home Calculators Nutrition for diabetes - prohibited and permitted foods, sample menu for the week. List of allowed and prohibited foods for diabetes

Nutrition for diabetes - prohibited and permitted foods, sample menu for the week. List of allowed and prohibited foods for diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which there is a lack of insulin in the body or reduced sensitivity of receptors to this hormone. This leads to increased blood glucose levels. To maintain it normal, you need diet therapy, without which not a single patient with diabetes can be treated.

Diet rules for diabetes

Diet for diabetes mellitus(SD) is built on the principles of restoring carbohydrate metabolism.

The main condition is that the products should not increase the load on the pancreas. Since 70% of diabetic patients have impaired lipid metabolism, you need to control the amount of fat.

Taking these principles into account, the basic rules of nutrition for diabetes have been drawn up:

Eat often - 5-6 times a day, but in small portions. There should be 3-4 main meals and 2-3 snacks.
Stick to the daily norm grain units at 12-24 HE. Their specific quantity depends on body weight, age, physical activity.
Eat no more than 200-250 g of food and 100 ml of drinks at a time.
Stew, bake, boil, steam foods.
Eat at the same time, distribute carbohydrates evenly throughout the day.

Caloric content of the diet and the ratio of BZHU

To normalize glucose levels, patients are prescribed treatment table No. 9. It helps to establish all types metabolic processes: carbohydrate, water-salt, lipid. Basic principles of table No. 9:

Adhere to the following ratio of BZHU: 90-100 g of proteins, 75-80 g of fats, 300-350 g of carbohydrates.
Caloric content of the diet normal weight– 2300-2500 kcal, with excess – up to 1700 kcal.
For obesity, a reduced diet is prescribed - a low-calorie diet with a reduced amount of carbohydrates. Depending on the weight, the patient consumes 225 g, 150 g or 100 g per day.

Features of diet No. 9

The lists of permitted and prohibited foods differ depending on the type of diabetes and the general health of the patient. Taking these factors into account, there are three types of treatment table No. 9:

Criterion for comparison
Type of diabetes	Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 with normal or slightly overweight.	Mild and moderate forms of insulin-dependent diabetes, but with the presence of obesity of 2-3 degrees.	A severe form of insulin-dependent diabetes, in which the patient takes large doses of insulin.
Daily caloric intake, kcal
Ratio of BJU in g	proteins – 80-90 g; carbohydrates – 300-350 g; fats – 70-80 g.	proteins – 100 g; carbohydrates – 200 g; fats – 50 g.	carbohydrates – 400-450 g; fats – 80-100 g; proteins – 120 g.
What does diet depend on?	Products are included in the diet taking into account the glycemic index.		The menu is based on bread units in each product.

For type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is non-insulin dependent. It develops in people over 40 years of age, often obese, due to increased insulin resistance. The diet for diabetics in this case includes foods with a minimal glycemic index and a large amount of plant fiber. With this in mind, you need to eat:

wholemeal bread;
salads from fresh vegetables;
moderate amount of cereals;
low-fat fermented milk products;
lean meat and fish.

The patient is recommended to eat foods with minimal cooking. The menu should include slowly absorbed carbohydrates, which contain a lot dietary fiber. These include legumes, vegetables, whole grain cereals, and wholemeal bread.

You definitely need to eat mushrooms and greens. Eggs can be consumed in 3-4 pieces. per week - soft-boiled or in the form of an omelet. It is better to cook soups with low-fat broths. The diet excludes all easily digestible carbohydrates, which sharply increase sugar and do not provide satiety:

In insulin-dependent form (type 1)

Type 1 diabetes is most often congenital. It has been established that its development is not associated with nutritional factors. For this reason, the diet for such diabetes is not much different from a healthy diet. With intensive insulin therapy, the patient can eat almost anything. It is worth excluding sugar and grapes, and consuming no more than 7 XE at a time. Eating is completely prohibited following products and dishes:

tea with sugar;
sweets;
lemonade;
sweet juices.

Allowed foods for diabetes

For diabetics, the glycemic index is important - this is an indicator that reflects how much a particular product increases sugar levels. With a high GI, sharp jumps in insulin occur, which is dangerous in diabetes. Products with a medium and low glycemic index take longer to break down, so they practically do not increase sugar, which is why they can be eaten with diabetes. For non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, it is important to exclude “hidden fats”. They are contained in the following products:

With these foods, you are quietly gaining extra calories. The seeds, which many do not consider to be food, contain about 600 kcal per 100 g. An ordinary piece of cheese with a fat content of 40% is much more calorie than even a small slice of bread. Instead of the listed products, it is better to eat boiled meat.

Porridges and cereals

The advantage of cereals for diabetes mellitus is the content complex carbohydrates. They break down slowly, so they saturate the blood with glucose gradually, without causing insulin spikes. Please note that adding butter to the finished porridge will increase its glycemic index.

It is better to prepare the dish with low-fat milk, diluting it with water. Xylitol will help sweeten the porridge. Semolina is not recommended for diabetics, as it has a high GI and contains virtually no fiber. It is better to include cereals from the table in your diet:

Vegetables and greens

When choosing vegetables and herbs, you should take those that have a glycemic index of up to 55-70. Pay attention to the starch content. In large quantities it is harmful for diabetics. For this reason, before cooking, regular potatoes need to be soaked in water for 3-6 hours. During this time, they will come out most of starch.

