Lipid metabolism disorders treated with folk remedies. Close interaction between urea synthesis and the TCA cycle. What an athlete needs to know

What is fat metabolism and what role does it play in the body? Fat metabolism plays an important role in ensuring the vital functions of the body. When fat metabolism is disrupted, this can become a factor in the development of various pathologies in the body. Therefore, everyone needs to know what fat metabolism is and how it affects a person.

Typically, many metabolic processes occur in the body. With the help of enzymes, salts, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down. The most important thing in this process is fat metabolism.

Not only the slimness of the body depends on it, but also general state health. With the help of fats, the body replenishes its energy, which it spends on the operation of systems.

When fat metabolism is disrupted, this can cause speed dial body weight. And also cause problems with hormones. The hormone will no longer properly regulate processes in the body, which will lead to the manifestation of various diseases.

Today, lipid metabolism indicators can be diagnosed in the clinic. Using instrumental methods, it is also possible to track how the hormone behaves in the body. Based on testinglipid metabolism, the doctor can accurately diagnose and begin proper therapy.

Hormones are responsible for the metabolism of fats in humans. There is more than one hormone in the human body. There are a large number of them there. Each hormone is responsible for a specific metabolic process. Other diagnostic methods can be used to assess the functioning of lipid metabolism. You can view the effectiveness of the system using a lipid profile.

Read about what hormones and fat metabolism are, as well as what role they play in ensuring vital functions in this article below.

Lipid metabolism: what is it? Doctors say that the concept metabolic process fats - prefabricated. A large number of elements take part in this process. When identifying system failures, attention is first drawn to the following:

• Fat intake.
• Split.
• Suction.
• Exchange.
• Metabolism.
• Construction.
• Education.

It is according to the presented scheme that lipid metabolism occurs in humans. Each of these stages has its own norms and meanings. When at least one of them is violated, it negatively affects the health of any person.

Process Features

Each of the above processes contributes its share to the organization of the body’s work. Each hormone also plays an important role here. It is not important for an ordinary person to know all the nuances and essence of the system. But general concept about her work is a must have.

Before doing this, you should know the basic concepts:

• Lipids. They come with food and can be used to replenish lost energy by a person.
• Lipoproteins. Consists of protein and fat.
• Phosphorolipids. A compound of phosphorus and fat. Participate in metabolic processes in cells.
• Steroids. They belong to the sex hormones and take part in the work of hormones.

Admission

Lipids enter the body with food, like other elements. But the peculiarity of fats is that they are difficult to digest. Therefore, when fats enter the gastrointestinal tract, they are initially oxidized. For this, stomach juice and enzymes are used.

When passing through all organs of the gastrointestinal tract, fats are gradually broken down into simpler elements, which allows the body to better absorb them. As a result, fats break down into acids and glycerol.

Lipolysis

The duration of this stage can be about 10 hours. When fat is broken down, cholicystokinin, which is a hormone, is involved in this process. It regulates the functioning of the pancreas and bile, as a result of which they release enzymes and bile. These elements from fat release energy and glycerol.

Throughout this process, a person may feel slightly tired and lethargic. If the process is disrupted, the person will have no appetite and may experience intestinal upset. At this time, all energy processes also slow down. With pathology, rapid weight loss may also be observed, since the body will not have the required amount of calories.

Lipolysis can occur not only then. When fats are broken down. During the period of fasting, it also starts, but at the same time those fats that were stored by the body “in reserve” are broken down.

During lipolysis, fats are broken down into fiber. This allows the body to replenish lost energy and water.

Suction

When fats are broken down, the body’s task is to take them from the gastrointestinal tract and use them to replenish energy. Since cells are made of protein, absorption of fats through them takes a long time. But the body found a way out of this situation. It attaches lipoproteins to cells, which accelerate the absorption of fat into the blood.

When a person has a large body weight, this indicates that this process is disrupted. Lipoproteins in this case are able to absorb up to 90% of fats, when the norm is only 70%.

After the absorption process, lipids are carried with the blood throughout the body and supply tissues and cells, which gives them energy and allows them to continue to work at the proper level.

Exchange

The process happens quickly. Its basis is to deliver lipids to the organs that require them. These are muscles, cells and organs. There, fats undergo modification and begin to release energy.

Construction

The creation of substances that the body needs from fat involves many factors. But their essence is the same - to break down fats and give energy. If occurs on at this stage If there is any disruption in the functioning of the system, this will negatively affect the hormonal background. In this case, cell growth will be slowed down. They will also regenerate poorly.

Metabolism

Here the process of fat metabolism begins, which goes to meet the body's needs. How much fat is required for this depends on the person and his lifestyle.

With a slow metabolism, a person may feel weak during the process. Undigested fat can also be deposited on the tissues. All this becomes the reason that body weight begins to grow rapidly.

Lithogenesis

When a person has consumed a lot of fat and there is enough of it to meet all the needs of the body, then its remnants begin to be deposited. Sometimes this can happen quite quickly because the person is consuming a lot of calories but not expending a lot of them.

Fat can be deposited both under the skin and on organs. As a result, a person’s weight begins to increase, which becomes the cause of obesity.

Spring fat metabolism

In medicine there is such a term. This exchange can occur for anyone and is associated with the seasons. A person may consume little vitamins and carbohydrates throughout the winter. All this is due to the fact that rarely does anyone eat fresh vegetables and fruits during this period.

More fiber is consumed in winter, and therefore the lipid process slows down. Calories that the body did not use during this time are stored as fat. In the spring, when a person begins to eat fresh food, metabolism accelerates.

In spring, people move more, which has a positive effect on metabolism. Lightweight clothing also helps you burn calories faster. Even if a person is overweight this period Some weight loss may be observed.

Metabolism in obesity

This disease is common today. Many people on the planet suffer from it. When a person is fat, this indicates that he has a violation of one or more of the processes described above. Therefore, the body receives more fat than it consumes.

Disturbances in the functioning of the lipid process can be determined during diagnosis. The examination must be completed if your body weight is 25-30 kilograms more than normal.

You can also be examined not only when pathology appears, but also for prevention. It is recommended to carry out testing in a special center where there is the necessary equipment and qualified specialists.

Diagnosis and treatment

To evaluate the operation of the system and identify violations in it, diagnostics is necessary. As a result, the doctor will receive a lipid profile, from which he will be able to track deviations in the operation of the system, if any. The standard testing procedure is to donate blood to check the amount of cholesterol in it.

It is possible to get rid of pathologies and normalize the process only through complex treatment. You can also use it without medicinal methods. This is diet and sports.

Therapy begins by initially eliminating all risk factors. During this period, you should give up alcohol and tobacco. Sports therapy will be a great help.

There are also special treatment methods using medications. They resort to this method when all other methods have proven ineffective. For acute forms of the disorder, drug therapy is also usually used.

The main classes of drugs that can be used for treatment:

1. Fibrates.
2. Statins.
3. Derivatives nicotinic acid.
4. Antioxidants.

The effectiveness of therapy mainly depends on the patient’s health status and the presence of other pathologies in the body. The patient himself can also influence the correction of the process. All you need is his desire for this.

He must change his previous lifestyle, eat right and exercise. It is also worth undergoing constant examination in the clinic.

To maintain normal lipid processes, you should use the following recommendations from doctors:

• Do not consume more fat per day than normal.
• Eliminate from your diet saturated fats.
• Eat more unsaturated fats.
• Eat fat until 16.00.
• Give periodic stress to the body.
• Do yoga.
• Sufficient time to rest and sleep.
• Quit alcohol, tobacco and drugs.

