Functions. Blood groups are genetically inherited characteristics that do not change during life under natural conditions. A blood group is a specific combination of surface antigens of erythrocytes (agglutinogens) of the ABO system. Determination of group membership is widely used in clinical practice during transfusion of blood and its components, in gynecology and obstetrics when planning and managing pregnancy. The AB0 blood group system is the main system that determines the compatibility and incompatibility of transfused blood, because its constituent antigens are the most immunogenic. A feature of the AB0 system is that in the plasma of non-immune people there are natural antibodies to an antigen that is absent on red blood cells. The AB0 blood group system consists of two group erythrocyte agglutinogens (A and B) and two corresponding antibodies - plasma agglutinins alpha (anti-A) and beta (anti-B). Various combinations antigens and antibodies form 4 blood groups:

• Group 0(I) - there are no group agglutinogens on red blood cells, agglutinins alpha and beta are present in the plasma.
• Group A (II) - red blood cells contain only agglutinogen A, agglutinin beta is present in the plasma;
• Group B (III) - red blood cells contain only agglutinogen B, plasma contains agglutinin alpha;
• Group AB (IV) - antigens A and B are present on red blood cells, plasma does not contain agglutinins.

Determination of blood groups is carried out by identifying specific antigens and antibodies (double method, or cross reaction).

Blood incompatibility is observed if the red blood cells of one blood carry agglutinogens (A or B), and the plasma of another blood contains the corresponding agglutinins (alpha or beta), and an agglutination reaction occurs.

Transfusion of red blood cells, plasma and especially whole blood from a donor to a recipient must be strictly observed in group compatibility. To avoid incompatibility between the blood of the donor and the recipient, it is necessary to accurately determine their blood groups using laboratory methods. It is best to transfuse blood, red blood cells and plasma of the same group as determined for the recipient. IN in case of emergency group 0 red blood cells (but not whole blood!) can be transfused into recipients with other blood groups; Group A red blood cells can be transfused into recipients with blood group A and AB, and red blood cells from a group B donor can be transfused into group B and AB recipients.

Blood group compatibility cards (agglutination is indicated by a + sign):

Donor blood	Recipient's blood

Donor's red blood cells	Recipient's blood

Group agglutinogens are found in the stroma and membrane of erythrocytes. Antigens of the ABO system are detected not only on red blood cells, but also on cells of other tissues or can even be dissolved in saliva and other body fluids. They develop on early stages intrauterine development, and in the newborn are already present in significant quantities. The blood of newborn children has age-related characteristics - characteristic group agglutinins may not yet be present in the plasma, which begin to be produced later (constantly detected after 10 months) and the determination of the blood group in newborns in this case is carried out only by the presence of antigens of the ABO system.

In addition to situations involving the need for blood transfusion, determination of blood type, Rh factor, and the presence of alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies should be carried out during planning or during pregnancy to identify the likelihood of an immunological conflict between mother and child, which can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hemolytic jaundice of newborns, caused by an immunological conflict between mother and fetus due to incompatibility of erythrocyte antigens. The disease is caused by incompatibility of the fetus and mother for D-Rhesus or ABO antigens, less often there is incompatibility for other Rhesus (C, E, c, d, e) or M-, M-, Kell-, Duffy-, Kidd- antigens. Any of these antigens (usually D-Rh antigen), penetrating into the blood of a Rh-negative mother, causes the formation of specific antibodies in her body. The latter enter the fetal blood through the placenta, where they destroy the corresponding antigen-containing red blood cells. Impaired placental permeability predisposes to the development of hemolytic disease of newborns, repeat pregnancies and blood transfusion to a woman without taking into account the Rh factor, etc. When early manifestation diseases, immunological conflict can cause premature birth or miscarriages.

There are varieties (weak variants) of antigen A (to a greater extent) and less frequently of antigen B. As for antigen A, there are options: “strong” A1 (more than 80%), weak A2 (less than 20%), and even weaker ones (A3 , A4, Ah - rarely). This theoretical concept is important for blood transfusion and can cause accidents when assigning donor A2 (II) to group 0 (I) or donor A2B (IV) to group B (III), since the weak form of antigen A sometimes causes errors in the determination blood groups of the ABO system. Correct identification of weak A antigen variants may require repeated testing with specific reagents.

Decrease or complete absence natural agglutinins alpha and beta are sometimes noted in immunodeficiency states:

• neoplasms and blood diseases - Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphatic leukemia;
• congenital hypo- and agammaglobulinemia;
• in children early age and in the elderly;
• immunosuppressive therapy;
• severe infections.

Difficulties in determining the blood group due to suppression of the hemagglutination reaction also arise after the introduction of plasma substitutes, blood transfusion, transplantation, septicemia, etc.

Inheritance of blood groups

The laws of inheritance of blood groups are based on the following concepts. There are three possible variants (alleles) at the ABO gene locus - 0, A and B, which are expressed in an autosomal codominant manner. This means that individuals who have inherited genes A and B express the products of both of these genes, resulting in the AB (IV) phenotype. Phenotype A (II) can be present in a person who has inherited from parents either two genes A, or genes A and 0. Accordingly, phenotype B (III) - when inheriting either two genes B, or B and 0. Phenotype 0 (I) appears when inheritance of two genes 0. Thus, if both parents have blood group II (genotypes AA or A0), one of their children may have the first group (genotype 00). If one of the parents has blood type A(II) with a possible genotype AA and A0, and the other has B(III) with a possible genotype BB or B0, children can have blood groups 0(I), A(II), B(III) ) or AB (!V).

• Hemolytic disease of newborns (detection of incompatibility between the blood of mother and fetus according to the AB0 system);
• Preoperative preparation;
• Pregnancy (preparation and follow-up of pregnant women with negative Rh factor)

Preparation for the study: not required

If necessary (detection of the A2 subtype), additional testing is carried out using specific reagents.

Execution time: 1 day

Research result:

• 0 (I) - first group,
• A (II) - second group,
• B (III) - third group,
• AB (IV) - fourth blood group.

When subtypes (weak variants) of group antigens are identified, the result is given with an appropriate comment, for example, “a weakened variant A2 has been identified, individual selection of blood is required.”

Rh factor Rh

The main surface erythrocyte antigen of the Rh system, by which a person’s Rh status is assessed.

Functions. Rh antigen is one of the erythrocyte antigens of the Rh system, located on the surface of erythrocytes. There are 5 main antigens in the Rh system. The main (most immunogenic) antigen is Rh (D), which is usually referred to as the Rh factor. The red blood cells of approximately 85% of people carry this protein, so they are classified as Rh positive (positive). 15% of people do not have it and are Rh negative (Rh negative). The presence of the Rh factor does not depend on group membership according to the AB0 system, does not change throughout life, does not depend on external reasons. It appears in the early stages of intrauterine development, and is already found in a significant amount in the newborn. Determination of Rh blood is used in general clinical practice during transfusion of blood and its components, as well as in gynecology and obstetrics when planning and managing pregnancy.