Although even under this condition, the amount of potatoes for diabetes should be limited. The following vegetables are more beneficial for people with this disease:

Name	Calorie content per 100 g, kcal	Glycemic index



Eggplant
Parsley
Leaf lettuce
Brussels sprouts
Fresh green peas
Red pepper
Green pepper

Broccoli

Tomatoes
Squash caviar

Fruits and berries

The benefits of fruits and berries for diabetes include providing vitamins and improving metabolic processes. In addition, the fiber in their composition inhibits the absorption of carbohydrates. It is better to choose those that have a low glycemic index - up to 70, and preferably up to 50 units. Fruits and berries should be eaten fresh. Canned foods are prohibited for diabetes.

You should not consume fruit compotes and juices, as the drinks are quickly absorbed. The recommended amount of fruits and berries per day is 200-250 g. The list of permitted ones includes:

Name	Calorie content per 100 g, kcal	Glycemic index
Cowberry
Currant


Gooseberry


Orange






Nectarine

Bakery and confectionery products

For diabetes mellitus, only baked goods made from wholemeal flour are allowed, since it is a source of dietary fiber. Thus, the list of permitted products includes:

Dairy products, cheeses and cottage cheese

A diabetic needs to consume milk, fermented milk drinks, and low-fat cottage cheese every day. Cheeses are allowed only in small quantities and with a fat content of no more than 30%. Sour cream is added exclusively to dishes. Milk does not cause such pronounced jumps in sugar, since the proteins and fats in its composition inhibit the absorption of lactose. The menu for diabetes mellitus may include:

Name	Calorie content per 100 g, kcal	Glycemic index


Sour cream 15%

Curdled milk
Acidophilus

Cottage cheese 1.8%
Cottage cheese 0.6%

Meat and fish

According to nutritionists, fish should be consumed no more than 2 times a week. For diabetics, the norm is 150 g per day. Fatty varieties are not recommended. This rule applies to both fish and meat. Please note that these foods will have a higher GI after processing. For example, for cutlets it is no longer 0, but 50. Products allowed in this category:

Bird and eggs

Please note that poultry, like many other meats, has a zero glycemic index. Diabetics can eat such foods to reduce sugar levels and blood pressure. It is worth noting that chicken and turkey are hypoallergenic because they do not contain carbohydrates or fats. So, nutrition for diabetes may include:

Beverages

If you have diabetes, you can only drink unsweetened drinks: vegetable juices, coffee with milk, herbal teas. To prepare the latter, you should use nettles, rose hips, blueberry shoots, strawberry leaves, and dandelion. Common list permitted drinks include:

Name	Calorie content per 100 g, kcal	Glycemic index
Mineral water
Black tea without sugar
Instant chicory
carrot juice
Rosehip juice
Tomato juice
pumpkin juice

Partially limited products

Some foods do not need to be completely excluded from your diet. You just need to reduce their number per day. These include foods that have a high glycemic index or contain glucose, but are generally beneficial for the body. So, if you have diabetes, you should limit:

What foods help lower blood sugar levels?

The leader in the degree of lowering blood sugar is seafood. They contain virtually no carbohydrates, which affect glucose levels. In addition, seafood contains sufficient good nutrition amount of protein. For people with diabetes, it is recommended to eat mussels, squid, and shrimp. The following foods will also help lower your sugar levels:

Video

Studying important medical topic: “Nutrition for diabetes”, it is important to know which foods are prohibited for a diabetic, and which, on the contrary, are recommended to ensure a long period of remission. If you limit yourself to fractional meals and strictly adhere to the prescribed diet therapy, you don’t have to worry about extremely unwanted surges in blood glucose. Therapeutic diet for patients with diabetes mellitus is adjusted individually, is part of complex treatment this dangerous chronic disease.

What is diabetes mellitus

This incurable disease considered a major pathology endocrine system, while provoking systemic complications in organism. primary goal effective treatment– control of blood glucose levels using medicinal methods, timely normalization of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. In the latter case we're talking about about proper nutrition, which, after detailed diagnostics and a series of laboratory research prescribed by the attending physician. A diet for a diabetic should become the norm of everyday life, as it promotes proper metabolism.

Nutrition for diabetes

Overweight patients are at risk, so it is important to promptly control body weight and avoid obesity. If we are talking about nutrition for a person already suffering from diabetes, the portions should be small, but it is advisable to increase the number of meals to 5 - 6. By changing the daily diet, it is important to protect blood vessels from destruction, while losing 10% of your actual weight. The presence of vitamin-rich foods in the menu is welcome food ingredients, but you will have to forget about excessive consumption of salt and sugar. The patient will have to return to a healthy diet.

General principles of nutrition

Progressive obesity of the abdominal type is corrected by therapeutic nutrition. While creating daily ration the doctor is guided by the patient’s age, gender, weight category and physical activity. With questions about nutrition, a diabetic should contact an endocrinologist and undergo a series of laboratory tests to determine hormonal levels and its violations. To limit fat, here are valuable tips knowledgeable specialists:

Strict diets and hunger strikes are prohibited, otherwise blood sugar levels are pathologically disrupted.
The main measure of nutrition is the “bread unit”, and when compiling a daily diet, you must be guided by data from special tables for diabetics.
Breakfast, lunch and dinner should account for 75% of the daily diet, the remaining 25% comes from snacks throughout the day.
Preferred alternative products must match the calorie content and BJU ratio.
As an appropriate method of cooking for diabetes, it is better to use stewing, baking or boiling.
It is important to avoid preparing dishes using vegetable fats and limit the total calorie content of food.
It is necessary to exclude the presence of sweet foods in your daily diet, otherwise you will have to use glucose-lowering drugs to achieve an acceptable glucose level.

Diet

Food for diabetes reflects internal state patient's health. Therefore, it is important to develop a regimen and, without breaking it, avoid extremely unwanted relapses. Everyday meals should be fractional, and the number of meals reaches 5 - 6. It is recommended to eat based on the prevailing body weight, if necessary, reduce the total calorie content of dishes. Medical recommendations are:

with normal weight – 1,600 – 2,500 kcal per day;
when exceeded normal weight body - 1,300 – 1,500 kcal per day;
for one degree of obesity - 600 – 900 kcal per day.

