What sample is used to determine the state of the ss. Condition of the cardiovascular system and its disorders

The study of the cardiovascular system occupies one of the central places in sports medicine, since the functional state of the circulatory system plays a vital role in the body’s adaptability to physical directions and is one of the main indicators of the functional state of the body of athletes.

The activity of the heart in athletes differs from the activity of the heart in practically healthy people who do not engage in sports by a number of characteristic features that arise in the process of adaptation of the circulatory apparatus to systematic muscle tension. The heart of an athlete functions more efficiently, and, most importantly, more efficiently than the heart of an untrained person. The changes that develop in the heart during regular exercise are sometimes so great that some clinicians consider them pathological.

Sports activities is very diverse, and therefore the demands placed on the cardiovascular system when playing different sports are not the same. This is reflected in the dynamics of cardiac activity in athletes of different specializations.

Under the influence of rational sports activities, morphological and functional changes occur in the athlete’s heart, which are an adaptive, biological process.

Morphological changes consist of physiological dilatation and physiological hypertrophy of the heart. Physiological dilatation helps to increase the reserve blood volume at rest. Due to physiological hypertrophy of the heart muscle, the force of cardiac contraction increases.

The functional characteristics of an athlete’s heart are characterized by economization of the heart’s work at rest and its high performance during physical activity.

Economization of the activity of the circulatory apparatus under resting conditions is expressed in bradycardia, a tendency to lower blood pressure, a slowdown in the speed of arterial blood flow, a lengthening of diastole, and an increase in systolic blood volume. High performance during physical activity is characterized by an increase in stroke and minute blood volume, an increase in systolic and intracardiac pressure. These changes in the athlete’s heart are due to increased tone vagus nerve, optimization of electrolyte metabolism in the heart muscle, improvement of myocardial contractility, regulatory mechanisms of blood circulation.

Reaction to physical exercise in trained athletes it is characterized by rapid development and recovery, high coordination of the activity of somatic and autonomic systems, including the circulatory system.

A study of an athlete’s cardiovascular system consists of questioning, external examination, auscultation, determination of blood pressure, instrumental research methods, and functional tests.

Among the methods for studying the state of the cardiovascular system special place occupies the study of the pulse, as the most simple and informative indicator of the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

By examining, they determine its frequency, rhythm, tension, and content. The most important indicators are heart rate and rhythm. They are of great importance for determining the functional state of the body, especially when studying the effects of physical exercise.

As a rule, athletes have a rhythmic pulse, which reflects the normal function of cardiac automaticity.

A person's resting heart rate depends on age, gender, and the state of the central nervous system, emotional influences metabolic processes and many other factors. This indicator fluctuates throughout the day. In the process of systematic exercise, the heart rate decreases. It has been established that, in connection with physical activity, athletes at rest develop strong cholinergic reactions that cause negative chronotropic effects, which leads to a slowdown in heart rate. A decrease in heart rate during training is more typical for athletes specializing in sports that require primarily the development of endurance. They average about 50 abbreviations. in a minute.

In representatives of sports that require the predominant development of speed-strength qualities, the decrease in heart rate is less pronounced: it is equal to an average of 50-70 contractions per minute. Similar data differ for athletes specializing in speed-strength sports.

The heart rate is influenced by the state of training. So for an athlete who is in good condition training when he enters his best sports uniform, the lowest heart rate values ​​are noted and vice versa.

In sports medicine, bradycardia is considered one of the indicators of fitness. However, in some cases it can be observed with overfatigue and overtraining, with a decrease in load in a transitional form.

There are cases when athletes, after great physical stress associated with sports competitions, had a lower pulse rate during the recovery period for 1-2 days, how before the competition. In some athletes, bradycardia may also be an individual feature. Finally, it may be the result of a pathological condition of the heart.

A decrease in heart rate at rest under the influence of sports training is an important indicator of the functional state of an athlete and causes an increase in his potential capabilities. In people who do not engage in sports, during physical exertion, the heart rate increases 2-3 times compared to rest, while in athletes it can increase 5-6 times.

Bradycardia at rest in athletes is often combined with an increase in heart volume, a decrease in minute volume of blood circulation and other positive indicators of hemodynamics.

An increase in resting heart rate in athletes is very rare. It may be an indicator of under-recovery after exercise or one of the symptoms of heart failure. Based on the examination results, the doctor makes a conclusion:

nie, which assesses the physical development, health, functional state and degree of training of the athlete.

FUNCTIONAL TESTS AND TESTS.

To determine and assess the functional state and fitness of the body of students, functional tests and tests are used, which make it possible to evaluate the impact of each exercise, program the most optimal mode, and monitor the dynamics of the functional state of the body and its fitness.

Functional test - 20 squats in 30 seconds.

After a 5-minute rest, while sitting, the pulse is counted in 10-second intervals until three identical numbers are obtained, then blood pressure is measured. After 20 squats with arms raised forward, the sitting pulse is immediately calculated and blood pressure is measured.

A favorable reaction is considered to be an increase in heart rate after the test by 6-7 beats per 10 seconds, an increase in maximum blood pressure by 12-22 mm, decrease in minimum blood pressure by 0-6 mm. Recovery period from 1 min. up to 2 min. 30 sec.

Breath-hold tests.

While inhaling (Stange test). In a sitting position, a deep, but not maximum, breath is taken. After this, you pinch your nose with your fingers and use a stopwatch to record the time you hold your breath.

2.3. Study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system The circulatory system largely determines the body’s adaptation to physical activity, therefore monitoring its functional state is very important in the practice of physical education. For this purpose, simple and complex study methods, including instrumental ones, are used. The study is preceded by a history taking, which clarifies the presence cardiovascular pathology, acquired and hereditary (angina, rheumatism, heart defects, hyper- or hypotension).

The most accessible indicators for a physical education teacher are the following indicators: heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), stroke value (SV) and minute volume of blood circulation (MBV).
It should be emphasized that for a more complete description of the activity of any system of the body, it is necessary to compare the studied indicators at rest, as well as before and after performing physical activity (standard, additional or special). It is also necessary to determine the duration of restoration of these indicators to the values ​​​​preceding the study.

Algorithm for completing tasks: students, teaming up in pairs, perform the following tasks on each other, the results obtained are compared with the normative ones.

Task No. 1. Take an anamnesis.

1. Presence of cardiovascular diseases in the family (hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic disease, varicose veins, heart defects, stroke, myocardial infarction).
2. Past illnesses(rheumatism, sore throat, frequent colds, ARVI) throughout life, their outcome.
3. Drinking alcohol.
4. Smoking.
5. The nature of the load in the previous day.
6. Complaints at the time of the study: shortness of breath, palpitations, a feeling of “interruptions” of the heart, pain or discomfort in the heart area or behind the sternum (character, time and conditions of occurrence), fatigue, swelling of the legs.
Anamnesis data helps to indirectly determine the functional usefulness of the system, the permissible amount of muscle activity, they help explain certain deviations from the standards of system testing indicators.

Task No. 2. Study of the frequency and nature of the pulse.

Goal: to master the technique of measuring heart rate, determining the rhythm of the pulse and be able to analyze the results obtained.
Objectives: determine the frequency, rhythm of the pulse, the degree of filling of the vessel with blood and its tension.
Necessary equipment: stopwatch, diagram of the location of the human circulatory system.
Guidelines: the pulse is determined, most often in the temporal, carotid, radial, femoral arteries and by the cardiac impulse.
To determine your heart rate, you need a stopwatch. The pulse is calculated in a minute, but it is possible to determine it in 10, 15, 20 or 30 seconds, followed by recalculation for 1 minute.
Theoretical justification of the task. Normal frequency The resting heart rate of an adult is 60...89 beats per minute.
Pulse less than 60 beats/min. (bradycardia) can be detected at rest in athletes training for endurance, as an indicator of economization of circulatory function (with feeling good).
A pulse rate of more than 89 beats per minute at rest (tachycardia) occurs in athletes in a state of overfatigue, overexertion, or overtraining. Resting heart rate is affected by gender, health status, emotional status, time of day, intake of alcohol, coffee and other stimulating drinks, smoking and other factors. The change in heart rate during the load depends on the nature and intensity of the work performed, sports specialization and level, qualifications of the subject, and his health.
The rhythm of the pulse is determined as follows: it is necessary to count the pulse rate 2-3 times at 10-second intervals and compare them with each other. Indicators can differ by no more than 1 hit or completely coincide. In this case, they speak of a rhythmic pulse, which corresponds to a healthy heart. If the difference is more than 1 beat, the pulse is considered irregular. The rhythm of the pulse is disrupted due to various pathological changes in the myocardium.
The rhythm of the pulse is most accurately determined by an electrocardiogram (ECG). To do this, it is enough to have a record of cardiac biocurrents in 1 lead (3-4 cycles) and measure the distance between adjacent R waves (R-R).
The uniformity of the intervals indicates the rhythm of the pulse.
It is necessary to establish the filling and tension of the pulse by means of some finger resistance to the blood flow, which are largely determined by the state of the heart muscle, the elasticity of the blood vessels, the amount of circulating blood, and its physical and chemical state. The pulse in a healthy person can be full, in case of pathology - weak filling and tension, or even thread-like - in critical condition.

