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Potently toxic substances. Poisons in our homes

April 16th, 2017 , 09:09 am

Not only potential attackers ask about how to poison a person, but also regular users Internet. Today pharmaceutical market offers consumers a variety of medicines, some products are available for purchase without a doctor's prescription.
There are also toxic substances that can quickly eliminate an opponent or, conversely, provoke a chronic disease. Age-old knowledge and modern technologies become dangerous weapons in the hands of competent people.
Potassium cyanide is known to almost everyone; at the beginning of the 20th century, the dangerous powder was a common way to get rid of unwanted persons.
The poison belongs to the group of hydrocyanic acid derivatives and is highly soluble in water. Some sources indicate specific smell This substance, however, not all people are able to sense it. Potassium cyanide causes poisoning if ingested, and it is also dangerous to inhale powder particles and solution vapors. The lethal dose of poison is only a few grams, but in most cases it depends on the weight and individual characteristics of the body.
Potassium cyanide can quickly poison a person. Death is affected by the route of entry of the substance into the body, so when particles are inhaled, the effect of the toxin manifests itself instantly, and when it enters the stomach, the poison begins to cause irreversible consequences after 15 minutes.
The victim goes through several stages of intoxication. At first, a sore throat is felt, then nausea and vomiting begins, and possible numbness of the throat. Increases over time general weakness, a feeling of fear arises, and the pulse slows down. Subsequently, signs such as convulsions and loss of consciousness are noted. As a rule, if a sufficient dose of poison is ingested, a person dies within 4 hours.
With the arrival of new drugs on the pharmaceutical market, people are interested in how to poison a person with pills. The list of dangerous poisons if used incorrectly includes the following medications:

sleeping pill "Phenazepam";

hellebore water;

Corvalol drops.

The medicine "Phenazepam" is prescribed by doctors as a remedy against insomnia, panic attacks and stress. It refers to psychotropic medications, and offenders use this drug to poison a person in their sleep.
Like many other drugs, Phenazepam is incompatible with alcohol - this is what criminals take advantage of, since the combined use of these tablets and alcohol leads to respiratory arrest and death. But it is not easy to get the described drug, since it is sold only with a doctor’s prescription.
Hellebore water is freely sold in pharmacies and is used not only in traditional medicine, but also as a remedy against alcohol addiction. However, some cases of intentional intoxication are not taken into account, which is why this medicine is suitable for those who want to poison a person without identifying the poison.
Lethal outcome occurs when ingested for 2 years. raw materials, hellebore water negatively affects heart function and blood pressure. Thus, the oxygen supply to the brain gradually decreases.
As a rule, alcohol accelerates the absorption of poison and signs of intoxication hellebore water develop within 20 minutes after taking the product. Vomiting begins, and symptoms such as extreme thirst, slowness heart rate, disturbance of reason. Death occurs on average after 8 hours; this medicine allows criminals to poison a person without determining the exact cause of death.
Corvalol drops can be purchased at any pharmacy, which makes them an affordable and effective medicine for poisoning. The lethal dose of the drug depends on the weight and age of the person, on average it is 150 drops.
Intoxication is characterized by prolonged sleep, decreased blood pressure and pupil dilation. The combined use of this drug with alcohol is especially dangerous; in this case, tachycardia appears and the skin turns blue. Poisoning a person slowly using Corvalol drops will most likely not work; death occurs within 24 hours, which is taken advantage of by various asocial elements of society.

This unpleasant phenomenon occurs due to the consumption of spoiled or low-quality products, or substances unsuitable for consumption. How can you be poisoned? Every person should know the answer to this question, because to prevent dangerous situation much easier than trying to improve your health and eliminate its consequences in the future.

General list of hazardous substances

So let's make up general list what can be poisoned at home. The most common categories of danger to human health are:

products with expired suitability;
products stored in violation of the necessary conditions;
poisonous secretions of plants, fungi or living organisms;
household chemicals;
products used for construction and finishing works, other economic needs;
fertilizers and chemical compositions, intended for plant care;
medications;
alcohol and tobacco.

It must be remembered that poisoning can occur not only through the gastrointestinal tract, but also through inhalation of vapors of a toxic substance.

Which of the following is the most dangerous thing that can quickly cause poisoning? First of all, it all depends on the dose, but it is generally accepted that household and industrial poisons are much more active than bacteria lurking in food.

About drug poisoning

What medications can cause poisoning? Recently, this issue has also become of significant relevance for all categories of citizens, from children and the elderly to adults and sensible people. There are quite a few reasons for this: some people are poisoned by accident, while others deliberately prescribe inappropriate treatment for themselves without consulting a doctor. What drugs can become not only useful, but also dangerous? Their list should definitely include the following items:

Painkillers (often taken in large quantities, which leads to unpleasant consequences). In addition, many people take several different types of tablets at once, forgetting that such mixing can be dangerous and strictly contraindicated.
Aspirin (even 5 tablets of this harmless drug can provoke serious liver damage, but doubling the indicated dose can even provoke death).
Psychotropic drugs (extremely dangerous if the rules of administration are not followed, as well as the individual dosage prescribed by a specialist).
Herbal-based sedatives and any other homeopathy (this category of remedies easily leads to quite serious poisoning). Most people sincerely assume that such medications are absolutely safe, they can be used in any quantity and for as long as desired, but this is not at all true. Excessive consumption of herbs and homeopathy over a long period of time leads to a cumulative effect that ultimately provokes human poisoning.

In addition, when answering the question of what can be poisoned from medicines, it should be noted iodine solution, vitamins, vasoconstrictor drops, hormone-based drugs. Conventional and affordable medications can become dangerous if the conditions for their storage and use are not followed.

Features of poisoning

When answering the question of what can cause poisoning, it is recommended to pay attention to the fact that the same substances can be perceived differently by the body of each individual person. With general weakening, even the smallest dose of a dangerous drug can be lethal, strong people They are also able to withstand higher concentrations of toxic products. Those at greatest risk are women, children, the elderly, and pregnant women. At the same time, we should not forget that even the strongest men are much more sensitive to a certain type of medicine than fragile representatives of the fair sex.

What are the dangers for pregnant women?

