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Diseases of the endocrine system. Symptoms that determine diseases of the endocrine system

They are characterized by diseases of the human body, the cause of which is dysfunction of the endocrine glands. These dysfunctions are expressed in the hyperactivity of these glands or, conversely, in the insufficient intensity of their work (hypofunctionality).
It is possible to characterize endocrine diseases differently. These are diseases that occur as a result of a violation of the hormonal background of a person. Biologically responsible for the functionality of the body active substances- hormones. It is they who are "responsible" for the state of the body, its growth, development, for the body's metabolism, etc. And when there is a violation of the endocrine system, there is a violation of the hormonal background, which, of course, affects the normal functionality of our body and this manifests itself in the form of various endocrine diseases.

Endocrine diseases: classification

On this moment there are more than 50 various diseases endocrine system, and we will not list all of them here (they are described on other pages of this site), but we will consider the classification of these pathologies.

1. Diseases of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. The most "bright representatives" of this group of pathologies are: acromegaly, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, Not diabetes...
2. Diseases thyroid gland. This is the most common group of diseases of the endocrine system. These are, first of all, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid cancer, diffuse toxic goiter ...
3. Diseases of the islet apparatus of the pancreas. One of the most famous and widespread diseases in the world is diabetes mellitus, from this category of pathologies.
4. Diseases of the adrenal glands. These are tumors of the adrenal glands, and their insufficiency, as well as primary hyperaldosteronism ...
5. Diseases of the female gonads. Also a fairly common type of endocrine diseases, this is, first of all: premenstrual syndrome(PMS), Stein-Levintal syndrome, different kind menstrual dysfunction.

Diseases of the endocrine system: causes

Any disease of the endocrine system manifests itself as a result of the following reasons:
1. Deficiency in the body of any hormone.
2. Excess in the body of a particular hormone.
3. Immunity of an organ or system to the effects of any hormone.
4. Synthesis of "defective" hormones.
5. Violations of endocrine communication "lines" and metabolism.
6. Simultaneous dysfunction of several hormonal systems.

Now consider all these causes of diseases of the endocrine system in more detail.
The reasons for the lack of a particular hormone can be as follows:
- congenital factor, which is characterized by underdevelopment of these glands (congenital hypothyroidism);
- infectious diseases glands;
- various inflammatory processes(pancreatitis, diabetes);
- deficiency of various bioactive compounds and useful substances, which are necessary for the synthesis of certain hormones (for example, hypothyroidism occurs due to a lack of iodine);
- autoimmune processes occurring in the body ( autoimmune thyroiditis);
- toxicosis of glands internal secretion and their exposure.

The causes of excessive concentration of hormones in the body are:
- excessive stimulation of the functionality of the endocrine glands;
- production of hormones from its precursors - "semi-finished products" that are present in the blood, by peripheral tissues (for example, in liver diseases, an excess of androstenedione, entering adipose tissue, is synthesized into estrogen).

Immunity of organs to hormones, as a rule, has hereditary causes with which our scientists have not yet fully understood. Also diseases of the endocrine system for this reason, they can arise due to any violations of hormonal receptors, due to which one or another hormone cannot enter the desired cells or tissues and perform its functions there.

The synthesis of "defective" hormones is quite rare and the reason for this is a mutation of any one gene.

Availability various pathologies The liver is most often caused by human endocrine diseases caused by a violation of metabolism and "transportation" of hormones, but at the same time, pregnancy can also become such a cause.

At autoimmune processes, the immune system perceives the tissues of the endocrine glands as foreign and begins to attack them, which disrupts their normal functionality and causes endocrine diseases.

Recently, scientists have increasingly come to the same conclusion: almost all human endocrine diseases begin due to malfunctions in the functionality of his immune system, which controls all human cells and organs.

Endocrine diseases: symptoms

It is impossible to say which organs cannot be affected by diseases of the endocrine system, and therefore the symptoms of these pathologies can simply amaze the imagination with their diversity:
- obesity or, conversely, severe weight loss;
- Heart arythmy ;
- fever and a feeling of intense heat;
- high blood pressure and severe headaches against this background;
- increased sweating;
- diarrhea;
- excitability above the norm;
- great weakness and drowsiness;
- deterioration of the brain, which is expressed in the deterioration of memory and loss of concentration;
- strong thirst (diabetes mellitus);
- increased urination (diabetes insipidus)...

Of course, the symptoms of endocrine diseases depend on their type and nature, and it is necessary to know this well in order to make a timely and correct diagnosis.