Incompatibility of blood according to the Rh factor (Rh conflict) during blood transfusion is observed if the donor's red blood cells carry Rh agglutinogen, and the recipient is Rh negative. In this case, the Rh-negative recipient begins to produce antibodies directed against the Rh antigen, leading to the destruction of red blood cells. Transfusions of red blood cells, plasma, and especially whole blood from a donor to a recipient must strictly observe compatibility not only by blood type, but also by Rh factor. The presence and titer of antibodies to the Rh factor and other alloimmune antibodies already present in the blood can be determined by specifying the “anti-Rh (titer)” test.

Determination of blood type, Rh factor, and the presence of alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies should be carried out when planning or during pregnancy to identify the likelihood of an immunological conflict between mother and child, which can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. The occurrence of Rh conflict and the development of hemolytic disease of newborns is possible if the pregnant woman is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. If the mother is Rh + and the fetus is Rh negative, there is no danger of hemolytic disease for the fetus.

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborns- hemolytic jaundice of newborns, caused by an immunological conflict between mother and fetus due to incompatibility of erythrocyte antigens. The disease can be caused by incompatibility of the fetus and mother for D-Rhesus or ABO antigens, less often there is incompatibility for other Rhesus (C, E, c, d, e) or M-, N-, Kell-, Duffy-, Kidd antigens (according to statistics, 98% of cases of hemolytic disease of newborns are associated with D - Rh antigen). Any of these antigens, penetrating into the blood of a Rh-negative mother, causes the formation of specific antibodies in her body. The latter enter the fetal blood through the placenta, where they destroy the corresponding antigen-containing red blood cells. Predisposition to the development of hemolytic disease of newborns is impaired placental permeability, repeated pregnancies and blood transfusions to a woman without taking into account the Rh factor, etc. With early manifestations of the disease, an immunological conflict can cause premature birth or repeated miscarriages.

Currently, there is a possibility of medical prevention of the development of Rh conflict and hemolytic disease of newborns. All Rh-negative women during pregnancy should be under medical supervision. It is also necessary to monitor the level of Rh antibodies over time.

There is a small category of Rh-positive individuals who are able to form anti-Rh antibodies. These are individuals whose red blood cells are characterized by significantly reduced expression of the normal Rh antigen on the membrane (“weak” D, Dweak) or expression of an altered Rh antigen (partial D, Dpartial). In laboratory practice, these weak variants of the D antigen are combined into the Du group, the frequency of which is about 1%.

Recipients containing Du antigen should be classified as Rh-negative and should be transfused only with Rh-negative blood, since normal D antigen can cause an immune response in such individuals. Donors with the Du antigen qualify as Rh-positive donors, since transfusion of their blood can cause an immune response in Rh-negative recipients, and in the case of previous sensitization to the D antigen, severe transfusion reactions.

Inheritance of the Rh blood factor.

The laws of inheritance are based on the following concepts. The gene encoding the Rh factor D (Rh) is dominant, the allelic gene d is recessive (Rh-positive people can have the DD or Dd genotype, Rh-negative people can only have the dd genotype). A person receives 1 gene from each parent - D or d, and thus has 3 genotype options - DD, Dd or dd. In the first two cases (DD and Dd), a blood test for Rh factor will give a positive result. Only with the dd genotype will a person have Rh negative blood.

Let's consider some variants of the combination of genes that determine the presence of the Rh factor in parents and children

• 1) The father is Rh positive (homozygote, genotype DD), the mother is Rh negative (genotype dd). In this case, all children will be Rh positive (100% probability).
• 2) The father is Rh positive (heterozygote, genotype Dd), the mother is Rh negative (genotype dd). In this case, the probability of having a child with negative or positive Rh is the same and equal to 50%.
• 3) The father and mother are heterozygotes for this gene (Dd), both are Rh positive. In this case, it is possible (with a probability of about 25%) to give birth to a child with negative Rh.

Indications for the purpose of analysis:

• Determination of transfusion compatibility;
• Hemolytic disease of newborns (detection of incompatibility between the blood of mother and fetus according to the Rh factor);
• Preoperative preparation;
• Pregnancy (prevention of Rh conflict).

Preparation for the study: not required.

Material for research: whole blood (with EDTA)

Determination method: Filtration of blood samples through a gel impregnated with monoclonal reagents - agglutination + gel filtration (cards, crossover method).

Execution time: 1 day

Interpretation of results:

The result is given in the form:
Rh + positive Rh - negative
When weak subtypes of antigen D (Du) are detected, a comment is issued: “a weak Rh antigen (Du) has been detected, it is recommended to transfuse Rh-negative blood if necessary.”

Anti-Rh (alloimmune antibodies to the Rh factor and other erythrocyte antigens)

Antibodies to the clinically most important erythrocyte antigens, primarily the Rh factor, indicating the body's sensitization to these antigens.

Functions. Rh antibodies belong to the so-called alloimmune antibodies. Alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies (to the Rh factor or other erythrocyte antigens) appear in the blood under special conditions - after a transfusion of immunologically incompatible donor blood or during pregnancy, when fetal red blood cells carrying paternal antigens that are immunologically foreign to the mother penetrate through the placenta into the woman’s blood. Non-immune Rh-negative people do not have antibodies to the Rh factor. In the Rh system, there are 5 main antigens, the main (most immunogenic) is antigen D (Rh), which is usually referred to as the Rh factor. In addition to the Rh system antigens, there are a number of clinically important erythrocyte antigens to which sensitization may occur, causing complications during blood transfusion. The method of screening blood for the presence of alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies, used in INVITRO, allows, in addition to antibodies to the Rh factor RH1(D), to detect alloimmune antibodies to other erythrocyte antigens in the test serum.

The gene encoding the Rh factor D (Rh) is dominant, the allelic gene d is recessive (Rh-positive people can have the DD or Dd genotype, Rh-negative people can only have the dd genotype). During pregnancy of an Rh-negative woman, Rh- positive fruit the development of an immunological conflict between mother and fetus due to the Rh factor is possible. Rh conflict can lead to miscarriage or the development of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborns. Therefore, determination of blood type, Rh factor, as well as the presence of alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies should be carried out when planning or during pregnancy to identify the likelihood of an immunological conflict between mother and child. The occurrence of Rh conflict and the development of hemolytic disease of newborns is possible if the pregnant woman is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. If the mother has a positive Rh antigen and the fetus is negative, a conflict regarding the Rh factor does not develop. The incidence of Rh incompatibility is 1 case per 200-250 births.

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborns is hemolytic jaundice of newborns, caused by an immunological conflict between mother and fetus due to incompatibility of erythrocyte antigens. The disease is caused by incompatibility of the fetus and mother for D-Rhesus or ABO (group) antigens, less often there is incompatibility for other Rhesus (C, E, c, d, e) or M-, M-, Kell-, Duffy- , Kidd antigens. Any of these antigens (usually D-Rh antigen), penetrating into the blood of a Rh-negative mother, causes the formation of specific antibodies in her body. The penetration of antigens into the maternal bloodstream is facilitated by infectious factors that increase the permeability of the placenta, minor injuries, hemorrhages and other damage to the placenta. The latter enter the fetal blood through the placenta, where they destroy the corresponding antigen-containing red blood cells. Predisposition to the development of hemolytic disease of newborns is impaired placental permeability, repeated pregnancies and blood transfusions to a woman without taking into account the Rh factor, etc. With early manifestations of the disease, an immunological conflict can cause premature birth or miscarriages.