Doctors recommend paying enough attention to lipid metabolism throughout your life. To do this, you can simply follow the recommendations given above and constantly visit your doctor for examination. This should be done at least twice a year.

Lipids are a must integral part balanced human diet. On average, an adult’s body receives 60–80 g of animal fats and plant origin. In old age, as well as with little physical activity, the need for fat decreases; in cold climates and with heavy physical work, it increases.

The value of fats as a food product is very diverse. Fats in human nutrition, first of all, have an important energy value. Energy value fats are higher than proteins and carbohydrates. It is known that when 1 g of fat is oxidized, the body receives 38.9 kJ (9.3 kcal), while when 1 g of proteins or carbohydrates is oxidized - 1 7.2 kJ (4.1 kcal). In addition, fats are solvents for vitamins A, D, E and K, and therefore the body’s supply of these vitamins largely depends on the intake of fats in food. Some polyunsaturated fats are also introduced into the body with fats. fatty acid(linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic), which are classified as essential fatty acids, since human tissues and a number of animals have lost the ability to synthesize them. These acids are conventionally combined into a group called “vitamin F”.

It is also known that fat provides the palatability of food; in addition, it is necessary for its preparation and storage. All this has led to the fact that fat consumption in highly developed countries is so high that it covers more than 35%, and in many countries more than 40% of the body’s energy expenditure. This, in turn, very often leads to the fact that the intake of foods enriched with fats overlaps physiological needs body in energy. Hence such unfavorable phenomena as obesity of a significant part of the population. Therefore, knowledge of lipid metabolism normal body necessary to understand the causes of many diseases. It is known that lipid metabolism disorders occur, for example, with both excess and insufficient fat intake, deficiency of certain enzymes, hormone imbalance, etc.

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS

Breakdown of triglycerides into digestive tract. Saliva does not contain fat-breaking enzymes. Consequently, fats do not undergo any changes in the oral cavity. Fat in adults

pass through the stomach also without any special changes. Gastric juice contains lipase, called gastric, but its role in the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides in adults is small. Firstly, the content of lipase in the gastric juice of adult humans and other mammals is extremely low. Secondly, pH gastric juice is far from the optimum action of this enzyme (the optimal pH value for gastric lipase is 5.5–7.5). Recall that the pH value of gastric juice is about 1.5. Thirdly, there are no conditions in the stomach for the emulsification of triglycerides, and lipase can only actively act on triglycerides that are in the form of an emulsion. Therefore, in adults, non-emulsified triglycerides, which make up the bulk of dietary fat, pass through the stomach without much change. However, the breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach plays an important role in digestion in children, especially infancy. The mucous membrane of the root of the tongue and the adjacent area of ​​the pharynx of an infant secretes its own lipase in response to sucking and swallowing movements (during breastfeeding). This lipase is called lingual lipase. The activity of lingual lipase does not have time to “manifest” in the oral cavity, and the main place of its influence is the stomach. The optimum pH of lingual lipase is in the range of 4.0–4.5; it is close to the pH value of gastric juice in such children. Lingual lipase acts most actively on triglycerides containing short- and short-term fatty acids. medium length chains, which is typical for milk triglycerides. In other words, milk fat is the most suitable substrate for this enzyme. In adults, lingual lipase activity is extremely low.

The breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach of an adult is small, but to a certain extent it facilitates their subsequent digestion in the intestines. Even a small-scale breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach leads to the appearance of free fatty acids, which, without being absorbed in the stomach, enter the intestine and promote the emulsification of fats there, thus facilitating the effect of pancreatic juice lipase on them.

After the chyme enters the duodenum, first of all, the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice that enters the intestine with food is neutralized by bicarbonates contained in the pancreatic and intestinal juices. Bubbles released during the decomposition of bicarbonates carbon dioxide contribute to good mixing of food gruel with digestive juices. At the same time, fat emulsification begins. The most powerful emulsifying effect on fats is exerted by bile acid salts, which enter the duodenum with bile in the form of sodium salts. Most bile acids are conjugated to glycine or taurine. By chemical nature, bile acids are derivatives of cholanic acid:

Bile acids are the major end product of cholesterol metabolism.

Human bile mainly contains cholic (3,7,12-trioxycholanic), deoxycholic (3,12-dioxycholanic) and chenodeoxycholic (3,7-dioxycholanic) acids (all hydroxyl groups have an α-configuration and are therefore designated dotted line):

In addition, human bile contains small quantities of lithocholic (3α-hydroxycholanic) acid, as well as allocholic and ureodeoxycholic acids - stereoisomers of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids.

As noted, bile acids are present in bile in conjugated form, i.e. in the form of glycocholic, glycodeoxycholic, glycochenodeoxycholic (about 2/3–4/5 of all bile acids) or taurocho-

left, taurodeoxycholic and taurochenodeoxycholic (about 1/5–1/3 of all bile acids) acids. These compounds are sometimes called paired bile acids because they are made up of two components, a bile acid and glycine or taurine. The ratios between both types of conjugates can vary depending on the nature of the food: if carbohydrates predominate in it, the relative content of glycine conjugates increases, and with a high-protein diet, taurine conjugates increase. The structure of paired bile acids can be presented as follows:

It is believed that only the combination of bile salt + unsaturated fatty acid + monoglyceride provides the necessary degree of fat emulsification. Bile salts dramatically reduce the surface tension at the fat/water interface, due to which they not only facilitate emulsification, but also stabilize the already formed emulsion.

It is known that the bulk of food glycerides undergo breakdown in the upper sections small intestine under the action of pancreatic juice lipase. This enzyme was first discovered by the famous French physiologist C. Bernard in the middle of the last century.

Pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) is a glycoprotein with a mol. weight 48,000 (in humans) and optimum pH 8–9. This enzyme breaks down triglycerides that are in an emulsified state (the effect of the enzyme on dissolved substrates is much weaker). Like other digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin), pancreatic lipase enters the upper section small intestine in the form of inactive prolipase.

The conversion of prolipase into active lipase occurs with the participation of bile acids and another protein of pancreatic juice - colipase (molecular weight 10,000). The latter joins prolipase in a molecular ratio of 2:1. This causes the lipase to become active and resistant to trypsin.

It has been established that the main products of triglyceride breakdown under the action of pancreatic lipase are β(2)-monoglyceride and fatty acids. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in the α(1), α"(3) positions, resulting in the formation of β(2)-monoglyceride and two

particles (molecules) of fatty acid. The rate of triglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase is not significantly affected by either the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids or the length of its chain (from C12 to C18).

The hydrolysis of triglycerides with the participation of pancreatic lipase can be depicted in the following diagram:

Pancreatic juice, along with lipase, contains monoglyceride isomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the intramolecular transfer of acyl from the β(2) position of the monoglyceride to the α(1) position. During the digestion of dietary fats with the participation of this enzyme, approximately a third of the β-monoglyceride is converted into α-monoglyceride. Since the ester bond in the α-position is sensitive to the action of pancreatic lipase, the latter breaks down most of the α-monoglycerides to the final products - glycerol and fatty acid. A minority of α-monoglycerides manage to be absorbed into the wall of the small intestine, bypassing the action of lipase.

Absorption of triglycerides and their breakdown products.

