home Drugs How to treat mushroom poisoning. What to do if the patient is unconscious. Poisoning with conditionally edible mushrooms: features of the clinical picture

How to treat mushroom poisoning. What to do if the patient is unconscious. Poisoning with conditionally edible mushrooms: features of the clinical picture

People who are poorly versed in forest mushrooms, risk poisoning themselves, their loved ones, and children with poisonous trophies. Therefore, you need to accurately understand what the symptoms and signs of mushroom poisoning are, and know how to provide first aid. To collect them, you need knowledge and experience in this matter.

Townspeople attacking the forest with baskets in their thousands are potential suicides. Mushroom poisoning is the most dangerous among food intoxications. It may end in the death of the victim.

Fungi have the ability to accumulate harmful substances from soil and water. Sometimes, a completely edible specimen can cause harm to the body. But there are certain species that are poisonous. And, before going into the forest with a basket, you need to know them by sight. But, if poisoning occurs, it is necessary to understand how to help the victim, what measures to take before the ambulance arrives. After all, poisoning manifests itself after some time, not immediately.

Varieties of poisonous mushrooms

More than 3 thousand mushrooms are known in the world, but only 12-13% of them are edible. Other species have varying degrees danger when entering the human body. There are always poisonous ones, which are strictly prohibited from being taken in the forest.

Other varieties acquire properties unsuitable for consumption under certain conditions - raw food diet, incompatibility with alcohol, non-compliance with cooking technology, and so on. Every mushroom picker should know well which mushrooms can cause poisoning.

The most dangerous mushrooms:

Pale toadstool (spring and white varieties). This mushroom is similar in some cases to champignon or russula. But he has a distinctive external sign- white frill under the hat. It does not have the characteristic mushroom smell. It is difficult to save a person who has tasted a small piece of toadstool. The poison amanitin, which causes severe damage, is not destroyed by heat treatment and is stored dry and frozen.
All types of fiber, white talker, fly agaric contain muscarine, which causes damage to the central nervous system up to hallucinations. The well-known fly agaric has varieties. Not all fly agarics are red. And their specks come in the form of peas and plaques. The color of some specimens is gray, brick.
Spider web is dangerous because symptoms of poisoning appear 15-20 days after consumption.
No less dangerous representatives of the poisonous ones are pig mushrooms, false honey mushrooms, satanic and stinking mushrooms. False honey mushrooms, unlike their edible namesakes, are more fragile and almost transparent.

Tips for mushroom pickers:

Do not take forest products near highways and industrial enterprises.
Mushrooms from burnt forests must be soaked in water for a long time so that the combustion products leave the mushroom tissues.
In forests affected by chemical damage or agricultural pollination, cannot be collected.
Store forest trophies without processing for no more than 2 hours.
Do not try it raw.
Store processed milk mushrooms or champignons at a temperature not exceeding +3 °C.
Do not salt in metal containers.
The fungus must be twisted out of the mycelium without leaving a stump.
Do not take unfamiliar or old ones.
For collection, use birch bark or willow baskets.
The best collection time is August-September.

The most valuable in terms of taste and nutritional qualities are:

1st place – white, milk mushrooms, saffron milk caps.
2nd – boletus, butterdish, champignon.
3rd – morel, chanterelle, honey fungus, oyster mushrooms, valui.

A variety of edible mushrooms grow in deciduous and coniferous forests. Some of them are better known to mushroom pickers, others are found only in certain regions.

Signs of damage from mushroom poisons

The first signs of mushroom poisoning may not be felt immediately. The time for their manifestation varies depending on the type of hatter, quantity, type of preparation, combination with certain products, the state of health and immunity of the person, his age and size.

The most toxic poison of the toadstool makes itself felt in the period from 30 minutes to 6 hours. It is not immediately possible to determine that the culprit of the ailment was mushroom soup or salad. Initial symptoms and the signs of mushroom poisoning are similar to ordinary food poisoning:

diarrhea;
urge to vomit;
severe throbbing pain in the head;
loss of appetite;
stomach and intestinal cramps.

But there are special features that make it impossible to confuse simple poisoning with stale food from dangerous intoxication with mushroom poisons:

Pale toadstool - continuous loose stools with blood, muscle pain and spasms, dark, almost black vomiting, suffocation. The heart malfunctions, the kidneys and liver fail, and the person falls into a coma.
Fly agaric - excessive salivation, tearing, sweating, difficulty breathing, blood pressure drops, heartbeat stops, delirium, visions. Another type of fly agaric causes peeling of the skin, dryness in the nose and mouth, rapid heartbeat, and dilated pupils. Lethal outcome is possible in 3% of cases when ingested large quantity poison.
Lines - the liver and spleen enlarge, red blood cells die, convulsions, unconsciousness.

In children, the reaction to toxins manifests itself more acutely and quickly. Poisonings often end tragically. Such conditions are dangerous for pregnant women. Poisons penetrate the placenta and poison the fetus. A miscarriage may occur. Even if serious consequences can be avoided, dehydration expectant mother will have a dangerous effect on the child - there will be a loss of minerals, trace elements and vitamins.

The risk of severe consequences increases if poisoning occurs with several poisons at the same time. It becomes almost impossible to save such a victim. Moreover, when eating inedible dishes collectively, everyone reacts to the effects of toxins differently. How long does it take for mushroom poisoning to occur? In some people, symptoms appear immediately, while in others they appear several days later.

First aid for intoxication

What should you do in case of mushroom poisoning if you have the symptoms described above? The life of the victim depends on the correct primary actions of those around him. Therefore, you need to know exactly what to urgently do in such a case while the emergency doctors are on their way.

It is necessary to leave the type of product that caused the poisoning for presentation to doctors and the laboratory. This will allow you to determine the type of toxin and prescribe the correct treatment.

In the meantime, please provide the following assistance:

Perform gastric lavage at the earliest short term. To do this, the patient must be given something to drink big amount water and induce vomiting. This procedure must be repeated several times. To make someone gag, press on the root of the person's tongue. reverse side spoons. During pregnancy, you should not induce vomiting.
You can speed up bowel cleansing with laxatives or taking 1 tbsp. or 1 teaspoon of castor oil or vegetable oil.
After washing the stomach, the victim should take pharmaceutical charcoal or any sorbent. It will begin to collect toxic substances in the stomach and intestines.
Drink a lot of mineral water or strong tea.
Place the patient in bed, warm and wrap his feet. This is necessary to activate blood circulation.