Endocrine diseases: diagnosis

Diabetes mellitus in children is usually hereditary in nature and is manifested by headaches, vomiting, weakness, lethargy, frequent colds and treatment consists, first of all, in restoring the normal functionality of the immune system.

In children, they occur in the entire "spectrum", as in adults, only it is necessary to deal with their treatment, taking into account the fact that at this moment the child's body is still being formed, incl. its three main systems: immune, nervous and endocrine and therefore "soft" complex therapy And preventive actions come to the fore here.

There are a lot of diseases of the endocrine system and each has its own method of treatment, which depends on many factors: the nature of the disease, its stage, locality, immune status patient, individual characteristics of his organism. The goal of the treatment of any endocrine disease is to correct hormonal disorders, achieve a stable and as long as possible remission of these pathologies and, in the long term, their complete disappearance.

Let's just say that the most effective treatment endocrine diseases is a complex therapy of two systems: immune and endocrine. As we have already said, the thymus gland is " common body"of these systems, which is engaged in" training "(differentiation) of the body's immune cells, which, in turn, control and ensure its normal development and functioning. This is a very important data! Malfunctions of the thymus gland are reflected in malfunctions in the functionality of the immune and endocrine systems , which is manifested including and in endocrine diseases.

There is currently immune drug, which replaces with great success
thymus function is transfer factor. The basis of this immunomodulator is the immune molecules of the same name, which, once in the body, perform three functions:
- eliminate failures of the endocrine and immune systems;
- being information particles (of the same nature as DNA), transfer factors "record and store" all information about foreign agents that invade the body, and when they invade again, "transmit" this information to the immune system, which neutralizes these antigens;
- eliminate all side effects caused by the use of other medicines.

There is a whole line of this immunomodulator, of which Transfer Factor Advance and Transfer Factor Glucouch are used in the Endocrine System program for the prevention of endocrine diseases. According to many famous scientists for these purposes the best drug No.

The human endocrine system consists of endocrine glands, those that do not have excretory ducts and secrete hormones into the body. Hormones ensure the normal functioning of cells and tissues, thus performing the function of regulating normal functioning organism. The science of "endocrinology" is engaged in the study of diseases of the endocrine system, separated into a separate branch due to the high percentage of pathology.

Among the functions of the system of endocrine glands are the following:

control of adequate functioning of organs and systems, growth and development of the body;
participation in chemical reactions organism;
stabilization of vital processes;
security normal operation reproductive system according to the gender (sex) attribute;
responsibility for human emotions.

Glands, hormones and their brief characteristics

Gland	Localization	Produced hormones	Functions	Pathologies in violation of functions
Thyroid.	Anterior surface of the neck.	Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Calcitonin	regulation of growth and development of the body, storage of iodine, stimulation of T-cells. T cells	Hashimoto goiter, diffuse toxic goiter, dementia
parathyroid glands	By rear surface thyroid gland	Parathormone	controlling the amount of calcium needed for correct operation nervous system	Parathyroid osteodystrophy, Hyperparathyroidism
Thymus gland (thymus)	Top part chest, behind the sternum	Thymopoietins	control the activity of the immune system; participation in the regulation of immunity.	Predominantly autoimmune diseases
Pancreas	Behind the stomach, at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae	Insulin Glucagon	decrease in blood glucose levels; increase in blood glucose levels. Regulation of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism	diabetes mellitus, insulinoma
adrenal glands	Upper poles of the kidneys	Adrenaline and norepinephrine	Providing emotional responses, controlling the work of the heart, increasing blood sugar levels, increasing blood pressure	Hyperaldosteronism, Pheochromocytoma; Addison's disease; Diseases of cardio-vascular system(hypertension, myocardial infarction)
testicles	Scrotum	Testosterone	stimulation of formation and ensuring the viability of spermatozoa, development of the body according to the male type, support for sexual desire	Hypergonadism, hypogonadism
ovaries	Abdomen	Estradiol, progesterone, relaxin	Control of the menstrual cycle and childbirth; the development of secondary sexual characteristics, the formation of the body according to the female type. Lowering blood cholesterol levels	amenorrhea, infertility
Pituitary	base of the brain	Thyrotropic (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating (FSH), Luteinizing (LH), Somatotropic (STG), luteotropic (prolactin), asparotocin, Vasopressin, (antidiuretic, ADH), Vasotocin, Valitocin, Glumitocin, isotocin, mesotocin, Oxytocin.	Action on everything endocrine glands, development and functioning of the mammary glands, regulation of melanin metabolism, stimulation of the growth of ovarian follicles	Dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, hyperprolactinemia and other diseases caused by malfunction of the endocrine glands
epiphysis	Brain	Melatonin Serotonin Adrenoglomerulotropin.	Retardation of growth hormones, Suppression of puberty to a certain age, Control of sleep and wakefulness	insomnia, depression, Hypertonic disease, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes

Signs of endocrine disorders in women

The symptoms of diseases are striking in their diversity, which is not surprising, given the number of functions.