Absorption occurs in the proximal part of the small intestine. Thinly emulsified fats (the size of the fat droplets of the emulsion is not

must exceed 0.5 microns) can be partially absorbed through the intestinal wall without prior hydrolysis. The bulk of fat is absorbed only after it is broken down by pancreatic lipase into fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol. Fatty acids with a short carbon chain (less than 10 carbon atoms) and glycerol, being highly soluble in water, are freely absorbed in the intestine and enter the blood of the portal vein, from there to the liver, bypassing any transformations in the intestinal wall.

The absorption of long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides is more difficult. This process is carried out with the participation of bile and mainly bile acids that are part of it. Bile contains bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol in a ratio of 12.5:2.5:1.0. Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides in the intestinal lumen form aqueous-stable micelles with these compounds. The structure of micelles is such that their hydrophobic core (fatty acids, monoglycerides, etc.) is surrounded on the outside by a hydrophilic shell of bile acids and phospholipids. Micelles are approximately 100 times smaller than the smallest emulsified fat droplets. As part of micelles, higher fatty acids and monoglycerides are transferred from the site of fat hydrolysis to the suction surface intestinal epithelium. There is no consensus regarding the mechanism of absorption of fat micelles. Some researchers believe that as a result of so-called micellar diffusion, and possibly pinocytosis, micelles completely penetrate into the epithelial cells of the villi, where fat micelles disintegrate. In this case, bile acids immediately enter the bloodstream and, through the portal vein system, enter first the liver, and from there again into the bile. Other researchers admit the possibility that only the lipid component of fat micelles passes into the villi cells. Bile salts, having done their job physiological role, remain in the intestinal lumen; later, the bulk of them are absorbed into the blood (in ileum), enters the liver and is then excreted in bile. Thus, all researchers recognize that there is a constant circulation of bile acids between the liver and intestines. This process is called hepatic-intestinal (hepatoenteric) circulation.

Using the labeled atom method, it was shown that bile contains only a small part of the bile acids (10–15% of the total) newly synthesized by the liver. Thus, the bulk of bile acids (85–90%) are bile acids reabsorbed in the intestine and re-secreted as part of bile. It has been established that in humans the total pool of bile acids is approximately 2.8–3.5 g, and they make 6–8 revolutions per day.

Breakdown and absorption of phospholipids and cholesterol.

The overwhelming majority of phospholipids in the contents of the small intestine are phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), the bulk of which enters the intestine with bile (11–12 g/day) and a smaller part (1–2 g/day) with food.

There are two points of view regarding the fate of exogenous and endogenous phospholipids entering the small intestine. According to one of them, both phospholipids are attacked in the intestine by phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester bond in the β-position. As a result of the reaction catalyzed by phospholipase A2, glycerophospholipids are broken down to form lysophospholipid and fatty acid. Lysophospholipid can be broken down by another pancreatic juice enzyme, lysophospholipase. As a result, the last particle of fatty acid is released from lysolecithin and glycerophosphocholine is formed, which dissolves well in an aqueous environment and is absorbed from the intestines into the blood.

Proponents of another point of view believe that phospholipids of “bile” (more precisely liver) origin, unlike dietary phospholipids, are not affected by phospholipase A2. Consequently, the function of “bile” phospholipids is exclusively related to the hepatoenteric circulation of bile: with bile they enter the intestine, with bile acids they participate in the micellar solubilization of lipids and return with them to the liver. Thus, there are, as it were, two pools of phospholipids in the intestine: “bile”, protected from the action of phospholipase A2, and “food”, susceptible to its action. It is still difficult to explain the reason for the existence of two pools of phospholipids and their different relationship to the action of phospholipase A2.

Depending on food, the adult body receives 300–500 mg of cholesterol every day, contained in food products partly in free (non-esterified) form, partly in the form of esters with fatty acids. Cholesterol esters are broken down into cholesterol and fatty acids by a special enzyme in pancreatic and intestinal juices - cholesterol ester hydrolase, or cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13). Cholesterol is absorbed in the small intestine, the source of which is:

– dietary cholesterol (0.3–0.5 g/day; significantly less for vegetarians); – bile cholesterol (1–2 g of endogenous non-esterified cholesterol is excreted daily with bile);

– cholesterol contained in the desquamated epithelium of the digestive tract and in intestinal juices (up to 0.5 g/day).

In total, 1.8–2.5 g of endogenous and exogenous cholesterol enters the intestine. Of this amount, about 0.5 g of cholesterol is excreted in the feces in the form of a reduced product - coprosterol and a very small part in the form of oxidized products - cholestenone, etc. Both the reduction and oxidation of cholesterol occur in the colon under the influence of enzymes of microbial flora. The bulk of cholesterol in non-esterified form is absorbed in the small intestine in mixed fat micelles consisting of bile acids, fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and lysophospholipids.

Resynthesis of lipids in the intestinal wall. Triglycerides . According to modern concepts, resynthesis of triglycerides occurs in epithelial

cells (enterocytes of the mucous membrane of the villi of the small intestine) in two ways. The first pathway is β-monoglyceride. For a long time this path was considered the only one. Its essence is that β-monoglycerides and fatty acids, which penetrate into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall during absorption, are retained in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cells. Here, their active form, acyl-CoA, is formed from fatty acids and then acylation of β-monoglycerides occurs, first producing diglycerides and then triglycerides:

β-Monoglyceride + R-CO-S-KoA –> Diglyceride + HS-KoA;

Diglyceride + R1 -СО-S-KoA –> Triglyceride + HS-KoA.

All reactions are catalyzed by an enzyme complex, triglyceride synthetase, which includes acyl-CoA synthetase, monoglyceride acyltransferase and diglyceride acyltransferase.

The second pathway of triglyceride resynthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of epithelial cells and includes the following reactions:

1) education active form fatty acid - acyl-CoA with the participation of acyl-CoA synthetase;

2) formation of α-glycerophosphate with the participation of glycerol kinase;

3) conversion of α-glycerophosphate to phosphatidic acid with the participation of glycerophosphate acyltransferase;

4) conversion of phosphatidic acid into diglyceride with the participation of phospho- fatidate phosphohydrolases;

5) acylation of diglyceride to form triglyceride with the participation of diglyceride acyltransferase.

As you can see, the first and last reactions are repeated similar reactionsβ-monoglyceride pathway. It has been established that the α-glycerophosphate pathway for the resynthesis of fats (triglycerides) becomes important if predominantly fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestinal mucosa. If fatty acids along with β-monoglycerides enter the intestinal wall, the β-monoglyceride pathway is activated. As a rule, the presence of excess β-monoglycerides in epithelial cells inhibits the α-glycerophosphate pathway.

Resynthesis of phospholipids in the intestinal wall . In enterocytes along with re-synthesis triglycerides and resynthesis of phospholipids also occurs. Resynthesized diglyceride is involved in the formation of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines, and resynthesized phosphatidic acid is involved in the formation of phosphatidylinositols. The participation of these substrates in the formation of phospholipids in the intestinal wall follows the same patterns as in other tissues (see pp. 396, 397).

It must be emphasized that fats are synthesized in the intestinal wall, which are largely specific to a given animal species and differ in structure from dietary fat. To a certain extent, this is ensured by the fact that in the synthesis of triglycerides (as well as phospholipids) in the intestinal wall, along with exogenous and endogenous fatty acids, they take part. However, the ability to carry out the synthesis of fat specific to a given animal species in the intestinal wall is still limited. It has been shown that when feeding an animal (for example, a dog), especially one that has previously been starved, large amounts of foreign fat (for example, linseed oil or camel fat), part of it is found unchanged in the fatty tissues of the animal. Adipose tissue is most likely the only tissue where foreign fats can be deposited. Lipids that make up the protoplasm of cells of other organs and tissues are highly specific; their composition and properties depend little on dietary fats.