These measures will be sufficient until medical workers arrive. Providing first aid for mushroom poisoning plays a decisive role in saving the victim. A person’s life depends on how timely and qualified it is provided.

When treatment is carried out at home, fixing drugs, antiemetics, analgesics, and drinks containing alcohol should not be used.

Treatment in hospital

Patients in serious condition are admitted to toxicology departments. Hospital treatment In case of mushroom poisoning, it is carried out in 2 stages:

Removing poison.
Eliminating the consequences of its action.

Initial stage. In the first hours, the stomach is intensively cleansed with a stream of water through a probe, the intestines are emptied using laxative solutions and an enema. A diuretic is prescribed. The blood is cleansed of toxic toxins by filtering through sorbents. After some time, antidotes should be taken after poisoning with individual poisons.

The second stage is maintenance of cardio-vascular system, treatment of kidneys and liver, prescription of rehabilitation therapy.

Precautionary measures

Mushroom dishes are traditional for Russian cuisine. In Rus', milk mushrooms were always salted in barrels, honey mushrooms were pickled, champignons and white mushrooms were dried and fried. How not to get poisoned by mushrooms? Knowing the species and following the technology for preparing delicacies will save you from harm.

Here are a few rules of prevention that must be strictly followed:

Take only known species. Don’t be greedy, throw away old overgrown or wormy caps and stems. An unknown instance should not even a short time be near edible mushrooms.
Thoroughly clean and wash the forest trophy. Don’t even try russula raw!
When collecting, carefully inspect each specimen - all its tissues must be healthy and fresh.
The harvest should be placed in a basket made of twigs, and not in a plastic bag or bucket.
Collect mushrooms in ecologically clean areas, away from industrial zones.
Process immediately; any mushrooms should be boiled for 40 minutes and the broth should be discarded.
Keep an eye on your child in the forest so that he doesn’t try a beautiful mushroom or unfamiliar berries. The order and prohibition of an adult in the forest is the law.

Video: mushroom poisoning - symptoms and first aid.

What are the dangers of mushroom poisoning?

Strong poisons can take a person's life. How to prevent poisoning from poisonous mushrooms? If you don’t start fighting them in the first hours and minutes, then in 50% of cases, death occurs when poisoned with talker or toadstool. If a large amount of a toxic substance enters the body, the functioning of the liver and kidneys atrophies. Death comes.

How to avoid mushroom poisoning? The main reason is ignorance about the types of edible mushrooms and ignorance of what they look like. The collected hatmakers, even if they are all edible, are cooked incorrectly by the housewives and skip the boiling stage.

But during the initial heat treatment, toxins from dirty external environment. Precautionary measures must not be neglected; carelessness can lead to fatal outcome. In 2-3 days, irreversible changes occur in the body that are incompatible with life.

Dangerous poison has a gall fungus. Symptoms of poisoning with it are similar to the effects of toadstool. This severe pain in the intestines and stomach, uncontrollable diarrhea and vomiting, cramps in muscle tissue, dizziness.

The difficulty of diagnosis is associated with a long period of calm. Only appears on the third day palpitations, the temperature rises, the head hurts a lot. Late diagnosis often leads to irreversibility of pathological processes.

Historical sources also talk about mushroom intoxication. The poisoning of Emperor Claudius (54 AD) is blamed on a dish of mushroom sauce that his fourth wife, Agrippina, fed to him in order to place her son Nero on the throne.

All the described symptoms of death were consistent with muscarine poisoning. Noble Romans preferred mushrooms of bright orange color, which were called “Caesar's mushrooms” and among which it was easy to hide the deadly Patouillard fiber or other poisonous mushroom.

Poisoning with mushroom dishes is common in our time. Many mycotoxins have been well studied and antidotes have been found for them, but there are still many species of fungi whose composition of poisons is unknown.

Mushroom intoxication is classified according to the totality of symptoms caused, since division by type of fungi that caused the disease is irrational.

The same species can cause different signs of intoxication in different people. Or, for example, different types macromycetes cause a similar clinical picture.

There are syndromes with a short period of manifestation of the disease, in which symptoms of poisoning appear within 0.5-1 hour after eating mushrooms and long-term latent period– from 6-12 hours to several days.

Poisonings with a short asymptomatic period include:

muscarinic (cholinomimetic);
hallucinatory;
coprine (teturam-like);
resinoid (gastroenteric).

Poisonings with a long latent period are characteristic of the following syndromes:

phalloid;
gyromitria;
Orlanova.

Let us consider in more detail each of the given syndromes accompanying intoxication.

Mushroom poisoning syndromes with a short latent period

The short latent period for poisoning can range from 20-30 minutes. after eating mushrooms containing mycotoxin, up to 3-4 hours.

Muscarinic syndrome

The latent period is 15-60 minutes. from the moment of use. This syndrome is caused by macromycetes of the genus Clitócybe and Inocybe, which contain muscarine. Often the effects of this toxin are masked by symptoms caused by intoxication with other types of mycotoxins.

Manifested by the following symptoms:

dyspeptic disorders;
activation of discharge from the lacrimal, salivary and sweat glands;
miosis accompanied by visual impairment;
neurological disorders (euphoria alternating with apathy, confusion, convulsions, coma);
cardiovascular (CV) disorders (bradycardia, decreased blood pressure);
spasm of the bronchial muscles, accompanied by wheezing and shortness of breath;
dehydration of the body.

The listed symptoms can last from 2-6 hours to 24 hours or suddenly disappear after 1-3 hours. Poisoning is rarely fatal, but emergency hospitalization is required, especially if disturbances in hemodynamic function and cardiac function occur.

Copriine syndrome

It occurs acutely and has no latent period. The syndrome is caused by the release of mycotoxins under the influence of ethyl alcohol.

Symptoms accompanying poisoning are:

redness skin(“Flash” syndrome);
relaxation of smooth muscles of blood vessels;
dysfunction of the cardiovascular system (tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, collapse);
rapid, shallow breathing;
coma.

Manifestations disappear on their own within 2-4 hours. If a disorder occurs heart rate or collapse requires urgent hospitalization. Repeated intake of alcohol-containing drinks leads to a recurrence of the listed symptoms.

Hallucinatory or drug syndrome

The latent period is short - from 20 to 30 minutes. The syndrome occurs under the influence of psilocybin mushrooms (fibre, psilocebe cuban) and fly agarics.

The hallucinogenic effect is similar to the effect on the central nervous system of the synthetic drug LSD and the manifestation of psychodysleptic effects:

alternation of affect, hysteria, excitement and drowsiness;
dizziness;
motor function disorders;
convulsive muscle twitching and uncontrolled movements;
convulsions;
involuntary shudders.