But among them there are those that a person needs to pay attention to and immediately consult a doctor.

It is possible to suspect the pathology of the pituitary gland with pronounced changes in growth. With violations of the synthesis, the height of a woman will not exceed 120 cm. The first signs are observed around the age of 3 years. Associated features: protruding bones facial skull(forehead) in combination with a small face, underdevelopment of the genital organs, later menstrual irregularities join.

Dry mouth constant thirst, frequent urination. Diabetes is the most common cause of these symptoms. The course of the disease in women is somewhat different from that in men. There is weight gain or loss (depending on the type of diabetes) without visible reasons, the presence of a fungal infection,

With acromegaly, enlargement of the protruding parts of the face is noted first of all, the feet and hands increase in size.

When the endocrine system fails in women, menstrual irregularities are common, it is accompanied by increased sweating, brittle hair and nails, changes in the emotional state.

Increased testosterone synthesis. In the female body, the ovaries are responsible for this hormone. In case of an increased amount of male hormone» In women, there is an increased growth of hair all over the body, the hair becomes stiff, darkens. The voice also changes, it becomes somewhat rougher. If you do not apply in a timely manner for medical care, then in the future there is a failure of the menstrual cycle or its termination. As a result, the development of Cushing's syndrome or the formation of ovarian tumors is likely.

Who to contact?

When individual common symptoms(increased blood pressure, weakness, irritability, numbness of the arms and legs) you need to contact a therapist who will prescribe an examination and refer you to a specialist.

If several symptoms appear that allow you to suspect an endocrine pathology, you should contact an endocrinologist. Timely referral helps early diagnosis disease and appropriate treatment.

There is the concept of "clinical minimum", these are tests that are prescribed for primary patients. It includes: clinical analysis blood, general analysis urine, coprogram, analysis for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis.

If violations of these indicators are identified, additional tests are prescribed. In particular, if a violation of the functions of the endocrine glands is suspected, hormonal study. This includes:

definition entry level one or another hormone;
hormonal changes in functional tests or in dynamics (taking into account the human biorhythm);
magnetic resonance or computed tomography;
Ultrasound (for diseases of the pituitary gland, epiphysis, pancreas);
biopsy (thyroid disease).

And after the diagnosis is verified, treatment is prescribed.

How to treat?

Exclusively under the supervision of a specialist who prescribes a regimen for taking drugs, based on many factors - gender, age, research data, the severity of dysfunction, the presence of concomitant diseases.

As a rule, hormones are prescribed and self-treatment in this case can lead to a completely undesirable effect.

Causes of diseases of the endocrine system.

At the heart of any diseases of this system there is one or more main reasons:

1) insufficiency of one or another hormone;
2) an excess of any hormone;
3) production of an abnormal (abnormal) hormone by the gland;
4) resistance to the action of the hormone;
5) violation of the delivery, metabolism or rhythm of its secretion;
6) simultaneous violation of a number of hormonal systems.

And because of what this happens in most cases is not always known. In other cases, this may occur for the following reasons.

The causes of hormone deficiency (congenital or acquired) in most cases are known. These include

infectious lesions of the endocrine glands (low cortisol levels in adrenal tuberculosis),
congenital underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of these glands (congenital hypothyroidism),
bleeding into the gland or insufficient blood supply (postpartum hypopituitarism),
inflammatory processes (diabetes mellitus due to pancreatitis),
autoimmune lesions (autoimmune thyroiditis ending in hypothyroidism), tumors (pituitary adenomas),
insufficient intake of substances necessary for the production of hormones (hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency),
the influence of various toxic substances and radiation on the endocrine glands,
iatrogenic causes (removal parathyroid glands in the treatment of Graves' disease).

The most common causes of overproduction of hormones are

excessive stimulation of the endocrine gland by factors of a physiological or pathological nature, as a result of which the production of the hormone increases (hypercorticism in Itsenko-Cushing's disease),
hormone production by tissues that do not normally produce them (Itsenko-Cushing syndrome),
increased hormone production peripheral tissues from the precursors present in the blood (in case of liver damage, where androstenedione is destroyed, its excess amount enters the adipose tissue and there it turns into estrogen),
iatrogenic causes (in the treatment of any diseases with hormones).

