular structures and, finally, at the level of excretion of metabolic products from the body.

Until 2003, therapeutic nutrition in medical and preventive institutions (HCI) of the USSR and the Russian Federation was based on a nosological principle in the form dietary rations, developed in the Clinical Nutrition Clinic of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Institute of Nutrition" of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR, in relation to each specific disease, which were designated by numbers from 1 to 15. The number system of diets included 15 basic diets and their numerous modifications, depending on the characteristics of the course of a particular disease. In total, more than 60 dietary table options were developed. In practical diet therapy, with all the variety of nosologies, five diet options were mainly used - No. 1, 5, 7, 9 and 15. The number system was convenient for organizing group, rather than personalized (individualized) nutrition.

The basis for determining the quantitative proportions of individual components of the diet are the values physiological need body of a healthy person in nutrients and energy corresponding to gender, age, body weight, level of energy expenditure, climatic and geographical conditions, etc., taking into account individual habits and national characteristics nutrition. Adjustments are made to the physiological proportions of nutrients taking into account the disease-modified need for macro- and micronutrients of each individual patient.

Before the approval of the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 08/05/2003 No. 330 “On measures to improve therapeutic nutrition in medical institutions of the Russian Federation,” the main documents regulating the organization of therapeutic nutrition in health care facilities were orders of the USSR Ministry of Health dated 04/23/1985 No. 540 “On improving the organization of medical nutrition in medical institutions” and dated June 14, 1989 No. 369 “On amending and supplementing the order of the USSR Ministry of Health.”

Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated August 05, 2003 No. 330 “On measures to improve clinical nutrition in medical institutions of the Russian Federation” introduced a new nomenclature of diets (a system of standard diets), which combines the previously used diets of the number system (diets No. 1-15 ).

In accordance with this order, the system of standard diets included five options for standard diets: the main diet option (OVD), a diet option with mechanical and chemical sparing (sparing diet, SB), a diet option with an increased amount of protein (high-protein diet, VBD), a diet option with a reduced amount of protein (low-protein diet, LBD), a diet option with a reduced calorie content (low-calorie diet, LCD). The standard diet system is presented in Table 7.

Standard diets in their chemical composition and energy value are adapted to the characteristics of pathogenesis, clinical course, stage of the disease, the nature of metabolic disorders of the main and concomitant diseases.

Table 7

Standard diet system

* Until 2013 - high-protein diet for patients with tuberculosis VBD (t) (order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 26, 2006 No. 316).

In subsequent years, the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation issued a number of orders that introduced changes and additions to the order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated 08/05/2003 No. 330. Thus, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated 04/26/2006 No. 316 “ On amendments to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation “On measures to improve clinical nutrition in medical institutions of the Russian Federation”, a second version of the high-protein diet for tuberculosis patients was introduced into the system of standard diets - VBD (t).

June 21, 2013 for implementation purposes Federal Law Russian Federation dated November 21, 2011 No. 323 “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation” The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation issued Order No. 395n “On the approval of clinical nutrition standards.” In accordance with this order, the option of a high-protein diet for patients with tuberculosis (HPD (t)) was replaced with a diet option with increased calorie content (high-calorie diet, HCD), taking into account the fact that this option of a standard diet, along with increased content protein and fat are characterized by high calorie content.

Table 8

Characteristic, chemical composition and energy value of standard diets used in medical organizations

From the book Nutrition for Tuberculosis author Melnikov Ilya

From the book This is delicious and useful life. Complete system of nutrition and cleansing of the body author Lamykin Oleg

From the book Therapeutic nutrition for childhood diseases. Rubella, whooping cough, measles, scarlet fever author Kashin Sergey Pavlovich

From the book Art proper nutrition author Resita Lin-Genet

From the book Therapeutic nutrition for chronic diseases author Kaganov Boris Samuilovich

From the book The Big Book of Nutrition for Health author Gurvich Mikhail Meerovich

From the book Dietary Secrets of the Madrid Court author Gerasimova Natalya

Oleg Lamykin This tasty and healthy life. A complete system of nutrition and cleansing of the body Dedicated to my beloved wife, who selflessly protects me and inspires all these

From the book Book of Health of Russian Bogatyrs [Slavic health system. Russian health, massage, nutrition] author Maksimov Ivan

From the author's book

Exercise and Our Diet I am a big fan of exercise and its impact on health. But I don't see what's the point in wasting time without your family and friends when you spend hours on it thinking you need crazy weight loss exercises that create

From the author's book

Prescription of the type of therapeutic nutrition First option: prescribed to patients with normal weight body in the absence of severe disturbances in nutritional and metabolic status. Diet with physiological content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, enriched dietary fiber,

From the author's book

From the author's book

From the author's book

Nomenclature of dietary tables (developed at the Medical Nutrition Clinic of the Institute of Nutrition Russian Academy medical sciences) Diet No. 1 Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the stage of fading exacerbation and compensation; chronic gastritis with

From the author's book

Characteristics of diets and sample menus for diseases of the cardiovascular system (developed by the Medical Nutrition Clinic of the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) Diet No. 10 Indications for prescribing the diet. Various diseases heart and blood vessels with mild circulatory disorders.