Expectant mothers should approach their health issues with special attention. When advising women about what can cause poisoning during pregnancy, many experts recommend not only paying attention to the expiration date and storage conditions of products, but also carefully adjusting the diet, removing the most potentially dangerous foods from it. These include seafood, canned food and pates, eggs, fermented milk products, sweets with cream. It is strongly recommended to avoid mushrooms and watermelons and to take special care when purchasing meat and fish, fruits and berries, and soft cheeses.

It should be remembered that possible poisoning has a detrimental effect not only on the health of the mother, but also on the fetus in her womb. A disease of this kind deprives an unborn baby nutrients necessary for its normal functioning and development. Dehydration, cramps and other unpleasant consequences of poisoning can lead to miscarriage or premature birth, and the formation of pathologies in the baby.

Alarming symptoms

If a victim ingests poison, first aid should be provided immediately. The following symptoms will help indicate that poisoning has occurred:

a sharp increase or decrease in temperature;
vomit;
convulsions;
burns at the site of penetration of the substance into the body;
bad breath;
impairment of respiratory functions and swallowing reflex.

First aid algorithm

Knowing what products can cause poisoning, anyone can correctly organize the sequence of actions to neutralize dangerous substances. The algorithm of events should be something like this:

calling an ambulance;
removal of poison through heavy drinking and subsequent vomiting (drink as much water as possible with a small amount of soda);
We neutralize the remains of hazardous substances by activated carbon or other absorbent;
We provide peace and restoration.

In case of consumption of toxic poisons, urgent gastric lavage is necessary in a medical facility.

Poison is a very popular means of killing in literature. Books about Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes developed a love of fast-acting, undetectable poisons among readers. But poisons are common not only in literature, there are also real cases use of poisons. Here are ten known poisons that have been used to kill people over time.

10. Hemlock Hemlock, also known as Omega, is a highly toxic flower native to Europe and South Africa. It was very popular among the ancient Greeks, who used it to kill their prisoners. The fatal dose for an adult is 100 milligrams of omega (about 8 leaves of the plant). Death occurs as a result of paralysis, consciousness remains clear, but the body stops responding and the respiratory system soon fails. The most famous case of poisoning with this poison is the death of the Greek philosopher Socrates. In 399 BC he was sentenced to death for contempt of Greek gods- the sentence was carried out using a concentrated infusion of Hemlock.

9. Aconite
Aconite is obtained from the borax plant. This poison leaves behind only one post-mortem sign - suffocation. Poison causes severe arrhythmia, which ultimately leads to suffocation. You can get poisoned even by simply touching the leaves of the plant without gloves, since the substance is very quickly and easily absorbed. Due to the difficulty in finding traces of this poison in the body, it has become popular among people attempting to commit untraceable murder. Despite this, aconite has its own famous victim. Emperor Claudius poisoned his wife Agrippina using aconite in a mushroom dish.

8. Belladonna
This is a favorite poison among girls! Even the name of the plant from which it is obtained comes from Italian and means “ Beautiful woman" Initially, the plant was used in the Middle Ages for cosmetic needs - eye drops were made from it, which dilated the pupils, which made women more seductive (according to at least, they thought so). If they rubbed their cheeks a little, it would give them a reddish tint, which is now achieved with blush. It seems that the plant is not very scary? In fact, even one leaf can be lethal if ingested, which is why it was used to make poisonous arrow tips. Belladonna berries are the most dangerous - 10 attractive berries can become fatal.

7. Dimethylmercury
It is a slow killer made by man. But this is precisely what makes him much more dangerous. Taking a dose of 0.1 milliliter leads to death. However, the symptoms of poisoning become apparent only after several months, which greatly complicates treatment. In 1996, a chemistry teacher at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire dropped a drop of poison on her hand - dimethylmercury passed through her latex glove, symptoms of poisoning appeared four months later, and she died ten months later.

6. Tetrodotoxin
This substance is found in sea creatures - blue-ringed octopus and pufferfish. The octopus is more dangerous, since it deliberately poisons the victim with this poison, which causes death within a few minutes. The amount of venom released in one bite is enough to kill 26 adults in a few minutes, and the bites are usually so painless that the victim only realizes he has been bitten when paralysis sets in. Pufferfish are only dangerous if you intend to eat them. If a pufferfish fugu dish is prepared correctly, then all its poison completely evaporates, and it can be consumed without any consequences, except for the adrenaline rush from the thought that the cook made a mistake when preparing the dish.

5. Polonium
Polonium is a slow-acting radioactive poison for which there is no cure. One gram of polonium can kill about 1.5 million people in a few months. Most famous case polonium poisoning - the murder of former KGB-FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko. Residues of polonium were found in his body in a dose 200 times greater than necessary to cause death. He died within three weeks.

4. Mercury
There are three very dangerous species mercury Elemental mercury can be found in glass thermometers. It is harmless if touched, but is fatal if inhaled. Inorganic mercury is used in making batteries and is only lethal if ingested. Organic mercury is found in fish such as tuna and swordfish (you should not eat more than 170 grams of their meat per week). If you consume these types of fish for too long, harmful substance may accumulate in the body. A famous death from mercury is that of Amadeus Mozart, who was given mercury tablets to treat syphilis.

3. Cyanide
This poison was used in Agatha Christie's books. Cyanide is very popular (spies use cyanide tablets to kill themselves if captured) and there are many reasons for its popularity. First of all: a huge number of substances serve as sources of cyanide - almonds, apple seeds, apricot kernels, tobacco smoke, insecticides, pesticides, etc. The murder in this case can be explained by an everyday accident, such as the accidental ingestion of a pesticide. The fatal dose of cyanide is 1.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Secondly, cyanide kills quickly. Depending on the dose, death occurs within 15 minutes. Cyanide in gas form (hydrogen cyanide) was used by Nazi Germany in gas chambers during the Holocaust.

2. Botulinum Toxin
If you have read books about Sherlock Holmes, you have heard about this poison. Botulinum toxin causes botulism, a disease that can be fatal if not treated promptly. Botulism causes muscle paralysis, eventually leading to paralysis of the respiratory system and death. The bacterium enters the body through open wounds or contaminated food. Botulinum toxin is the same substance that is used in Botox injections.

1. ArsenicArsenic is called the “King of Poisons” for its stealth and strength - traces of it were previously impossible to find, so it was often used for murder and in literature. This continued until the invention of the Marsh test, with which one can find poison in water, food, etc. The “King of Poison” claimed many lives: Napoleon Bonaparte, George III and Simon Bolivar died from this poison. Like belladonna, arsenic was used in the Middle Ages for cosmetic purposes. A few drops of poison made the woman’s skin white and pale.