The causes of impaired transport and metabolism of hormones are most often the presence of liver pathology, but it can also be with some physiological conditions, for example, during pregnancy.

The production of abnormal hormones is quite rare and can be caused by a single gene mutation (altered insulin molecule).

Hormone resistance often has a hereditary origin, but most often occurs due to the pathology of hormone receptors, as a result of which the hormone does not enter the desired tissues and cells and does not perform the appropriate function (hypothyroidism due to the formation of autoantibodies that block the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor).

Multiple violations endocrine functions, it is known that in the regulation physiological processes hormones of many endocrine glands are involved, and also that the endocrine glands themselves are the object hormonal effects, therefore, with any endocrine pathology, the activity of a number of other glands can change, and, accordingly, the level of other hormones also changes. For example, panhypopituitarism (pathology of the pituitary gland), the function of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and a number of other glands is impaired.

Symptoms of endocrine diseases.

Complaints of patients suffering endocrine diseases, can be very different. These include, for example, weight loss or, conversely, weight gain, complaints of heart palpitations and interruptions in the work of the heart, fever, feeling hot, excessive sweating, hyperexcitability, diarrhea (with diffuse toxic goiter), headaches associated with increased blood pressure (with hypercortisolism, pheochromocytoma), severe weakness and muscle adynamia (with chronic adrenal insufficiency), decreased attention, drowsiness, memory impairment (with hypothyroidism), increased thirst (with diabetes mellitus), persistent increased urination (in diabetes insipidus) and many others.

In a word, it is difficult to name organs and systems, the dysfunctions of which would not occur in diseases of the endocrine system. It is also very important here to identify the doctor past illnesses, which in the future can lead to diseases of the endocrine glands. For example, chronic adrenal insufficiency is often the result of tuberculosis. Hypothyroidism may develop after subtotal resection of the thyroid gland for diffuse toxic goiter. Acute inflammation thyroid gland (thyroiditis) may develop due to pneumonia, acute tonsillitis or sinusitis.

Clarification of the family anamnesis is of great importance. hereditary predisposition plays important role in the occurrence of such diseases as diabetes mellitus, diffuse toxic goiter, obesity, diabetes insipidus, autoimmune diseases of the glands.

In some cases, the place of residence of the patient can affect the health. Yes, to development. endemic goiter results in low iodine content in the environment.

On examination of the patient, various symptoms, allowing you to immediately suspect a particular disease. When the thyroid gland is affected, changes in facial expression are detected: a frightened or angry look in combination with a number eye symptoms(increased luster of the eyes, expansion of the palpebral fissure, rare blinking, weakening of convergence, hyperpigmentation of the skin of the eyelids) are typical for patients with diffuse toxic goiter, and a mask-like and mimic face occurs in patients with hypothyroidism. An increase in the size of the nose, lips, ears are found in acromegaly. When examining the neck, it is possible to identify changes in its configuration, which is characteristic of a pronounced enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Also, with some diseases, there are some features of the physique of patients. So, with pituitary dwarfism, there is a very short stature(men below 130 cm, women below 120 cm) while maintaining body proportions characteristic of childhood. With gigantism, on the contrary, very high growth - men are above 200 cm, women are above 190 cm.

Often with endocrine pathology, the skin is affected. For example, hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes with increased deposition of melanin in the palmar lines, nipple circumference is observed in chronic adrenal insufficiency. Wide striae of red-violet color on the abdomen and thighs are found in patients with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome. Pale and cold skin is typical for patients with hypothyroidism, hot and with high elasticity in diffuse toxic goiter. A tendency to pustular and fungal skin lesions occurs with diabetes mellitus. Dry skin, brittleness and hair loss occurs with hypothyroidism.

In a number of diseases, changes in normal hair growth are also noted, so the female type occurs in men with eunuchoidism, on the contrary male type in women, it manifests itself with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome.

Even in some diseases, changes in the distribution of the subcutaneous fat layer are often found. For example, with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, there is excessive deposition of fat in the neck, trunk, abdomen and face. Weight loss in patients is observed with hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus. Weight gain occurs quickly with hypothyroidism.

It also changes skeletal system may have bone pain and pathological fractures with hyperparathyroidism.

Palpation is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thyroid disease. Normally, it is usually not palpable. Percussion can reveal retrosternal goiter. And with auscultation of the thyroid gland - diffuse toxic goiter.

Laboratory and instrumental research methods in endocrine diseases.