During the first pregnancy with a Rh-positive fetus, a pregnant woman with Rh "-" has a 10-15% risk of developing a Rh conflict. The first meeting of the mother's body with a foreign antigen occurs, the accumulation of antibodies occurs gradually, starting from approximately 7-8 weeks of pregnancy. The risk of incompatibility increases with each subsequent pregnancy with a Rh-positive fetus, regardless of how it ended (induced abortion, miscarriage or childbirth, surgery for ectopic pregnancy), with bleeding during the first pregnancy, with manual separation placenta, as well as if childbirth is carried out by caesarean section or accompanied by significant blood loss. during transfusion Rh positive blood(in the event that they were carried out even in childhood). If a subsequent pregnancy develops with an Rh-negative fetus, incompatibility does not develop.

All pregnant women with Rh "-" are placed on special registration in the antenatal clinic and dynamic monitoring of the level of Rh antibodies is carried out. For the first time, an antibody test must be taken from the 8th to the 20th week of pregnancy, and then periodically check the antibody titer: once a month until the 30th week of pregnancy, twice a month until the 36th week and once a week until the 36th week. Termination of pregnancy at less than 6-7 weeks may not lead to the formation of Rh antibodies in the mother. In this case, during a subsequent pregnancy, if the fetus has Rh positive-factor, the probability of developing immunological incompatibility will again be 10-15%.

Testing for alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies is also important for general preoperative preparation, especially for people who have previously had a blood transfusion.

Indications for the purpose of analysis:

• Pregnancy (prevention of Rh conflict);
• Monitoring of pregnant women with negative Rh factor;
• Miscarriage;
• Hemolytic disease of newborns;
• Preparation for blood transfusion.

Preparation for the study: not required.
Material for research: whole blood (with EDTA)

Determination method: agglutination + gel filtration method (cards). Incubation of standard typed erythrocytes with the test serum and filtration by centrifugation of the mixture through a gel impregnated with a polyspecific antiglobilin reagent. Agglutinated red blood cells are detected on the surface of the gel or in its thickness.

The method uses suspensions of erythrocytes from group 0(1) donors, typed according to erythrocyte antigens RH1(D), RH2(C), RH8(Cw), RH3(E), RH4(c), RH5(e), KEL1( K), KEL2(k), FY1(Fy a) FY2(Fy b), JK (Jk a), JK2(Jk b), LU1 (Lu a), LU2 (LU b), LE1 (LE a), LE2 (LE b), MNS1(M), MNS2 (N), MNS3 (S), MNS4(s), P1 (P).

Execution time: 1 day

When alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies are detected, their semi-quantitative determination is carried out.
The result is given in titers (the maximum dilution of the serum at which a positive result is still detected).

Units of measurement and conversion factors: U/ml

Reference values: negative.

Positive result: Sensitization to Rh antigen or other erythrocyte antigens.

Scientists have found that character traits are transmitted through blood vessels

Photo: GLOBAL LOOK PRESS

Change text size: A A

"Ketsu-eki-gata"

If we in Russia are asked: “What is your zodiac sign?” - then in Japan - “What is your blood type?” According to the Japanese, blood largely determines character and individual characteristics human than distant stars. Carrying out tests and recording blood type is called “ketsu-eki-gata” here and is taken very seriously.

HR managers use “ketsu-eki-gata” when hiring employees, marketing specialists use it to predict demand for intended products, and most people use it to choose friends and life partners. Devices that perform express analysis of blood group “by blood spot” are often found at train stations, department stores, and restaurants. In Japan, and recently in the United States, there are even organizations called the AB0 Society, created to help individuals and business executives make the right decisions based on blood characteristics.

It is possible that such services may appear in Russia, says psychotherapist, senior researcher at the Human Health Research Center Alexander Sherman. - It’s no secret that today in many commercial structures in the personnel department there are freelance astrologers and palmists who tell bosses what kind of person to hire and for what position, where he could reveal all his talents. Therefore, in addition to a personal astrological (natal) chart and palm prints, you may soon have to give your employer a drop of blood.

We are all brothers and sisters

But how can blood type influence character? Many scientists believe that this is due to an evolutionary process during which, based on changing climatic conditions and lifestyles, blood transformed its qualities.

Blood type is older than race and has more fundamental properties than ethnicity, says Dr. Sherman. - It is not the result of “trial and error” genetic development, which is a sequence of accidents. Each of the blood groups was an evolutionary-logical response to a series of various changes occurring with the planet and “homo sapiens” over thousands of years. Thus, early racial changes began in a world that was almost entirely inhabited by people of group 0 (I). However, this division into races, associated with human adaptation to a previously unfamiliar diet, environment, and climate, was also part of the driving force of evolution, which ultimately led to the emergence of other blood groups.

Some anthropologists generally believe that dividing humanity into races is too simple. They say that blood type is a much more important indicator of individuality than race. In fact, an African and an Indo-European with group A (II) can exchange organs or blood, have the same habits, digestive functions and immune structures. But for an African with group A (II) and an African with group B (III), for example, such coincidences are very rare.

Our ancestors left each of us a special legacy, the outlines of which are “imprinted” into our blood group, says Alexander Nikolaevich. - And it is constantly present in the nucleus of every cell in the body. And people with the same blood type have much more in common than we ever imagined. Perhaps many of us are actually brothers and sisters. By blood.

HELP "KP"

What is the AB0 system

In 1891, Australian scientist Karl Landsteiner conducted research on erythrocytes - red blood cells. And I discovered an interesting pattern: in some people they differ in sets of antigens - substances that cause immune reaction and the formation of antibodies. The scientist designated the found antigens with the letters A and B. Some have only antigens A, others only B. And still others have neither A nor B. Thus, the research of Karl Landsteiner divided all of humanity into three parts, in accordance with the properties of the blood : Group I (aka 0) - there are neither A nor B antigens; Group II - there is A; III - with antigen B.

In 1902, researcher Decastello described the fourth group (antigens A and B are found on red blood cells). The discovery of two scientists was called the AB0 system. Blood transfusion is based on it.

People with the first blood group 0(I) are universal donors, since their blood, taking into account the ABO system, can be transfused to persons with any blood group. Holders of the fourth blood group AB (IV) - like Jesus Christ - belong to the category of universal recipients - they can be transfused with blood of any group.

However, now doctors are striving to transfuse a person with an identical blood type. This rule is deviated from only in extreme cases.

SKEPTIC'S OPINION

Can a "type 0" be president?

Candidate of Psychological Sciences Alexey PRONIN:

All attempts to classify people look a little sinister. If you say: “Type A is such and such” or “Type B is that,” then sooner or later you will inevitably hear a statement like: “Type AB is better than all the others” or “Only type 0 can be president.” Thus, caste division may prevail. By the way, it is highly developed in Japan. For example, this can be seen in recruitment advertisements, when some company announces that it is looking for a person for a vacant management position ONLY with blood type B. And if we elect the president of the country this way, will this lead to anything good?