Damn questions when applying to Oxford and Cambridge

If you are preparing to become a student at an elite institution, then study new book from the publishing house Mann, Ivanov and Ferber will definitely not hurt you. "Tricky question. How to get your brain moving" - a collection of answers to questions asked during interviews for admission to Oxford and Cambridge. You'll finally learn things like how small a computer can be, what happens if you drop an ant, and why people even need two eyes. VOS presents two chapters covering equally pressing topics: how to poison a person without getting caught, and is the philosopher Wittgenstein always right when he claims that there is no one absolute truth?

**About the publisher

"Mann, Ivanov and Ferber" - publishing house business literature, created in 2005 by three marketers who themselves write books.

John Farndon is a writer, playwright and composer. Author of dozens of popular science books, translated into many languages. His books “How does it work?”, “The Human Body”, “Encyclopedia of Questions and Answers”, “Children’s Encyclopedia of Space”, “Don’t Open It!”, “All About Animals” and others were published in Russian. Farndon is a winner of US and UK book awards, some of his books are used as teaching aids in universities and professional communities.

John Farndon

Tricky question. How to get your brain moving

Translation from English by Idelia Ayzyatulova

"Mann, Ivanov and Ferber", 2016.

How to poison someone without the police finding out?

(Medicine, Cambridge)

The answer to this question will not be superfluous for any Cambridge senior student. After all, no one can guarantee that your roommate won't become completely insufferable or that your course advisor won't trash your essay that deserves a place on the list. best works of the year. However, why limit yourself to poisoning, if there are still many ways in which you can get rid of these unpleasant teachers? There are quite a few whirlpools in the river, and it is quite easy to fall into the water during a boat trip, the freshly washed stone steps of the ancient stairs are extremely treacherous, and a variety of explosive substances are stored in the chemical laboratory. In addition, this year alone, at least a hundred students died of boredom during Professor Skulosvoding’s lectures, but for some reason the police were not interested in this at all...

Perhaps I jumped to the conclusion too quickly. In fact, the question posed does not mean that the poisoning victim must certainly die; a slight stomach upset quite satisfies the conditions of the problem, since it is unlikely to attract the attention of the authorities. For example, I can remember a couple of parties where I was definitely poisoned by disgusting food and excessive amounts of alcohol, but at the police station they would laugh at me if I decided to complain. so the best way to poison someone and escape the long arm of the law is to pay attention to the level of harm you cause.

So, tasteless food and counterfeit alcohol will easily help you disguise the poison so that even your victim will not have any suspicion. However, remember that many substances can become extremely toxic if the dosage is incorrect. As the famous medieval physician Paracelsus said, “everything is poison, and nothing is without poison.” It's just a matter of dosage. In small quantities, vitamins A and D are simply necessary for the normal functioning of our body. but too high their concentration leads to death. Even oxygen, the gas that gives us life, can cause harm. Of course, common drugs used in large quantities - for example, paracetamol - not to mention alcohol, can also be fatal.

You become a poisoner just by getting into your car and starting the engine: nitrous oxide and particulate matter in exhaust gases often cause lung diseases. The types of poisons you can choose are almost endless.

However, the question is, I guess, how to knowingly poison someone so that they die. The attractiveness of poison as a murder weapon lies in its invisibility, and also in the fact that its use does not require physical strength or complete control over the situation. The killer does not even need to be at the crime scene at the time of the victim's death, making it easier to escape punishment. That is why, at all times, poisoners were considered more vile and sinister than honest murderers who wielded a sword, sharp shooters and even ridiculous assassins who used an ax. However, if you are dead, you honestly don’t care how exactly you were deprived of your life.

History knows many rulers and their rivals who alternately poisoned each other. It is believed that Ivan the Terrible used mercury to kill his wife and mother, and in the end he himself fell victim to the insidious silver metal. The Borgias generally made poisons a way of life (more precisely, a style of death) and slipped arsenic to each other so often that it is surprising how the family even lasted so long. By the way, by mixing a small amount of arsenic into the nurse's food, they often got rid of an unwanted baby because he consumed the poison through breast milk. Who was the killer in this case?*

In the past, poisoning had much more wide use than now, especially in high society. Partly, probably, because then it was easy to send a servant to a run-of-the-mill pharmacy for a bottle of arsenic, and no one would ask questions. there were also difficulties in determining whether the victim really died from poison. for example, Hamlet had to meet a ghost to make sure that his father was poisoned. Nowadays, there are not many truly toxic substances sold in pharmacies, and to purchase most of them you need a prescription - in many countries there are laws that control the distribution of such drugs. if you type “buy deadly poison” into a search engine, it will remain in your search history and give you away.

An autopsy can also detect most poisons in a corpse. So it's much, much harder now to poison someone and get away with it, and let's not forget that the police have gotten better. Forensic diagnostics are too effective for you to be able to poison someone without being noticed, especially if the death is unexpected and even the slightest bit suspicious. Of course, there are poisons that are almost impossible to detect, but you will have to work hard to acquire them. However, I think that I would have a chance of poisoning someone and remaining undetected.

* One of the most famous poisoners was Giulia Tofana, who lived in Rome in the 17th century. She mixed poisons for young women who could not divorce their husbands, but were burdened by marriage. Her clients considered her a real hero, so after Tofana was captured, the authorities had to hide for some time where she was so that her fans could not save her.

Firstly, a lot depends on the choice of the victim. The closer you know each other, the more difficult it will be to exclude yourself from the circle of suspects. Considering that the questioner doesn't care who I kill (how heartless!), I have the right to designate a complete stranger as the victim, and not a neighbor or family member. for example, I could kill several people by adding a grain of ricin to a sugar bowl in a cafe located in the opposite part of the city from my house. It is unlikely that I will come under suspicion, especially if I go there by bicycle and leave no trace of my visit.

An obvious solution would also be to add poison to the water supply. Mercury is not hard to come by, and I heard that Al Qaeda was planning to carry out a number of such attacks in Iraq. There are a large number of other substances that, once in drinking water, will lead to a sharp deterioration in people’s health, even if it does not lead directly to death**. A lot of people suffered from simply contaminated water - the poisoning was not always intentional.