Products for diabetics

A diabetic should eat not only tasty, but also healthy. Below is a list of recommended food ingredients that support acceptable indicator blood sugar, while significantly prolonging the period of remission of the underlying disease. So:

Name of food products	Benefits for diabetics
berries (all except raspberries)
	are the source healthy fats, but are high in calories
unsweetened fruits (the presence of sweet fruits is prohibited)	have a positive effect on the heart and blood vessels, fiber slows down the absorption of glucose into the blood.
skimmed milk	an inexhaustible source of calcium necessary for bones.
natural yoghurts	normalize the microflora in the intestines and help cleanse the body of toxins.

What kind of sausage can you eat if you have diabetes?

The diet for diabetics includes home-cooked food and excludes the use of preservatives and processed foods. This also applies to sausages, the choice of which requires special selectivity. It is important to take into account the composition of the sausage and the prevailing level of glycemic index. Favorites for diabetes remain boiled and diabetic sausages of various brands with the indicated indicator ranging from 0 to 34 units.

Prohibited foods for diabetes

It is very important not to exceed the daily calorie intake, otherwise one of the forms of obesity progresses, and the level of glucose in the blood increases pathologically. Moreover, experts stipulate a number of prohibited foods that need to be excluded from the daily menu for diabetes. These are the following food ingredients:

Prohibited foods	Harm to the health of a diabetic
	contribute to increased glucose levels and relapse.
fatty varieties meat	increase the concentration of bad cholesterol in the blood.
salted and pickled vegetables	disrupt the water-salt balance.
from cereals - semolina, pasta	reduce the permeability of vascular walls.
first broths
fatty dairy products, for example, full-fat cottage cheese, cream, sour cream	increase the concentration of lipids and blood glucose levels.

How can you replace prohibited foods?

To preserve the taste of the food consumed, diabetics are advised to choose alternative food ingredients. For example, it is advisable to replace sugar with honey, and instead of semolina, eat buckwheat porridge for breakfast. In this case, we are talking not only about replacing cereals, but also replacing prohibited foods with the following food ingredients:

Methods of processing foods for patients with diabetes mellitus

It is better for diabetics not to consume fried and canned food, as there is a high probability of a dangerous relapse. Therapeutic food should be low-fat, rather lean. Of the acceptable processing methods, doctors recommend boiling, stewing, and processing in its own juice. This way food ingredients retain more useful properties, eliminate the unwanted formation of bad cholesterol.

Menu for diabetics

If you have one degree of obesity, you need to eat right, otherwise the number of attacks with diabetes only increases. In addition to limiting carbohydrates, it is important to control the total calorie content of meals. Other recommendations regarding the daily menu are presented below:

Alcohol, vegetable fats and oils, and sweets are consumed extremely rarely, and it is better to completely exclude them from the daily menu.
Allowed consumption of dairy products lean meat and poultry, legumes, nuts, eggs, fish in the amount of 2 - 3 servings per day.
Fruits are allowed to be consumed in 2-4 servings, while vegetables can be eaten up to 3-5 servings per day.
Rules therapeutic nutrition include breads and cereals with high fiber content, which can be consumed up to 11 servings per day.

Weekly menu for diabetics

The daily diet of a diabetic should be healthy and varied; it is important to correctly distribute the ratio of BJU. For example, sources of plant proteins are bread, cereals, beans, beans, and soy. Carbohydrates allowed for diabetics predominate in unsweetened fruits. A sample patient menu is presented below:

Monday: for breakfast - skim cheese, for lunch - sauerkraut cabbage soup, for dinner - baked fish.
Tuesday: for breakfast - buckwheat porridge with skim milk, for lunch - steamed fish, for dinner - unsweetened fruit salad.
Wednesday: for breakfast - cottage cheese casserole, for lunch - cabbage soup, for dinner - stewed cabbage with steam cutlets.
Thursday: for breakfast - wheat milk porridge, for lunch - fish soup, for dinner - stewed vegetables.
Friday: for breakfast - oatmeal porridge, for lunch - cabbage soup, for dinner - vegetable salad with boiled chicken.
Saturday: for breakfast - buckwheat porridge with liver, for lunch - vegetable stew, for dinner - stewed vegetables.
Sunday: cheesecakes for breakfast, vegetarian soup for lunch, boiled squid or steamed shrimp for dinner.

Nutrition for type 2 diabetes

With this disease, doctors recommend eating from dietary table No. 9, which ensures careful control of BJU. Here are the basic principles of therapeutic nutrition for the patient, which all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus must strictly adhere to:

the energy value of daily nutrition should be 2400 kcal;
it is necessary to replace foods with simple carbohydrates with complex ones;
limit daily salt intake to 6 g per day;
remove from their diet food ingredients that contain bad cholesterol;
increase the amount of fiber, vitamins C and group B.