What else can you find out about yourself?

(Compiled by Japanese scientist Poshitake Nomi and American naturopathic doctor Peter D'Adamo)

Blood type

0 (I) "Hunter"; 40 to 50% of all people have it

Origin

The oldest and most widespread appeared 40,000 years ago. The ancestors led the lifestyle of hunters and gatherers. They took what nature gave them today and did not care about the future. Defending their interests, they were able to crush anyone, regardless of who he was - friend or enemy. The immune system is strong and resilient.

Character qualities

These people have strong character. They are determined and self-confident. Their motto is: “Fight and search, find and don’t give up.” Excessively mobile, unbalanced and excitable. They painfully endure any, even the most fair, criticism. They want others to understand them perfectly and immediately carry out their orders.

MEN are very skilled in love. They are most turned on by unavailable women.

WOMEN are greedy for sex, but very jealous.

Adviсe

Try to get rid of narcissism and arrogance: this can seriously interfere with achieving your goals. Stop fussing and rushing things. Remember that a person who strives to achieve his goal at any cost, who is indomitably striving for power, dooms himself to loneliness.

Blood type

A (II) “Farmer”; 30 - 40% have it

Origin

Generated by the first forced migrations of the population, it appeared when the need arose to switch to eating agricultural products and accordingly change the way of life. Appeared between 25,000 and 15,000 BC. Each individual was required to be able to get along, get along, and cooperate with others within a densely populated community.

Character qualities

They are very sociable and easily adapt to any environment, so events such as changing their place of residence or work are not stressful for them. But sometimes they show stubbornness and an inability to relax. Very vulnerable, hard to bear insults and grief.

MEN are shy. Romantics at heart, they express their love with their eyes. They love to feel maternal care, and therefore often choose women older than themselves.

WOMEN are shy too. They make excellent wives - loving and devoted.

Adviсe

Don't aspire to leadership positions. But try to find like-minded people so that they support your interests. Don't relieve stress with alcohol, otherwise you will become addicted. And don't eat a lot of fatty foods, especially at night.

Blood type

In (III) "Nomad"; 10 - 20% have it

Origin

It appeared as a result of the merging of populations and adaptation to new climatic conditions more than 10,000 years ago. It represents nature's desire to establish a balance between enhanced mental activity and demands of the immune system.

Character qualities

They are open and optimistic. Comfort does not appeal to them, and everything familiar and ordinary brings boredom. They are drawn to adventure, and therefore they will never miss an opportunity to change something in their lives. Ascetics by nature. They prefer not to depend on anyone. They do not tolerate unfair treatment: if the boss yells, they will immediately leave work.

MEN are true Don Juans: they know how to beautifully look after women and seduce.

WOMEN are very extravagant. They can quickly win a man’s heart, but they are afraid to marry them, not believing that they are capable of a reverent attitude towards the family hearth. And completely in vain! Over time, they become good housewives and faithful wives.

Adviсe

Think about it: maybe individualism is your weakness? If there are no people close to you in spirit around you, then this is the result of your independence. The reputation of a “womanizer” or “whore” only masks the fear of love. The wives of such people have to get used to cheating, because in all other respects they are good family men.

Blood type

AB (IV) “Riddle”; only 5% of people have it

Origin

It appeared unexpectedly about a thousand years ago, not as a result of adaptation to changing living conditions, like other blood groups, but as a result of the mixing of Indo-Europeans and Mongoloids.

Character qualities

People of this type love to boast that Jesus Christ had type AB blood. The proof, they say, is the analysis of blood found on the Shroud of Turin. Whether this is true has not yet been proven. But, in any case, people with the fourth blood group are quite rare. They are distinguished by a soft and meek disposition. Always ready to listen and understand others. They can be called spiritual natures and multifaceted personalities.

MEN are attracted by their intelligence and originality. Very sexy. But their desire to make love day and night does not mean that they are filled with deep feelings.

WOMEN also have sexual attractiveness, but they are very demanding in choosing men. And it won’t be easy for her chosen one, because she requires a lot of attention.

Adviсe

You have a significant drawback: you are very indecisive. Perhaps this is partly the reason for your lack of conflict: you are afraid of ruining your relationship with someone. But you are in constant internal conflict with yourself, and your self-esteem suffers greatly from this.

BY THE WAY

Your likelihood of dementia and early aging depends on your blood type

Study finds blood types play a role important role in the development of the human nervous system. This means they can also influence the development of cognitive impairment [check yourself].

TESTED FOR YOURSELF

How I lost weight based on blood type

What would it be like to eat to avoid gaining weight? This question plagues millions of women. The KP correspondent also wondered about it and decided to try a blood type diet. Under new system nutrition, the body was rebuilt in 2 months ().

The first blood group is recognized by scientists as the most ancient. This is exactly what our ancestors possessed. It gave rise to all other blood groups. It is also the most common. Approximately 33% of the world's population has the first blood group. She has both strong and weak sides. People with the first blood group usually have an excellent digestive system and no problems with the immune system. Weak side is difficult adaptation to any changes in nutrition. Also, people with the blood type in question do not tolerate instability well environment. Another disadvantage is that the immune system can become overactive, leading to allergies.

If a person has blood type O, he is predisposed to poor blood clotting and hypertrophied stomach acidity, which can cause ulcers. Various inflammations may also occur, allergic reactions.

If you have the first blood type, it means that you are In an extreme situation, it can save someone's life. Your blood can be transfused to people with any group. Of course, this is also to your advantage. However, if you have blood type O, transfusion becomes more difficult. Why? Rhesus should be the same, and approximately 15% of the planet's population has a negative variant.

You found out that you have the first blood group. What else can you take away from this information? Many people believe that blood type determines a person’s character. This is not strictly scientific data, but it often coincides with reality. A person with the first blood group is physically strong and unusually resilient. By nature, he is a born leader: charismatic, self-confident, stubborn. Such a person is distinguished by amazing determination. Having set himself any task, he achieves it, no matter what. He tries to make his activities as productive as possible and always strive for the best results. A person with the blood type in question may become overly tough in certain situations. Such characteristics are not at all surprising, because primitive people who had exactly this blood type had to survive in the most difficult environmental conditions.

You can also find out dietary recommendations, which are shown to you personally. The first blood type (Rh positive and negative) in a person means that a diet rich in high protein foods is ideal for him. Meat (with the exception of pork), various seafood, and fish are especially recommended. You should add fruits (non-acidic) and any vegetables to your daily menu. You need to limit yourself to cereals (wheat, oatmeal). However, this does not apply to legumes and buckwheat. It is not recommended to eat corn and its derivatives, cabbage (with the exception of broccoli), ketchup and various marinades.

Herbal teas are indicated for you. Drinks made from mint, rose hips, linden, ginger, licorice, and cayenne pepper are especially good. Any strong alcohol, strawberry leaf, coffee, St. John's wort, aloe should be excluded.

Do you want to lose weight and improve your body? For a person with the blood type in question, the most active sports are recommended: swimming, aerobics, running, skiing. Combine regular physical exercise and proper nutrition. Excellent results will be noticeable very soon.