Task No. 3. Blood pressure (BP) study.

Goal: to master the technique of measuring blood pressure using the Korotkov method, to analyze the results obtained.
Instruments: phonendoscope, sphygmomanometer.
Blood pressure is measured at the ulnar artery. The cuff of the device is placed on the bare shoulder, and air is inflated using a bulb to approximately 150-160 mm. rt. Art. Slowly release air and listen for tones. The appearance of sounds corresponds to the maximum pressure, the disappearance - to the minimum. The difference between them is called pulse pressure. It is known that the value maximum pressure determined largely by the force of cardiac contraction, and minimally by vascular tone.
Theoretical justification of the task. The value of blood pressure is greatly influenced by the psycho-emotional state of the body, the amount of physical activity performed, neuroendocrine changes in the body, the condition water-salt metabolism, change in body position in space, time of day, age, smoking, drinking strong tea, coffee.
At rest in an adult, the maximum blood pressure ranges from 100 to 120 mm. rt. Art., minimum - 60...80 mm. rt. Art. A blood pressure of more than 129/70 is defined as hypertension, and a blood pressure of less than 100/60 is hypotension. When performing physical activity, the indicators change evenly.

Task No. 4. Calculate hemodynamic parameters: mean blood pressure, systolic (or stroke) volume of blood circulation (SV), minute volume of blood circulation (MCV), volume of circulating blood.

1. One of the informative indicators of hemodynamics is mean arterial pressure (MAP):

SBP = diastole blood pressure. + blood pressure pulse/ 2

With physical fatigue it increases by 10-30 mm. rt. Art.
2. Systolic (S) and minute (M) circulatory volume are calculated using the Lilienistrand and Zander formula:

S = (Pd/P) 100

where Рd - pulse pressure, P - average pressure.

Average pressure = (BP max + BP min) / 2
M = S P,

where S is systolic volume, P is heart rate.
Average pressure (Pav.) can also be calculated using the formula (B. Folkov et al., 1976):

Rsr. = P diast. + (P syst. - P diast.) / 3,

where P is pressure.
3. Circulating blood volume (CBV) is one of the leading indicators of hemodynamics.
Normally, BCC in men is 7% of body weight, in women - 6.5%. Per 1 kg of body weight in men, the bcc is 70 ml/kg, in women - 65 ml/kg.
4. Determination of the circulatory efficiency coefficient (CEC).

KEC = (BP max. - BP min.) · Heart rate.

Normally, EEC = 2600. With fatigue, it increases.
Determination of endurance coefficient (EF). This parameter is determined by the Kvass formula; it characterizes the functional state of the cardiovascular system. The CV indicator is calculated using the formula:

KV = (H · SS · 10) / Pulse. pressure ,

where H is heart rate,
SS - systolic pressure.
Result evaluation: normal value indicator - 16, an increase in the indicator indicates a weakening of the function of the cardiovascular system, a decrease - an increase in function.

Task No. 5. Study of the response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity.

Purpose: to evaluate the response of heart rate and blood pressure to varying loads in intensity and direction.
Required: stopwatch, blood pressure measuring device, metronome.
Methodical instructions: measure heart rate and blood pressure at rest. Then physical activity is performed in different versions: either the Martinet test (20 squats in 30 seconds), or a 15-second run in place at a maximum pace with a high hip lift, or a three-minute run in place at a pace of 180 steps per minute. (Kotov-Deshin test), or 60 jumps in 30 seconds. (sample by V.V. Gorinevsky). After the completed load, heart rate and blood pressure are recorded for 3-5 minutes, and in the first 10 seconds. Heart rate is measured every minute, and for the remaining 50 seconds. - HELL. Analyze the magnitude of changes in indicators immediately after work in comparison with rest, the duration and nature of recovery.
Evaluation of the result. With a good functional state of the cardiovascular system, the change in heart rate and pulse pressure to the Martinet test does not exceed 50...80% of the resting values, after the 2nd and 3rd loads - by 120...150% and 100... 120% respectively. Recovery lasts no more than 3-5 minutes. At the same time, a trained organism shows signs of economization of the activity of the cardiovascular system both at rest and under load.

Task No. 6. Functional test of Querg.

The degree of adaptation of the body to varying loads is determined. Perform 30 squats in 30 seconds, maximum running in place for 30 seconds, 3-minute running in place with a frequency of 150 steps per minute and jumping rope for 1 minute. Total load time - 5 min.
While sitting, heart rate (P1) is measured immediately after exercise for 30 seconds, again after 2 minutes. (P2) and 4 min. (P3). The result is calculated using the formula:

(Working time in sec. 100) /

Evaluation of the result. If the indicator value is more than 105, adaptation to load is considered very good, 99...104 - good, 93...98 - satisfactory, less than 92 - weak.

Task No. 7. Determination of the Skibinskaya index to assess adaptation to load of the cardiorespiratory system.

Vital capacity is measured in ml, breath holding in seconds. while inhaling.
The cardiorespiratory system is assessed using the formula:
(VC / 100º breath holding) / heart rate (per 1 min.).
Result rating: less than 5 - very bad, 5...10 - unsatisfactory, 30...60 - good, more than 60 - very good. For highly qualified athletes, the index reaches 80.

Task No. 8. Determination of the Ruffier index.

Used to determine load adaptation. Widely used in mass examinations of schoolchildren.
Heart rate is measured while sitting (P1), then 30 deep squats are performed in 30 seconds. Count the heart rate while standing (P2), and another heart rate after 1 minute. rest (P3).

Ir = [(P1 + P2 + P3) - 200] / 10

Result assessment: IR less than 0 - excellent result, 1...5 - good, 6...10 - satisfactory, 11...15 - weak, over 15 - unsatisfactory.

Task No. 9. Three-moment combined Letunov test.

Purpose: to determine the nature of the body’s adaptation to multidirectional load according to its characteristics recovery period.
Necessary equipment: sphygmomanometer, phonendoscope, stopwatch, metronome.
Methodical instructions. The test consists of three loads performed in a certain order with short rest intervals:
1. 20 squats in 30 seconds. The load is equivalent to a warm-up.
2. 15-second run in place at maximum pace, simulating speed running.
3. 3-minute (for women - 2-minute) run. place at a pace of 180 steps per minute, simulating endurance work.
Research begins with an anamnesis, which specifies the mode of physical activity on the previous day, complaints on the day of the study, and well-being.
A research protocol is drawn up, where all the results obtained are recorded.
Methodology: heart rate and blood pressure are determined at rest. Then the subject performs the first load, after which, in the prescribed manner, during a three-minute recovery period, pulse and blood pressure are again recorded every minute. Then the second load is performed. Recovery period - 4 minutes. (measurement of heart rate and blood pressure) and then the third load, after which for 5 minutes. pulse and blood pressure are examined.
The test results are assessed according to the type of response: (normotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic, dystonic and reaction with a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure), as well as according to the time to the nature of the recovery of pulse and blood pressure.
The normotonic type of reaction is characterized by parallelism in changes in heart rate and pulse pressure due to an adequate increase in maximum blood pressure and a decrease in minimum blood pressure. This reaction indicates the correct adaptability of the cardiovascular system to stress and is observed in a state of good preparedness. Sometimes, during the initial periods of training, there may be a slowdown in the recovery of heart rate and blood pressure.
The asthenic or hypotonic type is characterized by an excessive increase in heart rate with a slight increase in blood pressure and is assessed as unfavorable. This reaction is observed during a break in training due to illness or injury.
Hypertensive type characterized by an excessive increase in heart rate and blood pressure during exercise. Isolated increase in minimum blood pressure over 90 mm. rt. Art. should also be regarded as a hypertensive reaction.
The recovery period is prolonged. A hypertensive reaction occurs in hyperreactors, or in persons with hypertension, or in cases of overwork and overexertion.
The dystonic type of reaction or the “endless tone” phenomenon is characterized by the fact that it is practically impossible to determine the minimum blood pressure.
If the “endless tone” phenomenon is detected only after a 15-second maximum run and the minimum blood pressure is restored within three minutes, then its negative assessment should be treated with great caution.
A reaction with a stepwise rise in maximum blood pressure - when it is higher in the second and third minutes of the recovery period than in the first minute, in most cases indicates pathological changes in the circulatory system.
Recommendations for work design:
1. Record the results of the study in the protocol.
2. Draw the type of response.
3. Give a conclusion about the functional state of the cardiovascular system and recommendations for improving adaptation to stress.