Chylomicron formation and lipid transport.

Triglycerides and phospholipids resynthesized in intestinal epithelial cells, as well as cholesterol entering these cells from the intestinal cavity (here it can be partially esterified) combine with a small amount of protein and form relatively stable complex particles - chylomicrons (CM). The latter contain about 2% protein, 7% phospholipids, 8% cholesterol and its esters and more than 80% triglycerides. The diameter of the CM ranges from 0.1 to 5 µm. Thanks to large sizes CM particles are not able to penetrate from endothelial cells

The normal functioning of the entire human body is also determined by the processes that make up lipid metabolism. It is difficult to overestimate its importance. After all, lipid metabolism disorders are almost always a signal of certain pathologies. These are also symptoms of many unpleasant diseases. In general, lipids in the specialized literature are fats that are synthesized in the liver or enter the human body with food. Since lipids are of fatty origin, this determines their high hydrophobicity, that is, their ability to not dissolve in water.

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The importance of the process in the body

Actually, lipid metabolism is a variety of complex processes:

• fat transport from the intestines;
• process of individual species exchanges;
• catabolism of fatty acids;
• mutual processes of transformation of fatty acids and ketone bodies.

Here are just some examples of such processes. The main groups of lipids include:

• phospholipids;
• cholesterol;
• triglycerides;
• fatty acid.

These organic compounds are an important component of the membranes of absolutely all cells of the human body; they play an important role in the processes of generating and storing energy.



What is dyslipidermia?

A lipid metabolism disorder is a failure in the production of some lipids due to increased synthesis of others, which ends in their excess. The following symptoms of the disorder manifest themselves in the form of severe pathological processes. Without proper treatment, they progress into acute and chronic phases.



Dyslipidemia, as such disorders are also called, has a primary and secondary nature. In the first case, hereditary-genetic reasons play a role; in the second, bad habits, an unhealthy lifestyle, the presence of certain diseases and/or pathological processes.



Signs and etiology of disorders

In all the variety of manifestations of dyslipidemia, there are signs that should alert a person:

• the appearance on the skin in different places of various changes and manifestations, which are also called xanthomas;
• excess weight;
• fat deposits are visible in the inner corners of the eyes;
• enlarged liver and spleen;
• various pathological processes in the kidneys;
• development of a number of endocrine diseases.



The most striking symptoms of such a disorder are increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. It is with an analysis of their level that various diagnostic measures should begin.

Signs may vary depending on what is observed in a particular patient - an excess or lack of lipids. Excess is very often a consequence of disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system and indicates a number of diseases, among which diabetes mellitus ranks high. In case of excess, a person experiences:

• high cholesterol levels in the blood;
• high pressure;
• obesity;
• atherosclerotic symptoms.

Lack of lipids can make itself felt:

• general exhaustion of the body;
• violation menstrual cycle and problems with reproductive functions;
• eczema and/or other inflammatory processes of the skin;
• hair loss

Violation of lipid metabolism is, in this case, a consequence of an improper diet or severe starvation, as well as serious disorders gastrointestinal organs. In rare cases, congenital genetic abnormalities may be the cause.



Separately, it is necessary to mention diabetic dyslipidemia. Despite the fact that carbohydrate metabolism is impaired in this pathology, lipid metabolism is also often devoid of stability. There is increased breakdown of lipids. Lipolysis is insufficient, that is, fats are not broken down enough and accumulate in the body.



The main thing is not to harm yourself

However, these are not the only reasons for such a violation. Even quite healthy man can harm itself:

• an unbalanced diet that contains large amounts of fat and cholesterol. It's about primarily about fast food;
• sedentary, unsportsmanlike lifestyle;
• smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use;
• all kinds of diets that are not agreed upon with a specialist in this field.



Other objective reasons include the presence of diseases such as pancreatitis or hepatitis (of various types), uremic diseases, and complications during pregnancy. Alas, an imbalance of fats in the body can sometimes be caused by banal human aging.

In turn, a disorder of lipid metabolism is the first step towards atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and the destruction of the general hormonal background. That is why the treatment of such pathologies is multifaceted. First of all, it is necessary to carry out a number of diagnostic measures, and then strictly adhere to preventive programs, which may be individual in nature.

Problems of diagnosis and treatment

In order to verify the presence/absence of this pathology, specialists perform a detailed lipid profile. It clearly shows all levels of the desired lipid classes. In addition, a general blood test for cholesterol is required. These diagnostic measures should be carried out regularly for people with diabetes. Patients should also see a therapist, who, if necessary, will refer them to to the right specialist. If during diagnostic procedures it is revealed accompanying illnesses or pathology, treatment measures are immediately taken to eliminate them.

Special drug treatment for lipid metabolism disorders includes:

• statins;
• preparations of nicotinic acid and its derivatives;
• fibrates;
• antioxidants;
• bile acid sequestrants;
• biologically active additives.



If this drug therapy is not successful, therapeutic measures such as apheresis, plasmapheresis, and small intestinal bypass are indicated.

Application of diet therapy

However, taking medications alone is unlikely to be effective without changing the patient’s lifestyle, sometimes in the most dramatic way. Diet therapy is one of the key points in the complex therapeutic measures. This treatment involves eating foods low in calories. The consumption of animal fats, so-called light carbohydrates, should also be sharply reduced. It is necessary to exclude or at least sharply limit the consumption of flour, sweet, smoked, salty foods, marinades, sweet carbonated drinks, hot seasonings and sauces. Preference should be given fresh vegetables and fruits, herbs, natural juices, compotes and fruit drinks. You should drink more mineral or well-purified water. Of course, tobacco and alcohol, narcotic and psychotropic drugs are completely excluded.



Additional measures

In parallel with the diet, you should give yourself regular physical activity, albeit small. In some cases, you may need the help of a specialist who will help you write it down and calculate it correctly so that various exercises do not have a negative impact on certain internal organs. At first, light but regular walking on foot will be sufficient. fresh air, morning exercises, small exercises for different parts bodies. Subsequently, light jogging, swimming, cycling, etc. can be added to them.



Many experts draw certain parallels between lipid metabolism and the functioning of the central nervous system. That is why it is very important for people with such problems to regularly restore their peace of mind. Regular short sessions of meditation and relaxation are suitable, but taking various medications such as antidepressants, on the contrary, can only do more harm. Not to mention the fact that only an appropriate specialist can prescribe them.

A unique novelty is the scientifically proven fact of increased cholesterol levels due to destabilization of the water balance in the body. Therefore, experts recommend that such people drink 150-200 g of purified or boiled water before every meal.

Treatment folk remedies is additional, but not fundamental. In case of such a pathology, you can use natural honey, which is mixed with freshly squeezed apple juice and consumed a glass a day on an empty stomach. The positive effect of this composition is due to the powerful antioxidant properties of honey.



Alternatively, you can use freshly squeezed potato or red beet juice. Potato juice You should consume ½ glass three times a day, and beetroot, a third of a glass, after mixing it with purified or boiled water.

Oats have good hepaprotective and antioxidant properties. It can be consumed in the form of various porridges, or you can prepare infusions from it. For people with impaired lipid metabolism, it is a good idea to periodically take courses of herbal remedies based on milk thistle. In addition to juices, you can drink green tea, herbal infusions, but it is best to avoid coffee, cocoa and black tea.