I understand that I have not yet proposed a single way to poison someone I know, and I have not specified the details of poisoning strangers. Well, nothing. Planning a murder is unpleasant, even if it is just a thought experiment. The doctor must know the effects of various poisons and how to recognize their effects in order to be able to help the patient. The pathologist will need such knowledge so that the police can find and punish the killer. In all other cases, it seems to me that the thought of the “ideal murder” should only occur to authors of detective novels.

But perhaps I could lure my victims to Japan and, just before flying home, invite them to a ceremony of eating the local delicacy, fugu fish, as a parting gift for a pleasant time spent. Then I would try to add alcohol or another reaction-slowing agent to the chef's drink right before he starts preparing the sashimi. Fugu liver contains deadly tetrodotoxin, which is produced by marine bacteria, and if the fish is not cut correctly, this poison can get into the food. Victims will die within eight hours and will experience only a slight tingling sensation in their muscles for a long time. By the time the police arrest the cook for negligence or even murder, I will long be elsewhere, probably in another country. If there isn't enough poison in the food, I can always send a birthday pudding as a birthday gift from an old acquaintance.

** The largest mass poisoning in the UK occurred in 1988 in Camelford, Cornwall, when thousands of people suffered from drinking water in which the concentration of aluminum sulfate was 3000 times higher than the permissible level. Many experienced health problems that ultimately led to death, albeit after a long period of time.

Is Wittgenstein always right?

(French Language and Philosophy, Oxford)

If you say something and I say the same thing, then we agree with each other and there is no need for any more arguing. Wittgenstein argued that there is no truth in the strict sense of the word and that Western philosophers are trying in vain to find it, like the physicists at Cern hunting for the “god particle”, the Higgs boson, using the hadron collider. It's all about language games and double meanings. Well, or not all, but only part, as will become clear later.

I must admit that I was quite surprised when I learned a little more about Wittgenstein's ideas. His thoughts seemed so confused and dissolved in reasoning about higher matters that I even doubted whether he really lived in the 20th century. I imagined him, dressed in a cassock, wandering around medieval Germany, muttering something strange and incomprehensible under his breath and making fools of those around him, like an alchemist.

And although I was very mistaken about the time of his life (1889–1951), the image I formed cannot be called completely inaccurate. There was something of the style of Greta Garbo in the brilliance that Wittgenstein brought to philosophy, as well as in the fact that he left academia after writing his first book - I can see him whispering: “I want to be alone!” » In Wittgenstein's presence, even the best speakers felt that what they said was too much, and they secretly regretted that they had said too much.

Wittgenstein expressed his views on truth in his first and only work published during his lifetime, the 1921 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. This is a very short and extremely difficult book. But it was a bombshell in the eyes of all Western philosophers, and perhaps that is why Wittgenstein left academia and returned to teaching, feeling that he had nothing more to say.

Philosophers, Wittgenstein said, were mistaken in considering themselves scientists who explored the meaning behind such concepts as truth, reason, time, justice, reality. in fact, the meaning of these categories is meaningless or completely unknowable. A philosopher can spend time trying to understand how he knows that a crying child with a broken knee is really in pain, while the mother immediately comes running with words of consolation and bandages. In this case, it is the philosopher who should learn a lesson for himself.

The mistake, Wittgenstein argued, is in thinking that philosophical knowledge can answer these questions. it comes from our incorrect view of language, which implies that every word must mean something. The philosopher asks: “What is reality?”, “What is justice?”, “What is consciousness?” - then begins to explore such questions using logic - and, of course, cannot find the answer, because they are just words. that is why such research has been fruitless for centuries. but if you remember that language changes and words mean what people mean by them in a given situation, the problem will disappear. precisely because if you say that Wittgenstein is right, and I understand what “right” means in this context, there is no need to say anything more. In fact, Wittgenstein challenged the role of logic as the main criterion of truth.

He believed that 2 + 2 = 4 is not a final truth, it is simply a statement that has arithmetical meaning. If you were to say that 2 + 2 = 97, what you said would not be a lie, but simply nonsense. The task of the philosopher is to expose nonsense.

Determining whether a proposition is logically true or false is completely meaningless, Wittgenstein continued, since language has many other uses. This observation may seem trivial, but it contains the main meaning. Philosophy “does not create new facts, only science does this,” he wrote. - but the correct presentation of these trivialities is extremely difficult and of great importance. Philosophy is really a survey of trivialities."

In later works unpublished during his lifetime, Wittgenstein spoke of “language games.” people play with language and use it differently in different contexts. they choose the desired meaning using associations. Thus, the word “ether” has different meanings for a chemist and radio presenter. none of them can be called the only true one, it all depends on the use.

Wittgenstein wrote about the famous rabbit and duck illusion, first published in the German magazine Fliegende Blätter in 1892. You think the drawing is of a rabbit until you suddenly realize it is a duck - and vice versa. neither one nor the other that you see is the truth; both are simply different ways of perceiving.

Wittgenstein suggested that in some ways poetry, music and art can tell us more about the meaning of life than science and philosophy, and that the importance of the former is underestimated. in fact, he perceived philosophy more as poetry than as science. and just as there cannot be a “correct” poem, there cannot be a “correct” philosophy - but this does not mean that poetry and philosophy are not capable of influencing minds and making sense.

Opinions about Wittgenstein's work remained controversial even after his death in 1951. The ideas were initially rejected by the scientific community, perhaps because they jettisoned the thoughts of the Western world's greatest philosophers and were expressed in such a confusing way that many could not fully understand them or did not even try. Later, however, interest in these ideas increased.

“To be or not to be, that is the question,” said Hamlet. Perhaps Wittgenstein might say that the answer depends on how people understand these words. It is interesting that Tom Stoppard wrote the comedy Hamlet Dogga, Macbeth Kahuta, based on the ideas of Wittgenstein. In it, a group of children rehearses Hamlet, but understand so little about it, as if it were written in foreign language. In fact, the children speak Dogg, a language made up of English words whose meanings have been changed. The play contains an episode based on Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, published after Wittgenstein's death. In it, the builder asks his assistant to give him “slab”, “column”, “beam”, and he brings them, as if he knows what objects these words mean - but, probably, he just already remembered what needs to be brought and in what form ok. then instead of these words you could simply use “one”, “two”, “three”. So if you ask whether Wittgenstein is always right, my answer is “no, but sometimes there is nothing else to do.”