Products allowed for type 2 diabetes

	name of food ingredients
	all types of currants, blueberries, gooseberries
citrus	grapefruit, lemon
low-fat dairy products	cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt
lean meats	chicken, rabbit, beef
	fruit drinks, tea
sweeteners
	buckwheat, oatmeal

Diet for type 2 diabetes for a week

Meals in the presence of diabetes should be fractional with minimal consumption of salt and spices. In addition, it is important to maintain a drinking regime of up to 1.5 liters of free liquid. Here is the recommended menu and healthy recipes on every day:

Monday: breakfast - oatmeal and unsweetened tea, lunch - borscht meat broth, dinner - cabbage cutlets.
Tuesday: breakfast - low-fat cottage cheese with dried apricots, lunch - stewed cabbage with lean boiled meat, dinner - kefir with bran bread.
Wednesday: breakfast – pearl barley porridge, lunch - vegetable soup, dinner - cabbage schnitzel, cranberry juice.
Thursday: breakfast - buckwheat porridge, lunch - fish soup, dinner - fish cutlets with eggs.
Friday: breakfast - cabbage salad, lunch - stewed vegetables with chicken, dinner - cottage cheese casserole.
Saturday: breakfast - egg white omelet, lunch - vegetarian soup, dinner - pumpkin porridge with rice.
Sunday: breakfast - cottage cheese soufflé, lunch - bean soup, dinner - pearl barley porridge with eggplant caviar.

Video

A widespread, complex disease that, as a rule, requires not only the constant use of glucose-lowering medications, but also mandatory adherence to a diet.

Moreover, dietary nutrition for diabetes mellitus is 50% of success in treatment. This is a disease of older people: it mainly develops after 40 years of age, and the risk of the disease increases with age.

The main risk factor for this pathology is excess weight- it is dangerous even for people who do not have hereditary predisposition. Type 1 diabetes mellitus if the diet is not followed can be complicated by coma and even end fatal. Since with this pathology there is a violation of not only carbohydrate, but also fat metabolism, nutrition for diabetes is aimed at normalizing them. Its goal: reducing excess weight and replacing part of the carbohydrates in the diet with other components.

General principles of nutrition for diabetes mellitus

To successfully cope with the disease, you must strictly follow the basic principles of nutrition for diabetes. They relate to the main components, calorie content, frequency of meals:

1. Good nutrition. It depends on the patient’s body weight:

With normal weight, the body’s need is 1600 - 2500 kcal per day;

If you exceed normal body weight - 1300 - 1500 kcal per day;

For obesity - 600 - 900 kcal per day.

There are certain features in calculating the daily nutritional intake: for some diseases low calorie diet contraindicated despite existing excess body weight. These include, first of all, complications of diabetes itself:

Severe retinopathy (damage choroid eye);

Nephropathy in diabetes with nephrotic syndrome(kidney damage with high protein content in urine);

As a result of nephropathy - developed chronic kidney failure (CRF);

Severe diabetic polyneuropathy.

Contraindications are mental illness and somatic pathology:

Unstable angina and the presence of life-threatening arrhythmias;

Gout;

Severe liver diseases;

Other concomitant chronic pathology

2. The specific portion of carbohydrates in the daily diet of a diabetic should be no more than 55% - 300 - 350 g. This refers to complex, slowly breaking down carbohydrate products containing vitamins, microelements, and hard-to-digest fibers:

Various cereals from whole grain;

Wholemeal bread;

Legumes;

They must be evenly distributed in the daily diet, divided into 5 - 6 doses. Sugar and products containing it are strictly excluded; it is replaced with xylitol or sorbitol: 1 g per 0.5 kg of body weight (40 - 50 g per day for 2 - 3 doses).

3. The amount of protein is approximately 90 g per day, That is physiological norm for anyone healthy person with normal blood sugar levels. This amount corresponds to 15 - 20% of the total daily diet. Recommended Protein Products:

Meat of any poultry without skin (except goose meat);

Chicken eggs(2 – 3 pieces per week);

Lean fish;

Low-fat dairy products (kefir, fermented baked milk, cottage cheese).

5. Limitation table salt up to 12 g per day(in order to prevent certain types of complications of diabetes), products containing a lot of cholesterol and extractives (strong meat broths).

Prohibited Products

There are foods (containing glucose) that absolutely must be excluded from the diet for diabetes. Even in small quantities, their use is contraindicated. These include:

Sugar, honey, all sweets made from fruits and berries (jam, marmalade, preserves, marmalade), chocolate, candies, grapes, bananas, dates, figs;

Fruit drinks with sugar, Coca-Cola, tonic, lemonade, liqueur;

Sweet and semi-sweet wines, fruits preserved in sugar syrup;

Pies, butter flour products, cookies with sweet cream, puddings;

Canned food, smoked meats, sausages;

Alcoholic drinks - even the weakest of them contain a large number of calories.

Products allowed in limited quantities

The following products are allowed in very small quantities:

Lean meats, fish products, skinless chicken, eggs, cheese (only one of the listed protein products can be consumed once during the day);

Butter, margarine, whole and baked milk;

Any vegetable oil;

Nuts (up to 50 g).

Products that can be consumed in measured quantities

Porridge, bran flakes;

Wholemeal bread, whole grain biscuits (crackers);

Pasta;

All fresh fruits(no more than 1-2 per day).

Green vegetables;

Berries: gooseberries, cherries - flask, any kind of currants, blueberries;

Citrus fruits: lemons, grapefruits;

Tea, coffee, fruit drinks without added sugar, water;

Pepper, seasonings, mustard, various herbs, vinegar;

Sweeteners.

Example of daily meals for diabetes for a week

Monday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese with a small amount of milk, rosehip infusion.

Second breakfast: jelly from any permitted fruits or berries with xylitol, orange.

Lunch: cabbage soup white cabbage, lean boiled meat with stewed vegetables, a decoction of dried fruits without sugar.

Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction.

Dinner: sea kale, baked lean fish, vinaigrette with corn oil, stewed eggplant with onions, tea.

Tuesday

First breakfast: buckwheat porridge with corn oil, steamed omelette, vegetable salad with sunflower oil(tomatoes cucumbers, Bell pepper), bran bread, unsweetened tea with added milk.

Second breakfast: a decoction made from wheat bran.

Lunch: borscht with a spoonful of sour cream, boiled lean meat, stew from various permitted vegetables, xylitol jelly from unsweetened fruits.