The regulation of lipid metabolism has a huge impact on the functioning and vital activity of the entire human body. Therefore, in cases where lipid metabolism indicators are deviated from the norm, timely treatment is required.

Unfortunately, most of the most common diseases provoke lipid metabolism disorders. To detect such disruptions in the body, the main indicators of lipid metabolism should be taken into account.

In the case when the body's lipid metabolism is disturbed, a person needs to clearly understand all the dangers and complications that this disease can entail. It is also necessary to know exactly the causes of its occurrence and the main symptoms of such a disease. If we talk about the most pronounced factors that provoke the appearance of malfunctions in the functioning of lipids, then these include:

poor nutrition, consisting of foods containing excessive amounts of “harmful” calories and fats; sedentary lifestyle; signs of aging; nephrological and uremic diseases; complications during pregnancy; diabetes; hereditary predisposition to destabilize such exchange; pancreatitis and hepatitis.

The primary symptoms of lipid metabolism disorders include various manifestations and changes in the skin throughout the human body. However, confirmation of a correct and verified diagnosis requires a mandatory medical examination and a number of necessary procedures. The initial step to provide an indicative assessment of the status of lipid metabolism is to determine the blood concentration levels of both triglycerides and cholesterol.

Knowing that an imbalance of fats in the human body and disturbances in the process of their absorption leads to very serious dangerous diseases: atheresclerosis, heart attack, destruction of hormonal levels with the ensuing consequences. From a scientific point of view, the course of treatment similar disease has a multifaceted and complex nature. So, according to specialized doctors, the main secret to effectively getting rid of this disease is a preventive program carried out during the course of treatment.

The most important measures to maintain the stability of lipid metabolism are considered to be “restructuring” your own lifestyle to new principles of life. The initial stage towards establishing a stable lipid metabolism in the human body is a change in the daily diet. In this case, it is necessary to replace fatty varieties meat, carbonated drinks, excess sweets, smoked spicy seasonings for more dietary meat dishes, a variety of fruits and vegetables, natural juices and fruit drinks, and of course the use of mineral and purified water.

Refusal of such bad habits, like smoking, alcoholism and taking various narcotic and psychotropic drugs will also allow you to forget about such a terrible health problem. It is possible to achieve favorable results from the preventive program by performing daily physical activity, even in low intensity (circular rotations of the head, rhythmic movements of the feet, warming up the eyes, as well as tensing the gluteal and calf muscles).

Because the modern life is very full of bustle, disturbing events, moral exhaustion, then every inhabitant of the planet should strive to restore spiritual balance with the help of daily minutes of relaxation and meditation. According to experts, it is the regulation of lipid metabolism that is constantly and completely dependent on the normal functioning of all cells of the human nervous system. Unfortunately, taking the wrong medications also negatively affects lipid metabolism and the process of fat absorption in the body.

In this regard, attempts at self-medication should be excluded. It should not be denied that at some stages of lipid metabolism disorders, preventive measures may be helpless; in such cases, immediate medical intervention is required. Professional options for eliminating lipid metabolism disorders include:

taking cholesterol-lowering drugs; use of statins: pravastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and others; use of dietary supplements and nicotinic acid.

However, indications for the use of the above drugs are possible and effective in combination with strict diet therapy. Unfortunately, in critical situations, drug treatment may be insufficient; then therapy methods such as apheresis and plasmapheresis, as well as small intestinal bypass, are used.

Today, they have become increasingly popular various ways cures by means traditional medicine. Based on proven results from numerous laboratory research, it has been determined that cholesterol levels increase due to destabilization of the water balance in the human body. In this regard, people with this disease are recommended to drink a glass of purified water before each meal.

In addition, among people who have experienced such disruptions in the body, the use of various herbal infusions and decoctions. However, it is worth remembering that such a course of self-medication is not welcomed by representatives of the medical industry; it also takes a very long time and can harm the body. Analyzing the above, it can be noted that only timely and A complex approach to the appearance of lipid metabolism disorders will help to avoid a number of complications and other irreversible processes in the human body.

Thus, lipid metabolism and its treatment in particular require timeliness and a professional approach. In turn, stable regulation of lipid metabolism requires the implementation of certain preventive methods.

Metabolism (metabolism) is the totality of all chemical compounds and types of transformations of substances and energy in the body, which ensure its development and vital activity, adaptation to changes in external conditions.

But sometimes metabolism can be disrupted. What is the reason for this failure? How to treat it?

What are the symptoms and treatment of metabolic disorders with folk remedies?

What is metabolism? Causes, symptoms

For the healthy existence of the body, energy is needed. It is taken from proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Metabolism is the process of processing the breakdown of these components. It includes:

Assimilation (anabolism). Synthesis of organic substances occurs (energy accumulation). Dissimilation (catabolism). Organic substances decompose and energy is released.

The balance of these two components is an ideal metabolism. If the process of assimilation and dissimilation is disrupted, the metabolic chain is disrupted.

When dissimilation predominates in the body, a person loses weight; if assimilation, he gains weight.

These processes in the body depend on the number of calories consumed per day, calories burned, and genetics. It is difficult to influence genetic characteristics, but reviewing your diet and adjusting its calorie content is much easier.

genetic predisposition; toxic substances in the body; irregular diet, overeating, predominance of high-calorie foods of the same type; stress; sedentary lifestyle; stress on the body with periodic strict diets and breakdowns after them.

Overeating is a discrepancy between energy expenditure and the number of calories consumed per day.. If a person has a sedentary lifestyle and regularly eats buns and chocolates, he will very soon have to change his clothing size.

Nervous disorders can lead to “seizing” of the problem (this often happens in women), which will lead to an imbalance in the processes of assimilation and dissimilation.

Lack of protein or carbohydrate deficiency will also lead to metabolic disorders. Especially with low fluid intake.

Symptoms

Metabolic disorders can be identified by the following signals:

complexion changes, it becomes unhealthy; the condition of the hair worsens, it becomes brittle, dry, and falls out a lot; the weight goes up too quickly; weight loss for no reason or changes in diet; The body's thermoregulation changes; insomnia, restless sleep; rashes, redness appear on the skin, the skin becomes swollen; pain occurs in the joints and muscles.

Complications

If a woman or man notices symptoms of a metabolic failure, they make independent attempts to cleanse the body.

It is unacceptable. A doctor's consultation is required here. Such disorders affect processes associated with fat metabolism.

The liver is not able to cope with large volumes of fat, and low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol begin to accumulate in the body, which can settle on the walls of blood vessels and cause various diseases of the cardiovascular system.

For this reason, you should first consult a doctor.

