home Diseases Sudden cardiovascular collapse and death. Collapse - causes, symptoms, types, treatment and prognosis of collapse Vascular collapse

Sudden cardiovascular collapse and death. Collapse - causes, symptoms, types, treatment and prognosis of collapse Vascular collapse

They can develop abruptly, catching a person and the people around him by surprise. Such pathological conditions can be relatively harmless, but in some cases they can pose a serious threat to health and life. Therefore, under no circumstances should they be left unattended; the victim should be given first aid. Quite common disorders of this type include vascular collapse, causes, symptoms and treatment in a little more detail.

What is vascular collapse?

The term vascular collapse means a type, with this pathological condition there is a sharp decrease in vascular tone, which in turn causes a sharp decrease in arterial and venous pressure and loss of consciousness.

Causes of vascular collapse

There are a number of factors that can cause vascular collapse. These may be infectious diseases such as pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, typhoid fever and some other pathological conditions. Sometimes collapse occurs due to ailments of the nervous system, it can be caused by poisoning and sudden loss blood. Also this pathological condition provoked by damage to the heart muscle, the use of certain medications (for example, with an overdose of insulin), and anesthesia (especially spinal). In addition, it can be provoked by taking excessive amounts of alcoholic drinks and developed peritonitis. In some cases, vascular collapse occurs during an attack.

How does vascular collapse manifest, what are its symptoms?

Collapse appears nearby characteristic symptoms. Patients suddenly feel severe weakness and fatigue, they are bothered by severe dizziness (sometimes it simply does not allow the patient to stay on his feet). A pathological decrease in vascular tone is accompanied by chills and a decrease in temperature (the victim’s extremities become cold to the touch). The patient has pale skin and vascular membranes. In some cases, cyanosis occurs.

It is worth noting that the deterioration of the condition during collapse occurs quite sharply. Many patients complain of tinnitus and headaches. They may be bothered by darkening of their eyes. At the same time, the victim’s gaze becomes dull, and the pulse weakens. Sweating is common and convulsions may occur.

With absence timely assistance collapse may progress to loss of consciousness.

How is vascular collapse corrected, what is its treatment?

If collapse is suspected, the patient needs emergency therapy, so those around you should immediately call ambulance. And before her arrival, the patient must be given first aid. First, lay him on his back, on a fairly hard surface, and elevate his legs a little. This will ensure adequate blood flow to the heart and brain area. When collapse develops, it is imperative to organize admission fresh air to the victim, so open the window wider. But the patient should not freeze - warm him up.

If you have a first aid kit on hand, give the patient a sniff of ammonia. If there is no such medicine, rub the victim’s temples, as well as the hole located directly above upper lip, and earlobes.

If the cause of collapse was bleeding from an external wound, when providing first aid, measures must be taken to stop the bleeding.

In the event that loss of consciousness occurs, there is no need to give the patient any drink or medicine. Under no circumstances should you try to bring him to consciousness by hitting him on the cheeks.

If there is a suspicion of vascular collapse, the patient should not be given valocordin, validol, etc. All of these medications dilate blood vessels.

Further treatment of vascular collapse

After the ambulance team arrives, the doctors lay the victim down, lifting him slightly lower limbs, and also cover it with a blanket. Next, two milliliters of a ten percent solution of caffeine-sodium benzoate is administered subcutaneously. If an infectious collapse has occurred, such therapy is often sufficient. And when orthostatic collapse the carried out introduction gives a stable positive effect. However, it is worth noting that the patient must undergo correction of the causes of the development of such a disorder.

This etiological treatment aimed at stopping bleeding if the collapse is hemorrhagic in nature. Poisoning that occurs requires the elimination of toxic elements from the body, as well as specific antidote therapy. In addition, thrombolytic treatment can be performed.

If the patient is diagnosed acute heart attack myocardium or thromboembolism pulmonary arteries, appropriate correction is carried out.

Doctors can infuse blood, plasma, or blood substitute fluid into the patient. In the event that there is uncontrollable vomiting and diarrhea, you cannot do without administering hypertonic solution sodium chloride. The same treatment is also indicated for adrenal insufficiency; in this case, adrenal hormones are also used.

If there is a need to quickly increase performance blood pressure, administer intravenous drip administration norepinephrine or angiotensin. A slightly slower, but at the same time more lasting effect is obtained by using injections of metazone and fethanol. Almost all patients receive oxygen therapy.