Residents of city apartments and gardeners always deal with insecticides - thiophos, karbofos, chlorophos, metaphos, the brand names of which can be very fancy and even poetic. Their essence, however, does not change from this - they all belong to organophosphorus compounds, being direct relatives of nerve gases. And they also act by selectively disrupting the work of the enzyme cholinesterase and, thus, “paralyzing” the nervous system.

In terms of the degree of toxicity, these insect control agents do not look very “modest” - thiophos lethal dose when taken orally, 1-2 g, and according to some data only 0.24 g (less than 10 drops). Metaphos is approximately five times less toxic (though not only for humans, but also for insects). Among household poisons, both of them are included in the “leading” group in terms of toxicity.

The most dangerous poisonings are children, who often hang around bottles with organophosphorus insecticides and can use them themselves at any time. Few adults follow the instructions on bottles: “Keep away from children!” In addition, in the struggle for consumers, companies rarely objectively talk about the toxicity of the products they produce, so that adults have a very vague idea about it. Organophosphorus insecticides are absorbed rapidly - already in the nasal cavity and pharynx.

Poisons penetrate through the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes. All this makes it difficult to provide assistance acute poisoning, especially a child who can’t even really explain what happened.

But even the correct use of “homemade” insecticides according to the instructions can lead to many troubles. Thus, companies guarantee that 1-3 hours after airing a room sprayed with insecticides, it can be entered without any health consequences. Recent research has debunked this misconception. It turned out that even after two to three weeks insecticides remain on the surface of sprayed objects in noticeable quantities. Moreover, their highest concentration was determined on toys (!) - both soft and plastic, which absorbed poisons like a sponge. The most amazing thing is that when completely clean toys were brought into the sprayed room, after two weeks they were completely saturated with insecticide to a level 20 times higher than permissible.

No less serious problem exposure to pesticides on children in the womb. Even insignificant concentrations of these poisons lead to serious impairments in the physical and mental development of children. Children exposed to their attack in utero have weakened memory, do not recognize objects well, and learn various skills more slowly. In both children and adults, DDT and related compounds disrupt the metabolism of sex hormones, which has a detrimental effect on the formation of sexual characteristics in adolescents and adolescents. sexual function in adults.

ACIDS

Acid poisoning (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, zinc chloride solution in hydrochloric acid e (soldering liquid), a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids ("regia vodka"), etc.) occur when they are mistakenly ingested, usually in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication. All acids have a cauterizing effect. Sulfuric acid has the most destructive effect on tissue. Burns are found everywhere where the acid has come into contact with tissue - on the lips, face, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach." Very concentrated acids can cause destruction of the stomach walls. When acids come into contact with the outer skin, they cause severe burns, which turn (especially in the case of nitric acid) into difficult-to-heal ulcers. Depending on the type of acid, burns (both internal and external) differ in color. In case of a burn with sulfuric acid - blackish, with hydrochloric acid - grayish-yellow, with nitric acid - a characteristic yellow color.

The victims complain about excruciating pain, they continue to vomit blood, breathing is difficult, swelling of the larynx and suffocation develop. In severe burns it occurs pain shock, which can cause death in the first hours (up to 24 hours) after poisoning. In more late dates death may occur from severe complications- severe internal bleeding, destruction of the walls of the esophagus and stomach, acute pancreatitis.

First aid is the same as for acetic acid poisoning.

DYES

The list of dyes and pigments used in everyday life and industry is growing every year. What are they used for - they are part of paints, used for touch-ups food products and medicines, in medicine and printing, for the production of inks and coloring pastes.

They contain almost the entire periodic table and are very dangerous if ingested in the form of dust or aerosol. When in contact with exposed parts of the body and eyes, dyes cause severe dermatoses and conjunctivitis. The latter also occur upon contact with painted objects. Dyes often contain very toxic compounds used in their synthesis: mercury, arsenic, etc. Many dyes are extremely insidious, causing cancer.

To prevent poisoning during painting work, it is necessary to use gloves, goggles, and, if possible, sealed overalls, not to eat or drink, and after painting, wash your hands thoroughly and wash your clothes. If paint gets on your skin, it must be removed immediately using suitable solvents (eg kerosene) or soapy water.

COPPER AND ITS SALT

Copper salts are widely used in the paint and varnish industry, in agriculture and in everyday life to combat fungal diseases. In case of acute poisoning, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain immediately occur, jaundice and anemia develop, symptoms of acute hepatic and renal failure, hemorrhages are observed in the stomach and intestines. The lethal dose is 1-2 g, but acute poisoning also occurs at doses of 0.2-0.5 g (depending on the type of salt). Acute poisoning also occurs when copper dust or copper oxide, which is obtained during grinding, welding and cutting products made of copper or copper-containing alloys, enters the body. The first signs of poisoning are irritation of the mucous membranes, a sweet taste in the mouth. After a few hours, as soon as the copper “dissolves” and is absorbed into the tissue, headache, weakness in the legs, redness of the conjunctiva of the eyes, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, severe chills with an increase in temperature to 38-39 degrees. Poisoning is also possible when dust from copper salts enters the body during crushing and pouring them for the purpose of preparing plant protection products (for example, Bordeaux mixture) or "etching" for building materials. When dry pickling grain with copper carbonate, after a few hours the temperature can rise to 39 degrees or higher, the victim shudders, sweats, he feels weak, aching pain in the muscles, he is tormented by a cough with green sputum (the color of copper salts), which persists for a long time even after the cessation of the fever. Another poisoning scenario is also possible, when the victim gets slightly chilled in the evenings, and after some time develops acute attack- the so-called copper mordant fever, lasting 3-4 days.

In case of chronic poisoning with copper and its salts, the functioning of the nervous system, kidneys and liver is disrupted, nasal septum, teeth are affected, severe dermatitis, gastritis and peptic ulcers occur. Every year of working with copper reduces life expectancy by almost 4 months. The skin of the face, hair and conjunctiva of the eyes turn greenish-yellow or greenish-black, and a dark red or purplish-red border appears on the gums. Copper dust causes destruction of the cornea of the eye.

Urgent Care. The same as for mercury poisoning.

DETERGENTS (WASHING POWDERS, SOAPS)

Incredible variety of everyday use detergents and soaps makes it impossible to create any general picture of poisoning by them. Their toxic effect also depends on the way they enter the body - through the respiratory system in the form of dust when poured or an aerosol when dissolved, through the mouth when accidentally ingested (this is typical for small children left near soaked underwear), in contact with skin during washing, with poorly rinsed clothes.