Symptoms disappear within 6-12 hours. Regular use of hallucinogenic mushrooms can lead to addiction and mental disorders. Hospitalization, detoxification, and administration of sedatives are recommended.

Resinoid syndrome

Poisoning develops rapidly. Symptoms appear after 0.5-3 hours. Signs relate to dyspeptic and gastroenteric disorders. There is a risk of severe dehydration.

In hospital conditions, detoxification, symptomatic treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction and parietal rehydration are carried out. Poisoning is caused by tiger rower and entololea yellowish-gray.

Mushroom poisoning syndromes with a long latent period

Mushroom poisoning with a long latent period is the most dangerous, as it leads to severe damage to internal organs.

Gyromitria syndrome

The latent period ranges from 6-24 hours. up to 1-3 days. Causes syndrome of poisoning with morels and stitches (Gyromitra). Manifestations of pathology are varied. The most characteristic are:

asthenia;
headache;
neurological disorders (confusion, seizures, coma);
cytolytic jaundice;
intravascular hemolysis (DIC syndrome).

Urgent hospitalization with detoxification measures and symptomatic therapy is required.

Orellanic syndrome

The latent period lasts 2-3 days. The pathology is caused by fungi of the genus Cortinarius - the mountain and beautiful cobwebs are deadly poisonous macromycetes with a delayed effect, leading to kidney failure.

Symptoms appear in stages:

Dyspeptic disorders that may not be noticed due to blurred and insignificant dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. The duration of the stage is 3 days.
Remission stage.
After 2-3 weeks from the moment of poisoning, it develops renal failure, often becoming chronic.

It is necessary to use detoxification methods in hospital conditions and therapy for renal failure, symptomatic treatment.

Phalloidin syndrome

The latent period is more than 6 hours. Poisoning is caused by a mycotoxin contained in toadstool, which is a deadly macromycete. The disease manifests itself with symptoms:

acute gastroenteritis;
hepatocellular syndrome;
acute renal failure.

Immediate hospitalization, detoxification techniques, administration of antidotes (selymarin) and therapy for renal pathology are required. Often leads to death.

The length of the period from the moment of poisoning to the onset of symptoms depends not only on the type of mycotoxin, but also on the following factors:

amount of toxin;
patient's age;
general condition;
presence of chronic diseases;
hereditary level of enzymes that break down the toxin;
the presence of enzymes for digesting macromycetes.

In case of group poisoning, latent periods of intoxication of varying duration are observed. Mushroom poisoning is especially severe in children. There have been cases of severe intoxication through breast milk.

Due to the imperfection of the enzymatic composition of the gastrointestinal tract, children under 12 years of age are not recommended to eat mushroom dishes. The high content of toxins in some types of mushrooms can cause instant death or irreversible damage in children.

In some cases, the duration of the latent period serves diagnostic sign when identifying the source of poisoning.

Causes of mushroom poisoning

According to Rospotrebnadzor, main reason Mushroom poisoning is the inability to recognize poisonous and edible mushrooms. Also among the reasons is improper preparation of dishes from certain edible and conditionally edible mushrooms. It is worth noting that even healthy body can easily digest only 100 g of mushrooms at a time. If you decide to eat more, be prepared for the fact that the body may “rebel” in the form of exacerbation of chronic diseases digestive tract and stomach pain.

Mushroom poisoning: first signs

Signs of poisoning may appear as early as 1.5 hours after eating mushrooms. A person may feel nausea, quite severe abdominal pain, and they will be accompanied by diarrhea up to 10-15 times a day and vomiting. Also, the poisoned person may have a rise in body temperature, while the pulse will weaken, and the legs and arms will become cold. Mushroom poisoning is characterized by inflammation small intestine and stomach, that is, acute gastroenteritis may begin.

If he is infected with a satanic mushroom, fly agarics (smelly, panther, red), and also, then he may have hallucinations and delusions in addition to the above symptoms, that is, he may fall into a state bordering on mental insanity.

Fungi and botulism

Eating canned mushrooms can lead to the development of botulism. Pathogens of this disease are found mainly in the soil. That is why mushrooms must be cleaned and washed with special care before canning. Home processing of mushrooms does not always kill the causative agents of dangerous diseases, while in a hermetically sealed jar, due to the lack of oxygen, an ideal environment is created for the development of a microbial toxin - a poison dangerous to humans.

Symptoms of botulism appear 12-72 hours after eating low-quality mushrooms. A person’s vision is impaired, surrounding objects become blurry for him. Headache, vomiting, nausea, dry mouth, cramps, and diarrhea also appear. Sometimes it becomes difficult for a person to swallow.

If at least one symptom appears after eating canned mushrooms, you should urgently seek medical advice. medical assistance. Do not hesitate and do not self-medicate! Botulism can be fatal.

First aid for mushroom poisoning

If symptoms of poisoning appear after eating mushrooms, you should urgently call a doctor. Before his arrival, it is recommended to drink plenty of fluids and stay in bed. You can drink cold water and cold strong tea. You can also take activated carbon, it definitely won’t make you worse. Its intake is necessary for adsorption harmful substances.

Recovery from mushroom poisoning with proper treatment and timely consultation with a doctor usually occurs within a day.

Video on the topic

Poisonous mushrooms can cause serious harm not only the stomach and intestines, but also the kidneys, liver, central nervous system, etc. In case of mushroom poisoning, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. Trying to deal with the problem yourself or waiting for the poisoning to go away on its own can be fatal.

Please note that you can be poisoned not only by poisonous ones, but also by some conditionally edible mushrooms if you do not use them correctly. That is why, at the first symptoms of poisoning, it is necessary to call doctors at home, even if it seems to you that the mushrooms you have eaten are not at all dangerous. Such a precaution may well save a life, because at the initial stage it is not difficult to cope with poisoning, and serious consequences can be avoided.

As a rule, the first ones do not appear immediately. Some mushrooms begin to negatively affect the body 3-4 hours after consumption, others - after a day or even more. One way or another, the symptoms are often the same regardless of whether the person ate the mushrooms. First arise sharp pains in the stomach, then nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea appear. Poisoning is sometimes so severe that it leads to dehydration and even death. IN best case scenario after prompt first aid, the symptoms disappear and the person recovers.