Sport, in the broadest sense of the term, is a competitively organized physical or mental activity of people. Its main goal is to maintain or improve certain physical or mental skills. In addition, sports games are entertainment for both participants and spectators.

Anatomy of the cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels(Appendix 3).

The central organ of the circulatory system is the heart (Appendix 1, 2). This is a hollow muscular organ consisting of two halves: the left - arterial and the right - venous. In each half of the heart there is an atrium and a ventricle that communicate with each other. The atria receive blood from the vessels that bring it to the heart, the ventricles push this blood into the vessels that carry it away from the heart. The blood supply to the heart is carried out by two arteries: the right and left coronary (coronary), which are the first branches of the aorta.

In accordance with the direction of movement of arterial and venous blood, the vessels are divided into arteries, veins and capillaries connecting them.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood, enriched with oxygen in the lungs, from the heart to all parts and organs of the body. The exception is the pulmonary trunk, which carries venous blood from the heart to the lungs. The set of arteries from the largest trunk - the aorta, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, to the smallest branches in the organs - precapillary arterioles - constitutes the arterial system, which is part of the cardiovascular system.

Veins are blood vessels that carry venous blood from organs and tissues to the heart right atrium. The exception is the pulmonary veins, which carry arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium. The totality of all the veins is the venous system, which is part of the cardiovascular system.

Capillaries are the thinnest-walled vessels of the microcirculatory bed through which blood moves.

In the human body there is a general (closed) circle of blood circulation, which is divided into small and large.

Blood circulation is the continuous movement of blood through a closed system of heart cavities and blood vessels, helping to ensure all vital functions of the body.

The small, or pulmonary, circulation begins in the right ventricle of the heart, passes through the pulmonary trunk, its branches, the capillary network of the lungs, the pulmonary veins and ends in the left atrium.

The systemic circulation begins from the left ventricle with the largest arterial trunk - the aorta, passes through the aorta, its branches, the capillary network and veins of organs and tissues of the whole body and ends in the right atrium, into which the largest venous vessels bodies - superior and inferior vena cava. The blood supply to all organs and tissues in the human body is carried out by vessels great circle blood circulation The cardiovascular system ensures the transport of substances in the body and, thereby, participates in metabolic processes.

Methodology for conducting and evaluating functional tests with physical activity

Functional tests with physical activity

Functional tests with physical activity are divided into:

• simultaneous (Martinet test - 20 squats in 30 seconds, Ruffier test, 15-second run at the fastest pace with a high hip lift, 2-minute run at a pace of 180 steps per minute, 3-minute run at a pace of 180 steps per minute);
• two-moment (this is a combination of the above one-moment tests - for example, 20 squats in 30 seconds and a 15-second run at the fastest pace with a high hip lift, there should be a recovery interval between tests - 3 minutes);
• three-moment - combined test S.P. Letunova.

Assessment of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure of athletes at rest 1. Assessment of pulse rate at rest:

• a pulse rate of 60-80 beats per minute is called normocardia;
• a pulse rate of 40-60 beats per minute is called bradycardia;
• A pulse rate of more than 80 beats per minute is called tachycardia.

Tachycardia at rest in an athlete is assessed negatively. It may be the result of intoxication (foci chronic infection), overexertion, lack of recovery after training.

Tachycardia is an increase in heart rate (for children over 7 years of age and adults at rest) over 90 beats per minute. There are physiological and pathological tachycardia. Physiological tachycardia is understood as an increase in heart rate under the influence of physical activity, emotional stress (excitement, anger, fear), under the influence of various environmental factors ( heat air, hypoxia, etc.) in the absence of pathological changes in the heart.

Bradycardia at rest can be:

A. Physiological.

Physiological bradycardia occurs in trained athletes due to increased tone of the vagus nerve. It indicates economization of cardiac activity at rest in athletes.

Bradycardia is a manifestation of efficiency in the functioning of the blood supply apparatus. With a longer cardiac cycle, mainly due to diastole, conditions are created for optimal filling of the ventricles with blood and full recovery metabolic processes in the myocardium after the previous contraction and, most importantly, in athletes at rest due to a decrease in heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption decreases. In the process of adaptation to physical activity, the heart rate of athletes slows down as a result of the influence of the vagus nerve on the sinus node. The duration of the cardiac cycle in athletes exceeds 1.0 seconds, i.e. less than 60 beats per minute. Bradycardia occurs in athletes who train in sports that develop endurance and have higher qualifications.

B. Pathological.

Pathological bradycardia:

• may occur in heart disease;
• may be the result of overwork.

2. Assessment of blood pressure at rest:

• a) blood pressure from 100/60 mm Hg. Art. up to 130/85 mm Hg. Art. - norm;
• b) blood pressure below 100/60 mm Hg. Art. - arterial hypotension.

At rest, arterial hypotension in athletes can be:

• physiological (high-training hypotension),
• pathological.

Distinguish the following types pathological arterial hypotension:

• primary arterial hypotension is a disease in which an athlete complains of weakness, increased fatigue, headaches, dizziness, and decreased general and athletic performance;
• symptomatic arterial hypotension, it is associated with foci of chronic infection
• arterial hypotension due to physical fatigue.

c) blood pressure above 130/85 mm Hg. Art. - arterial hypertension.

At rest in an athlete, arterial hypertension is assessed negatively. It may be the result of overwork or a manifestation of a disease. An increase in diastolic blood pressure, as a rule, indicates the presence of a serious pathology.

According to WHO, normal blood pressure is less than 130/85, and optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80.

Proper values ​​of blood pressure in adults (formulas of Volynsky V.M.):

• Due SBP = 102 + 0.6 x age in years
• Due DBP = 63 + 0.4 x age in years.

Systolic blood pressure is the maximum blood pressure.

Diastolic blood pressure is the minimum blood pressure.

Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic (maximum) and diastolic (minimum) blood pressure; it is an indirect criterion for the size of the stroke volume of the heart.

PD = SBP - DBP

In sports medicine, great importance is attached to mean arterial pressure, which is considered as the result of all variable pressure values ​​during the cardiac cycle.

The value of the average pressure depends on the resistance of arterioles, cardiac output and the duration of the cardiac cycle. This makes it possible to use data on average pressure when calculating the values ​​of peripheral and elastic resistance of the arterial system.

Combined test S.P. Letunova. Methodology for conducting a combined test S.P. Letunova.

A combined test allows for a more comprehensive study of the functional ability of the cardiovascular system, since speed and endurance loads place different demands on the circulatory system.

Speed ​​load allows you to identify the ability to quickly increase blood circulation, endurance load - the body’s ability to steadily maintain increased blood circulation for high level for a certain time.

The test is based on determining the direction and degree of change in pulse and blood pressure under the influence of physical activity, as well as the rate of their recovery.

Methodology for conducting a combined test S.P. Letunova At rest, the athlete's pulse rate is measured 3 times in 10 seconds and blood pressure, then the athlete performs three loads, after each load the pulse is measured in 10 seconds and blood pressure at each minute of recovery.

• 1st load - 20 squats in 30 seconds (this load serves as a warm-up);
• 2nd load - 15-second run at the fastest possible pace with a high hip lift (speed load);
• 3rd load - 3-minute run at a pace of 180 steps per minute (endurance load).

Recovery intervals between 1 and 2 loads are 3 minutes, between 2 and 3 - 4 minutes, after 3 loads - 5 minutes.

Methodology for quantitative assessment of changes in heart rate and pulse pressure after a functional test with physical activity (at the 1st minute of the recovery period)

The adaptability of an athlete's cardiovascular system is assessed by changes in heart rate and blood pressure after a functional test with physical activity. Good adaptability of an athlete's cardiovascular system to physical activity is characterized by a large increase in stroke volume and a smaller increase in heart rate.

To assess the degree of increase in heart rate and pulse pressure (PP) during a functional test, compare heart rate and pulse pressure data at rest and at the 1st minute of recovery after the functional test, i.e. determine the percentage increase in heart rate and PP. For this purpose, heart rate and PP at rest are taken as 100%, and the difference in heart rate and PP before and after exercise is taken as X.

1. Assessment of heart rate response to a functional test with physical activity:

Heart rate at rest was 12 beats per 10 seconds, heart rate at the 1st minute of recovery after a functional test was 18 beats per 10 seconds. We determine the difference between heart rate after physical activity (at the 1st minute of recovery) and resting heart rate. It is equal to 18 - 12 = 6, this means that the heart rate after the functional test increased by 6 beats, now using the proportion we determine the percentage of increase in heart rate.

The better the functional state of the athlete, the more perfect the activity of his regulatory mechanisms, the less the heart rate increases in response to the functional test.

2. Assessment of blood pressure response to a functional test with physical activity:

When assessing the blood pressure response, it is necessary to take into account changes in SBP, DBP, and PP.