If you have a bad one, which is quite typical for a person with the first group, add liver, eggs, greens, algae, and salads to your daily diet. Also be careful when taking aspirin, as it thins the blood.

Blood type (AB0): essence, definition in a child, compatibility, what does it affect?

Some life situations(upcoming surgery, pregnancy, desire to become a donor, etc.) require an analysis, which we used to call simply: “blood type”. Meanwhile, in the broad understanding of this term, there is some inaccuracy here, since most of us mean the well-known erythrocyte AB0 system, described in 1901 by Landsteiner, but do not know about it and therefore say “blood test for group”, thus separating another important system.

Karl Landsteiner, awarded for this discovery Nobel Prize, throughout his life he continued to work on the search for other antigens located on the surface of red blood cells, and in 1940 the world learned about the existence of the Rhesus system, which ranks second in importance. In addition, scientists in 1927 found protein substances isolated in the erythrocyte systems - MNs and Pp. At that time, this was a huge breakthrough in medicine, because people suspected that it could lead to the death of the body, and that someone else’s blood could save a life, so they attempted to transfuse it from animals to humans and from humans to humans. Unfortunately, success did not always come, but science has confidently moved forward to the present day We only talk about blood group out of habit, meaning the AB0 system.

What is a blood type and how did it become known?

Determination of blood group is based on the classification of genetically determined individually specific proteins of all tissues human body. These organ-specific protein structures are called antigens(alloantigens, isoantigens), but they should not be confused with antigens specific to certain pathological formations(tumors) or proteins that cause infections entering the body from the outside.

The antigenic set of tissues (and blood, of course), given from birth, determines the biological individuality of a particular individual, which can be a person, any animal, or a microorganism, that is, isoantigens characterize group-specific characteristics that make it possible to distinguish these individuals within their species.

The alloantigenic properties of our tissues began to be studied by Karl Landsteiner, who mixed the blood (erythrocytes) of people with the sera of other people and noticed that in some cases, red blood cells stick together (agglutination), while in others the color remains homogeneous. True, at first the scientist found 3 groups (A, B, C), 4 blood group (AB) was discovered later by the Czech Jan Jansky. In 1915, the first standard serums containing specific antibodies(agglutinins), which determine group affiliation. In Russia, the blood group according to the AB0 system began to be determined in 1919, but digital designations (1, 2, 3, 4) were introduced into practice in 1921, and a little later they began to use alphanumeric nomenclature, where antigens were designated with Latin letters(A and B), and antibodies - Greek (α and β).

It turns out there are so many of them...

To date, immunohematology has been replenished with more than 250 antigens located on erythrocytes. The main erythrocyte antigen systems include:

These systems, in addition to transfusiology (blood transfusion), where the main role still belongs to AB0 and Rh, most often remind of themselves in obstetric practice(miscarriages, stillbirths, birth of children with severe hemolytic disease), however, it is not always possible to determine erythrocyte antigens of many systems (except AB0, Rh), which is due to the lack of typing sera, the production of which requires large material and labor costs. Thus, when we talk about blood groups 1, 2, 3, 4, we mean the main antigenic system of erythrocytes, called the AB0 system.

Table: possible combinations of AB0 and Rh (blood groups and Rh factors)

In addition, approximately from the middle of the last century, antigens began to be discovered one after another:

1. Platelets, which in most cases repeated the antigenic determinants of erythrocytes, but with a lesser degree of severity, which makes it difficult to determine the blood group on platelets;
2. Nuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes (HLA - histocompatibility system), which have opened up wide opportunities for organ and tissue transplantation and solving some genetic problems (hereditary predisposition to a certain pathology);
3. Plasma proteins (the number of described genetic systems has already exceeded a dozen).

The discoveries of many genetically determined structures (antigens) made it possible not only to take a different approach to determining the blood group, but also to strengthen the position of clinical immunohematology in terms of fight against various pathological processes, made possible safe, as well as organ and tissue transplantation.

Main system dividing people into 4 groups

The group affiliation of erythrocytes depends on group-specific antigens A and B (agglutinogens):

• Containing protein and polysaccharides;
• Closely associated with the stroma of red blood cells;
• Not related to hemoglobin, which is not involved in any way in the agglutination reaction.

By the way, agglutinogens can be found on other blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) or in body tissues and fluids (saliva, tears, amniotic fluid), where they are detected in significantly smaller quantities.

Thus, antigens A and B can be found on the stroma of a particular person’s red blood cells(together or separately, but always forming a pair, for example, AB, AA, A0 or BB, B0) or they cannot be found there at all (00).

In addition, globulin fractions (agglutinins α and β) float in the blood plasma. compatible with the antigen (A with β, B with α), called natural antibodies.

Obviously, in the first group, which does not contain antigens, both types of group antibodies will be present - α and β. In the fourth group, normally there should not be any natural globulin fractions, because if this is allowed, antigens and antibodies will begin to stick together: α will agglutinate (glue) A, and β, respectively, B.

Depending on combinations of options and the presence of certain antigens and antibodies, the group affiliation of human blood can be represented in the following form:

• Blood group 1 0αβ(I): antigens – 00(I), antibodies – α and β;
• Blood group 2 Aβ(II): antigens – AA or A0(II), antibodies – β;
• Blood group 3 Bα(III): antigens – BB or B0(III), antibodies – α
• 4 blood group AB0(IV): antigens only A and B, no antibodies.

The reader may be surprised to learn that there is a blood type that does not fit this classification . It was discovered in 1952 by a Bombay resident, which is why it is called “Bombay”. Antigenic-serological variant of red blood cells type « Bombey» does not contain antigens of the AB0 system, and in the serum of such people, along with natural antibodies α and β, anti-H are detected(antibodies directed at substance H, differentiating antigens A and B and preventing their presence on the stroma of red blood cells). Subsequently, “Bombay” and other rare types of group affiliation were found in different parts of the planet. Of course, you cannot envy such people, because in the event of massive blood loss, they need to look for a life-saving environment all over the globe.

Ignorance of the laws of genetics can cause tragedy in the family

The blood group of each person according to the AB0 system is the result of inheriting one antigen from the mother and another from the father. Receiving hereditary information from both parents, a person in his phenotype has half of each of them, that is, the blood group of the parents and the child is a combination of two characteristics, and therefore may not coincide with the blood group of the father or mother.

Discrepancies between the blood groups of parents and the child give rise to doubts and suspicions of their spouse’s infidelity in the minds of some men. This happens due to the lack of basic knowledge of the laws of nature and genetics, therefore, in order to avoid tragic mistakes on the part of the male sex, whose ignorance often breaks happy family relationships, we consider it necessary to once again explain where a child’s blood type according to the ABO system comes from and give examples of the expected results.

Option 1. If both parents have blood type O: 00(I) x 00(I), then the child will only have the first 0(I) group, all others are excluded. This happens because the genes that synthesize antigens of the first blood group are recessive, they can only manifest themselves in homozygous a state when no other gene (dominant) is suppressed.