Much more dangerous are situations when the symptoms listed above are in fact not the only results of poisoning. There are poisonous mushrooms with hepatonephrotoxic effects that cause liver damage. With them a person can get rid of

Since mushrooms vary greatly in the toxins they contain and it is difficult to determine which species caused the poisoning, clinical classification is preferable to taxonomic classification. In many cases, the history and first symptoms of mushroom poisoning make it possible to accurately determine the prognosis and prescribe treatment.

There are ten groups of toxic substances contained in mushrooms:

cyclic peptides;

gyromitrine;

muscarine;

ibotenic acid and muscimol;

psilocybin;

toxins that cause gastrointestinal irritation;

orellanine;

aminohexadienoic acid;

myotoxins.

Poisoning with mushrooms containing cyclic peptides

Most fatal mushroom poisonings are associated with consumption poisonous mushrooms containing cyclic peptides. These are representatives of the genus Amanita (fly agaric): Amanita verna (spring fly agaric), Amanila virosa (smelly fly agaric) and Amanita phalloides (pale agaric), the genus Galerina (galerina): Galerina autumnalis (autumn galerina), Galerina marginata (bordered galerina), Galerina venenata (poisonous galerina) and the genus Lepiota (lepiota): Lepiota helveola (lepiota helvesol), Lepiota josserandi (umbrella mushroom) and Lepiota brunneoincamata (reddish-brown lepiota).

Toadstool contains 15-20 cyclic peptides, of which the best studied are amatoxins (cyclic octapeptides), phallotoxins (cyclic heptapeptides) and pyrotoxins (cyclic heptapeptides). Phalloidin is the main representative of phallotoxins, a fast-acting poison, while the toxicity of amanitinopes appears much later. Phalloidin blocks actin polymerization and damages cell membranes, but is poorly absorbed when taken orally, so its toxicity is minimal and limited to gastrointestinal upset.

Of all the cyclic peptides, amatoxins are the most toxic, affecting the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Of these, in turn, the most toxic to humans is a-amanitin. One gram of dried toadstool contains about 1.5-2.5 mg of hamanitins, and the same amount of some types of mushrooms of the genus Lepiota contains 3.5 mg. The amount of amanitins in a twenty-gram mushroom significantly exceeds the lethal dose for humans, equal to 0.1 mg/kg. Alpha-amanitin inhibits RNA polymerase II and blocks DNA transcription. The poison affects organs with rapidly renewing cell populations, including the intestines (epitheliitis), as well as the liver (hepatocytes) and kidneys. Morphological changes in the liver include fatty degeneration, centrilobular necrosis and hemorrhages, viable hepatocytes remain in the periportal zone. Amanitins are poorly but quickly absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract, and a-amanitin enters the intestinal-hepatic circulation. Amatoxins have low affinity for proteins and are present in plasma in low concentrations for 24-48 hours after poisoning.

Clinical picture

The first period of poisoning with mushrooms of this type resembles severe gastroenteritis with copious watery stools, which occurs 5-24 hours after the poison enters the body. Against the background of correction of water and electrolyte disturbances, the symptoms of gastroenteritis subside and 12-36 hours after poisoning, the second period, or a period of imaginary well-being, begins. However, even despite symptomatic therapy, a third period may occur 2-6 days after poisoning, characterized by acute liver and kidney failure and death. Clinical signs toxic liver damage: increased bilirubin levels, AST and ALT activity, hypoglycemia, jaundice and coma - appear only 2-3 days after poisoning.

Treatment and first aid for mushroom poisoning

The basis of treatment for mushroom poisoning is symptomatic therapy and correction of water and electrolyte disturbances. Repeated use of activated carbon (0.5-1 g/kg every 2-4 hours) is indicated, which adsorbs toxins, interrupts their intestinal-hepatic circulation and increases the survival of experimental animals. There is insufficient data on the advisability of including most specific fungal antidotes in therapy. Benzylpenicillin may have a protective effect that is time- and dose-dependent and is due to the ability to displace a-amanitin from its binding to albumin, prevent its penetration into hepatocytes, bind free amatoxins, or prevent the binding of a-amanitin to RNA polymerase. Although the hepatoprotective effect of benzylpenicillin has not been sufficiently studied, it is recommended to use it at a dose of 1 million units/kg/day IV (this dose is considered safe and possibly effective). Silymarin is a 70-80% lipophilic extract from the fruit of milk thistle, containing isomers of three flavonoids: silibinin (50%), silicristin and silydianin. Silibinin prevents the penetration of amanitin into liver cells. Preparations containing it are sold in pharmacies and are apparently safe and well tolerated by patients with chronic diseases liver. But there is no evidence that it reduces mortality, improves histological findings or biochemical parameters in amatoxin poisoning. Despite this, silibinin is recommended to be taken at a dose of 20-50 mg/kg/day, although it is not approved by the FDA.

It is possible to use acetylcysteine, especially in case of liver failure. In the early stages of poisoning, hemosorption on activated carbon is indicated. In case of toxic liver dystrophy, liver transplantation is performed.

These mushrooms include common string, California string, brown string and autumn string. They are usually found in the spring under coniferous trees and are easily recognized by their brain-like fruiting body. They are often confused with the similar-looking edible morels (common morel).

The lines contain gyromitrin (methylformylhydrazone acetaldehyde), which upon hydrolysis dissociates into acetaldehyde and methylformylhydrazine. Subsequent hydrolysis produces monomethylhydrazine. The hydrazine group reacts with pyridoxine (the same as isoniazid), which leads to inhibition of enzymatic reactions in which pyridoxal phosphate serves as a coenzyme. In particular, the synthesis of the inhibitory transmitter GABA is blocked, which leads to epileptic seizures.

Symptoms of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms

The first symptoms of mushroom poisoning appear 5-10 hours after eating them. Signs of mushroom food poisoning occur - vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, weakness, diffuse muscle spasms. Typically, patients' condition improves quickly and they recover within a few days. Sometimes confusion, stupor, epileptic seizures and coma develop in the early stages of poisoning. Rarely, hepatorenal syndrome occurs.

Treatment of mushroom poisoning

In most cases, symptomatic therapy is sufficient. Activated carbon, 1 g/kg, is shown. For epileptic seizures, treatment begins with benzodiazepines; if they are ineffective, pyridoxine is prescribed, 70 mg/kg IV.

Symptoms of poisoning with mushrooms containing muscarine appear 30-120 minutes after consumption. They are caused by activation of peripheral M-cholinergic receptors and include bradycardia, miosis, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, and frequent urination. Muscarine has no effect central action, since, being a quaternary ammonium base, it does not pass through the blood-brain barrier. There is no effect on N-cholinergic receptors.