Various types of changes in SBP and DBP are observed, but an adequate blood pressure response is characterized by an increase in SBP by 15-30% and a decrease in DBP by 10-35% or no changes in DBP compared to the resting state.

As a result of an increase in SBP and a decrease in DBP, PP increases. You need to know that the percentage increase in pulse pressure and the percentage increase in heart rate must be proportionate. A decrease in PD is regarded as an inadequate response to a functional test.

3. Assessment of the pulse pressure response to a functional test with physical activity:

At rest: BP = 110/70, PP = SBP - DBP = 110 -70 = 40, at the 1st minute of recovery: BP = 120/60, PP = 120 - 60 = 60.

Thus, PP at rest was 40 mmHg. Art., PP at the 1st minute of recovery after the functional test was 60 mm Hg. Art. We determine the difference between PP after physical activity (at the 1st minute of recovery) and PP at rest. It is equal to 60 - 40 = 20, which means that PP after the functional test increased by 20 mm Hg. Art., now using the proportion we determine the percentage of increase in PD.

Next, we compare the reaction of heart rate and PP. In this case, the percentage increase in heart rate corresponds to the percentage increase in PP. With an adequate response of the cardiovascular system to a functional test with physical activity, the percentage increase in heart rate should be commensurate with or be slightly lower than the percentage increase in PP.

To assess the reaction of heart rate and PP to a functional test with physical activity, it is necessary to evaluate the data on heart rate and blood pressure (SBP, DBP, PP) at rest, changes in heart rate and blood pressure (SBP, DBP, PP) immediately after the load (1st minute of recovery) , assess the recovery period (duration and nature of recovery of heart rate and blood pressure (SBP, DBP, PP).

After a functional test (20 squats) with a good functional state of the cardiovascular system, heart rate is restored within 2 minutes, SBP and DBP - within 3 minutes. After a functional test (3-minute run), heart rate is restored within 3 minutes, blood pressure - within 4-5 minutes. The faster the heart rate and blood pressure are restored to the initial level, the better the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

The response to a functional test is considered adequate if, at rest, heart rate and blood pressure corresponded to normal values; after a functional test with physical activity (at the 1st minute of recovery), commensurate changes in heart rate and PP were noted (percentage increase in heart rate and PP), i.e. a normotonic variant of the reaction was observed, the reaction was characterized by a rapid restoration of heart rate and blood pressure to the initial level.

Physical activity during the Letunov test is relatively small, oxygen consumption even after the heaviest load increases compared to rest by 8-10 times (physical activity at the level of MIC increases oxygen consumption compared to rest by 15-20 times). If the athlete is in good functional condition after performing the Letunov test, heart rate increases to 130-150 beats per minute, SBP increases to 140-160 mm Hg. Art., DBP decreases to 50-60 mm Hg. Art.

Determination of the response quality index (RQI) of the cardiovascular system using the Kushelevsky-Ziskin formula RQR in the range from 0.5 to 1.0 indicates a good functional state of the cardiovascular system. Deviations in one direction or another indicate a deterioration in the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

Methodology for assessing the combined sample S.P. Letunova. Assessment of types of reactions of the cardiovascular system (normotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic, dystonic, stepwise)

Depending on the direction and severity of changes in heart rate and blood pressure and the rate of their recovery, five types of response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity are distinguished:

1. normotonic
2. hypotonic
3. hypertensive
4. dystonic
5. stepped.

The normotonic type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to a functional test is characterized by:

• adequate increase in heart rate;
• adequate increase in systolic blood pressure;
• adequate increase in pulse pressure;
• a slight decrease in diastolic blood pressure;
• rapid restoration of pulse and blood pressure.

The normotonic type of reaction is rational, since with a moderate increase in heart rate and SBP corresponding to the load, and a slight decrease in DBP, adaptation to the load occurs due to an increase in pulse pressure, which indirectly characterizes an increase in the stroke volume of the heart. An increase in SBP reflects an increase in left ventricular systole, and a decrease in DBP reflects a decrease in arteriolar tone, which provides better blood access to the periphery. This type of reaction reflects the good functional state of the athlete. With increasing training, the normotonic reaction is economized, and the recovery time is reduced.

In addition to the normotonic type of reaction to a functional test, which is typical for trained athletes, atypical reactions are possible (hypotonic, hypertonic, dystonic, stepwise).

The hypotonic type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to a functional test is characterized by:

• SBP increases slightly;
• pulse pressure (the difference between SBP and DBP) increases slightly;
• DBP may slightly increase, decrease, or remain unchanged;
• slow recovery of pulse and blood pressure.

The hypotonic type of reaction is characterized by the fact that increased blood circulation during physical activity occurs mainly due to an increase in heart rate with a slight increase in the stroke volume of the heart.

The hypotonic type of reaction is characteristic of a state of overfatigue or asthenia due to what has been suffered.

The hypertensive type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to a functional test is characterized by:

• a sharp, inadequate increase in heart rate;
• increased DBP;

The hypertensive type of reaction is characterized by a sharp increase in SBP to 180-190 mmHg. Art. with a simultaneous increase in DBP to 90-100 mm Hg. Art. and a sharp increase in heart rate. This type of reaction is irrational, as it indicates an excessive increase in the work of the heart (the percentages of increased heart rate and increased pulse pressure significantly exceed the standards). The hypertensive type of reaction can be observed during physical overexertion, as well as in the initial stages of hypertension. This type of reaction is more common in middle and old age.

The dystonic type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to a functional test is characterized by:

• a sharp, inadequate increase in heart rate;
• a sharp, inadequate increase in SBP;
• DBP is heard up to 0 (infinite tone phenomenon), if an endless tone is heard for 2-3 minutes, then such a reaction is considered unfavorable;
• slow recovery of pulse and blood pressure. The dystonic type of reaction can be observed after illness or during physical stress.

The stepwise type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to a functional test is characterized by:

• a sharp, inadequate increase in heart rate;
• at the 2nd and 3rd minutes of recovery, SBP is higher than at the 1st minute;
• slow recovery of pulse and blood pressure.

This type of reaction is assessed as unsatisfactory and indicates the inferiority of regulatory systems.

The stepwise type of reaction is determined mainly after the high-speed part of the Letunov test, which requires the most rapid activation of regulatory mechanisms. This may be a consequence of overwork or incomplete recovery of the athlete.

A combined reaction to the Letunov test is the simultaneous presence of various atypical reactions to three different loads with slow recovery, which indicates a violation of training and poor functional condition of the athlete.

Combined test S.P. Letunova can be used for dynamic observations for the athletes. The appearance of atypical reactions in an athlete who previously had a normotonic reaction, or a slowdown in recovery indicates a deterioration in the athlete’s functional state. Increased training is manifested by an improvement in the quality of the reaction and an acceleration of the recovery process.

These types of reactions were established back in 1951 by S.P. Letunov and R.E. Motylyanskaya in relation to the combined test. They provide additional criteria for assessing the cardiovascular response to physical activity and can be used for any physical activity.

Ruffier's test. Methodology and evaluation

The test is based on a quantitative assessment of the pulse response to a short-term load and the rate of its recovery.

Methodology: after short rest within 5 minutes in a sitting position, the athlete's pulse is measured for 10 seconds (P0), then the athlete performs 30 squats in 30 seconds, after which, in a sitting position, his pulse is counted during the first 10 seconds (P1) and during the last 10 seconds (P2) 1st minute of recovery.

Evaluation of the results of the Ruffier test:

• excellent - IR< 0;
• good - IR from 0 to 5;
• mediocre - IR from 6 to 10;
• weak - IR from 11 to 15;
• unsatisfactory - IR > 15.

Low scores of the Ruffier index indicate an insufficient level of adaptive reserves of the cardiorespiratory system, which limits the physical capabilities of the athletes’ body.

Double product index (DP) - Robinson index

Double product is one of the criteria for the functional state of the cardiovascular system. It indirectly reflects the myocardium's need for oxygen.

A low Robinson index score indicates dysregulation of the cardiovascular system.

The double product values ​​for athletes are lower than for untrained individuals. This means that the athlete’s heart, at rest, works in a more economical mode, with less oxygen consumption.

Instrumental methods for studying the cardiovascular system in athletes

Electrocardiography (ECG) Electrocardiography is the most common and available method research. In sports medicine, electrocardiography makes it possible to determine positive changes that occur during physical education and sports, and to timely diagnose pre-pathological and pathological changes in athletes.

Electrocardiographic examination of athletes is carried out in 12 generally accepted leads at rest, during physical activity and during the recovery period.

Electrocardiography is a method of graphically recording the bioelectrical activity of the heart.

An electrocardiogram is a graphical recording of changes in the bioelectrical activity of the heart (Appendix 4).