In case of contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, conjunctivitis occurs, clouding of the cornea and inflammation of the iris are possible (see Alkalies). Inhalation may cause respiratory complications, including burns and pneumonia. If taken orally, the functioning of the digestive system is disrupted, vomiting occurs, dangerous that the foam formed during it can enter the respiratory tract. In severe cases, the nervous system is affected, blood pressure decreases, and oxygen deficiency occurs. Constant contact with detergents leads to the development of allergic dermatoses, in particular urticaria. An additional danger is posed by counterfeit laundry detergents, which may contain the most unexpected toxic substances Therefore, it is necessary to avoid purchasing uncertified goods of dubious origin. So, some “homemade products” add bleach, which when it comes into contact with water begins to emit toxic chlorine (see Chlorine).

Urgent Care. If detergents come into contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, rinse them with a strong stream of water. If taken orally, rinse the stomach with water, whole milk or an aqueous suspension of milk and egg whites. The victim is given drinking plenty of fluids, mucous substances (starch, jelly). In severe cases, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

MERCURY AND ITS SALT

People's attitude towards mercury at all times was almost mystical - it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks, and alchemists also preferred it. Already in those days they were well aware of its toxicity.

Mercury poisoning in our time is possible both through “entertainment” with mercury balls that fell out of a broken thermometer, and through poisoning with mercury-containing substances widely used in medicine, photography, pyrotechnics, and agriculture. High danger mercury itself is associated with its ability to evaporate (in laboratories and in production it is stored in specially equipped rooms under a layer of water).

The toxicity of mercury vapor is unusually high - poisoning can occur even at a concentration of just a fraction of a milligram per cubic meter. meter of air, and deaths are possible. Soluble mercury salts are even more poisonous, the lethal dose of which is only 0.2-0.5 g. In chronic poisoning, increased fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, indifference to the environment, headaches, dizziness, emotional excitability- the so-called “mercurial neurasthenia”. All this is accompanied by trembling ("mercury tremors"), covering the hands, eyelids and tongue, in severe cases - first the legs, and then the whole body. The poisoned person becomes shy, timid, fearful, depressed, extremely irritable, tearful, and his memory weakens. All this is the result of damage to the central nervous system. There is pain in the limbs, various neuralgia, and sometimes paresis ulnar nerve. Damage to other organs and systems gradually joins and worsens chronic diseases, resistance to infections decreases (mortality from tuberculosis is very high among people in contact with mercury).

Diagnosing mercury poisoning is very difficult. They are hidden under the guise of diseases of the respiratory system or nervous system. In almost all cases, however, there is a fine and frequent trembling of the fingers of outstretched arms, and in many cases, trembling of the eyelids and tongue. Usually enlarged thyroid, gums bleed, sweating is pronounced. Women experience menstrual irregularities, and long work The frequency of miscarriages and premature births is progressively increasing. One of the important diagnostic criteria are significant changes in the blood formula.

Urgent Care. In the absence of special drugs that bind mercury (for example, unithiol), it is necessary to rinse the stomach with water with 20-30 g of activated carbon or other enterosorbent, which is also effective protein water. Then you need to give milk, egg whites beaten with water, and laxatives.

Further treatment is carried out under the supervision of a doctor, especially since in cases of acute poisoning intensive care is required. Victims are advised to take a milk diet and take vitamins (including B1 and C).

PRYANIC ACID (CYANIDE)

Hydrocyanic acid and its salts, cyanides, are among the most toxic substances and cause severe poisoning both when taken orally and when inhaled. Hydrocyanic acid vapor has the smell of bitter almonds. Hydrocyanic acid and cyanides are widely used in the production of synthetic fibers, polymers, plexiglass, in medicine, for disinfection, rodent control, fumigation fruit trees. In addition, hydrocyanic acid is a chemical warfare agent. But you can also become poisoned in a completely harmless situation - as a result of eating grains of certain fruits, the seeds of which contain glycosides that release hydrocyanic acid in the stomach. So, 5-25 of these seeds can contain a dose of cyanide that is fatal to a small child. It is believed that a lethal dose of the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin, amounting to only 1 g, is contained in 40 g of bitter almonds or in 100 g of peeled apricot kernels. Plum and cherry pits are dangerous.

It is not uncommon for severe and sometimes fatal poisoning to occur when consuming plum and other compotes with seeds not removed from the fruit.

Hydrocyanic acid and its salts are poisons that disrupt tissue respiration. A manifestation of a sharp decrease in the ability of tissues to consume the oxygen delivered to them is the scarlet color of the blood in the veins. As a result of oxygen starvation, the brain and central nervous system are primarily affected.

Poisoning with cyanide compounds manifests itself in increased breathing, decreased blood pressure, convulsions and coma. Upon admission large doses consciousness is immediately lost, convulsions occur and death occurs within a few minutes. This is the so-called fulminant form of poisoning. With a smaller amount of poison, gradual intoxication develops.

Emergency care and treatment. In case of poisoning, the victim should immediately be allowed to breathe amyl nitrite vapor (several minutes). When taking cyanides orally, it is necessary to rinse the stomach with a weak solution of potassium permanganate or a 5% solution of thiosulfate, and give a saline laxative. Intravenously administer sequentially a 1% solution methylene blue and 30% sodium thiosulfate solution. In another option, sodium nitrite is administered intravenously (all operations are carried out under strict medical supervision and with blood pressure monitoring). Additionally, glucose with ascorbic acid, cardiovascular drugs, and B vitamins are administered. Good effect gives the use of pure oxygen.

TEAR SUBSTANCES (LACHRIMATORS)

During the First World War, approximately 600 tons of lachrymators were used. Now they are used to disperse demonstrations and carry out special operations. In addition, lachrymators (from the Greek “lakryme” - tear) are the main type of substances pumped into cans for self-defense. The effect of these substances on the body is to irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and nasopharynx, which leads to profuse lacrimation, spasms of the eyelids, and copious nasal discharge. These effects appear almost instantly - within a few seconds. Lachrymators irritate the nerve endings located in the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes, and they cause defensive reaction: the desire to wash away the irritant with tears and the closing of the eyelids, which can turn into a spasm. If you close your eyes, the tears are removed through the nose, mixing with secretions from the nose itself. Destruction of the mucous membranes does not occur under the influence of low concentrations of tear gases, therefore, after the cessation of their action, all functions are restored. However long-term use Lachrymators can lead to the development of photophobia, which lasts for several days.