Afternoon snack: grapefruit.

Dinner: steamed fish, carrot and cabbage schnitzel, fruit broth.

Wednesday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese casserole.

Second breakfast: oranges (2 medium sized).

Lunch: cabbage soup, 2 cutlets lean fish, fresh vegetables, fruit compote without sugar.

Afternoon snack: 1 boiled egg.

Dinner: braised cabbage, 2 small meat cutlets, steamed or cooked in the oven.

Thursday

First breakfast: wheat milk porridge, boiled beet salad with corn oil, tea.

Second breakfast: yogurt with minimal fat content - 1 cup.

Lunch: fish soup, barley porridge, meat goulash.

Afternoon snack: salad of various fresh vegetables.

Dinner: vegetables stewed with lamb.

Friday

First breakfast: oatmeal, carrot salad, apple.

Second breakfast: 2 medium-sized oranges.

Lunch: cabbage soup, 2 peppers stuffed with meat and permitted grains.

Afternoon snack: carrot casserole with low-fat cottage cheese.

Dinner: salad of any vegetables, stewed chicken without skin.

Saturday

First breakfast: any porridge with added bran, 1 pear.

Second breakfast: soft-boiled egg, unsweetened drink.

Lunch: vegetable stew with lean meat.

Afternoon snack: several permitted fruits.

Dinner: vegetable salad with stewed lamb.

Sunday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese, fresh berries.

Second breakfast: boiled chicken.

Lunch: vegetarian vegetable soup, goulash. squash caviar.

Afternoon snack: berry salad.

Dinner: beans, steamed shrimp.

It must be remembered that for mild to moderate severity of the disease, diet is the determining therapeutic measure. In severe cases of the disease, it is a necessary component of treatment.

One of the most common diseases of the endocrine system today is diabetes mellitus. With such a disease, important It has proper nutrition and diet. This disease is associated with disruption of the normal functioning of the pancreas, metabolic disorders and, as a consequence, with reduced production insulin, which is responsible for the absorption of sugar by the human body. As a result, the patient experiences an increase in blood sugar levels, which leads to very undesirable consequences.

According to scientific statistics, today there are about 150 million people with diabetes in the world. And according to forecasts, this number will double in 15 years.

Therefore, it is very important to choose the right diet for diabetes. Indeed, sometimes, by properly balancing the diet, with a mild (and sometimes moderate) form of type 2 disease, you can minimize the use of medications or even do without them. This is how it turns out that it is very important to know when you are treating diabetes - what you can eat and what you cannot eat with it.

What not to do:

Probably the simplest rule for diabetes is to limit the consumption of carbohydrates, which are easily absorbed by the body. Products containing these substances in large quantities include sugar, honey, various preserves and jams, as well as candies, baked goods, all kinds of sweets, sweet berries and fruits: grapes, raisins, dates, bananas.

Sometimes doctors advise completely eliminating such foods from the diet, but this should only be done in severe forms of diabetes. Regarding easy and medium shape, here it is permissible to consume a small amount of sweets and sugar, but with regular monitoring of blood sugar levels.

As a result of recent studies, it was found that the deterioration of the condition of a patient with diabetes mellitus and the development of of this disease affected by increased levels of fat in the blood. This means that when planning a diet, you need to take into account not only the amount of carbohydrates consumed, but the amount fatty foods included in the patient's diet.

Daily consumption fats should not exceed 40 grams (this applies to both free fats and fats for cooking). You also need to reduce the amount of other foods you consume. fatty foods– fatty meat, sausages, sausages, cheeses, sour cream, mayonnaise.

It is also necessary to significantly limit or completely abandon fried, spicy, salty, smoked, spicy foods, pepper, mustard, and alcoholic beverages. Well, products that contain both fats and carbohydrates at the same time are completely contraindicated for people suffering from diabetes. These include chocolate, ice cream, cream pies, cakes, etc. These foods should be completely excluded from the diet.

List of foods that people with diabetes can eat, next:

1) Bread – up to 200 grams/day (preferably eating black bread or special diabetic bread);

2) Soups (mainly vegetable, soups based on weak meat and fish broths can be consumed 2-3 times a week);

3) Lean meat, poultry - up to 100 grams/day; fish – up to 150 grams/day, boiled or as jellied;

4) Dishes from cereals, legumes, pasta - can be consumed infrequently and in small quantities. At the same time, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of bread these days. The best cereals to choose are oatmeal and buckwheat. You can also include wheat, pearl barley and rice cereals in your diet. As for semolina, it’s better to do without it;

5) Vegetables and herbs. Vegetables with a limit of 200 grams/day should include beets, carrots and potatoes. And other vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, radishes, cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes) and greens (except spicy) can be safely consumed both raw and baked;

6) Eggs – no more than two pieces/day – soft-boiled, in the form of an omelet, or as part of other dishes;

7) Fruits, berries of sour and sweet and sour varieties (apples - Antonovka, oranges, lemons, cranberries, red currants) - no more than 200-300 grams / day;

8) Milk - only with a doctor's permission. Dairy products– (kefir, yogurt, unsweetened yogurt) - up to 1-2 glasses/day. Products such as cheese, sour cream, cream are not allowed often and in small quantities;

9) Cottage cheese - recommended for diabetes, as it helps improve fat metabolism and normalize liver function. His daily use should be no more than 100-200 grams as in in kind, and in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes, puddings, casseroles;

10) Drinks - green or black tea (with milk). Weak coffee is also allowed, tomato juice, fruit and berry juices from unsweetened varieties, prepared without added sugar, rosehip infusion without sugar.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which it is necessary to strictly adhere to the rule of fractional meals. It is important to eat at least 4 times a day, and ideally 5-6 times at regular intervals. All products consumed should be varied, contain many vitamins, especially C, K and B vitamins, micro- and macroelements and be predominantly of natural origin.