Methods for determining hormones allow you to determine the amount of a particular hormone, and on the basis of this, draw the appropriate conclusions, these include the radioimmunological method using radioactive material (tritium and iodine 125), non-isotope methods, enzyme immunoassay, fluorescent immunoassay, enhanced luminescence method, electrochemical method immunoanalysis, immunoassay by particle counting, determination of iodine content associated with blood serum proteins, determination of basal metabolism indicators.

A blood test for sugar is used to determine diabetes mellitus.

Radioisotope research methods using iodine 131, and by the absorption of this iodine determine one or another pathology. Scanning allows not only to determine the presence of nodes in thyroid gland but also evaluate their activity. If a malignant lesion of the thyroid gland is suspected, scanning can be combined with thermography.

X-ray examination, you can detect a change in the shape of the Turkish saddle (with pituitary tumors), thickening of the bones of the cranial vault, hands and feet (with acromegaly), osteoporosis of tubular bones and vertebrae (with hyperparathyroidism, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome).

Also widely researched computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of diseases of the endocrine glands.

Ultrasound has been successfully used to detect nodal forms goiter and cysts of the thyroid gland, the diagnosis of diseases of the adrenal glands. Under the control of ultrasound examination, a puncture biopsy of the thyroid gland (its nodes) is also performed, followed by a histological study of the material obtained.

Prevention of diseases of the endocrine glands.

Timely treatment of infectious and diseases of a different nature, which in the future may have negative impact on the endocrine system, reducing the impact of harmful environmental factors (various chemical compounds, radiation), a balanced diet to prevent excess or deficiency of any substances that are necessary for the production of certain hormones.

Here it is also necessary to say about the timely visit to a doctor (endocrinologist) when symptoms characteristic of diseases of the endocrine system appear, so as not to start the disease and “wait” for complications. If a disease occurs, strictly follow the doctor's instructions in treatment for a speedy recovery or, if the disease is lifelong (diabetes mellitus), to improve the quality of life and prevent complications that may occur with this disease.

Diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders:

Thyroid disease
Diabetes
Other disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic endocrine disorders Disorders of other endocrine glands
Malnutrition
Other types of malnutrition
Obesity and other types of overnutrition
Metabolic disorders

In order for a woman's body to remain healthy, hormones must be balanced. When any of them rises or falls significantly, a hormonal imbalance can occur, which can further lead to serious problems and diseases. If you notice unusual symptoms and suspect you have an endocrine disorder, see your doctor as soon as possible to get tested and get the right treatment.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HORMONAL DISORDERS IN WOMEN

Hormonal failure and its effect on the body. How to recognize the signs of the most common hormonal disorders.

Estrogens

Most estrogens are produced in the ovaries, but are also produced in the adrenal glands. These hormones are important for a woman's sexual and reproductive development. Adolescents often have high testosterone levels and lower estradiol levels, but as they get older, testosterone levels decrease and female hormone levels rise.

If a woman's body is present, a hormonal disorder and the so-called estrogen dominance may occur. This condition causes symptoms such as:

Too little estrogen can also lead to hormonal imbalances, irregular or no periods, and even early menopause. The woman in this case may experience menopausal symptoms. Improper production of one estradiol often leads to disruption in the production of other hormones. Conversely, estrogens can go beyond the normal range, for example, due to excessive production of prolactin or low progesterone. Also, the amount of this hormone in the body is affected by some tumors, diseases (for example, cirrhosis of the liver), physical activity and nutrition.

Testosterone

Testosterone stimulates development male characteristics, internal and external reproductive organs necessary for the production of sperm. Normally, a woman should have less of this hormone than a man. high testosterone usually occurs in young children. In women it increased content may be an indicator of a hormonal disorder, including polycystic ovary syndrome. The main features include:

(even as an adult) and oily skin,
on the body and face
strong and baldness,
increase in muscle mass.

Low levels of this hormone are found in women taking oral contraceptives or on a strict diet.

Progesterone

The steroid hormone progesterone plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy for early stages. One of its main tasks is to prepare the endometrium, which lines the internal cavity of the uterus, for possible conception after ovulation. Women with low progesterone levels (luteal phase deficiency) tend to have irregular menstruation and fertility problems.

During pregnancy, a lack of this hormone increases the chance of miscarriage and premature birth. Elevated progesterone also leads to hormonal disorders in women, including uterine bleeding.

Insulin

The hormone insulin is released into the bloodstream by specialized beta cells found in the pancreas. It controls the body's use of carbohydrates and fats from food. Insulin allows cells in the liver, muscles, and fat to absorb sugar from the bloodstream. Glucose can also be converted to fat to provide energy when sugar levels are too low.