Traditional treatment

Facilities traditional medicine can only be used as general strengthening agents. Correction of collapse can only be carried out under the supervision of a doctor, using medications.

So, if blood loss occurs, the patient may benefit from nettle-based remedies. You can brew a couple of tablespoons of crushed nettle leaves with a glass of just boiled water. Leave for two to three hours, then strain. Drink the resulting medicine in three to four doses a day. By the way, it is recommended to add nettle to different dishes, for example, in salads, soups, etc.

You can also cope with bleeding and its consequences with the help of an infusion based on. Brew a couple of tablespoons of this raw material in a thermos with half a liter of boiling water. Leave for one to two hours, strain and take a third to a half glass twice or thrice a day. It is best to take it twenty to thirty minutes before a meal.

Folk remedies will also help patients with disorders of the heart muscle. To strengthen such an area, you can brew a glass of crushed fresh fruits viburnum liter hot water. Boil over low heat for eight to ten minutes, then strain and sweeten with honey. Take half a glass three or four times a day.

If you suffer from weakened heart function, a medicine based on St. John's wort will be useful to you. Brew one hundred grams of dried herb with two liters of water and simmer over low heat for ten minutes. Remove the prepared medicine from the heat, strain and sweeten with honey. Pour over ready-made decoction into a convenient bottle and put it in the refrigerator for storage. Take half a glass three times a day.

Folk remedies will also help patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction. They will improve general state, will speed up recovery after a heart attack. So, a good effect is achieved by collecting a mixture of equal parts of valerian roots, motherwort herb and caraway fruits. Brew a tablespoon of this mixture with a glass of boiling water and leave in a water bath for a quarter of an hour. Leave for half an hour, then strain. Squeeze out the plant material and take a glass of the infusion before bed.

After a heart attack. More after suffered a heart attack myocardium, you can take medicine from rose hips. We will complement it with a few strawberry leaves. Combine fifty grams of such raw materials, brew with half a liter of boiling water and heat in a water bath for a quarter of an hour. Next, cool the broth completely, strain it, and squeeze out the plant mass. You need to take this remedy half a glass twice a day shortly before meals.

Collapse is a rather serious condition that requires close attention and adequate timely treatment. Feasibility of application folk remedies after suffering vascular collapse, you should definitely discuss it with your doctor.

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Cardiovascular collapse is a form of heart failure that occurs due to sharp fall tone blood vessels. At this time, there is a rapid decrease in the mass of circulating fluid, therefore, the blood flow to the heart decreases. Arterial-venous pressure drops, which in turn leads to depression of vital important functions body.

Collapse translated from Latin means “fallen”, “weakened”. Its development is acute and rapid. Sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness. This manifestation is quite dangerous, as it can lead to sudden death person. It happens that only a few minutes pass after an attack before irreversible ischemic changes, sometimes - hours. However modern methods Treatments for some forms of collapse help to increase the life expectancy of patients with this disorder.

Causes of collapse

Among the main reasons for an unexpected drop in vascular tone are:

Symptoms

The clinical picture is clearly expressed. Taken together, the symptoms can immediately identify the pathology without confusing it with other diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

sudden and rapid deterioration in health;
strong and sharp headache;
noise in ears;
darkening of the eyes;
general weakness due to low blood pressure;
pallor;

the skin quickly becomes cold, becomes damp, and acquires a bluish tint;
respiratory dysfunction;
weak palpation of the pulse;
body temperature drops;
sometimes there is loss of consciousness.

Note that a distinction is made between vascular and cardiac collapse. The first is less dangerous to the patient’s life, but it also requires an adequate response.

Therapeutic measures

At the slightest sign collapse, you should seek immediate attention qualified help. Mandatory hospitalization with further therapy underlying disease causing atony.

First therapeutic measures will be aimed at restoring vascular tone, blood volumes, pressure, and circulation. Applicable conservative method– drug therapy.

And yet, in order to avoid relapse, it is imperative to undergo a course of treatment for the underlying disease causing the collapse.

Staying at home and hoping that everything will go away on its own will not work. Also, do not increase your blood pressure on your own by taking over-the-counter medications. The appointment should be made by a cardiologist based on the results of high-quality diagnostics. Quick response and timeliness of services provided therapeutic assistance- the key to saving human life!