The effects of muscarine last longer than acetylcholine because, due to the lack of an ester linkage, muscarine is resistant to AChE.

Treatment and first aid for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms

Severe poisoning occurs rarely, so symptomatic therapy is usually limited. In case of severe poisoning, atropine is used (adults: 1-2 mg, children: 0.02 mg/kg, minimum 0.1 mg IV slowly). If necessary, atropine is reintroduced until symptoms disappear.

Fungi of the genus Coprinus (dung beetle) contain the toxin coprine. Particularly famous is the ink dung beetle (Coprinus atramentarius), a temperate mushroom that grows in large groups in the grass in clearings in wooded areas. It received its name because of the peptidase-containing plates, which, due to autolysis, dissolve into an ink-colored liquid shortly after the mushroom is harvested (ripened). Coprine is an amino acid. Its metabolites (the primary metabolite 1-aminocyclopropanol, or, more likely, the secondary metabolite cyclopropanone hydrate formed in vivo as a result of hydrolysis) inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase. Within 48-72 hours after eating mushrooms, acetaldehyde accumulates in the blood, which leads to poisoning. When alcohol is consumed simultaneously with mushrooms, poisoning is more pronounced and develops faster.

Signs of mushroom poisoning

In a typical case, within 0.5-2 hours after taking ethanol, tachycardia, hot flashes, nausea and vomiting, characteristic of the antabuse reaction, occur. Symptoms are usually mild.

Treatment

Treatment is symptomatic and includes drinking plenty of fluids and, if necessary, antiemetics.

Mushrooms containing ibotenic acid and muscimol

Most of the mushrooms in this group belong to the genus Amanita, including Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina, and Amanita gemmata. These mushrooms grow solitarily in wooded areas throughout the area. In summer or autumn, they are easy to recognize by their bright red or yellowish-brown cap, which is usually seen on mushrooms in children's books.

These mushrooms have long been used in religious ceremonies. They contain small amounts of isoxazole derivatives ibotenic acid and muscimol. Ibotenic acid is similar in structure to the excitatory mediator glutamic acid. Muscimol is very close in spatial structure to GABA.

Symptoms of fly agaric poisoning

Most patients who develop symptoms of poisoning have deliberately consumed large quantities of mushrooms to experience their narcotic effects. Symptoms occur within 0.5-2 hours. An inhibitory effect on the central nervous system (GABA-like) is manifested by drowsiness, dizziness, hallucinations, dysphoria and delirium, and most often occurs in adults. The excitatory (glutamatergic) effect is manifested by myoclonus, epileptic seizures and others. neurological symptoms and occurs more often in children.

Treatment of fly agaric poisoning

In most cases, symptomatic therapy is sufficient. When the central nervous system is excited, benzodiazepines are indicated.

These fungi include Psilocybe caerulescens, Psilocybe cubensis, Conocybe cyanopus, Panaeolus foenisecii, Gymnopilus pectabilis and Psathyrella foenisecii. Poisoning with them is very common due to the popularity of hallucinogens. Psilocybin is rapidly and completely hydrolyzed in vivo to psilocin. Serotonin, psilocin and psilocybin have very similar structures and act primarily at 5-HT2 receptors.

Symptoms of psilocybin mushroom poisoning

Within an hour after eating mushrooms, symptoms from the central nervous system may appear: ataxia, hyperkinesis, visual illusions or hallucinations. They reach a maximum after 4 hours. Some patients experience anxiety, tachycardia, tremor, agitation and mydriasis. Symptoms usually go away within 6-12 hours.

Treatment of psilocybin mushroom poisoning

Treatment of hallucinations due to mushroom poisoning is symptomatic. For uncontrollable agitation and anxiety, benzodiazepines are indicated.

Poisoning with mushrooms containing toxins that irritate the gastrointestinal tract

This is the largest group of inedible mushrooms. Their toxins are varied and poorly understood. Hundreds of varieties of mushrooms in this group can be classified as “little brown mushrooms.” Some types of poisonous mushrooms of the genus Boletus, Lactarius, Rhodophyllus, Tricholoma, as well as Omphalotus olearius, Chlorophyllum molybdites and Chlorophyllum esculentum ) are mistaken for being edible or hallucinogenic.

Clinical picture

The effect of toxins begins 0.5-3 hours after eating mushrooms. Epigastric pain, malaise, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea appear.

Treatment

Treatment is symptomatic and includes plenty of fluids and, if necessary, antiemetics. Symptoms of poisoning pass quickly, the prognosis is favorable.

Mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius (spider web) Cortinarius speciosissimus (beautiful spider web) and Cortinarius orellanus (mountain spider) are usually found in Europe, and Cortinarius rainierensis - in North America.

Clinical picture

The first symptoms appear 24-36 hours after eating mushrooms: chills, polydipsia, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, pain in the lower back and abdomen. Oliguric acute renal failure may develop within a few days. IN early period laboratory tests can only reveal hematuria, leukocyturia and proteinuria. As a result of the action of the toxin on the kidneys, interstitial nephritis develops with damage and early fibrosis of the tubules and relative preservation of the glomeruli.

Therapy

Treatment is exclusively symptomatic; hemodialysis is indicated only for acute renal failure. Most patients recover, but some may develop varying degrees of renal dysfunction.

Poisoning with mushrooms containing aminohexadienoic acid

Poisoning with mushrooms of this species has been diagnosed relatively recently and is so far associated only with the consumption of the mushroom Amanita smithiana (Smith's fly agaric). In all cases, the poisonous mushroom was accidentally consumed instead of the very similar edible pine mushroom Tricholoma magnivelare (massive row, also known as matsutake). Smith's fly agaric contains two toxins: aminohexadienoic acid and C2-amino-4-pentinoic acid. In cultures of renal tubular epithelium, aminohexadisnic acid caused the same damage as in Smith's fly agaric poisoning.

Clinical picture of Amanita Smith poisoning

Symptoms appear 0.5-12 hours after eating the mushroom. Gastrointestinal symptoms: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, accompanied by malaise, sweating and dizziness. 4-6 days after poisoning, acute renal failure occurs with a significant increase in BUN and creatinine levels.

Treatment of Amanita Smith poisoning

There is no antidote for these nephrotoxins. The effectiveness of activated charcoal has not been proven, but it should be prescribed to all patients with suspected Smith's mushroom poisoning who are admitted with early symptoms of gastroenteritis. In severe renal failure, hemodialysis is indicated. Several of the patients described did not require hemodialysis; others underwent it 2-3 times a week for a month.