Option 2. Both parents have the second group A (II). However, it can be either homozygous, when two characteristics are the same and dominant (AA), or heterozygous, represented by a dominant and recessive variant (A0), so the following combinations are possible here:

• AA(II) x AA(II) → AA(II);
• AA(II) x A0(II) → AA(II);
• A0(II) x A0(II) → AA(II), A0(II), 00(I), that is, with such a combination of parental phenotypes, both the first and second groups are probable, third and fourth are excluded.

Option 3. One of the parents has the first group 0(I), the other has the second:

• AA(II) x 00(I) → A0(II);
• A0(II) x 00(I) → A0 (II), 00(I).

Possible groups for a child are A(II) and 0(I), excluded - B(III) and AB(IV).

Option 4. In the case of a combination of two third groups inheritance will go according to option 2: possible membership will be the third or first group, whereas the second and fourth will be excluded.

Option 5. When one of the parents has the first group, and the second the third, inheritance is similar option 3– the child has possible B(III) and 0(I), but excluded A(II) and AB(IV) .

Option 6. Parent groups A(II) and B(III ) when inherited, they can give any group affiliation of the AB0 system(1, 2, 3, 4). The emergence of 4 blood groups is an example codominant inheritance when both antigens in the phenotype are equal and equally manifest themselves as a new trait (A + B = AB):

• AA(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV);
• A0(II) x B0(III) → AB(IV), 00(I), A0(II), B0(III);
• A0(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV), B0(III);
• B0(III) x AA(II) → AB(IV), A0(II).

Option 7. When combining the second and fourth groups possible for parents second, third and fourth groups in a child, the first one is excluded:

• AA(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), AB(IV);
• A0(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), A0(II), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 8. A similar situation arises in the case of a combination of the third and fourth groups: A(II), B(III) and AB(IV) will be possible, and the first is excluded.

• BB (III) x AB (IV) → BB (III), AB (IV);
• B0(III) x AB(IV) → A0(II), ВB(III), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 9 - most interesting. Parents have blood groups 1 and 4 as a result, the child develops a second or third blood group, but never – first and fourth:

• AB(IV) x 00(I);
• A + 0 = A0(II);
• B + 0 = B0 (III).

Table: child’s blood type based on parents’ blood groups

Obviously, the statement that parents and children have the same group membership is a fallacy, because genetics obeys its own laws. As for determining the child’s blood type based on the group affiliation of the parents, this is only possible if the parents have the first group, that is, in this case, the appearance of A (II) or B (III) will exclude biological paternity or motherhood. The combination of the fourth and first groups will lead to the emergence of new phenotypic characteristics (group 2 or 3), while the old ones will be lost.

Boy, girl, group compatibility

If in the old days, for the birth of an heir in the family, the reins were placed under the pillow, but now everything is put on an almost scientific basis. Trying to deceive nature and “order” the gender of the child in advance, future parents perform simple arithmetic operations: divide the father’s age by 4, and the mother’s by 3, whoever has the larger remainder wins. Sometimes this coincides, and sometimes it disappoints, so what is the probability of getting the desired gender using calculations - official medicine does not comment, so it is up to everyone to calculate or not, but the method is painless and absolutely harmless. You can try, what if you get lucky?

for reference: what really affects the gender of the child is the combination of X and Y chromosomes

But the compatibility of the parents’ blood type is a completely different matter, not in terms of the child’s gender, but in the sense of whether he will be born at all. The formation of immune antibodies (anti-A and anti-B), although rare, can interfere with the normal course of pregnancy (IgG) and even breastfeeding (IgA). Fortunately, the AB0 system does not interfere with reproduction processes so often, which cannot be said about the Rh factor. It can cause miscarriage or the birth of babies with, the best consequence of which is deafness, and in the worst case, the child cannot be saved at all.

Group affiliation and pregnancy

Determination of blood group according to the AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems is a mandatory procedure when registering for pregnancy.

In the case of a negative Rh factor in the expectant mother and the same result in the future father of the child, there is no need to worry, since the baby will also have a negative Rh factor.

A “negative” woman should not immediately panic when first(abortions and miscarriages are also considered) pregnancy. Unlike the AB0 (α, β) system, the Rhesus system does not have natural antibodies, so the body only recognizes “foreign”, but does not react to it in any way. Immunization will occur during childbirth, therefore, so that the woman’s body does not “remember” the presence of foreign antigens (Rh factor is positive), a special anti-Rhesus serum is administered to the postpartum woman on the first day after birth, protecting subsequent pregnancies. In the case of strong immunization of a “negative” woman with a “positive” antigen (Rh+), compatibility for conception is in big question, therefore, without looking at long-term treatment, the woman is haunted by failures (miscarriages). A woman’s body, which has a negative Rhesus, having once “remembered” someone else’s protein (“memory cell”), will respond with the active production of immune antibodies during subsequent meetings (pregnancy) and will in every possible way reject it, that is, its own desired and long-awaited child, if it turns out to be positive Rh factor.

Compatibility for conception should sometimes be kept in mind in relation to other systems. By the way, AB0 is quite loyal to the presence of strangers and rarely gives immunization. However, there are known cases of the emergence of immune antibodies in women during ABO-incompatible pregnancy, when a damaged placenta allows fetal red blood cells to enter the mother’s blood. It is generally accepted that highest probability For isoimmunization, women receive vaccinations (DTP), which contain group-specific substances of animal origin. First of all, this feature was noticed in substance A.

Probably, second place after the Rhesus system in this regard can be given to the histocompatibility system (HLA), and then - Kell. In general, each of them is capable of sometimes presenting a surprise. This happens because the body of a woman who has a close relationship with a certain man, even without pregnancy, reacts to his antigens and produces antibodies. This process is called sensitization. The only question is to what level sensitization will reach, which depends on the concentration of immunoglobulins and the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. With a high titer of immune antibodies, compatibility for conception is in great doubt. Rather, we will be talking about incompatibility, which requires enormous efforts of doctors (immunologists, gynecologists), unfortunately, often in vain. A decrease in titer over time is also of little reassurance; the “memory cell” knows its task...

Video: pregnancy, blood type and Rh conflict

Compatible blood transfusion

In addition to compatibility for conception, no less important is transfusion compatible, where the ABO system plays a dominant role (transfusion of blood incompatible with the ABO system is very dangerous and can lead to fatal outcome!). Often a person believes that the 1st (2, 3, 4) blood group of him and his neighbor must necessarily be the same, that the first will always suit the first, the second - the second, and so on, and in case of certain circumstances they (neighbors) can help each other to a friend. It would seem that a recipient with blood group 2 should accept a donor of the same group, but this is not always the case. The thing is that antigens A and B have their own varieties. For example, antigen A has the most allospecific variants (A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 0, A X, etc.), but B is slightly inferior (B 1, B X, B 3, B weak, etc. .), that is, it turns out that these options may simply not be compatible, even though when testing blood for group the result will be A (II) or B (III). Thus, taking into account such heterogeneity, one can imagine how many varieties a 4th blood group can have, containing both A and B antigens?