Diseases associated with metabolic disorders:

Protein metabolism is disrupted. Protein starvation provokes kwashiorkor (unbalanced deficiency), nutritional dystrophy (balanced deficiency), and intestinal diseases. If protein enters the body in excess, the functioning of the liver and kidneys will be disrupted, neuroses and overexcitation will arise, and urolithiasis disease and gout. Fat metabolism is disrupted. Excess fat causes obesity. If there is not enough fat in the diet, growth will slow down, weight loss will occur, the skin will become dry due to a deficiency of vitamins A, E, cholesterol levels will increase, and bleeding will appear. Carbohydrate metabolism is disrupted. Often, against the background of such a pathology, diabetes mellitus appears, which occurs when there is a lack of insulin during a period of failure of carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin metabolism is disrupted. An excess of vitamins (hypervitaminosis) has a toxic effect on the body, and their deficiency (hypovitaminosis) leads to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic fatigue, irritability, drowsiness, decreased appetite. Violated mineral metabolism . Shortage minerals leads to a number of pathologies: lack of iodine provokes diseases of the thyroid gland, fluoride - the development of caries, calcium - muscle weakness and deterioration of bones, potassium - arrhythmia, iron - anemia. With an excess of potassium, nephritis can appear, with an excess of iron, kidney disease can occur, and excessive salt consumption leads to a deterioration in the condition of the kidneys, blood vessels, and heart. Gierke's disease. Glycogen accumulates in excess in body tissues. Characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. It is necessary for the breakdown of glycogen, which, on the contrary, accumulates. This congenital disease often found in infancy, and it manifests itself as growth retardation, protrusion of the abdomen due to big size liver and decreased blood sugar levels. Diet is the only way out. It is recommended to add glucose to the diet. With age, the child's condition will gradually improve. Gout and gouty arthritis. These are chronic diseases that cause disturbances in the metabolism of endogenous uric acid. Its salts are deposited in cartilage, especially articular cartilage, and in the kidneys, causing inflammation and swelling. The diet prevents the accumulation of salts. Violated endocrine functions . Hormones control many metabolic processes. Dysfunction endocrine glands leads to metabolic disorders. Phenylketonuria. Genetic mental retardation, which is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. It converts the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. If phenylalanine accumulates, it will have a toxic effect on brain tissue. It occurs in newborns with a frequency of 1 sick child in 20,000. Gender does not matter, but the pathology is most common among Europeans. Outwardly, newborns are healthy, but mental retardation will appear by 3-4 months. Children will develop well physically and further, but not psychologically. Early diagnosis overly important. The disease can be detected even on the first day of life based on the results of a blood or urine test. They treat it with diet. All common protein foods contain phenylalanine. For this reason, you need to eat synthetic foods that are devoid of this amino acid.

How to treat metabolic disorders in the body at home?

Treatment

Therapy for any pathology begins with eliminating the causes that caused it. It is necessary to adjust the daily diet and diet, reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed.

Patients regulate their rest and wakefulness patterns, try to avoid stress or react calmly to them. Many people start playing sports, which will help increase the body’s energy costs and give it vigor.

These measures will help eliminate metabolic disorders if they are not complicated by genetics or other factors.

If the problem has gone too far, a person cannot do without medical help. If pathological changes in organs have already appeared, the patient must undergo a course of treatment.

It could be hormone therapy for hormonal imbalance, thyroid medications if thyroid function is impaired, or insulin for diabetes.

In case of serious pathologies of the thyroid gland or pituitary adenoma, surgical intervention is performed.

What to do if you have metabolic disorders?

Healing Fitness

Muscular activity has a significant impact on metabolism. Exercise therapy for metabolic disorders:

increases the body's energy costs; enhances metabolism; restores motor-visceral reflexes that regulate metabolism; tones the central nervous system; increases the activity of the endocrine glands.

Exercise therapy is prescribed individually for each patient, taking into account the reasons that caused metabolic disorders. First, the patient must adapt to moderately increasing physical activity. Gymnastic exercises, measured walking and self-massage are prescribed.

Then the classes additionally include daily walks, the length of which is gradually increased to 10 km, hiking, running, skiing, swimming, rowing, and other exercises.

Exercise therapy is very effective for obesity. Physiotherapy with such a pathology it should last at least an hour.

They use movements with a large amplitude, wide swings of the limbs, circular movements in large joints, and exercises with moderate weights. Tilts, turns, rotations are useful.

Such exercises increase the mobility of the spinal column. We need exercises that will strengthen the abdominal muscles. You should use dumbbells, medicine and inflatable balls, expanders, and gymnastic sticks.

Slow running is switched to as the main form of exercise after the patient has adapted to long walks. Running for 100-200 m is alternated with walking, after which the running segments are increased to 400-600 m.

After 3 months, they switch to long-term continuous running, the time is increased to 20-30 minutes per day, and the speed is increased to 5-7 km/h.

Massage

Massage for metabolic disorders is effective for obesity, diabetes, gout. Massage reduces fat deposits in certain areas of the body and stimulates lymph and blood circulation.

Massage should be done in the morning after breakfast or before lunch. Impact techniques cannot be performed with weakened abdominal muscles. If the patient's condition worsens during the session, the procedure is stopped. The intensity of the massage is increased gradually. General massage is carried out 1-2 times a week. Patients need passive rest before and after the procedure, 15-20 minutes each. The effect increases when performing a massage in a bathhouse or steam room. But first you need to consult your doctor. The effect of the procedure is enhanced after a long diet.

In advanced obesity, when the patient cannot lie on his stomach and suffers from shortness of breath, he lies on his back. A cushion is placed under his head and knees.

First they give a massage lower limbs. Then they use stroking, rubbing, vibrations, which alternate with kneading, grasping stroking of the surface of the lower extremities, in the direction from the foot to the pelvis.

How to lose weight and improve metabolism through nutrition?

Nutrition

A diet for metabolic disorders can restore the balance between assimilation and dissimilation. Basic Rules:

Food is consumed frequently. The interval between doses is 2-3 hours. If the intervals are longer, the body will store fat. Only light food normalizes metabolism. Salads, vegetable soup, yogurt, fish, vegetables are easily digestible foods. Dinner should be light. Afterwards you should take a walk. Fish - must-have product in the diet. Contains omega-3 fatty acids. They help produce enzymes that help break down fats and prevent their deposits. Tea, coffee or spicy food do not affect metabolic rate. Usage rate clean water- two and a half liters per day. You should drink it half an hour before meals and an hour after.

What foods should be excluded from the diet if you have a disease associated with metabolic disorders?

For obesity exclude:

products from wheat flour highest and first grade, butter and puff pastry; dairy, potato, cereal, bean soups, pasta soups; fatty meat, goose, duck, ham, sausages, boiled and smoked sausages, canned food; full-fat cottage cheese, sweet cheeses, cream, sweet yogurt, fermented baked milk, baked milk, fatty cheeses; scrambled eggs; rice, semolina, oatmeal; sauces, mayonnaise, spices; grapes, raisins, bananas, figs, dates, other very sweet fruits; sugar and products containing a lot of sugar; jam, honey, ice cream, jelly; sweet juices, cocoa; meat and cooking fats.

Refusal of these products will also be a good prevention for many gastrointestinal diseases. The daily calorie intake for consumed foods is 1700-1800 kcal.

Recommendations for avoiding foods for diabetes are generally the same. But the daily calorie content can be increased to 2500 kcal. Let's say bread and others flour products, milk and low-fat dairy products, moderately hot sauces.

A person should not consume a lot of fat.

It needs only omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are contained in vegetable oils walnuts, flaxseed, rapeseed, marine fish oils.

Olive oil - optimal product, has a neutral effect on metabolism.

You should limit your consumption of omega-6 oils (corn, sunflower) and solid saturated fats. This diet should be followed for many years.

Folk remedies

The following recipes will help you cope with impaired metabolism:

Pour two teaspoons of walnut leaves into a glass of boiling water and leave for an hour.. Strain, take half a glass 4 times a day before meals. 100 g immortelle, St. John's wort, birch buds, chamomile flowers, crushed, put in a glass jar, close tightly, pour a tablespoon of the mixture with 500 ml of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter through cheesecloth, squeeze out a little. Drink before bed. In the morning, drink the remaining infusion on an empty stomach with a teaspoon of honey. Take a course once every 5 years. 350 g garlic, grated. 200 g of mass (taken from below, where there is more juice) is poured with 200 ml of alcohol, placed in a dark, cool place. After 10 days, filter and squeeze. They drink the tincture after three days according to the following scheme: increase the dose every day from two drops to 25, the duration of the course is 11 days. Part of verbena, 2 parts each of a string, black elderberry flowers, walnut leaves, burdock leaves and roots, hop cones, birch leaves, strawberry leaves, damask herb, licorice root, pour 200 ml of boiling water and infuse. Drink a glass a day between meals and at night.