An electrocardiogram is a curve consisting of teeth (waves) and intervals between them, reflecting the process of excitation of the myocardium of the atria and ventricles (depolarization phase), the process of exiting the state of excitation (repolarization phase) and the state of electrical rest of the heart muscle (polarization phase).

All waves of the electrocardiogram are designated with Latin letters: P, Q, R, S, T.

The teeth represent deviations from the isoelectric (zero) line, they are:

• positive if directed upward from this line;
• negative if directed downward from this line;
• two-phase if their initial or final parts are located differently relative to a given line.

It must be remembered that R waves are always positive, Q and S waves are always negative, P and T waves can be positive, negative or biphasic.

The vertical dimension of the teeth (height or depth) is expressed in millimeters (mm) or millivolts (mV). The height of the tooth is measured from the upper edge of the isoelectric line to its top, the depth - from the bottom edge of the isoelectric line to the top of the negative tooth.

Each element of the electrocardiogram has a duration, or width - this is the distance between its origin from the isoelectric line and its return to it. This distance is measured at the level of the isoelectric line in hundredths of a second. At a recording speed of 50 mm per second, one millimeter on the recorded ECG corresponds to 0.02 seconds.

Analyzing the ECG, measure the intervals:

• PQ (time from the onset of the P wave to the onset of the ventricular QRS complex);
• QRS (time from the beginning of the Q wave to the end of the S wave);
• QT (time from the beginning of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave);
• RR (interval between two adjacent R waves). The RR interval corresponds to the duration of the cardiac cycle. This value determines the frequency heart rate.

The ECG distinguishes between atrial and ventricular complexes. The atrial complex is represented by the P wave, the ventricular complex - QRST consists of the initial part - the QRS waves and the final part - the ST segment and the T wave.

Assessment of the function of automaticity, excitability, and conductivity of the heart using the electrocardiography method

Using the electrocardiography method, you can study following functions heart: automaticity, conductivity, excitability.

The heart muscle consists of two types of cells - the contractile myocardium and the cells of the conduction system.

The normal functioning of the heart muscle is ensured by its properties:

1. automatism;
2. excitability;
3. conductivity;
4. contractility.

Automaticity of the heart is the ability of the heart to produce impulses that cause excitement. The heart is able to spontaneously activate and produce electrical impulses. Normally, the cells of the sinus node (SA), located in the right atrium, have the greatest automaticity, which suppresses the automatic activity of other pacemakers. The function of SA automaticity is greatly influenced by the autonomic nervous system: activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in the automaticity of the cells of the SA node, and of the parasympathetic system - to a decrease in the automaticity of the cells of the SA node.

Cardiac excitability is the ability of the heart to become excited under the influence of impulses. The cells of the conduction system and contractile myocardium have the excitability function.

Cardiac conductivity is the ability of the heart to conduct impulses from the place of their origin to the contractile myocardium. Normally, impulses are conducted from the sinus node to the muscles of the atria and ventricles. The conduction system of the heart has the greatest conductivity.

Cardiac contractility is the ability of the heart to contract under the influence of impulses. The heart by its nature is a pump that pumps blood into the systemic and pulmonary circulation.

The sinus node has the highest automaticity, so it is normally the pacemaker of the heart. Excitation of the atrial myocardium begins in the region of the sinus node (Appendix 4).

The P wave reflects the coverage of the atria by excitation (atrial depolarization). With sinus rhythm and normal position of the heart in chest The P wave is positive in all leads except AVR, where it is usually negative. The duration of the P wave normally does not exceed 0.11 seconds. Next, the excitation wave propagates to the atrioventricular node.

The PQ interval reflects the time of excitation through the atria, atrioventricular node, His bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers to the contractile myocardium. Normally it is 0.12-0.19 seconds.

The QRS complex characterizes the coverage of ventricular excitation (ventricular depolarization). Total duration QRS reflects intraventricular conduction time and is most often 0.06-0.10 s. All waves (Q, R, S) that make up the QRS complex normally have sharp peaks and do not have thickenings or splits.

The T wave reflects the exit of the ventricles from the state of excitation (repolarization phase). This process occurs more slowly than excitation coverage, so the T wave is much wider than the QRS complex. Normally, the height of the T wave is 1/3 to 1/2 the height of the R wave in the same lead.

The QT interval reflects the entire period of electrical activity of the ventricles and is called electrical systole. Normally, QT is 0.36-0.44 seconds and depends on heart rate and gender. The ratio of the length of the electrical systole to the duration of the cardiac cycle, expressed as a percentage, is called the systolic indicator. The duration of electrical systole that differs by more than 0.04 seconds from normal for this rhythm is a deviation from the norm. The same applies to the systolic indicator if it differs from the normal value for a given rhythm by more than 5%. Normal values ​​of electrical systole and systolic indicator are presented in the table (Appendix 5).

A. Dysfunction of automatic function:

1. Sinus bradycardia is a slow sinus rhythm. Heart rate is less than 60 per minute, but usually at least 40 per minute.
2. Sinus tachycardia- This is a frequent sinus rhythm. The number of heartbeats is over 80 per minute, and can reach 140-150 per minute.
3. Sinus arrhythmia. Normally, sinus rhythm is characterized by small differences in the duration of the PP intervals (the difference between the longest and shortest PP interval is 0.05-0.15 seconds). With sinus arrhythmia, the difference exceeds 0.15 seconds.
4. Rigid sinus rhythm is characterized by no difference in the duration of PP intervals (difference less than 0.05 seconds). A rigid rhythm indicates damage to the sinus node and indicates a poor functional state of the myocardium.

B. Violation of excitability function:

Extrasystoles are premature excitations and contractions of the entire heart or its parts, the impulse for which usually comes from various parts of the conduction system of the heart. Impulses for premature contractions of the heart may originate in specialized tissue of the atria, atrioventricular junction, or in the ventricles. In this regard, they distinguish:

1. atrial extrasystoles;
2. atrioventricular extrasystoles;
3. ventricular extrasystoles.

1. Conduction dysfunction:

Syndromes of premature excitation of the ventricles:

• CLC syndrome is a syndrome of shortened PQ interval (less than 0.12 seconds).
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is a syndrome of shortened PQ interval (up to 0.08-0.11 seconds) and widened QRS complex (0.12-0.15 seconds).

Slowing down or completely stopping the conduction of an electrical impulse through a part of the conduction system is called heart block:

• disruption of impulse transmission from the sinus node to the atria;
• intraatrial conduction disorders;
• disruption of impulse conduction from the atria to the ventricles;
• intraventricular block is a conduction disorder along the right or left bundle branch.

Features of ECG of athletes

Systematic physical education and sports lead to significant changes in the electrocardiogram.

This makes it possible to highlight the features of the ECG of athletes:

1. sinus bradycardia;
2. moderate sinus arrhythmia;
3. flattened P wave;
4. high amplitude of the QRS complex;
5. high amplitude of the T wave;
6. electrical systole (QT interval) is longer.

Phonocardiography (PCG)

Phonocardiography is a method of graphically recording sound phenomena (tones and noises) that occur during the work of the heart.

Currently, due to widespread the method of echocardiography, which makes it possible to describe in detail the morphological changes in the valve apparatus of the heart muscle, interest in this method has decreased, but has not lost its importance.

FCG objectifies the sound symptoms detected during auscultation of the heart and makes it possible to accurately determine the time of occurrence of the sound phenomenon.

Echocardiography (EchoCG)

Echocardiography is a method ultrasound diagnostics heart, based on the property of ultrasound to be reflected from the boundaries of structures with different acoustic densities.

It makes it possible to visualize and measure the internal structures of the working heart, give a quantitative assessment of the myocardial mass and the size of the heart cavities, assess the condition of the valve apparatus, and study the patterns of adaptation of the heart to physical activity of various types. Using echocardiography, heart defects and other pathological conditions can be diagnosed. The condition is also analyzed central hemodynamics. The echocardiography method has various techniques and modes (M-mode, B-mode).

Doppler echocardiography as part of echocardiography allows you to assess the state of central hemodynamics, visualize the direction and extent of normal and pathological flows in the heart.

Holter ECG monitoring

Indications for Holter ECG monitoring:

• examination of athletes;
• bradycardia less than 50 beats per minute;
• presence of cases sudden death V at a young age from the closest relatives;
• WPW syndrome;
• syncope (fainting);
• pain in the heart, chest pain;
• heartbeat.

Holter monitoring allows you to:

• identify and monitor heart rhythm disturbances within 24 hours;
• compare the frequency of rhythm disturbances in different time days;
• compare identified ECG changes with subjective sensations and physical activity.

Holter blood pressure monitoring

Holter blood pressure monitoring is a method of monitoring blood pressure throughout the day. This is the most valuable method for diagnosing, monitoring and preventing arterial hypertension.

Blood pressure is one of the indicators subject to circadian rhythms. Desynchronosis often develops before clinical manifestations of the disease, which must be used for early diagnosis diseases.