The statement that blood type 1 is the best, as it suits everyone without exception, and blood type 4 can accept anyone, is also outdated. For example, some people with blood type 1 are for some reason called “dangerous” universal donor. And the danger lies in the fact that without having antigens A and B on their erythrocytes, the plasma of these people contains a large titer of natural antibodies α and β, which, entering the bloodstream of the recipient of other groups (except the first), begin to agglutinate the antigens located there (A and/or IN).

compatibility of blood groups during transfusion

Currently, transfusions of mixed blood groups are not practiced, with the exception of only some cases of transfusions that require special selection. Then the first Rh-negative blood group is considered universal, the red blood cells of which are washed 3 or 5 times to avoid immunological reactions. The first blood group with positive Rh can be universal only in relation to Rh(+) red blood cells, that is, after determining for compatibility and washing of red blood cells can be transfused to a Rh-positive recipient with any group of the AB0 system.

The most common group in the European territory of the Russian Federation is considered to be the second - A (II), Rh (+), the rarest is blood group 4 with negative Rh. In blood banks, the attitude towards the latter is especially reverent, because a person with a similar antigenic composition should not die just because, if necessary, they will not find the required amount of red blood cells or plasma. By the way, plasmaAB(IV) Rh(-) is suitable for absolutely everyone, since it contains nothing (0), but this question is never considered due to the rare occurrence of blood group 4 with negative Rhesus.

How is blood type determined?

Blood group determination according to the AB0 system can be done by taking a drop from your finger. By the way, every health worker who has a diploma of higher or secondary medical education should be able to do this, regardless of their profile. As for other systems (Rh, HLA, Kell), a blood test for the group is taken from a vein and, following the procedure, the affiliation is determined. Such studies are already within the competence of a laboratory diagnostics physician, and immunological typing of organs and tissues (HLA) generally requires special training.

A blood group test is done using standard serums, manufactured in special laboratories and meeting certain requirements (specificity, titer, activity), or using zoliclones, obtained in the factory. In this way, the group affiliation of red blood cells is determined ( direct method). To eliminate errors and gain complete confidence in the reliability of the results obtained, the blood type is determined at blood transfusion stations or in the laboratories of surgical and, especially, obstetric hospitals cross method, where serum is used as the test sample, and specially selected standard red blood cells go as a reagent. By the way, In newborns, it is very difficult to determine group affiliation using a cross-sectional method; although agglutinins α and β are called natural antibodies (given from birth), they begin to be synthesized only from six months and accumulate by 6-8 years.

Blood type and character

Does blood type affect character and is it possible to predict in advance what can be expected from a one-year-old pink-cheeked toddler in the future? Official medicine considers group affiliation from such a perspective with little or no attention paid to these issues. A person has many genes, as well as group systems, so one can hardly expect the fulfillment of all the predictions of astrologers and determine the character of a person in advance. However, some coincidences cannot be ruled out, because some predictions do come true.

prevalence of blood groups in the world and the characters attributed to them

So, astrology says that:

1. Carriers of the first blood group are brave, strong, purposeful people. Leaders by nature, possessing irrepressible energy, they not only achieve great heights themselves, but also carry others along with them, that is, they are wonderful organizers. At the same time, their character is not devoid negative traits: They can suddenly flare up and show aggression in a fit of anger.
2. People with the second blood group are patient, balanced, calm, slightly shy, empathetic and taking everything to heart. They are distinguished by homeliness, thriftiness, the desire for comfort and coziness, however, stubbornness, self-criticism and conservatism interfere with solving many professional and everyday problems.
3. The third blood group suggests a search for the unknown, a creative impulse, harmonious development, communication skills. With such a character, he could move mountains, but bad luck - poor tolerance of routine and monotony does not allow this. Holders of group B (III) quickly change their mood, show inconstancy in their views, judgments, and actions, and dream a lot, which prevents them from achieving their intended goal. And their goals change quickly...
4. With regard to individuals with the fourth blood group, astrologers do not support the version of some psychiatrists who claim that among its owners there are the most maniacs. People who study the stars agree that the 4th group has collected the best features of the previous ones, and therefore has a particularly good character. Leaders, organizers, with enviable intuition and communication skills, representatives of the AB (IV) group, at the same time, are indecisive, contradictory and original, their mind is constantly fighting with their heart, but on which side will victory be a big question mark.

Of course, the reader understands that all this is very approximate, because people are so different. Even identical twins show some kind of individuality, at least in character.

Nutrition and diet by blood type

The concept of a blood group diet owes its appearance to the American Peter D’Adamo, who at the end of the last century (1996) published a book with recommendations for proper nutrition depending on group affiliation according to the AB0 system. At the same time, this fashion trend penetrated into Russia and was classified as alternative.

According to the vast majority of doctors who have medical education, this direction is anti-scientific and contradicts established ideas based on numerous studies. The author shares the view of official medicine, so the reader has the right to choose who to believe.

• The statement that at first all people had only the first group, its owners “hunters living in a cave”, are obligatory meat eaters having healthy digestive tract, you can safely question it. Group substances A and B were identified in preserved tissues of mummies (Egypt, America), which are more than 5000 years old. Proponents of the concept of “Eat Right for Your Type” (the title of D’Adamo’s book) do not point out that the presence of O(I) antigens is considered a risk factor for diseases of the stomach and intestines (peptic ulcer), in addition, carriers of this group more often than others have problems with blood pressure ( ).
• Holders of the second group were recognized as clean by Mr. D’Adamo vegetarians. Considering that this group affiliation is prevalent in Europe and in some areas reaches 70%, one can imagine the outcome of mass vegetarianism. Probably, mental hospitals will be overcrowded, because modern man- an established predator.

Unfortunately, the blood group A(II) diet does not draw the attention of those interested to the fact that people with this antigenic composition of erythrocytes constitute most among the sick , . It happens to them more often than others. So maybe a person should work in this direction? Or at least keep in mind the risk of such problems?

Food for thought

An interesting question: when should a person switch to the recommended blood type diet? From birth? During puberty? In the golden years of youth? Or when old age comes knocking? Here we have the right to choose, we just want to remind you that children and teenagers should not be deprived essential microelements and vitamins, you cannot prefer one and ignore the other.

Young people like some things and don’t like others, but if a healthy person is ready, only after reaching adulthood, to follow all dietary recommendations in accordance with their group affiliation, then this is his right. I would just like to note that, in addition to the antigens of the AB0 system, there are other antigenic phenotypes that exist in parallel, but also contribute to the life of the human body. Ignore them or keep them in mind? Then diets also need to be developed for them, and it is not a fact that they will coincide with current trends promoting healthy eating for certain categories of people with one or another group affiliation. For example, the leukocyte HLA system is more associated with various diseases than others; it can be used to calculate in advance hereditary predisposition to one or another pathology. So why not engage in just such, more realistic prevention immediately with the help of food?

Video: the secrets of human blood groups

The membrane of red blood cells contains varying amounts of proteins, as well as carbohydrates, which are called antigens. The characteristics of the blood will depend on their presence. The most numerous is blood group 1 with a positive Rh factor.

Attention! Rh factor is an indicator of the antigen that is contained on the surface of red blood cells.