The use of all the above-described remedies must be agreed with a doctor.

Fats, proteins and carbohydrates coming from food are processed into small components, which subsequently take part in metabolism, accumulate in the body or are used to produce the energy necessary for normal life. An imbalance in the lipid transformation of fats is fraught with the development of serious complications and may be one of the causes of diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and myocardial infarction.

General characteristics of lipid metabolism

Daily requirement A person's fat content is about 70-80 grams. The body receives most of the substances through food (exogenous route), the rest is produced by the liver (endogenous route). Lipid metabolism is the process by which fats are broken down into acids needed to generate energy or store energy sources for later use.

Fatty acids, also known as lipids, constantly circulate in the human body. According to their structure and principle of action, these substances are divided into several groups:

• Triacylglycerols make up the bulk of lipids in the body. They protect subcutaneous tissue and internal organs, acting as heat insulators and heat retainers. Triacylglycerols are always stored by the body in reserve, as an alternative source of energy, in case of shortage of glycogen reserves (a form of carbohydrates obtained by processing glucose).
• Phospholipids are a large class of lipids that get their name from phosphoric acid. These substances form the basis of cell membranes and take part in the metabolic processes of the body.
• Steroids or cholesterol are an important component of cell membranes, participate in energy, water-salt metabolism, and regulate sexual functions.

Variety and level of content certain types Lipids in the cells of the body are regulated by lipid metabolism, which includes the following stages:

• Breakdown, digestion and absorption of substances in the digestive tract (lipolysis). These processes originate in oral cavity, where fats received from food, under the action of tongue lipase, break down into simpler compounds with the formation of fatty acids, monoacylglycerols and glycerol. In fact, the smallest droplets of fat, under the influence of special enzymes, are transformed into a thin emulsion, which is characterized by a lower density and an increased absorption area.
• Transport of fatty acids from the intestine to lymphatic system. After initial processing, all substances enter the intestine, where, under the action of bile acids and enzymes, they break down into phospholipids. New substances easily penetrate through the intestinal walls into the lymphatic system. Here they are again converted into triacylglycerols, bind to chylomicrons (molecules similar to cholesterol and better known as lipoproteins) and enter the blood. Lipoproteins interact with cell receptors, which break down these compounds and take the fatty acids necessary for energy production and membrane construction.
• Interconversion (catabolism) of fatty acids and ketone bodies. In fact, this is the final stage of lipid metabolism, during which some of the triacylglycerols are transported along with the blood to the liver, where they are converted into acetyl coenzyme A (abbreviated as acetyl CoA). If, as a result of the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver, acetyl CoA is released in excess, part of it is transformed into ketone bodies.
• Lipogenesis. If a person leads a sedentary lifestyle and receives fat in excess, some of the breakdown products of lipid metabolism are deposited in the form of adipocytes (adipose tissue). They will be used by organisms in case of energy shortage or when additional material is needed to build new membranes.

Signs of lipid metabolism disorders

Congenital or acquired pathology of fat metabolism in medicine is called dyslipidemia(ICD code E78). Often this disease is accompanied by a number of symptoms reminiscent of atherosclerosis (a chronic disease of the arteries, characterized by a decrease in their tone and elasticity), nephrosis (damage to renal tubules), diseases of the cardiovascular or endocrine system. At high level triglycerides may cause acute pancreatitis syndrome. Characteristic clinical manifestations of lipid metabolism disorders are:

• Xanthomas are dense nodular formations filled with cholesterol. Cover the tendons, abdomen, and torso of the feet.
• Xanthelasmas are cholesterol deposits under the skin of the eyelids. Fat deposits of this type localized in the corners of the eyes.
• The lipoid arc is a white or grayish-white stripe framing the cornea of ​​the eye. More often, the symptom appears in patients over 50 years of age with a hereditary predisposition to dyslipidemia.
• Hepatosplenomegaly is a condition of the body in which the liver and spleen simultaneously increase in size.
• Skin atheroma - cyst sebaceous glands, resulting from blockage of the sebaceous ducts. One of the factors in the development of pathology is a disorder of phospholipid metabolism.
• Abdominal obesity is an excess accumulation of fatty tissue in the upper torso or abdomen.
• Hyperglycemia is a condition in which the level of glucose in the blood increases.
• Arterial hypertension – persistent increase blood pressure over 140/90 mm Hg. Art.

All of the above symptoms are characteristic of elevated lipid levels in the body. However, there are situations when the amount of fatty acids is below normal. In such cases characteristic symptoms will be:

• a sharp and causeless decrease in body weight, up to complete exhaustion (anorexia);
• hair loss, brittleness and splitting of nails;
• menstrual irregularities (delay or complete absence menstruation), reproductive system in women;
• signs of kidney nephrosis - darkening of urine, pain in the lower back, decreased volume of daily urine, formation of edema;
• eczema, pustules or other inflammations of the skin.

Causes

Lipid metabolism may be impaired by certain chronic diseases or be congenital. According to the mechanism of formation of the pathological process, two groups of possible causes of dyslipidemia are distinguished:

• Primary - inheritance from one or both parents of a modified gene. There are two forms of genetic disorders:

1. hypercholesterolemia – a disorder of cholesterol metabolism;
2. hypertriglyceridemia – increased content of triglycerides in blood plasma taken on an empty stomach.

• Secondary – the disease develops as a complication of other pathologies. Lipid metabolism disorders can be caused by:

1. hypothyroidism – decreased function of the thyroid gland;
2. diabetes mellitus is a disease in which glucose absorption or insulin production is impaired;
3. obstructive liver diseases - diseases in which there is a violation of the outflow of bile (chronic cholelithiasis (formation of gallstones), primary biliary cirrhosis (an autoimmune disease in which the intrahepatic bile ducts are gradually destroyed).
4. atherosclerosis;
5. obesity;
6. uncontrolled use of medications - thiazide diuretics, Cyclosporine, Amiodarone, some hormonal contraceptives;
7. chronic renal failure– syndrome of impairment of all renal functions;
8. nephrotic syndrome is a symptom complex characterized by massive proteinuria (protein excretion along with urine), generalized edema;
9. radiation sickness is a pathology that occurs during prolonged exposure of the human body to various ionizing radiation;
10. pancreatitis - inflammation of the pancreas;
11. smoking, alcohol abuse.

Predisposing factors play an important role in the development and progression of lipid metabolism disorders. These include:

• physical inactivity (sedentary lifestyle);
• postmenopause;
• abuse of fatty foods, rich in cholesterol food;
• arterial hypertension;
• male gender and age over 45 years;
• Cushing's syndrome - excessive production of adrenal hormones;
• history of ischemic stroke (death of a part of the brain due to circulatory problems);
• myocardial infarction (death of part of the heart muscle due to cessation of blood flow to it);
• genetic predisposition;
• pregnancy;
• previously diagnosed diseases of the endocrine system, liver or kidneys.

Classification

Depending on the mechanism of development, there are several types of lipid imbalance:

• Primary (congenital) - means that the pathology is hereditary. Clinicians divide this type of lipid metabolism disorder into three forms:

1. monogenic – when the pathology is provoked gene mutations;
2. homozygous - a rare form, which means that the child received the pathological gene from both parents;
3. heterozygous - receiving a defective gene from the father or mother.