The sequence of appearance of signs of damage depends on the type of lachrymator, its dose and method of application. First, there is mild irritation of the mucous membranes, mild lacrimation, then severe lacrimation with copious discharge from the nose, pain in the eyes, spasm of the eyelids, and with prolonged poisoning - temporary blindness (when using lachrimators vesicant action Partial or complete loss of vision is possible). Direct contact with a strong jet of some types of lachrymators directly into the eyes is quite dangerous - this is the basis for the principle of the damaging effect of gas canisters. The most famous lachrymators are cyanogen chloride, which has been used as a chemical warfare agent since the first world war(since 1916), chloroacetophenone, widely used by the Americans in Vietnam and the Portuguese in Angola, bromobenzyl cyanide, chloropicrin. In addition to the lachrymatory effect, these substances also have a generally toxic (cyanchloride), asphyxiant (all lachrymators), and skin-vesicant (chloroacetophenone) effect.

Symptoms of the lesion quickly disappear when the action of the lachrimators is stopped. The condition is alleviated by washing the eyes with boric acid or albucid, and the nasopharynx with a weak (2%) solution of baking soda. In severe cases, strong analgesics are used - promedol, morphine, and a 1% solution of ethylmorphine is instilled into the eyes. It is necessary to take measures to remove droplets of low-volatile tear substances from the surface of the body and clothing into which they are intensively absorbed, otherwise poisoning may recur.

CARBON MONOXIDE (CARBON MOXIDE)

One of the most common sources of poisoning in everyday life. It is formed due to improper use of gas, malfunction of chimneys or inept heating of stoves, as well as during the process of heating car interiors in winter as a product of incomplete combustion of carbon and its compounds. Carbon monoxide content in car exhaust gases can reach 13%. In addition, it is formed by smoking and by burning household waste; its concentration is high near chemical and metallurgical plants.

The essence of poisoning lies in the fact that carbon monoxide replaces oxygen in the blood coloring matter hemoglobin and, thus, disrupts the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body tissues, resulting in their oxygen starvation. The picture of poisoning depends on the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air. When inhaling small amounts of it, heaviness and pressure are felt in the head, strong pain in the forehead and temples, tinnitus, fog in the eyes, dizziness, redness and burning of the skin of the face, trembling, a feeling of weakness and fear, coordination of movements worsens, nausea and vomiting appear. Further poisoning while maintaining consciousness, it leads to numbness of the victim, he weakens, is indifferent to his own fate, which is why he cannot leave the infection zone. Then confusion increases, intoxication intensifies, and the temperature rises to 38-40 degrees. In case of severe poisoning, when the content in the blood is associated with carbon monoxide hemoglobin reaches 50-60%, consciousness is lost, the functioning of the nervous system is seriously impaired: hallucinations, delirium, convulsions, paralysis develop. The feeling of pain is lost early - those poisoned by carbon monoxide, not yet losing consciousness, do not notice the burns they receive.

Memory weakens, sometimes to such an extent that the victim ceases to recognize loved ones, and the circumstances that caused the poisoning are completely erased from his memory. Breathing becomes disordered - shortness of breath appears, which can last for hours or even days and end in death from respiratory arrest. Death from suffocation in acute carbon monoxide poisoning can occur almost instantly.

In severe cases, after recovery, the “memory” of poisoning “remains” and can manifest itself in the form of fainting and psychosis, decreased intelligence, and strange behavior. Paralysis of the cranial nerves and paresis of the limbs are possible. Intestinal dysfunction takes a very long time to resolve, Bladder. The organs of vision are severely affected. Even a single poisoning reduces the accuracy of visual perception of space, color and night vision, and its acuity. Even after mild poisoning, myocardial infarction, gangrene of the extremities and other deadly complications can develop.

With long-term chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, a whole “bouquet” of symptoms develops, indicating damage to both the nervous system and other organs and systems of the body. Memory and attention decrease, fatigue and irritability increase, obsessive fear and melancholy appear, discomfort in the heart area, and shortness of breath occur. The skin becomes bright red, coordination of movements is impaired, fingers tremble. After a year and a half of “close contact” with carbon monoxide, persistent disturbances in cardiovascular activity occur, and heart attacks are frequent. The endocrine system suffers. Sexual disorders are typical for men, in some cases there is severe pain in the testicular area, sperm are inactive, which ultimately can result in infertility. In women, sexual desire decreases and menstrual cycle, possible premature birth, abortions. Even after single carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy, the fetus can die, although the woman herself can endure it without visible consequences. If poisoned in the first three months of pregnancy, fetal deformities or the subsequent development of cerebral palsy are possible.

Urgent Care. The victim must be immediately carried out in a lying position (even if he can move on his own) to Fresh air, free from clothing that restricts breathing (unfasten the collar, belt), give the body a comfortable position, provide it with peace and warmth (for this you can use heating pads, mustard plasters on the legs). Caution is needed when using heating pads, as the victim may not feel the burn. In mild cases of poisoning, give coffee or strong tea. Relieve nausea and vomiting with a 0.5% solution of novocaine (inside teaspoons). Subcutaneously inject camphor, caffeine, cordiamine, glucose, ascorbic acid. In case of severe poisoning, use oxygen as quickly as possible; in this case, intensive care in a hospital setting is necessary.

ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR)

The most common cause of burns and poisoning is vinegar essence used in everyday life - 80% solution acetic acid. However, they can also be obtained from 30% acid. Both its 2% solution and its vapor are dangerous for the eyes.

Immediately after taking vinegar essence, sharp pain in the mouth, throat and along the way digestive tract depending on the extent of the burn. The pain intensifies when swallowing or passing food and lasts more than a week. A stomach burn, in addition to sharp pain in the epigastric region, is accompanied by painful vomiting mixed with blood. If the essence gets into the larynx, except pain, hoarseness appears, with massive edema - difficulty, wheezing, the skin turns blue, possible suffocation. When taking 15-30 ml there is light form poisoning, 30-70 ml - moderate, and at 70 ml and above - severe, with frequent deaths. Death can occur on the first or second day after poisoning due to burn shock, hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) and other intoxication phenomena (40% of cases). On the third to fifth days after poisoning, the cause of death is most often pneumonia (45% of cases), and in longer periods (6-11 days) - bleeding from the digestive tract (up to 2% of cases). In acute poisoning, the causes of death are acute renal and liver failure(12% of cases).