Currently, during 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, the following parameters are assessed:

• average blood pressure values ​​(SBP, DBP, PP) per day, day and night;
• maximum and minimum blood pressure values ​​at different periods of the day;
• blood pressure variability (the norm for SBP in the daytime and at night is 15 mm Hg; for DBP in daytime- 14 mm Hg. Art., at night -12 mm Hg. Art.).

Assessment of the general physical performance of athletes

Harvard step test, methodology and evaluation. Assessing general physical performance using the Harvard Step Test

The Harvard step test is used to quantify the recovery processes occurring in the athlete’s body after dosed muscular work.

The physical activity in this test is climbing a step. The height of the step for men is 50 cm, for women - 43 cm. Climbing time is 5 minutes, the frequency of ascent per step is 30 times per minute. To strictly measure the frequency of ascent to and from a step, a metronome is used, the frequency of which is set to 120 beats per minute. Each movement of the subject corresponds to one beat of the metronome, each ascent is carried out by four beats of the metronome. At the 5th minute of ascent, heart rate in

Physical fitness is assessed by the value of the resulting index. The value of IGST characterizes the speed of recovery processes after physical activity. The faster the pulse recovers, the higher the Harvard Step Test index.

High values ​​of the Harvard Step Test index are observed in athletes training for endurance (kayaking and canoeing, rowing, cycling, swimming, cross-country skiing, speed skating, long-distance running, etc.). Athletes representing speed-strength sports have significantly lower index values. This makes it possible to use this test to assess the overall physical performance of athletes.

The Harvard Step Test can be used to calculate general physical performance. To do this, two loads are performed, the power of which can be determined by the formula:

W= p x h x n x 1.3, where p is body weight (kg); h - step height in meters; n - number of ascents in 1 minute;

1.3 is a coefficient that takes into account the so-called negative work (descent from a step).

The maximum permissible step height is 50 cm, the highest frequency of ascents is 30 per minute.

The diagnostic value of this test can be increased if blood pressure is measured in parallel with heart rate during the recovery period. This will make it possible to evaluate the test not only quantitatively (determining IGST), but also qualitatively (determining the type of response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity).

Comparison of general physical performance and adaptability of the cardiovascular system response, i.e. the price of this work can characterize the functional state and functional readiness of the athlete.

Test PWC 170 (Physical Working Capacity). The World Health Organization calls this test W 170

The test is used to determine the overall physical performance of athletes.

The test is based on establishing the minimum power of physical activity at which the heart rate becomes equal to 170 beats per minute, i.e. an optimal level of functioning of the cardiorespiratory system is achieved. Physical performance in this test is expressed in the magnitude of the power of physical activity, at which the heart rate reaches 170 beats per minute.

PWC170 is determined by an indirect method. It is based on the existence of a linear relationship between heart rate and the power of physical activity up to a heart rate equal to 170 beats per minute, which makes it possible to determine PWC170 graphically and according to the formula proposed by V. L. Karpman.

The test involves performing two loads of increasing power, lasting 5 minutes each, without preliminary warm-up, with a rest interval of 3 minutes. The load is carried out on a bicycle ergometer. The specified load is dosed using the pedaling frequency (usually 60-70 rpm) and the resistance to pedal rotation. The power of the work performed is expressed in kgm/min or watts, 1 watt = 6.1114 kgm.

The magnitude of the first load is set depending on the body weight and level of fitness of the athlete. The power of the second load is set taking into account the heart rate caused by the first load.

Heart rate is recorded at the end of the 5th minute of each load (the last 30 seconds of work at a certain power level).

Estimation of relative values ​​of PWC 170 (kgm/min kg):

• low - 14 or less;
• below average - 15-16;
• average - 17-18;
• above average - 19-20;
• high - 21-22;
• very high - 23 or more.

The highest values ​​of general physical performance are observed in athletes training for endurance.

Novakki test, methodology and evaluation

The Nowacchi test is used to directly determine the overall physical performance of athletes.

The test is based on determining the time during which an athlete is able to perform a certain physical load of stepwise increasing power, depending on his body weight. The test is performed on a bicycle ergometer. The load is strictly individualized. The load begins with an initial power of 1 watt per 1 kg of the athlete’s body weight, every two minutes the load power is increased by 1 watt per kg - until the athlete refuses to perform the load. During this period, oxygen consumption is close to or equal to MOC (maximum oxygen consumption), heart rate also reaches its maximum values.

Maximum oxygen consumption (MOC), methods of determination and assessment

Maximum oxygen consumption is greatest number oxygen that a person can consume within 1 minute. MOC is a measure of aerobic power and an integral indicator of the state of the oxygen transport system; this is the main indicator of the productivity of the cardiorespiratory system.

The MPC value is one of the most important indicators characterizing the overall physical performance of an athlete.

Determining MOC is especially important for assessing the functional state of endurance athletes.

The MPC indicator is one of the leading indicators in assessing a person’s physical condition.

Maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) is determined by direct and indirect methods.

• By the direct method, MOC is determined during exercise on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill using appropriate equipment for oxygen sampling and its quantitative determination.

Direct measurement of MIC under testing loads is labor-intensive and requires special equipment and high qualifications medical personnel, maximum effort from the athlete, significant investment of time. Therefore, indirect methods for determining MIC are more often used.

• With indirect methods, the MIC value is determined using the appropriate mathematical formulas:

Indirect method for determining MOC (maximum oxygen consumption) based on PWC 170 value. It is known that the PWC170 value is highly correlated with MIC. This allows you to determine the MIC based on the PWC170 value using the formula proposed by V.L. Karpman.

Indirect method for determining MOC (maximum oxygen consumption) according to the formula of D. Massicot - based on the results of a 1500-meter run:

MOC = 22.5903 + 12.2944 + result (s) - 0.1755 x body weight (kg) To compare the MOC of athletes, they do not use the absolute value of the MOC (l/min), but the relative one. Relative MOC values ​​are obtained by dividing the absolute value of MOC by the athlete’s body weight in kg. The relative unit is ml/min/kg.

Scientific and practical conference

schoolchildren "Student-researcher"

Section “Natural Science”

Functional status

of cardio-vascular system

Sivokon Ivan Pavlovich

9B grade student

MOBU "Romnenskaya Secondary School"

them. I.A.Goncharova"

Scientific adviser:

Yakimenko M.V.

Romny 2014

Table of contents

Student's annotation…………………………………………. 3

Teacher's annotation……………………………………………………………4

1. Introduction……………………………………………………… 5

   Main part

   1. Literature Study

      1. Structure of the heart……………………………………………………………. 5

         Cardiac cycle…………………………………………. 8

         Circulation circles…………………………………. 10

         Pulse……………………………………………………... 11

         Blood pressure……………………………………………………… 11

         Technique of Ruffier test and Martinet test………………. 12

   Measuring technique

   1. Pulse……………………………………………………………… …. 13

      Blood pressure………………………………... 13

   Research and analysis of the results obtained

   1. Study of 9B class students………………… 15

      Study of class 3A students………………… 18

Conclusion…………………………………………………….... 21

IV.List of literature and Internet resources………………………... 22

Student's abstract

Goal of the work

Cardiovascular function testing

Tasks

Study literature

1. About the anatomy of the cardiovascular system

   About pulse

   About blood pressure

Learn measurement techniques

1. Blood pressure

   Pulse

Take measurements

1. Blood pressure

   Pulse

Study the technique of the Martinet test and the Ruffier test to determine the functional state of the cardiovascular system

Perform the Martinet and Ruffier tests. Evaluate the results obtained

Object of study

Students of grades 3A and 9B

Subject of study

Blood pressure and pulse

Research methods

1. Studying literature on this topic.

2. Conducting experiments.

3. Analysis of the results obtained by comparison.

Hypothesis

Is it possible to find out the state of the cardiovascular system using blood pressure and pulse readings?

Teacher's abstract

Subject research work“Functional state of the cardiovascular system” is very relevant, so Ivan chose this one, since health is the main component of a prosperous human life. Without knowledge about the patterns of health, the features of its diagnosis, it is impossible to organize the process of formation healthy image life and reach the highest stage of development. Therefore, Ivan independently studied in sufficient detail the anatomy of the cardiovascular system and the technique of measuring pulse. Performed measurements of blood pressure and pulse of students in classes 9B and 3A. Studied the Martinet and Ruffier test technique to determine the functional state of the cardiovascular system. Performed Martinet and Ruffier tests. I assessed the results and made conclusions.

Ivan worked with great interest and interested his classmates and teachers in the results of his work, since the work was of a research nature.

I think that with the results of this research Ivan needs to speak at parent meetings in grades 9B and 3A. I recommend continuing work on studying the health level of students at the Romny secondary school.

Cardiovascular research

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Introduction

The human body is a single whole. Everything in it is interconnected. The deterioration of the cardiovascular system affects human life.