Vascular collapse found in large quantity people and often leads to fatal outcome. Death occurs within 5-10 minutes after loss of consciousness; if no one is nearby at this time, the victim dies. It is very important for everyone to remember the basic clinical symptoms and “harbingers” of the disease - this will help save human lives. Rendering first aid does not require special skills and abilities, but is very effective.

Collapse

This emergency requiring urgent medical care. Actually, collapse is an acute vascular insufficiency, characterized by a drop in vascular tone and a decrease in the volume of circulating blood.

The main pathogenetic effect is associated with a violation of the vegetative activity of the body, as a result of damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems:

The central nervous system, that is, the brain, includes several important centers for regulating activity vascular system. These include: the nuclei of the cranial nerves, a cluster of neurons in the brain, the hypothalamus, the orbital cortex, the insula, the hippocampus, the cingulate gyrus, and the amygdala. Latest Research prove that the activities of cardio-vascular system affects any part of the brain. That is, if any part of the head is damaged, disorders are possible that manifest themselves in the form of bradycardia, tachycardia, hyper- or hypotension, and the like. The different directions of the symptoms shown are associated with the lack of a strict specific response to certain type defeats.
The appearance of orthostatic hypotension is associated with disruption of the activity of the peripheral nervous system. This is a condition where blood pressure drops sharply when moving from a lying position to a standing position. It is observed in children and elderly people. The latter are characterized by the appearance of symptoms of cerebral circulatory disorders. The key factor in pathogenesis in this case is the pathology of the release of norepinephrine, adrenaline and renin in right moment. In this case, the necessary vasoconstriction and increase in intravascular resistance, stroke volume and heart rate do not occur. The causes of impaired neurotransmitter release are different: damage to peripheral sympathetic fibers and blocking the release of neurotransmitters. Hypotension also occurs with pathology of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, while the amount of norepinephrine in the blood is reduced even in the supine position. As a person moves to a standing position, the level of the transmitter continues to decrease.

Vascular collapse is observed in the following diseases: tumors in the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain, brain stem, ventricles. Also found in Shy-Drager syndrome and multiple sclerosis.

Symptoms

There are three periods in the development of collapse:

1. Pre-fainting. Lasts from several seconds to minutes, characterized by the appearance of short-term symptoms of collapse, the so-called “precursor period.” At this time, the person complains of severe headache, blurred vision, nausea, pressure in the temples, congestion in the ears, slight dizziness, weakness and discomfort in the limbs.
2. Actually fainting. The main symptom is a lack of consciousness, lasting on average about five minutes. During this period, a person experiences cyanosis skin and mucous membranes, decreased pulse, lack of response to painful and tactile stimuli. IN severe cases convulsions occur.
3. Recovery period. At this time, a gradual restoration of consciousness occurs. Within a few seconds, the patient begins to fully orient himself in time and space.

Unfavorable signs that occur during an attack of vascular insufficiency are: shortness of breath, paroxysmal tachycardia with a frequency of more than 160 beats per minute, a decrease in heart rate less than 60 per minute, prolonged severe headache, hypotension in a supine position.

Emergency help

The victim needs first aid, so it is necessary to urgently call a medical team. Before her arrival, a number of mandatory instructions should be followed:

Urgently place the patient in horizontal position with raised legs. Allow air flow by unfastening buttons or ties.
Carefully bring a cotton swab moistened with the solution to your temple ammonia. If there is no reaction, gently move the cotton wool to the nasal passages. Ammonia has a stimulating effect on the respiratory and vascular centers.
At long absence consciousness (more than 2 minutes) turn the victim on his side. This is necessary to prevent aspiration of vomit or tongue during convulsions.
The patient should not be left alone until emergency medical services arrive.
After the doctors arrive, inform the time unconsciousness and complications that arise (vomiting, convulsions, speech disorders, etc.). It is necessary to describe in detail possible reason the occurrence of vascular collapse, precursors (headache, nausea, fever). If a person came to his senses before the doctors arrived, you need to pay attention to the time after which the victim began to orient himself and the general condition of the body.

Be sure to pay attention to complaints after an attack: pain in chest, shortness of breath, double vision, disturbances in speech, gait, and so on. The ambulance team fully examines the victim to identify complications: biting the tongue, injury during a fall, hidden bleeding. Be sure to pay attention to the medical history: similar cases in childhood, episodes of loss of consciousness among relatives, names of medications used, concomitant diseases.

If the victim is found to have injuries resulting from a fall, if there are signs of damage to somatic organs, abnormalities in the anamnesis, repeated cases of vascular shock, pathological manifestations ECG and so on, the patient is hospitalized in a hospital.