First aid. In case of contact with the eyes, immediately, for a long time (15-20 minutes) and abundantly (with a stream) rinse them with tap water, then instill 1-2 drops of a 2% solution of novocaine. Subsequently, instillation of antibiotics (for example, 0.25% solution of chloramphenicol).

Irritation of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract can be eliminated by rinsing the nose and throat with water, inhalation of a 2% soda solution. A warm drink (milk with soda or Borjomi) is recommended. In case of contact with skin, rinse immediately with plenty of water. You can use soap or a weak solution (0.5-1%) of alkali. Treat the burn site with disinfectant solutions, for example, furatsilin.

In case of poisoning through the mouth, immediately rinse the stomach with cold water (12-15 l) using a thick probe lubricated vegetable oil. You can add milk or egg white to the water. Soda and laxatives should not be used. If gastric lavage cannot be done, then the victim should be given 3-5 glasses of water to drink and induce vomiting artificially (by inserting a finger into the mouth). This procedure is repeated 3-4 times.

Emetics are contraindicated. Whipped inside egg whites, starch, mucous decoctions, milk. It is recommended to swallow pieces of ice and place an ice pack on the stomach. To eliminate pain and prevent shock, strong analgesics (promedol, morphine) are administered. In a hospital setting they carry out intensive care and symptomatic treatment.

ALKALI

Poisoning with caustic alkalis (caustic soda, caustic potassium, caustic soda), as well as ammonia (ammonia) occurs both through erroneous ingestion and improper use. For example, ammonia is sometimes used to eliminate alcohol intoxication (which is completely wrong), resulting in severe poisoning. Poisoning with soda solutions is even more common. When ordinary baking soda is dissolved in boiling water, it begins to bubble due to the release carbon dioxide. The reaction of the solution becomes highly alkaline, and rinsing the mouth or swallowing such a concentrated solution can lead to severe poisoning. In this case, children often suffer, often swallowing soda solutions. Poisoning often occurs when dosages and times of taking alkaline medications for treatment are not observed. peptic ulcer and gastritis associated with increased acidity gastric juice.

All caustic alkalis have a very powerful cauterizing effect, and ammonia has a particularly sharp irritant effect. They penetrate deeper than acids (see Acids) into tissues, forming loose necrotic ulcers covered with whitish or gray scabs. As a result of their ingestion, severe thirst, salivation, and bloody vomiting appear. A severe painful shock develops, from which death can occur in the first hours as a result of burns and swelling of the pharynx, and suffocation can develop.? After poisoning, a lot of side effects develop, almost all organs and tissues are affected, massive internal bleeding occurs, the integrity of the wall of the esophagus and stomach is compromised, which leads to peritonitis and can be fatal. In case of ammonia poisoning, due to a sharp excitation of the central nervous system, the respiratory center is depressed, and edema of the lungs and brain develops. Fatalities very frequent. At joint use alcohol and ammonia, supposedly intended for sobering up, the toxic effects of both poisons are summed up and the picture of poisoning becomes even more severe.

First aid is the same as for acid poisoning, with the exception of the composition of the liquid for gastric lavage: in order to neutralize alkalis and ammonia, use a 2% solution of citric or acetic acid. You can use water or whole milk. If it is impossible to rinse the stomach through a tube, then you need to drink weak solutions of citric or acetic acid.

A serious problem is superficial burns caused by alkalis (which happens much more often than poisoning after ingestion). In this case, long-term non-healing ulcers occur. With constant work with alkalis, the skin softens, the stratum corneum of the skin of the hands is gradually removed (this condition is called “washerwoman’s hands”), eczema occurs, the nails become dull and peel off from the nail bed. Even the smallest droplets are dangerous alkaline solutions in the eyes - not only the cornea is affected, but also the deep parts of the eye. The outcome is usually tragic - blindness, and vision is practically not restored. This must be taken into account when inhaling soda solutions, especially concentrated and hot ones.

In case of contact with skin, wash the affected area with a stream of water for 10 minutes, then apply lotions of a 5% solution of vinegar, saline or citric acid. In case of contact with eyes, rinse thoroughly with a stream of water for 10-30 minutes. Washing should be repeated in the future, for which very weak acidic solutions can be used. If ammonia gets into the eyes, after washing, they are instilled with a 1% solution of boric acid or a 30% solution of albucid.

CHLORINE

Fate confronts a person with this extremely dangerous gas more often than one would like. One of the most common reagents in the chemical industry, it penetrates into our everyday lives in the form of chlorinated water, bleaches and detergents, and disinfectants such as bleach (bleach). If acid accidentally enters the latter, a rapid release of chlorine begins in quantities sufficient to cause severe poisoning.

High concentrations of chlorine can cause instant death due to paralysis of the respiratory center. The victim begins to quickly choke, his face turns blue, he rushes about, tries to escape, but immediately falls, loses consciousness, his pulse gradually disappears. In case of poisoning with slightly smaller quantities, breathing resumes after a short stop, but becomes convulsive, with pauses between breathing movements longer and longer until after a few minutes the victim dies from respiratory arrest due to severe burns to the lungs.

In everyday life, poisoning with very low concentrations of chlorine or chronic poisoning occurs due to constant contact with substances that release active chlorine. A mild form of poisoning is characterized by redness of the conjunctiva and oral cavity, bronchitis, sometimes slight emphysema, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and often vomiting. Pulmonary edema rarely develops.

Chlorine can stimulate the development of tuberculosis. With chronic contact, the respiratory organs are primarily affected, gums become inflamed, teeth and nasal septum are destroyed, and gastrointestinal disorders occur.

Urgent Care. First of all, you need clean air, peace, and warmth. Immediate hospitalization for severe and moderate forms of poisoning. For irritation of the upper respiratory tract, inhalation of a sprayed 2% solution of sodium thiosulfate, soda or borax solutions. Eyes, nose and mouth should be washed with a 2% soda solution. It is recommended to drink plenty of fluids - milk with Borjom or soda, coffee. With persistent painful cough codeine orally or intravenously, mustard plasters. When the glottis is narrowed, warm alkaline inhalations, warming the neck area, and a subcutaneous 0.1% atropine solution are necessary.