If you have type 2 diabetes, you need to monitor your weight; it is believed that the number of calories consumed per day should not exceed 1500-1800 kcal. It is also important to remember that it is the attending physician, based on the results of your tests and individually will be able to most objectively assess your condition and choose the most appropriate diet.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the serious pathologies of the endocrine system, which requires constant monitoring by the patient and the doctor. Anyone who has been diagnosed with this will agree that the prevailing proportion medical restrictions and recommendations regarding daily diet. In fact, this is the main treatment, on which the course of the disease directly depends, as well as general state sick.

If you have type 2 diabetes, the diet is something that is important to memorize, so it is best to print it out so that it is always in front of your eyes and you strictly adhere to it. Many people mistakenly believe that nothing bad will happen from a few glasses of alcohol or a dozen candies. Such disruptions simply nullify all your efforts and can cause a critical condition that requires immediate resuscitation measures, or even complete refusal from food.

First of all, you should keep a food diary (online or on paper), recording everything you consume throughout the day, and stick to others important points nutrition.

Principles of nutrition for type 2 diabetes mellitus

In diabetic patients who either unknowingly or deliberately do not follow a diet before diagnosis, their cells become less sensitive to insulin as a result of too much carbohydrate in their diet. As a result, blood glucose increases and always remains at high levels. Dietary nutrition for diabetics consists of returning cells to normal sensitivity to insulin, namely the ability to absorb sugar.

Restricting caloric intake while maintaining it energy value for the body.

Eat meals at approximately the same time. This way you will achieve normal metabolism and functioning of the digestive system.

The energy component of the diet must correspond to real energy expenditure.

Mandatory five to six meals throughout the day, with light snacks (primarily for insulin-dependent patients).

Main meals approximately equal in calorie content. Most carbohydrates should be consumed in the first half of the day.

Adding fresh fiber-rich vegetables allowed to each dish to reduce the rate of absorption of simple sugars and create satiety.

Replacement of sugar with safe and approved sweeteners in standardized quantities.

Eating sweets only in main meals, and not in snacks, otherwise there will be a strong jump in blood glucose.

Preference for desserts that contain vegetable fat(nuts, yogurt), since the breakdown of fats helps slow down the absorption of sugar.

Limiting complex carbohydrates.

Strict limitation of easily digestible carbohydrates, up to their complete exclusion.

Limiting the consumption of animal fats.

Significant reduction or elimination of salt.

Avoid eating after sports or physical activity.

Avoiding overeating, that is, overloading the digestive tract.

Sharp limitation or exclusion of alcohol (up to the first drink throughout the day). You cannot drink on an empty stomach.

Daily free fluid intake is 1.5 liters.

The use of dietary cooking methods.

Some dietary features for diabetics

You can’t take long breaks from eating and go hungry.

Breakfast should not be neglected.

Dishes should not be too cold or hot.

Last meal no later than two hours before bedtime.

During meals, vegetables are eaten first, followed by a protein product (cottage cheese, meat).

If a portion of food contains a large amount of carbohydrates, there must also be the right fats or proteins to reduce the rate of digestion of the former.

It is better to drink water or permitted drinks before meals, but under no circumstances should you drink them with food.

You cannot increase the GI of foods by adding flour, additionally frying them, breading them in batter and breadcrumbs, flavoring them with oil and boiling them (pumpkin, beets).

When preparing cutlets, you cannot use a loaf, replacing it with vegetables and oatmeal.

If vegetables are poorly tolerated, you need to make baked dishes, various pates and pastes from them.

You should stop eating at 80% saturation.

Why should a diabetic take into account the GI (glycemic index)?

GI is an indicator of the ability of foods, after they enter the human body, to cause an increase in blood sugar levels. It is especially important to consider in case of insulin-dependent and severe diabetes mellitus.

Each product has its own glycemic index. Therefore, the higher it is, the faster the blood sugar level rises and vice versa.

The GI gradation divides all food products with low (up to 40), medium (41-70) and high GI (more than 70 units). You can find tables with the breakdown of products into these groups or online calculators for calculating the GI on thematic portals and use them in everyday life.

Naturally, all foods with a high GI should be excluded from the diet, except those that provide benefits to the body for those suffering from diabetes. In this case, the overall GI of the diet decreases as a result of limiting other carbohydrate foods.

A typical diet should include foods with an average (minority) and low (mostly) GI index.

What is a grain unit (XE) and how to calculate it?

The bread unit or XE is another measure designed to eliminate carbohydrates. It got its name from a piece of “brick” bread, which is obtained by cutting an ordinary loaf into pieces and then in half: such a 25-gram piece contains 1 XE.

Most products include carbohydrates, but they do not differ in properties, composition and calorie content. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the daily volume of food consumption that is necessary for insulin-dependent patients - the amount of carbohydrates consumed must necessarily correspond to the dose of insulin administered.

This calculation system is considered international and allows you to select the required dose of insulin. The XE indicator allows you to identify the carbohydrate component without weighing, but at a glance and in natural volumes that are convenient for perception (a spoon, a glass, a piece, a piece, etc.). Having estimated how many bread units are eaten at one time and measuring blood sugar, a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus can enter the required dose of insulin with short action before meals.

the sugar level after consuming 1 XE increases by 2.8 mmol/l;

1 XE includes approximately 15 g of digestible carbohydrates;

2 units of insulin are required to absorb 1 XE;

The daily norm is 18-25 XE, divided into six meals (3-5 XE - main meals; 1-2 XE - snacks).