• Secondary (acquired) – develops as a consequence of other diseases.

• Nutritional – related to human nutritional characteristics. There are two forms of pathology:

1. transient – ​​occurs irregularly, more often on the next day after consumption large quantity fatty foods;
2. constant – observed with regular consumption of foods high in fat.

The Fredrickson classification of dyslipidemias is not widely used among doctors, but is used by the World Health Organization. The main factor by which lipid metabolism disorders are divided into classes is the type of elevated lipid:

• The disease of the first type occurs due to genetic disorders. An increased content of chylomicrons is observed in the patient's blood.
• Type 2 lipid metabolism disorder – hereditary pathology characterized by hypercholesterolemia (subtype A) or combined hyperlipidemia (subtype B).
• Third type - pathological condition, in which there is an absence of chylomicrons in the patient’s blood and the presence of low-density lipoproteins.
• The fourth type of disorder is hyperlipidemia (abnormally elevated lipid levels) of endogenous origin (produced by the liver).
• The fifth type is hypertriglyceridemia, characterized by an increased content of triglycerides in the blood plasma.

Doctors have summarized this classification, reducing it to just two points. These include:

• pure or isolated hypercholesterolemia – a condition characterized by increased cholesterol levels;
• combined or mixed hyperlipidemia is a pathology in which the level of both triglycerides and cholesterol and other components of fatty acids increases.

Possible complications

Disorders of lipid metabolism can lead to a number of unpleasant symptoms, severe weight loss, and worsening of chronic diseases. Besides, This pathology in metabolic syndrome can cause the development of the following diseases and conditions:

• atherosclerosis, which affects the blood vessels of the heart, kidneys, brain, heart;
• narrowing of the lumen blood arteries;
• formation of blood clots and emboli;
• the occurrence of an aneurysm (vascular dissection) or rupture of arteries.

Diagnostics

To make an initial diagnosis, the doctor conducts a thorough physical examination: assesses the condition of the skin, mucous membranes of the eye, measures blood pressure, palpation abdominal cavity. Afterwards, laboratory tests are prescribed to confirm or refute suspicions, which include:

• General clinical analysis of blood and urine. Conducted to identify inflammatory diseases.
• Blood chemistry. Biochemistry determines the level of blood sugar, protein, creatinine (a breakdown product of protein), uric acid (the end product of the breakdown of DNA and RNA nucleotides).
• Lipidogram - analysis of lipids, is the main method for diagnosing lipid metabolism disorders. Diagnostics shows the level of cholesterol, triglycerides in the blood and establishes the atherogenicity coefficient (the ratio of the total amount of lipids to cholesterol).
• Immunological blood test. Determines the presence of antibodies (special proteins that are produced by the body to fight foreign bodies) to chlamydia and cytomegalovirus. An immunological test additionally detects the level of C-reactive protein (a protein that appears during inflammation).
• Genetic blood test. The study reveals hereditary genes that were damaged. Blood for diagnosis is necessarily taken from the patient himself and his parents.
• CT (computed tomography), ultrasound (ultrasound) of the abdominal organs. They identify pathologies of the liver, spleen, pancreas, and help assess the condition of the organs.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), radiography. They are prescribed as additional instrumental diagnostic methods when there is a suspicion of problems with the brain or lungs.

Treatment of fat metabolism disorders

To eliminate pathology, patients are prescribed special diet with a limited supply of animal fats, but enriched with dietary fiber and minerals. In overweight people, the daily caloric intake is reduced and moderate physical activity is prescribed to normalize body weight. All patients are advised to give up or reduce their alcohol consumption as much as possible. When treating secondary dyslipidemias, it is important to identify and begin treatment of the underlying disease.

To normalize the blood count and the patient’s condition, drug therapy is carried out. The following groups of drugs help eliminate unpleasant symptoms and improve lipid metabolism:

• Statins are a class of drugs that help lower blood levels. bad cholesterol, increase the possibility of lipid destruction. Medicines from this group are used for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus. They significantly improve the patient’s quality of life, reduce the incidence of heart disease, and prevent vascular damage. Statins can cause liver damage and are therefore contraindicated in people with liver problems. These medications include:

1. Pravachol;
2. Zokor;
3. Crestor;
4. Lipitor;
5. Leskol.

• Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are a group of medications that prevent the reabsorption of cholesterol in the intestine. The effect of these drugs is limited, because a person receives only a fifth of bad cholesterol from food, the rest is produced in the liver. Inhibitors are prohibited for pregnant women, children, and during lactation. Popular medications in this group include:

1. Guarem;
2. Ezetimibe;
3. Lipobon;
4. Ezetrol.

• Bile acid sequestrants (ion exchange resins) are a group of medications that bind bile acids (containing cholesterol) when they enter the intestinal lumen and remove them from the body. When taken for a long time, sequestrants can cause constipation, taste disturbances, and flatulence. These include drugs with the following trade names:

1. Questran;
2. Colestipol;
3. Lipantil 200 M;
4. Tribestan.

• Antioxidant vitamins and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are a group of multivitamin complexes that reduce triglyceride levels and reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Such additives include:

1. Vitrum Cardio Omega-3;
2. ViaVit;
3. Mirrolla capsules with Omega-3;
4. AspaCardio.

• Fibrates – group medicines, reducing triglycerides and increasing the amount of lipoproteins high density(protective substances that prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders). Medicines in this category are prescribed together with statins. Fibrates are not recommended for use by children or pregnant women. These include:

1. Normolit;
2. Lipantil;
3. Lipanor;
4. Bezalip;
5. Gevilon.

Diet therapy

Lipid metabolism in the human body directly depends on what he eats. A properly formulated diet will alleviate the patient’s condition and help restore metabolic balance. A detailed menu, a list of prohibited and permitted foods is drawn up by a doctor, but there are also general rules regarding nutrition:

1. Eat no more than 3 egg yolks per week (including eggs used for other food preparations).
2. Reducing the consumption of confectionery products, bread, and baked goods.
3. Replacing deep frying with stewing, steaming, boiling or baking.
4. Exclusion from the diet of smoked meats, marinades, sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup), sausages.
5. Increase in soto
6. proper consumption of plant fiber (vegetables and fruits).
7. There is only low-fat varieties meat. When cooking, cut off visible fat and skin, remove rendered fat when preparing dishes.

Treatment with folk remedies

Traditional medicine can be used as an auxiliary therapy: decoctions, alcohol tinctures, infusions. For lipid metabolism disorders, the following recipes have proven themselves to be effective:

1. Mix and grind 100 grams of the following herbs using a coffee grinder: chamomile, knotweed, birch buds, immortelle, St. John's wort. Measure 15 grams of the mixture, pour 500 ml of boiling water. Insist for half an hour. Take the medicine warm, adding a teaspoon of honey, 200 ml in the morning and evening. Every day you should prepare a new drink. Store the remaining mixture in a dark place. Duration of therapy is 2 weeks.
2. Measure out 30 g of fireweed tea, pour 500 ml of boiling water over the herb. Bring the mixture to a boil over low heat, then leave for 30 minutes. Take the medicine 4 times a day before meals, 70 ml. The course of treatment is 3 weeks.
3. Pour dried plantain leaves (40 grams) with a glass of boiling water. Leave for 30 minutes, then filter. Take 30 ml of the drink 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. The course of therapy is 3 weeks.

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