If a woman's body becomes insensitive to insulin, the body begins to produce it in increased amount, which subsequently leads to pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Obesity, which is often observed in this case, further worsens the situation. In addition, with problems with insulin, a woman often develops such a hormonal disorder as.

signs high sugar in blood:

intense thirst,
headache,
blurry vision,
frequent urination,
fatigue.

Symptoms low sugar in blood:

Thyroid hormones

Thyroid - small organ, which is located in the front of the neck. It absorbs iodine (iodides) from food products and converts them into thyroid hormones. They, in turn, regulate important features organisms such as respiration, heartbeat, body temperature and weight, muscle strength, menstrual cycle etc.

A hormonal disorder in which women have too much thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and not enough TSH is called hyperthyroidism. It is accompanied by the following symptoms:

anxiety,
hyperactivity,
sweating or high fever
hair loss,
absent or short menstruation.

A hormonal imbalance in which TSH rises and thyroid hormones fall is called hypothyroidism. Its signs include:

Cortisol

Cortisol is steroid hormone formed in the adrenal cortex. Once in the bloodstream, it is carried throughout the body, helping to regulate metabolism. It can act as an anti-inflammatory agent and affect blood pressure.

Cortisol is also known as the stress hormone, as it helps a woman cope with nervous tension by turning off some functions so that the body can direct its energy to deal with stress. A stressful state usually does not harm the body if it lasts for a short time. Chronic stress and increased over a long period, including Cushing's syndrome, which is characterized by the following symptoms:

rapid weight gain in the face, chest and abdomen, while the arms and legs are thin,
red face,
high blood pressure,
osteoporosis,
bruises,
muscle weakness,
mood swings, anxiety and depression,
frequent urination.

Leptin

This hormone is secreted from fat cells and helps regulate body weight. The higher the woman's weight, the more leptin will circulate in the blood. When obese, the levels of this hormone are very high, the brain does not receive a satiety signal, and as a result, a condition known as leptin resistance can occur. A person continues to eat, leptin levels rise, weight increases.

The main signs of a hormonal disorder called leptin resistance are:

obesity, overweight and difficulty in losing it,
constant craving for food.

HORMONAL IMBALANCE IN WOMEN: TREATMENT

How is low estrogen treated?

At reduced estradiol, can be assigned hormonal treatment. Women aged 25 to 50 are usually prescribed high dose estrogen to reduce the risk of loss bone tissue, cardiovascular disease and other hormonal disorders. The actual dose depends on the severity of the condition and the route of administration. Estrogen can be taken:

oral,
outwardly,
vaginally,
through injections.

In some cases, long-term treatment may be required even after estrogen levels return to normal. Lower doses may be prescribed to maintain hormonal balance.

In addition, estrogen treatment may ease the severity of menopausal symptoms and reduce the risk of fractures. Long-term estrogen therapy is primarily recommended for women who are approaching menopause or have undergone a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). In all other cases, estrogen therapy is recommended to continue no more than 1–2 years, as it can potentially increase the risk of cancer, blood clots and stroke.

Elevated estrogen in women

High level female hormones, which is not related to the presence serious illnesses, can be lowered with the help of folk remedies. After consultation with a doctor, a woman may be prescribed DIM, Indole, Zinc Picolinate, Calcium D Glucarate. In addition, it is useful to detoxify the liver, improve bowel function by eating fiber and avoiding processed foods, reduce excess weight and reduce insulin resistance, reduce alcohol consumption and aromatase enzyme activity.

Hormonal imbalance associated with high testosterone

Low doses of glucocorticosteroids such as prednisone or dexamethasone given daily for 2 to 3 months can reduce adrenal androgen production. Glucocorticosteroids reduce acne and may improve fertility, and moderately reduce symptoms in women.

At increased testosterone caused by insulin resistance, as a rule, the drug is prescribed. It helps to lose weight, which also reduces androgen levels and reduces the growth of excess hair.

Oral contraceptives can also lower testosterone levels in women. COCs reduce acne and hirsutism and help prevent alopecia.

Spironolactone - a drug that blocks the action of aldosterone, reduces hair loss. However, this medicine can cause birth defects and should not be taken by women who may become pregnant. Upon admission, such side effects like fatigue, dizziness, headaches and decreased cravings.

With a slight increase in test-ron, lifestyle changes can help. Thus, 55‒65% of women with increased level testosterone are overweight. Reducing body weight as little as 7% can reduce symptoms of hyperandrogenism and improve fertility. Regular exercise also helps to normalize blood glucose levels.