1 XE is equal to: 30 g of black bread, 25 g white bread, 0.5 cups of buckwheat or oatmeal, 2 prunes, 1 medium-sized apple, etc.

Allowed foods and those that can be consumed rarely

Allowed foods for diabetes are a group that can be eaten without restrictions.

Average GI

Low GI

colored beans;

canned peas;

canned pears;

bran bread;

lentils;

natural pineapple juice;

fruit bread;

natural grapefruit juice;

natural grape juice;

oat groats;

bulgur cereal;

buckwheat pancakes;

buckwheat bread;

pasta, spaghetti;

cheese tortellini;

buckwheat porridge;

brown rice;
oatmeal cookies;

sweet yogurt;
fruit salad;

sweet berries;

Products with borderline GI content should be significantly limited (in case severe diabetes and completely exclude:

canned sweet corn;

hamburger buns;

white peas;

black beans;

pasta;

black bread;

canned vegetables;

Orange juice;

semolina;

sweet melon;
jacket potatoes;

oat muesli, oatmeal;
fruit chips;

wheat flour;

dumplings;

milk chocolate;
steamed turnips;

sugar marmalade;

chocolate bars;

sugar jam;

sweet drinks;

boiled corn;

sweet carbonated drinks.

onions, garlic;

lettuce;

tomatoes;

broccoli;

dill, green onions;

white, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts;

Green pepper;
green beans;

sour berries;

raw turnips;

eggplant;
rice bran;

raw peanuts;

dry soybeans;

fructose;

grapefruit;

70% dark chocolate;

canned soybeans;
grapefruit;

split yellow peas;

pearl barley;

soy milk;

lentils;
black beans;

berry jam (no sugar);

berry marmalade (no sugar);

whole milk;

raw pears;

strawberry;

raw carrots;

chocolate milk;

roasted sprouted grains;

dry green peas;

natural low-fat yogurt;

oranges;
white beans;

fish sticks;

natural apple juice;

corn porridge (mamalyga);

fresh green peas;

natural orange juice;

grape.

Prohibited Products

Refined sugar is one of the products with an average GI value, but with a borderline value. That is, theoretically it can be consumed, but sugar is absorbed quickly, which means blood sugar rises quickly. Therefore, ideally it should be excluded from the diet or consumed in a limited manner.

Prohibited foods with high GI

Other prohibited products:

crackers, croutons;

wheat porridge;

fried donuts;

baked pumpkin;
muesli with raisins and nuts;

potato chips;

butter cookies;

broad beans;

potato dishes;

popcorn corn;

cornflakes;

instant rice porridge;

canned apricots;

carrots in dishes;
parsnips and products made from them;

rice cereal;
any pastry made from white flour;

potato flour;

corn flour;

cakes, pastries, sweets;

sweet cheeses, curds;

condensed milk;

maple, corn, wheat syrup;

wine, beer, alcoholic cocktails.

food with partially hydrogenated fats (canned food, food with a long shelf life, fast food);

fatty and red meat (duck, pork, lamb, goose);

salted and fatty fish;

sausage and other sausage products;

smoked meats;

full-fat yoghurts, cream;

animal fats;

salted cheese;

hot spices;

sauces (mayonnaise and others).

Replacement harmful products for useful analogues

Introduce into the diet	We exclude
Brown rice	White rice
Yasm, sweet potato	Potatoes, especially mashed potatoes and fries
Coarse pasta or durum pasta	Regular pasta
Peeled bread	White bread
	Cornflakes
Fruits and berries	Cakes, pastries
White dietary meat (turkey, rabbit), low-fat fish	Red meat
Vegetable fats (rapeseed, olive, flaxseed)	Animal fats, trans fats
Light soups with a second broth made only from dietary meat	Rich meat broths
Avocado, low-fat cheeses	Fat cheese
bitter chocolate	Milk chocolate
Whipped frozen fruit (not to be confused with Popsicles)	Ice cream
Low-fat milk

Table 9 for diabetes

Diet No. 9 was developed specifically for diabetics and has long been used for inpatient treatment patients who strictly adhere to it at home. It was developed by the Soviet scientist M. Pevzner. It includes:

300 g of fruit;

80 g vegetables;

100 g mushrooms;

1 tbsp. natural fruit juice;

300 g of meat or fish;

200 g low-fat cottage cheese, 500 ml fermented milk products;

100-200 g of bran, rye, wheat bread mixed with rye flour or 200 g of cereals (ready-made), potatoes;

40-60 g fat.

Main dishes:

Soups: vegetable, cabbage soup, beetroot soup, borscht, vegetable and meat okroshka, fish or light meat broth, mushroom soup with cereals and vegetables.

Poultry, meat: rabbit, veal, chicken, stewed, chopped, boiled, turkey.

Fish: pike perch, navaga, cod, pike and lean seafood, stewed, steamed, boiled, baked in juice.

Appetizers: vegetable mix, vinaigrette, jellied dietary fish and meat, vegetable caviar, unsalted cheese, seafood salad with butter.

Sweets: desserts from berries, fresh fruits, berry mousses, sugar-free fruit jelly, sugar-free jam and marmalade.

Egg dishes: soft-boiled eggs, egg white omelet, in dishes.

Diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus by day

Contrary to the skepticism of many weekly menus for people who have just started on the right path dietary nutrition, can be both tasty and varied, the main thing is that food becomes a priority in life.

	First option	Second option
Monday
	Crumbly buckwheat with steamed cheesecake and vegetable oil.	Tea, protein omelet with asparagus.
Lunch	Carrot salad.	Apple and squid salad with pomegranate seeds.
	Vegetarian vegetable soup, jacket potatoes + meat stew. One apple.	Beetroot soup, baked eggplants with pomegranate seeds.
	Kefir mixed with fresh berries.	Rye bread sandwich with avocado.
	Boiled fish with stewed cabbage.	Steak baked with green onions, from salmon.