Poisoning with mushrooms containing myotoxins

12 people who consumed the yellow-green mushroom developed severe rhabdomyolysis over the next three days, which led to death in 3 of them. All 12 experienced fatigue 24-72 hours after eating mushrooms, muscle weakness, myalgia. On average, the maximum value of CPK activity in women was 226,067 IU/l, and in men - 34,786 IU/l. In some patients, CPK activity exceeded 500,000 IU/l. Electromyography revealed changes in muscle activity. Three victims developed respiratory failure, acute myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure and pulmonary failure. Autopsy revealed the same damage to the myocardium as to skeletal muscle.

Treatment

There is no antidote for poisoning with mushrooms containing. A high diuresis should be maintained to prevent renal failure due to myoglobinuria. Hemodialysis may be required.

Poisoning by unknown mushrooms

In most cases, the symptoms described above are sufficient to determine the type of toxin and the severity of the poisoning. For early symptoms it is usually done symptomatic therapy. The most dangerous mushrooms are the ones with symptoms of poisoning that appear within a few hours or days. Such mushrooms may contain amatoxins, gyromitrin or orellanine, and in these cases hospitalization, close observation, detoxification and, if possible, the administration of antidotes are necessary. This rule does not apply to Smith's fly agaric poisoning, but such cases are rare and limited to a certain region. You can also make a mistake when poisoning with several types of poisonous mushrooms, when symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract appear early and do not go away after 4-6 hours. In such cases, mushroom poisoning with delayed toxicity should be assumed.

The article was prepared and edited by: surgeon

According to statistics, of the 3 thousand mushrooms known in our time, only 400 species are suitable for consumption, the rest are inedible and can cause severe intoxication if they enter the human body. Unfortunately, recently cases of poisoning from mushrooms purchased in supermarkets have been increasingly recorded. Improper storage and preparation of mushrooms can lead to serious health problems. Even edible mushrooms can be dangerous due to the accumulation of harmful substances if they are grown in environmentally unfavorable areas.

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms most often occurs in late summer and the first half of autumn, during the harvest season, and can have serious consequences, including death.

Symptoms and severity of poisoning depend on factors such as the type and quantity of mushrooms eaten, the age of the victim, his state of health, and weight. The immune system is not able to cope with toxins that have entered the body, therefore, if your health worsens, you must immediately go to the hospital. Children and the elderly are the worst sufferers of poisoning. Death can occur within a few hours after eating inedible mushrooms, such as toadstool or fly agaric, resulting in paralysis of the nervous system, respiratory arrest, general intoxication, and liver necrosis. To prevent irreversible consequences, you need to take precautions in time.

ICD 10 code

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms refers to food poisoning (abbreviated as PO), which is registered in the International Classification of Diseases and has a code according to ICD 10. This type of poisoning is specifically listed under the code AO-5, which stands for “other bacterial toxic infections.”

Diseases of a bacterial nature are distributed as follows:

Microbial (mycotoxicosis, botulism, staphylococcal toxicosis, various toxic infections, including mixed type);
Non-microbial (poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, as well as certain types fish and fish caviar);
Toxic infections of unknown etiology.

At food poisoning, which are caused by the consumption of foods with a high accumulation of toxins, serious complications can occur, including failure of internal organs (in particular, the liver), as well as asphyxia and cardiac arrest. Mushroom pickers should remember possible risks when harvesting in the autumn season. You need to be extremely careful, because currently some types of mushrooms undergo mutation and become poisonous, despite the fact that they are edible in appearance. It is generally not advisable for people who have no experience to collect and eat mushrooms on their own. Buying second hand in markets, places of prohibited trade, etc. can also be dangerous.

ICD-10 code

T62.0 In eaten mushrooms

Signs of poisoning from poisonous mushrooms

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms may not appear immediately, but only after some time, ranging from 30 minutes to a day after consumption (it all depends on the type of mushroom). It happens that the first symptoms appear only after 2-3 days.

Signs of poisoning from poisonous mushrooms are in many ways similar to those that occur with typical food poisoning:

nausea and vomiting (sometimes mixed with blood);
thirst, dry mouth;
profuse lacrimation;
nasal congestion;
pain syndrome;
severe general weakness;
darkening of the eyes;
headache and dizziness;
loss of consciousness;
severe diarrhea mixed with blood;
convulsions;
decreased blood pressure;
pale skin;
rapid pulse;
anuria (lack of urination);
confusion (coma).

Poisoning with toadstool may cause cold sticky sweat, with red fly agaric - hallucinations, asphyxia, with toadstool - an excited state similar to a state of severe alcohol intoxication. The main danger of intoxication is that it affects not only the gastrointestinal tract, but also other vital important organs. Poisons contained in inedible mushrooms (alkaloids and cytotoxins) can affect the cardiovascular system, and sometimes the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. The so-called “imaginary” period during which the symptoms of intoxication disappear. However, if treatment is not continued, the liver may fail and the person will die.

Toadstool poisoning

Poisoning from poisonous mushrooms poses a serious threat to human health and life. A particularly dangerous mushroom is called “pale toadstool” (another name is “green fly agaric”), which grows in birch forests, deciduous and coniferous forests, oak forests and is similar in appearance to champignon and greenish russula.

Poisoning with toadstool can result in the death of a person if appropriate measures are not taken in a timely manner and the patient is not taken to a medical institution. The period of intoxication consists of three stages:

I. From 6 to 24 hours after consuming a poisonous mushroom: nausea and vomiting, severe cramping pain in the abdomen and muscles, fever, cholera-like diarrhea mixed with blood; Breathing disorders are most often observed in children.
II. From 2 to 4 days (latent period).
III. Clinic of acute conditions: renal and liver failure with severe anuria, coagulopathy (pathology causing bleeding), jaundice, as well as liver enlargement, convulsions, central nervous system depression (in severe cases - coma) and the development of heart failure.

Toadstool contains extremely toxic substances that can damage liver cells, causing necrosis, and also negatively affect the kidneys, blocking their functionality. Toxins of the poisonous mushroom inhibit glycogen synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation, cause a decrease in the level of ATPase, inhibit the formation of DNA and RNA, which leads to cell autolysis.

Consequences

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms almost always has dangerous consequences due to the large amount of toxins that can negatively affect vital organs, the psyche, the central nervous system and the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

The consequences and degree of toxicity generally depend on the amount and type of mushrooms eaten, as well as the effect of toxic substances on the human body. Poisoning can be mild, which is expressed by disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, but very severe cases of intoxication occur, leading to death.