2. Main part

1) Study of literature

a) Structure of the heart

The human heart is located in the chest, approximately in the center with a slight shift to the left. It is a hollow muscular organ. It is surrounded on the outside by a membrane called the pericardium (pericardial sac). Between the heart and the pericardial sac there is a fluid that moisturizes the heart and reduces friction during its contractions.

The heart is divided into four chambers: two right ones - the right atrium and right ventricle, and two left ones - the left atrium and left ventricle. Normally, the right and left halves of the heart do not communicate with each other. The atria and ventricles are connected by openings. Along the edges of the holes are the leaflet valves of the heart: on the right - tricuspid, on the left - bicuspid, or mitral. Bicuspid and tricuspid valves ensure blood flows in one direction - from the atria to the ventricles. There are also valves between the left ventricle and the aorta extending from it, as well as between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery extending from it. Because of the shape of the valves, they are called semilunar. Each semilunar valve consists of three pocket-like layers. The free edge of the pockets faces the lumen of the blood vessels. Semilunar valves allow blood to flow in only one direction - from the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary artery.

The heart wall consists of three layers: the outer - epicardium, the middle - myocardium and the inner - endocardium.

The outer lining of the heart. The epicardium, epicardium, is a smooth, thin and transparent membrane. It is the visceral plate, laminavisceralis, pericardium, pericardium. The connective tissue base of the epicardium in various parts of the heart, especially in the grooves and in the apex, includes adipose tissue. With help connective tissue The epicardium is fused with the myocardium most tightly in places of the least accumulation or absence of adipose tissue.

The middle muscular layer of the heart, the myocardium, myocardium, or cardiac muscle, is a powerful and significant part of the heart wall in thickness. The myocardium reaches its greatest thickness in the area of ​​the wall of the left ventricle (11-14 mm), twice the thickness of the wall of the right ventricle (4-6 mm). In the walls of the atria, the myocardium is much less developed and its thickness here is only 2 - 3 mm.

The deep layer consists of bundles that rise from the apex of the heart to its base. They are cylindrical, and part of the beams oval shape, are repeatedly split and reconnected, forming loops of varying sizes. The shorter of these bundles do not reach the base of the heart, but are directed obliquely from one wall of the heart to the other in the form of fleshy trabeculae. Only the interventricular septum immediately below the arterial openings is devoid of these crossbars.

A number of such short but more powerful muscle bundles, connected in part to both the middle and outer layers, protrude freely into the cavity of the ventricles, forming cone-shaped papillary muscles of varying sizes.
Papillary muscles with chordae tendineae hold the valve leaflets when they are slammed shut by the flow of blood flowing from the contracted ventricles (during systole) to the relaxed atria (during diastole). Encountering obstacles from the valves, the blood rushes not into the atria, but into the openings of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, the semilunar valves of which are pressed by the blood flow to the walls of these vessels and thereby leave the lumen of the vessels open.

Located between the outer and deep muscle layers, the middle layer forms a number of well-defined circular bundles in the walls of each ventricle. The middle layer is more developed in the left ventricle, so the walls of the left ventricle are much thicker than the walls of the right. The bundles of the middle muscular layer of the right ventricle are flattened and have an almost transverse and somewhat oblique direction from the base of the heart to the apex.
The interventricular septum, septum interventriculare, is formed by all three muscular layers of both ventricles, but is larger than the muscular layers of the left ventricle. The thickness of the septum reaches 10-11 mm, somewhat inferior to the thickness of the wall of the left ventricle. The interventricular septum is convex towards the cavity of the right ventricle and along 4/5 represents a well-developed muscle layer. This much larger part of the interventricular septum is called the muscular part, parsmuscularis.

The upper (1/5) part of the interventricular septum is the membranous part, parsmembranacea. The septal leaflet of the right atrioventricular valve is attached to the membranous part.

b) Cardiac cycle - this is an alternation of contractions (0.4 sec) and

relaxation (0.4 sec) of the heart.

The work of the heart includes two phases: contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). The cardiac cycle consists of contraction of the atria, contraction of the ventricles, and subsequent relaxation of the atria and ventricles. Atrial contraction lasts 0.1 seconds, ventricular contraction lasts 0.3 seconds. and relaxation 0.4 sec.

During diastole, the left atrium fills with blood, blood flows through the mitral orifice into the left ventricle, and during contraction of the left ventricle, blood is pushed through the aortic valve, enters the aorta and spreads to all organs. In the organs, oxygen is transferred to the tissues of the body for their nutrition. Next, the blood collects through the veins into the right atrium and enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. During ventricular systole deoxygenated blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery and enters the pulmonary vessels. In the lungs, the blood is oxygenated, that is, it is saturated with oxygen. Oxygenated blood is collected through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.

Nodes and fibers of the cardiac conduction system Cardiac vessels

Rhythmic, constant alternation of the phases of systole and diastole, necessary for normal operation, is ensured by the occurrence and conduction of an electrical impulse through a system of special cells - through the nodes and fibers of the conduction system of the heart. Impulses arise first in the uppermost, so-called sinus node, which is located in the right atrium, then pass to the second, atrioventricular node, and from it - along thinner fibers (bundle branches) - to the muscles of the right and left ventricles, causing contraction all their muscles.

The heart itself, like any other organ, requires oxygen for nutrition and normal functioning. It is delivered to the heart muscle through the heart's own vessels - the coronary vessels. Sometimes these arteries are called coronary.

Ruffier test - This is a small physical test for a child, which allows you to determine the state of the heart.

It is carried out according to the following scheme.

After a 5-minute rest in a “sitting” position, the student’s pulse is measured (P 1 ), then the subject performs 20 rhythmic squats in 30 seconds, after which the pulse is measured immediately in the “standing” position (P 2 ). Then the student rests, sitting for a minute, and the pulse is counted again (P 3 ).

The value of the Ruffier index is calculated using the formula:

Lr= [(P 1 + R 2 + R 3 ) - 200]/10

Test score.

An index less than 1 is rated excellent; 1–6 – good; 6.1–11 – satisfactory; 11.1 – 15 – weak; more than 15 – unsatisfactory.

Martinet test– This orthostatic test, proposed for assessing the functional state of the heart in children.

Heart rate and blood pressure at rest are calculated. Then, with the cuff on the arm, 20 deep (low) squats are performed (feet shoulder-width apart, arms extended forward), which must be done for 30 seconds. After completing the load, the subject immediately sits down, after which pulse and blood pressure are measured at 1, 2, 3 minutes after the load. In this case, the pulse is measured in the first 10 seconds, and in the next 50 seconds. - HELL. Repeat measurements at 2 and 3 minutes.

Test score.

The state of the cardiovascular system is assessed as excellent when the heart rate increases by no more than 25%, good - 25% - 50%, satisfactory - 51-75%, unsatisfactory - more than 75%.

After the test, with a healthy response to physical activity, systolic (upper) blood pressure increases by 25-40 mm Hg. Art., and the diastolic (lower) either remains at the same level or decreases slightly (by 5-10 mm Hg. Art.). Recovery of pulse lasts from 1 to 3, and blood pressure from 3 to 4 minutes.

2) Measuring technique

a) Pulse

The pulse can be measured in the following arteries: temporal (above the temples), carotid (along the inner edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, under the jaw), brachial (on the inner surface of the shoulder above the elbow), femoral (on the inner surface of the thigh at the junction of the leg and pelvis), popliteal. Usually the pulse is measured at the wrist, on the inside of the arm (at the radial artery), just above the base of the thumb.

The best place to feel the pulse is on the radial artery, a thumb's width below the first fold of the skin of the wrist.

To check your own pulse, hold your hand with your wrist slightly bent. Grasp the underside of your wrist tightly with your other hand. Place three fingers (index, middle and ring) on ​​your wrist, on the radial artery, in line with very little space between them. Apply gentle pressure just below the radius (metacarpal bone) and feel the pulse points. Each finger should clearly feel the pulse wave. Then release your finger pressure a little to feel the different movements of the pulse.

The most accurate values ​​can be obtained by counting your pulse for 1 minute. However, this is not necessary. You can count the beats for 30 seconds and then multiply by 2.

b) Blood pressure

Blood pressure is measured using various devices, most often a tonometer is used for this.

First step. Preparation

It is necessary to free the shoulder of the arm on which the tonometer cuff will be attached from the pressure clothing.

Second step. Setting and position of the patient

When measuring pressure, it is important to ensure correct posture the patient’s body: he should be comfortably located on a chair or armchair. The arm must be relaxed, otherwise contraction of the shoulder muscles may lead to incorrect measurement results.

Third step. Blood pressure measurement

During the measurement, you must not move, do not talk, or worry.

To measure, a tonometer cuff is placed on the middle part of the upper arm. Don't tighten the cuff too tight. The cuff should fit the shoulder so that a finger can be placed between it and the shoulder. The position of the arm and the position of the cuff should be adjusted so that the cuff is at the level of the heart.