Treatment at the hospital stage

The medical team delivers the victim to a specialized department, where a high-quality examination and diagnosis of the disease is carried out. During transportation, medications are administered to the patient. The nurse’s action algorithm is as follows:

With a significant decrease in blood pressure (systolic less than 50 mm Hg), Midodrine is administered. It begins to act within 10 minutes, maintaining a positive effect for up to three hours. The mechanism of action is to influence the receptors of blood vessels, which leads to their reflex narrowing. Phenylephrine, which is administered intravenously, has a similar effect. Unlike Midodrine, it begins to act immediately and retains its effect on blood vessels for up to 20 minutes. Medicines Contraindicated for pathologies of the kidneys, adrenal glands, urination disorders, thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy.
The drug Atropine copes well with bradycardia. It is administered intravenously. A small concentration of the drug in the body can, on the contrary, reduce the heart rate, so the dose of Atropine should be selected carefully. IN emergency cases contraindications for use medicinal product No. Use cautiously in people with glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, coronary disease heart disease, intestinal damage, hyperthyroidism and arterial hypertension.

If cardiac pacing is necessary, the patient is sent to the cardiology department. Registration of focal brain symptoms requires specialized treatment, so the victim is transported to the neurological department. After treatment, up to 2-4 months of rehabilitation are necessary, after which full recovery functions.

Almost all of us have encountered this painful condition like vascular collapse on own experience or from the experiences of loved ones. If collapse is accompanied by loss of consciousness, then this condition is called fainting. But quite often a collaptoid state develops against the background of preserved consciousness.

Collapse is, by definition, an acutely developing vascular insufficiency. The name "collapse" comes from Latin word collapsus, meaning "weakened" or "fallen".

At the first signs of the development of cardiovascular collapse, first aid is necessary. This condition often leads to the death of the patient. To prevent negative consequences you should know the reasons that cause collapse and be able to
it is right to prevent them.

How does acute vascular insufficiency develop?

Collapse is characterized by a decrease in vascular tone, which is accompanied by a relative decrease in the volume of blood circulating in the body. In simple words, the vessels dilate over a short period of time, and the blood available in the bloodstream becomes insufficient for the vital blood supply important organs. The body does not have time to quickly react to changes in vascular tone and release blood from the blood depots. acute vascular insufficiency, collapse develops acutely and rapidly.

If the collapse is accompanied by a critical disruption of the blood supply to the brain, then fainting or loss of consciousness occurs. But this does not happen in all cases
collapsed state.

With the development of collapse, health worsens, dizziness appears, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, and may appear cold sweat. Breathing becomes frequent and shallow, heart rate increases, and blood pressure decreases.

Cardiovascular collapse: first aid

As a rule, collapse develops against a background of weakening of the body after serious illnesses, infections, intoxications, pneumonia, with physical and mental stress, with a decrease or increase in blood sugar levels. If the collapsed state or fainting lasts more than 1-2 minutes, then one should suspect some kind of serious illness and call an ambulance doctor.

First aid for cardiovascular collapse and fainting should be as follows: eliminate potential dangers ( electricity, fire, gas), make sure the patient has free breathing or provide it (unfasten the collar, belt, open the window), pat his cheeks and splash his face with cold water.

If such conditions occur repeatedly, their duration and frequency increase, then it is necessary to carry out a complete clinical examination to determine the cause of their occurrence.

Many disorders of the cardiovascular system occur suddenly, against a background of relative well-being. One of these acute life-threatening conditions is vascular collapse. We will talk about the development mechanisms, symptoms and emergency care for this pathology in our review and video in this article.

The essence of the problem

Vascular collapse is a form of cardiovascular failure that develops against the background of a sudden decrease in the tone of the arteries and veins. Translated from the Latin word collapsus, the term translates as “fallen.”

At the core pathogenetic mechanisms diseases lies:

decrease in BCC;
decreased blood flow to the right side of the heart;
a sharp drop in pressure;
acute ischemia of organs and tissues;
inhibition of all vital functions of the body.

The development of collapse is always sudden and rapid. Sometimes only a few minutes pass from the onset of pathology to the development of irreversible ischemic changes. This syndrome is very dangerous because it is often fatal. However, thanks to timely first aid and effective drug therapy The patient can be saved in most cases.