To facilitate the tasks of emergency care, you need to have information about the syndromes that are present in acute mushroom poisoning. For example, respiratory failure syndrome accompanies comatose states in which the respiratory center is depressed. Impaired consciousness (confusion, hallucinations) is caused by the influence of harmful toxins on the cerebral cortex and is often accompanied by circulatory disorders, as well as oxygen deficiency.

In case of mushroom poisoning, other syndromes that worsen the condition of the body may develop:

thermoregulation failure ( sharp increase or decrease in body temperature);
convulsions (an indicator of severe intoxication of the body) - occur due to oxygen starvation brain cells as a result of exposure to toxic substances on the central nervous system;
disturbances of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance(appear due to dysfunction of the secretory organs, digestive and excretory systems), which are accompanied by the accumulation of under-oxidized products in the tissues and dehydration of the body.

The syndrome of mental disorders manifests itself as a result of toxicity with mushroom poisons, the action of which is aimed at the central nervous system. At acute course process, there is a pronounced circulatory disorder, inhibition of the function of the adrenal glands and the vasomotor center. The liver and kidneys suffer to a greater extent from intoxication; it is these organs that are damaged by the toxic products of tissue breakdown.

Complications

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms can cause a number of health and life-threatening complications, since intoxication does not go away without leaving a trace - internal organs and systems suffer because of it, and it takes a certain time to remove harmful toxins from the body.

Complications concern the functioning of three vital systems: the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory. It is very important to diagnose poisoning in a timely manner in order to prevent disability, and in severe cases of poisoning, death.

Types of complications from toxicity with mushroom poisons:

depression of cardiac function;
tachyarrhythmia (heart rhythm disturbance) - most often against the background of a previous heart disease;
psychosis;
decreased vascular tone;
hallucinations;
hypertension;
change in level of consciousness (drowsiness may vary with severe agitation);
convulsions, in more severe cases - epileptic seizures caused by the harmful effects of poison on the body, disorders of blood supply and metabolism;
coma (in severe cases);
death.

The most important condition for mushroom poisoning is timely provision of medical care. First of all, before the ambulance arrives, the patient needs to rinse his stomach.

Diagnostics

It is important to diagnose poisoning with poisonous mushrooms in a timely manner in order to quickly prevent dangerous consequences.

Diagnostics must be as accurate as possible, and this requires professional skills and special laboratory equipment. If help is not provided on time, irreversible changes will occur in the body. Reveal pathological processes A blood test will help. Unfortunately, visible symptoms poisoning most often becomes noticeable when it is already too late - the liver fails or acute renal failure occurs.

Diagnostic methods include clarification of the food history (place of collection or purchase of mushrooms, time of consumption and peculiarities of their culinary processing), laboratory tests of blood, feces, and vomit. Usually the diagnosis Acute poisoning mushrooms” is indicated indicating the main pathological syndrome (for example, “acute gastroenteritis”, “acute psychomotor agitation”, etc.).

Diagnosis also includes measuring blood pressure (against the background of poisoning, it decreases significantly), monitoring the condition of the patient, whose pulse may increase, arrhythmia, and tachycardia may occur. With the development of acute gastroenteritis, the patient experiences dehydration and a disturbance in the electrolyte composition of the blood.

If the liver is affected, jaundice, liver failure, necrosis develop, and the brain is also affected, renal failure and nephropathy occur. Unfortunately, even resuscitation measures are unsuccessful, and the patient dies. Most often, death occurs due to poisoning with toadstool: several days of delay lead to the death of the patient.

Analyzes

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms requires full examination patient, which includes measuring pulse, pressure, temperature, and inspiratory rate. The doctor will need to determine the degree of dehydration (using a urine sample) as well as possible kidney problems.

Blood tests are necessary to determine the severity of the poisoning. A rectal examination is performed to determine the integrity of the rectal walls and take a stool sample to check for blood and mucus. In addition, samples of stool and vomit are sent to the laboratory for further testing to identify the toxin that causes the disease.

If other diseases are suspected, a CT scan and x-ray of the abdomen are performed. In case of mushroom poisoning, it is recommended to collect food scraps - they can also be useful for analysis.

It is very important to take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible, because on the 2-5th day after poisoning, irreversible consequences begin, in particular, damage to vital organs. Death occurs from multiple organ failure in 50-95% of cases. Against the background of intoxication, acute cardiovascular failure may develop, which can lead to the most severe consequences.

Instrumental diagnostics

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms is diagnosed based on a detailed medical history. The reasons are established by interviewing the victim. It is imperative to measure the patient’s body temperature, pulse, and blood pressure. The doctor conducts general examination patient, palpates the abdomen to identify pain syndrome in the peri-umbilical and epigastric region. To identify microorganisms that caused intoxication, laboratory tests of stool are performed.

Instrumental diagnostics for food poisoning (including mushrooms) includes:

fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (examination of the mucous membrane in upper sections digestive tract);
sigmoidoscopy (assessment of the condition of the rectum);
colonoscopy (determining changes in the mucous membrane of the large intestine);
fluoroscopy (performed in case of acute poisoning).

The diagnostic method is prescribed by the doctor depending on the patient’s condition, his age, the severity of intoxication, and symptoms. In cases of mass mushroom poisoning, the sanitary and epidemiological service conducts a study to determine the causes of mass intoxication.

Differential diagnosis

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms is diagnosed by examining the patient, symptoms, and conducting studies that help determine the degree of damage to the body.

Differential diagnosis is based on pronounced manifestations of enterocolitis or gastroenteritis, diarrhea, botulism, which most often develops when consuming canned mushrooms.

In case of poisoning with one of the most dangerous mushrooms, toadstool, as with botulism, neurological disorders, muscle weakness, impaired accommodation, visual disturbances, anisocoria, and ptosis are observed. Liver damage, acute gastroenteritis, and severe diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus occur. Due to the loss of water and salts, general weakness and thirst develop. Unfortunately, such symptoms manifest themselves in seriously ill patients and often portend death. In a patient who is in comatose, respiratory rhythm disorders and the development of shortness of breath are possible.

Differential diagnostic factors for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms include the rapid development of symptoms (from half an hour to a day). Fly agaric poisoning provokes dilated pupils, profuse diarrhea and severe salivation. Blood and urine, as well as vomit, feces and food debris are subjected to bacteriological examination. By using laboratory research final confirmation of the diagnosis and determination of the type of toxin is possible.