Hormonal disorders with low testosterone

It is rare and requires specialist advice. Doctors sometimes prescribe the drug Estratest, which contains both estrogen and testron. If indicated, women may be prescribed injections or androgel, usually prescribed for men. DHEA supplements may also be prescribed.

All these drugs can be taken only as prescribed by a doctor. Too much increase in testosterone can lead to acne, hirsutism, and infertility.

Low or high progesterone

Low progesterone hormone sometimes causes problems with conception, bleeding and menstrual irregularities. At severe symptoms prog-ron is also often given in combination with estrogen. Treatment may be given as:

cream or gel for topical or vaginal use,
suppositories,
vaginal ring,
oral agents, for example, Provera ("Provera").

Hormone therapy can relieve symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness, as well as reduce the risk of osteoporosis and diabetes. Oral progesterone provides a calming effect, improving sleep.

Folk remedies to increase low level progesterone include:

increased intake of vitamins B and C,
adding to the diet more products with zinc
control of stress levels, since cortisol is released instead of progesterone when stress is high.

The most common cause of high progesterone is associated with the use of drugs with this hormone. If the level of prog-ron in the blood is too high, the doctor may adjust the dose of the drug. Another reason may be excessive production of progesterone by the adrenal glands. Stress raises progesterone levels. In this case, it is recommended to reduce caffeine intake, reduce nervous tension and physical activity (if it is excessive), lower cortisol and check DHEA, change the diet by reducing the intake of refined carbohydrates.

In addition, changes in thyroid function alter progesterone and cortisol levels and affect obesity. At elevated progesterone it is necessary to examine the thyroid gland, measure the content of insulin, leptin, testosterone in the blood.

Insulin and hormonal disorders

Insulin resistance is associated with hormonal disorders, obesity, diabetes, PCOS, and increased blood pressure, high level cholesterol, breast and endometrial cancer, Alzheimer's disease.

To combat insulin resistance, doctors prescribe drugs such as. Additionally, it is recommended to switch to a diet consisting of a small amount of lean meat and other proteins, fiber, grains, and plenty of vegetables and legumes, leafy greens, and fruits. Regular half-hour exercise 3-5 times a week helps to regulate metabolic function and maintain hormonal balance.

Hormonal disorders associated with the thyroid gland

The standard treatment for hypothyroidism is replacement therapy such as levothyroxine, which is taken by mouth to replace the missing thyroid hormone. Treatment is usually long.

Hyperthyroidism can be treated with iodine (including radioactive iodine), antithyroid drugs, or surgery. Radioactive iodine can destroy part of the thyroid gland. This may be enough to control hyperthyroidism. In at least 80% of cases, one dose radioactive iodine can cure hyperthyroidism.

Cortisol and hormonal imbalance

When cortisol is low or high, stress reduction is recommended, including reducing exposure to chemical and biochemical stressors, such as avoiding excess sugar and processed foods. For minor abnormalities, natural supplements with ashwagandha and fish oil. For severe violations, specialist advice is required.

The role of leptin in hormonal disorders

For obesity and leptin resistance, it is recommended to avoid processed foods that disrupt the intestines and cause inflammation in the body, consume soluble fiber and protein, and lower blood triglycerides if they are elevated. Physical activity And proper sleep also improve leptin sensitivity.

The cause of many pathologies on the part of the reproductive organs is hormonal disbalance. It is the very trigger that triggers avalanche-like changes that lead to diseases of organs and systems. Consider what a hormonal failure is, what are its symptoms and signs.

The endocrine system is responsible for the production and regulation of hormones. The endocrine system includes a number of endocrine glands:

epiphysis,
Pituitary,
Thyroid,
Thymus gland (thymus),
Adrenals,
Pancreas,
Sex glands (ovaries in women, testicles in men).

The hormones that are produced by these glands enter the bloodstream and allow all organs and systems to work as one well-coordinated mechanism. The endocrine system is also responsible for the adaptation of the body to changing conditions of life, both external (environment) and internal (stress, illness, etc.). It is in constant interaction with the nervous and immune systems.

Due to the well-coordinated work of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries system, cyclic changes occur in the female body. The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropic releasing hormones, which activate the pituitary gland to produce gonadotropic hormones.

That, in turn, makes the ovaries work. They secrete female sex hormones: estrogens (estriol, estrone, estradiol), progestogen (progesterone), androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione). All these hormones act directly on the uterus and are involved in metabolic processes. In the future, the ovaries send a signal back to the pituitary gland.