Important! The concepts of “collapse” and “shock” should not be confused. Unlike the first, shock occurs as a response of the body to extreme irritation (pain, temperature, etc.) and is accompanied by more severe manifestations

Causes and mechanism of development

There are many factors influencing the development of pathology. Among them:

massive blood loss;
spicy infectious diseases(pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, typhoid fever);
some diseases of the endocrine and nervous systems (for example, syringomyelia);
effect on the body of toxic and toxic substances(organophosphorus compounds, CO – carbon monoxide);
side effects of epidural anesthesia;
insulin overdose long acting, ganglion blockers, drugs for lowering blood pressure;
peritonitis and acute infectious complications;
acute impairment of myocardial contractility during infarction, arrhythmias, dysfunction of the AV node.

Depending on the cause and mechanism of development, four types are distinguished.

Table: Types of collapse

Type of collapse	Description
	Caused by decreased cardiac output
	Triggered by a sharp decrease in circulating blood volume
	Cause acute condition– sudden decrease
	Violation of blood redistribution with a sharp change in body position in space

Note! Most people on the planet have developed orthostatic collapse at least once. For example, many are familiar slight dizziness, which develops with a sharp rise from bed in the morning. However, healthy people All unpleasant symptoms pass within 1-3 minutes.

Clinical symptoms

A person develops:

Principles of diagnosis and treatment

Collapse is a dangerous and extremely unpredictable condition. Sometimes, when blood pressure drops sharply, minutes count, and the cost of delay can be too high. If a person develops symptoms acute failure circulatory system, it is important to call an ambulance as early as possible.

In addition, everyone should know the algorithm for providing first aid to patients with collapse. For this purpose, WHO specialists have developed simple and understandable instructions.

Step one. Assessment of vital signs

To confirm the diagnosis, it is enough:

Carry out a visual inspection. The patient's skin is pale, with a marbled tint. She is often covered in sticky sweat.
Feel the pulse in the peripheral artery. At the same time, it is weak, thread-like or not detectable at all. Another sign of acute vascular insufficiency is tachycardia - an increase in the number of heart contractions.
Measure blood pressure. Collapse is characterized by hypotension - a sharp deviation of blood pressure from the norm (120/80 mm Hg) to the lower side.

Step two. First aid

While the ambulance is on its way, carry out urgent measures, aimed at stabilizing the patient’s condition and preventing acute complications:

Lay the victim on his back on a flat, hard surface. Raise your legs relative to your entire body by 30-40 cm. This will improve blood supply to the heart and brain.
Ensure sufficient oxygen supply to the room. Remove the constraint breathing movements clothes, open the window. At the same time, the patient should not freeze: if necessary, wrap him in a blanket or blanket.
Let the victim smell a cotton swab soaked in ammonia (ammonia solution). If you don’t have medicine at hand, rub it on your temples, earlobes, and also the hollow located between your nose and upper lip. These activities will help improve peripheral circulation.
If the cause of collapse was bleeding from open wound, try to stop the bleeding by applying a tourniquet or finger pressure.

Important! If a person is unconscious, one should not revive him with blows to the cheeks or other painful stimuli. Until he comes to his senses, do not give him anything to drink or eat. In addition, if the possibility of vascular collapse cannot be excluded, drugs that lower blood pressure - Corvalol, Validol, Valocordin, No-shpa, Nitroglycerin, Isoket, etc. - should not be given.

Step three. First aid

Upon arrival of the ambulance, briefly describe the situation to the doctors, mentioning what kind of assistance was provided. Now the victim must be examined by a doctor. After assessing vital functions and determining a preliminary diagnosis, administration of a 10% solution of caffeine sodium benzoate in a standard dosage is indicated. In case of infectious or orthostatic collapse, this is sufficient for a stable, long-lasting effect.

In the future, urgent measures are aimed at eliminating the causes of vascular insufficiency:

If the collapse is hemorrhagic, it is necessary to stop the bleeding;
In case of poisoning and intoxication, the introduction of a specific antidote (if exists) and detoxification measures are required.
At acute diseases(myocardial infarction, peritonitis, pulmonary embolism, etc.) correction of life-threatening conditions is carried out.

If there are indications, the patient is hospitalized in a specialized hospital for further treatment and prevention serious complications. There, depending on the causes of the disease, intravenous drip administration of adrenaline and norepinephrine (to quickly increase blood pressure), infusion of blood and its components, plasma, saline (to increase blood volume), and oxygen therapy are carried out.