It is important that the membrane of the stethoscope should be adjacent to the skin, but you should not press too hard, otherwise additional compression of the brachial artery will not be avoided. Also, the stethoscope should not touch the tonometer tubes, otherwise sounds from contact with them will interfere with the measurement.

Inflate the cuff to a pressure of 180 mm Hg, then gradually deflate the air. Remember the readings of the first strike (upper number) and the last strike (lower number).

After receiving the final results, you should immediately remove the blood pressure cuff. After 5 minutes, the measurement is repeated;

A typical healthy person's arterial blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) = 120 and 80 mmHg. Art., pressure in large veins by several mmHg. Art. below zero (below atmospheric). The difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic (pulse pressure) is normally 30-40 mmHg. Art.

3) Research and analysis of the results obtained

a) Study of 9B grade students

At rest

After squats

Subject

1 minute

2 minutes

3 minutes

Pulse(P 1 )

pressure

Pulse(P 2 )

pressure

Pulse(P 3 )

pressure

pulse

pressure

Anton A.

120/80

108

160/80

140/80

120/80

Konstantin G.

102

110/80

120

170/80

120/80

110/80

Daria G.

120/80

114

140/80

130/80

120/80

Andrey I.

110/80

150/80

120/80

110/80

Lyudmila K.

110/80

100

150/80

140/80

130/80

Anastasia K.

110/80

102

140/80

120/80

110/80

Andrey L.

139/80

138

150/80

140/80

130/90

Irina M.

120/80

140/80

130/80

120/80

Roman N.

140/80

120

200/80

108

160/80

150/80

Roman P.

120/80

120

130/80

100/80

120/80

Christina P.

110/80

130/80

120/80

110/80

Veronica S.

100/80

130/80

120/80

100/80

Vasily H.

120/80

102

150/80

130/80

120/80

Victoria H.

120/80

140/80

120/80

120/80

Vasily Ch.

110/80

140/80

130/80

120/80

Pavel Sh.

110/80

102

130/80

125/80

120/80

Subject

Index

Grade

Anton A.

8,2

Satisfactorily

Konstantin G.

Satisfactorily

Daria G.

8,8

Satisfactorily

Andrey I.

3,4

Fine

Lyudmila K.

Satisfactorily

Anastasia K.

6,4

Satisfactorily

Andrey L.

Weak

Irina M.

4,6

Fine

Roman N.

12,4

Weak

Roman P.

9,4

Satisfactorily

Christina P.

4,6

Fine

Veronica S.

3,4

Fine

Vasily H.

Satisfactorily

Victoria H.

5,2

Fine

Vasily Ch.

2,8

Fine

Pavel Sh.

3,8

Fine

Conclusion: the state of the cardiovascular system of the majority of students in grade 9B is good and satisfactory, which in % ratio is:

Excellent-0%

Good-43.75%

Satisfactory-43.75%

Weak-12.5%

Unsatisfactory-0%

Subject

Heart rate increase percentage

Grade

Heart rate recovery

Pressure recovery

Anton A.

Great

Konstantin G.

Great

Daria G.

Fine

Andrey I.

Fine

Lyudmila K.

Great

Anastasia K.

Fine

Andrey L.

Fine

Irina M.

Great

Roman N.

Fine

Roman P.

Satisfactorily

Christina P.

Fine

Veronica S.

Fine

Vasily H.

Fine

Victoria H.

Great

Vasily Ch.

Fine

16

Pavel Sh.

54

Satisfactorily

+

+

Based on the data in the table, I made a diagram.

Conclusion: For Konstantin, Andrey, and Irina, the pulse at rest was higher than after squats and 3 minutes of rest, I attribute this to the guys’ excitement before the examination. A slight increase in blood pressure after 3 minutes of rest is observed in Lyudmila (20 mm Hg), in Andrey, the blood pressure before the examination is higher than after the examination (I believe that anxiety also had an effect). Therefore, I believe that according to the Martinet test, 81.25% of students in grade 9B. have normal indications for the development and functioning of the cardiovascular system, 12.5% ​​are closer to normal and 6.25% require additional examination.

b) Study of class 3A students

Measured blood pressure and pulse at rest and after 20 squats. The results were entered into the table.

At rest

After squats

Subject

1 minute

2 minutes

3 minutes

Pulse(P 1 )

pressure

Pulse(P 2 )

pressure

Pulse(P 3 )

pressure

pulse

pressure

1

Alexander B.

78

100/80

90

120/80

84

110/80

78

100/80

2

Ilya B.

78

100/80

96

130/80

78

120/80

78

110/80

3

Anna B.

90

90/70

90

110/70

102

100/70

90

90/70

4

Kirill V.

78

90/80

96

120/80

90

110/80

78

90/80

5

Nikolay V.

78

100/80

90

120/80

84

110/80

78

100/80

6

Oleg D.

108

130/80

120

140/80

102

130/80

108

130/80

7

Dmitry E.

90

100/80

108

130/80

96

110/80

90

100/80

8

Kirill J.

102

110/70

114

130/70

102

120/70

102

110/70

9

Valeria K.

108

100/80

126

120/80

114

120/80

108

110/80

10

Yulia O.

90

110/60

102

130/60

96

120/60

90

110/60

11

Sergey S.

78

100/80

90

130/80

84

110/80

78

100/80

12

Maxim S.

84

100/80

108

120/80

96

110/80

90

100/80

13

Roman S.

78

100/80

90

120/80

72

110/80

90

100/80

14

Polina S.

84

110/80

102

130/80

84

120/80

84

110/80

15

Daria S.

102

110/80

120

130/80

114

120/80

102

110/80

16

Daniil T.

96

110/80

108

130/80

102

120/80

96

110/80

Performed the Ruffier test. The results were entered into the table.

Subject

Result

State

1

Alexander B.

5,2

Fine

2

Ilya B.

5,2

Fine

3

Anna B.

8,2

Satisfactorily

4

Kirill V.

6,4

Satisfactorily

5

Nikolay V.

5,2

Fine

6

Oleg D.

13

Weak

7

Dmitry E.

9,4

Satisfactorily

8

Kirill J.

11,8

Weak

9

Valeria K.

14,8

Weak

10

Yulia O.

8,8

Satisfactorily

11

Sergey S.

5,2

Fine

12

Maxim S.

8,8

Satisfactorily

13

Roman S.

4

Fine

14

Polina S.

7

Satisfactorily

15

Daria S.

13,6

Weak

16

Daniil T.

10,6

Satisfactorily

Based on the data in the table, I made a diagram.

Conclusion: the state of the cardiovascular system of class 3A students is good in 5 students, which is 31.25%; satisfactory for 7 students, which is 43.75%; weak in 4 students, which is 25% (these guys need additional examination).

Performed the Martinet test. The results were entered into the table.

Subject

Heart rate increase percentage

Grade

Heart rate recovery

Pressure recovery

1

Alexander B.

15

Great

+

+

2

Ilya B.

23

Great

+

+

3

Anna B.

0

Great

+

+

4

Kirill V.

23

Great

+

+

5

Nikolay V.

15

Great

+

+

6

Oleg D.

11

Great

+

+

7

Dmitry E.

20

Great

+

+

8

Kirill J.

11

Great

+

+

9

Valeria K.

16

Great

+

+

10

Yulia O.

13

Great

+

+

11

Sergey S.

15

Great

+

+

12

Maxim S.

28

Fine

-

+

13

Roman S.

15

Great

-

+

14

Polina S.

21

Great

+

+

15

Daria S.

17

Great

+

+

16

Daniil T.

12

Great

+

+

Based on the data in the table, I made a diagram.

Conclusion: out of 16 subjects, the cardiovascular system functions perfectly in 15 people, which is 93.75%; 1 person has good, which is 6.25%. The resting heart rate is a little alarming: 84; 90; 108 – I think that the boys’ excitement before the study had an effect.

3. Conclusion

Study findings:

After studying the literature on this topic, I learned in more detail about the anatomy of the cardiovascular system, pulse and blood pressure.

Learned to measure pulse and blood pressure.

The Ruffier and Martinet tests will help to correctly assess the functional ability to tolerate physical activity and select the most rational rehabilitation methods of recovery.

My hypothesis “is it possible to find out the state of the cardiovascular system using blood pressure and pulse readings” was confirmed.

At home, knowing the technique of performing the Ruffier and Martinet tests, you can conduct the simplest studies of the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

IV. List of literature and Internet resources

Biology. Human. Textbook for 8th grade. Kolesov D.V.3rd ed. - M.: Bustard, 2002.

http://ru.wikipedia.org

http://images.yandex.ru

www.zor-da.ru

healthn.mail.ru/content/patent

www.kardio.ru/profi

www.eurolab.ua