Each of the above hormones has a specific effect on the body. Estrogens regulate the functioning of the ovaries, genital organs, and affect the mammary glands. They increase the tone of the vaginal muscles, sensitivity nerve endings and the production of mucous secretions in the vagina.

Hormones of the estrogen group stimulate the growth of the endometrium (the mucous layer of the uterus), participate in carbohydrate and mineral exchanges. The level of estrogen also affects the hematopoietic system, increasing the tone vascular wall and affecting blood clotting.

The presence of this hormone determines appearance women: the location of the subcutaneous fat according to the female type, the development of the mammary glands, the condition of the skin, hair and nails.

Gestagens act on the ovaries, reproductive organs and mammary glands. Their effect on the body begins after the work of estrogen. The main function of the progestogen is to regulate the process of conception.

Under the influence of this group of hormones, the fertilization of the egg occurs, its passage through fallopian tubes, fixation and development in the uterine cavity. Progesterone also has an effect on the pituitary gland, forcing it to produce its own hormones (FSH, LH).

Although androgens are considered male sex hormones, the female body also needs them (in moderation). They control the development of the female genital organs. And during pregnancy, they contribute to the formation of the sex of the child.

The thyroid gland produces thyroxine thyroid-stimulating hormone, calcitonin. The sphere of influence of these hormones is simply huge. They participate in almost all metabolic processes, regulate the growth and formation of all organs and systems. Render big influence to the central nervous system.

Thyroid hormones are also important in reproductive function. female body. Thyroid hormones provide significant influence on the concentration of female sex hormones during maturation, the ability to endure pregnancy. The activity of the thyroid gland is regulated by the pituitary gland.

The pancreas produces glucagon and insulin. The main function of the pancreas can be called the ability to regulate the concentration of glucose. However, this is what allows you to control the biochemical balance of the blood.

Hormones produced in the pancreas are involved in hematopoiesis, control blood flow in the kidneys, activate metabolism, and normalize the digestive system.

What is a hormonal imbalance? Hormonal failure is all kinds of violations in the coordinated work of the endocrine system. This situation is based on dysfunction (disturbance in work) of the endocrine glands, hypofunction (a small amount of hormones is produced) and hyperfunction (produced a large number of hormones).

Causes

Disruption of work in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries system provokes hormonal failure in the woman's body. Abundant or scanty menstruation occurs, endometrial hyperplasia, fibroids and cysts appear, spontaneous abortion and much more.

In addition, hormonal imbalance can occur under the influence of impaired work of other endocrine glands. These include a variety of diseases of the thyroid and pancreas (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, etc.).

However, changes in hormone levels are not always a pathology. For example, in adolescence and menopausal age in the fair sex, the level of hormones gradually changes.

In the first case, this situation is provoked by physiological maturation. In girls, breasts, secondary sexual characteristics (hair growth, etc.) are formed, the menstrual cycle is established. Hormonal balance gradually normalizes. But we must remember that hormonal failure in girls is also possible.

Who to contact? Gynecological pathologies in combination with hormonal imbalance are dealt with by a gynecologist-endocrinologist. In cases where there is no such specialist in a medical institution, you need to contact a regular gynecologist. If after examination they are confirmed endocrine pathologies, then the gynecologist will give a direction to the endocrinologist.

How to survive a hormonal failure? First you need to calm down. This situation is successfully treated. It is necessary to carefully and scrupulously follow all the recommendations of the attending physician. During the treatment period, you can alleviate the condition and significantly speed up recovery if you adjust the diet and systematize the rhythm of life. Also, proper nutrition will help you lose weight.

From the diet it is necessary to remove fatty, fried, sweet. The ban includes alcohol (exception only for wine, in moderation), sweet carbonated drinks, smoking. Strong black tea and coffee for the entire period of treatment are banned.

In the daily menu you need to enter following products supply:

Kashi.
Fresh vegetables and herbs.
White and red lean meats.
Fish and seafood.
Nuts, berries and fruits.
Dairy products (cottage cheese, kefir, curdled milk, natural yogurt, cheeses).

All these products and the trace elements contained in them, coarse fiber and proteins are vital for the female body. They will help reduce the manifestation of hormonal failure, eliminate vitamin deficiency and lack of trace elements. Strengthen the microflora of the intestines and vagina, thus strengthening the immune system.

Walking on fresh air, swimming and light gymnastics will continue to help restore balance. A deep sleep, at least 8 hours a day, will calm the nervous system.

Important: the appearance of symptoms that speak of hormonal imbalance you need to contact a specialist. Self-treatment in this case can only increase the manifestations of the failure! Qualified specialist will be able to find the cause and prescribe a proper treatment.