	Tea with milk, oatmeal porridge.	A glass of coffee, buckwheat with milk.
Lunch	Cottage cheese with the addition of fresh apricots.	Fruit salad.
	Vegetarian borscht.	Seafood salad. Rassolnik made with the second meat broth.
	Turkey meat goulash with lentils.	A glass of kefir and unsalted cheese.
	Soft-boiled egg. Dried fruit compote without added sugar.	Baked vegetables with chopped turkey.

	Curd cheese (low-fat) with tomatoes. Tea.	Oatmeal with grated apple, sweetened with stevia, sugar-free yogurt.
Lunch	Vegetable grapes and two slices of peeled bread.	Smoothie made from fresh apricots with the addition of berries.
	Steamed veal dumplings. Viscous pearl barley soup with milk.	Stewed vegetable stew with veal.
	Fruits poached in milk.	Cottage cheese with added milk.
	Stewed broccoli with mushrooms.	Carrot and fresh pumpkin salad.

	A glass of chicory with milk, a soft-boiled egg.	Burger made with whole grain bread, tomato and low-fat cheese.
Lunch	Berries and fruits, blended with kefir.	Steamed vegetables with hummus.
	Pearl barley porridge under a fish coat, vegetarian cabbage soup.	Vegetable soup with green peas and celery. Chopped chicken cutlet with spinach.
	Squash caviar	Pears stuffed with raw almonds.
	Boiled chicken breast with celery and eggplant goulash.	Salad with pepper, salmon and natural yogurt.
Fifth day
	Sprouted grains with bread and natural yogurt. Cafe.	Steamed plum puree with stevia and cinnamon. Soy bread and weak coffee.
Lunch	Berry jelly.	Salad with natural squash caviar and salad with boiled egg.
	Mushroom broth with vegetables. Meatballs with stewed zucchini.	Broccoli and cauliflower soup. Beef steak with tomatoes and arugula.
	One apple, a glass of green tea.	Low-fat cottage cheese with berry sauce.
	Salad with tomatoes, cottage cheese and herbs.	Fish meatballs in green natural sauce and steamed green beans.

	Rice bran with berries and milk.	Low-fat cheese and two slices of whole grain bread. Fresh orange.
Lunch	Diet bread, fruit salad with nuts.	Salad of raw beets, walnuts and mustard oil.
	Soup with sorrel and beef meatballs.	Baked avocado with cream. Pike perch soup with wild rice.
	Zrazy from cottage cheese and carrots, vegetable juice.	Fresh berries, whipped with milk (low-fat).
	Steamed fish with pepper, cucumber and tomato salad.	Baked red onion with quail egg omelette.
Sunday
	Fresh berry, cottage cheese casserole.	Curd and carrot soufflé, tea (not strong).
Lunch	Bran bread burger with lettuce and soaked herring.	Warm salad made from fresh root celery, kohlrabi and pears.
	Bean soup cooked with a second meat broth. Steamed mushroom cutlet.	Rabbit fillet stewed with Brussels sprouts. Cold spinach soup.
	A glass of kefir.	Layered fruit dessert with mascarpone.
	Pike perch fillet with vegetables.	Baked cod with green salad.

Sweeteners

This issue always remains controversial, since a diabetic patient does not feel an urgent need for them. They can be consumed only to satisfy your habit of sweetening drinks and dishes and taste preferences. There are simply no natural or artificial sugar substitutes with proven safety. The main requirement for them is a slight increase in blood sugar or no increase in blood sugar.

Today, people with diabetes can use fructose, honey and stevia as sweeteners.

Stevia

Stevia – Leaf Supplement perennial plant stevia, which replaces sugar. Such a plant synthesizes sweet glycosides, among which the main substance is stevioside (gives the stems and leaves a sweet taste that is twenty times sweeter regular sugar). It can be added to cooking and ready-made dishes. Stevia is believed to aid insulin production and promote normal operation pancreas without increasing blood sugar levels.

WHO experts officially approved it as a sweetener in 2004. Daily norm is up to 2.4 mg/kg (no more than one tablespoon per day). If the supplement is abused, there is a possibility of developing allergic reactions and toxic effects. Available in the form of liquid extracts, powder and concentrated syrups.

Fructose 50%

Fructose does not require insulin to metabolize and is therefore completely safe. It has half the calorie content and one and a half times the sweetness compared to regular sugar. It has a low GI and does not cause a rapid increase in blood sugar levels.

The norm is no more than 30-40 g per day. When consuming more than 50 g of fructose per day, the liver's sensitivity to insulin decreases. Produced in the form of tablets and powder.

Natural bee honey

Includes fructose, glucose and a small proportion of sucrose (1-6 percent). The metabolism of sucrose requires insulin, but the content of this sugar is insignificant, for this reason the burden on the body is insignificant.

Rich biologically active substances and vitamins that improve immunity. Moreover, it is a high-calorie carbohydrate product with a high GI (85). For mild diabetes, 1-2 teaspoons of honey with tea per day is allowed, after meals, slowly dissolving (but under no circumstances add it to a hot drink).

Supplements such as xylitol, aspartame, saccharin and suclamate are currently not recommended by endocrinologists as a result of possible side effects and other risks.

It is worth remembering that the rate of absorption of carbohydrates and the sugar content in foods will differ from the average calculated values. For this reason, monitor your blood glucose immediately before meals and two hours after meals, keep a constant food diary, and look for foods that cause spikes in blood sugar. It is most convenient to calculate the GI of dishes using a special calculator, since various additives and cooking techniques can significantly increase the initial GI level of the original products.