Initially, the 1st positive group was designated as the letter C, then it was decided to prescribe 0, that is, thus indicating that there were no antigens in the blood. On the contrary, the presence of antigen H can be found on the surfaces of red blood cells, as well as in other tissues of the body. Rh positive is assigned to this blood group due to confirmation of the presence of antigen D in the owners.

It should be noted that blood retains its original characteristics (group and Rh) throughout life. Group 1 can be inherited by a child from one or both parents. Only if the parents do not have blood type 4. It should be noted that the first positive can be used as a universal donor blood for the transfusion procedure. There will be no group incompatibility if Rh is “+”. If a person is injected with Rh negative blood, the result will be the sticking of red cells, that is, red blood cells, with subsequent deterioration of the person’s condition.

How can the Rh factor affect?

One of the most important characteristics blood has a Rh factor. As mentioned, this is an indicator of the presence of antigen on the surface of red blood cells. To put it simply, this is an indicator of protein on the surface of red blood cells. Most people are characterized by the presence of antigens and, accordingly, have a positive Rh factor; other people are characterized by their absence, so they have a negative Rh factor.

The Rh factor is very important in two cases:

1. During the period of bearing a child, incompatible Rhesus may be life threatening.
2. If carried out surgical intervention, which may be associated with blood transfusion.

All other aspects associated with Rh a priori do not affect the state of the body, and therefore have no significance.

Pregnancy and blood compatibility

It is very important to plan your pregnancy, because blood compatibility during this period occupies a special place in birth healthy baby. When both parents have a negative or positive Rh, the child will accept the same one as his parents, therefore, there will be no problems. The situation is similar with the acquisition of a blood type from parents. Studies have shown that babies often acquire their mother's blood type. Based on this, if the mother is carrier I positive, then there is a 90% chance that the baby will also be a carrier of this blood type, regardless of what blood type the father has.

Can there be a Rh conflict?

During pregnancy, the occurrence of a problem such as Rh conflict cannot be ruled out. It does not mean a combination of the parents’ Rhesus: for example, the mother’s is positive, and the father’s is negative. In this case, the child can acquire both negative and positive Rhesus. If the child takes the mother's blood, then the pregnancy promises to be without problems.

Attention! A pregnancy complication occurs when the child has a positive Rh factor and the mother has a negative Rh factor. Then a conflict between the blood of the fetus and mother arises, which can lead to various serious complications course of pregnancy.

Rhesus incompatibility entails dangerous consequences. This is explained by the fact that antibodies produced by the mother’s body can destroy the fetus. In half of the cases, the baby acquires a positive Rh, but if the mother is negative, then there is a danger of miscarriage or intrauterine death of the fetus.

How are blood types compatible?

Until recently, experts believed that plasma transfusion occurs without consequences in any quantity. The compatibility of the first positive with other groups was excellent. However, after a number of studies it turned out that plasma contains agglutinins, and with frequent transfusions, the likelihood of negative influence on human health. Based on this, it was decided to dilute group I plasma with recipient plasma, and only after that proceed with the transfusion procedure in order to avoid possible complications.

Possible diseases

Those with a positive blood group suffer least from serious illnesses and therefore live longer than others. However, they may be predisposed to gastric ulcers due to high acidity. High probability of occurrence inflammatory process gallbladder and liver. Women may be at risk for skin tumors. But, despite the above ailments, carriers of the first group are very resistant to nervousness, therefore they suffer the least mental disorders and keep the brain young for much longer.

Reference! Among the carriersBlood group I with a positive Rh factor is extremely rare in people suffering from schizophrenia.

Based medical research, it was found that people with the first blood group suffer from typical diseases:

1. Pathological lesions of the joints. Arthrosis and arthritis.
2. Prone to persistent seasonal ARVI.
3. Respiratory diseases.
4. Dysfunction thyroid gland.
5. Hypertonic disease.
6. Ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.
7. Hemophilia among men.

Information about diseases depending on blood type is contained in the video.

Video - Blood type and diseases

1. Poor blood clotting - this is the statement made by hematologists. Therefore, it is very important to take medications that contain aspirin, which thins the blood, with caution.
2. Possible problems with intestinal microflora, therefore, as preventive measures It's best to take probiotics.
3. Herbal decoctions (mint and rosehip) have a positive effect on the body. But it is recommended not to use aloe and burdock root.

Proper nutrition

The health status of each person is primarily affected by diet. After all, the food of the daily diet should contain a set of products that have a positive effect on metabolism and the digestive system as a whole.

It was found that carriers of I positive tend to be overweight. Increase extra pounds occurs due to a violation of proper healthy nutrition. Since time immemorial, people with I positive have been hunters, so their diet should consist largely of natural proteins. This statement was even accepted official medicine. Consequently, it was established list necessary products for people withI blood group.

+	-	0
All types of meat are suitable for meat products, especially the liver	All types of meat, but it is best to give preference to pork and goose meat	Poultry meat (duck, chicken)
White and red fish	Salted fish (herring, salmon)	Eggs
Fish fat	Milk, yogurt, whey, cheese	Seafood – crayfish, squid, smelt, carp
Seafood	Peanut oil, cottonseed oil	Sheep cheese, cottage cheese
Cheeses, kefir and other fermented milk products	Poppy, pistachios	Cod liver oil
Eggs		Soybean oil
Buckwheat		Nuts – almonds, hazelnuts, cedar
Vegetables fruits		Sunflower seeds and sunflower oil
Rye bread
Herbal or green tea

Features must be adhered to dietary nutrition, since people with the first blood group are prone to diabetes.

Note! In general, for normal well-being, owners of all blood groups are recommended to adhere to proper nutrition and healthy image life (with mandatory sports), but for people with a groupIf you have a positive Rh factor, you should base your diet on foods high in protein.

It is known that foods rich in protein can, in small quantities, quickly relieve hunger and completely saturate the body. In addition, they support the normal metabolic process. Mostly protein-containing foods are all types of meat, especially dark meat. Special attention You need to pay attention to the liver, as an offal for cooking, which contains a sufficient amount of protein.

To avoid problems with the functioning of the thyroid gland, you should regularly eat seafood, which contains the required amount of iodine.

Attention! It should be recalled that it is the thyroid gland that is most often vulnerable in people with blood typeRh positive.

When planning a diet, it is necessary to take into account your blood type, so when the first blood type is positive, it is recommended to consume goji berries; you can find out more here.

Video - Diet: 1 positive blood group

Can blood affect a person's character?

According to statistical data, it was found that the owners of the first positive character have a persistent character, are self-confident, know how to set goals for themselves and go towards them without losing their way. The general characteristics show that those with blood group I have strong willpower, so there are quite a lot of leaders among them.

Scientists added to psychological portrait such people have increased emotionality, excessive jealousy and increased level self-preservation. Self-confidence reinforced leadership qualities helps to calculate actions and steps in advance, while simultaneously determining your benefits.

Women with blood type I constantly analyze their activities and categorically do not accept criticism in their direction. Most often they occupy high positions. A professional psychologist will tell you in a video about how blood type affects a person’s character and determines fate.

Video - How blood type affects our destiny and character