From the author's book

“Dieta” means “nutrition system.” In Spain they say: “The Mediterranean diet is coming back into fashion.” The most common advice that doctors and nutritionists have been giving to the population lately is to return to the basics of a healthy diet. “How can this be?” – the reader will ask: “Is it really

Standard Diets – these are diets recommended for use in hospitals 3 and compiled on the basis of 15 basic therapeutic diets.

Basic diet (1st) combines diets No. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15. Characteristic: physiological content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates; food enriched with vitamins, minerals and plant fiber. For diabetics, refined carbohydrates are excluded. Nitrogenous extractives are limited, salt(6-8 g per day), spicy seasonings, spinach, sorrel and smoked meats are excluded. Dishes are boiled or steamed, baked. The temperature of the food should not be higher than 60-65°C and not lower than 15°C. Free liquid – 1.5-2 l. Diet: 4-6 times a day. Nutrient content: proteins 85-90 g, incl. animals 40-45 g; fats 70-80 g, incl. vegetable 25-30 g; carbohydrates 300-330 g, incl. mono- and disaccharides 30-40 g; calorie content 2170-2400 kcal.

Diet option with mechanical and chemical sparing (2nd) combines diets Nos. 1b, 4b, 4c, 5p (1st option). Characteristic: physiological diet enriched with vitamins and minerals with moderate limitation of gastrointestinal irritants. Spicy snacks, seasonings and spices are excluded. Table salt is limited (6-8 g per day). Boiled or steamed dishes, pureed. The temperature of the dishes is from 15 to 60-65С. Mode nutrition fractional: 5-6 times a day. Nutrient content: proteins 85-90 g, incl. animals 40-45 g; fats 70-80 g, incl. vegetable 25-30 g; carbohydrates 300-330 g, incl. mono- and disaccharides 50-60 g; calorie content 2170-2480 kcal.

Diet option with increased protein (3rd) combines diets Nos. 4a, 4d, 5p (2nd option), 7c, 7d, 9b, 10b, 11. Characteristic: increased protein content, limitation of easily digestible carbohydrates. For patients with diabetes mellitus and after gastric resection with dumping syndrome, sugar is excluded. Table salt (6-8 g/day), chemical and mechanical irritants of the stomach and bile ducts are limited. Dishes in boiled, stewed, baked, mashed and unmashed form, steamed. Temperature from 15 to 65С. Free liquid – 1.5-2 l. Mode nutrition fractional: 4-6 times a day. Nutrient content: proteins 110-120 g, incl. animals 45-50 g; fats 80-90 g, incl. vegetable - 30 g; carbohydrates 250-350 g, incl. mono- and disaccharides 30-40 g. K caloric content: 2080-2690 kcal.

Diet option with reduced protein (4th) includes diets: 7a, 7b. Characteristic: protein restriction, restriction of table salt (1.5-3 g/day) and liquid (0.8-1.0 l). Nitrogenous extractives, alcohol, cocoa, chocolate, coffee are excluded. Dishes made from sago, starch, protein-free bread, purees and mousses are introduced. Dishes are prepared without salt, boiled and steamed, the food is not crushed and is enriched with vitamins and minerals. Diet: 4-6 times a day . Nutrient content: proteins 20-60 g, incl. animals 15-30 g; fats 80-90 g, of which vegetable fats 20-30 g; carbohydrates 350-400 g, incl. mono- and disaccharides 50-100 g; calorie content 2120-2650 kcal.

Reduced calorie diet option (5th) includes diets: 8, 9a, 10c. Characteristic: caloric restriction to 1300-1600 kcal/day, mainly from fats and carbohydrates. Simple sugars are excluded, animal fats, table salt (3-5 g/day), liquid (0.8-1.5 l) are limited. Includes vegetable fats and dietary fiber. Diet: 4-6 times a day. Nutrient content: proteins 70-80 g, incl. animals 40 g; fats 60-70 g, incl. vegetable 25 g; carbohydrates 130-150 g, without mono- and disaccharides; calorie content 1340-1550 kcal.