First aid for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms is fraught with serious complications, and in severe cases leads to death. Therefore, it is so important to provide first aid to the victim before the doctors arrive.

First aid for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms consists of the following steps. First of all, it is necessary to induce vomiting by thoroughly rinsing the stomach. Usually, a proven method is used for this purpose: you need to drink 4-6 glasses of water (boiled, cooled to room temperature) in small sips and induce vomiting, irritating back wall throat with a finger or a teaspoon. It is recommended to repeat this procedure several times, then put the victim to bed and apply warm heating pads to his limbs.

Before the ambulance arrives, the patient can be given a warm drink (in case of severe weakness, strong tea will help). Activated carbon will help as an absorbent (1 gram per 1 kg of weight). If there is no diarrhea, you can take a mild laxative. However, for vomiting and diarrhea, taking any antiemetics or laxatives is prohibited, as these natural defense mechanisms help remove toxins from the body.

The most important step is to call an ambulance or immediately transport the victim to medical institution. Only experienced doctor will be able to prescribe the correct treatment, since the toxins of different mushrooms act differently, and, accordingly, there is no universal treatment for mushroom poisoning.

Medicines

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms causes severe consequences, therefore the victim must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible (to the department intensive care). The doctor will examine the patient and prescribe treatment based on the severity of the poisoning, the patient’s condition, symptoms, laboratory test results, and the type of poisonous mushroom.

Medicines used at the initial stage, when the patient has acute gastroenteritis and disorders of the cardiovascular system, are electrolyte solutions that contain magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium ions, administered intravenously to the patient. The action of electrolytes is aimed at correcting the water-electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body.

If there is significant fluid loss, intravenous administration various solutions(from 5 to 8 liters per day): plasma, albumin, hemodez, neohemodez, protein, polyglucin, etc. If the patient has oliguria and anuria, saluretics are administered to stimulate diuresis, as well as lipotropic substances.

Forced diuresis will prevent detoxification. For this purpose, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, plasmapheresis, hemosorption, plasma sorption are also prescribed - methods of blood purification that significantly reduce the content of toxic substances in the blood.

Among the drugs whose use has proven to be effective, we can highlight drug Polysorb MP, whose action is aimed at internal cleansing body. This enterosorbent will help get rid of unpleasant symptoms and remove toxic substances from the digestive system. White coal– a modern concentrated sorbent, often used for food poisoning. The drug actively removes toxins and waste, while leaving beneficial substances, necessary for the body. A good antidote is atropine, which must be administered subcutaneously. The dose of this drug is prescribed by your doctor.

In severe cases, the patient may be prescribed glucocorticoids. If necessary, norepinephrine, mesaton, and eufullin solution are administered. After stabilization of the patient's condition, treatment should continue for 4-6 months in order to monitor the work and condition of the internal organs. A strict diet is recommended, and hepatoprotective drugs are used.

Traditional treatment

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms requires urgent action aimed at removing toxins from the victim’s body.

Traditional treatment consists primarily of using gastric lavage products. The patient should drink several glasses of warm water, to which half a teaspoon of salt should be added. It is advisable to repeat the procedure up to 6 times. After gastric lavage, it is recommended to take adsorbents (Activated carbon, White carbon, Smecta, Polysorb).

In the treatment of mushroom poisoning, honey is used in a dosage of 20-25 g, diluted in warm water or tea, with mint. As adsorbent substances, you can use egg white (4-5 pieces dissolved in 1 liter of warm water), starch or jelly (dissolved in water in a ratio of 1: 10).

A pre-prepared tincture of milk thistle seeds (50 g) helps well. The crushed seeds must be poured with vodka (0.5 l), left for 2 weeks, shaking the container periodically. Take 25 drops dissolved in 0.5 glass of water, up to 5 times a day, half an hour before meals. You can take medications that contain belladonna (belladonna): bellalgin, bolloid, becarbon, as well as zelenin tincture.

Any folk remedies in the form of tinctures should be taken only after consultation with a doctor. Exceeding the dosage is not recommended to avoid negative consequences.

Herbal treatment

Poisoning from poisonous mushrooms can be treated with herbs, which act as an antidote and help remove toxins from the body.

Herbal treatment for symptoms of intoxication:

Melissa for nausea (4 tsp of herb, pour 2 tbsp of boiling water, leave for 4 hours; drink 100 g before meals three times a day).
Herbal mixture(mint, St. John's wort, plantain, chamomile, taken in equal proportions, pour 0.5 liters of boiling water, infuse for half an hour; you need to drink the decoction often - 1/3 cup every hour).
Chicory (powder (1 tablespoon) must be poured into 200 ml of boiling water and left (preferably in a thermos) for 12 hours; drink 50 ml 30 minutes before meals at least 3 times a day).
Elecampane (pour crushed plant root boiled water(200 ml), then leave for 20 minutes; take 1 tbsp decoction. l. before meals 5-6 times a day).
Blackberries (brew a small amount of plant branches (1 tablespoon per glass of water), boil for 5 minutes and leave; the resulting decoction should be strained and drunk in small portions within an hour).
Herbal collection(meadow clover, horsetail, oak bark (4-5 tablespoons each) - 3 tablespoons of the collection should be brewed in 1 liter of boiled water, stand and take 0.5 cups often, up to 7 times a day).
Dill decoction with honey (the raw materials can be different: both dry and fresh herbs, or plant stems): 1 tbsp. l. raw materials (dill) pour 200 ml of boiling water, boil over low heat for 20 minutes. Then cool, add water to the original volume, add a tablespoon natural honey. Drink 0.5 cups half an hour before meals.
You should not try raw mushrooms.
It is not recommended to give them to children, elderly people, pregnant and nursing mothers.
You cannot buy products from random people, especially in prohibited trading places.
It is undesirable to consume mushrooms for people who have problems with the gastrointestinal tract, liver, or kidney function;
Strictly follow the cooking technology.

It must be remembered that poisonous mushrooms often grow alongside edible ones, and some of their species are similar in appearance. Do not consume them with alcohol, as this will cause delayed toxic syndrome. It is advisable to consume mushrooms in moderation as a side dish rather than as a main dish (especially on an empty stomach). Shelf life - no more than a day (even in the refrigerator)!

Before pickling, be sure to thoroughly soak or boil the mushrooms to remove bitterness and substances that irritate the gastric mucosa. Canned mushrooms cannot be stored for more than 1 year.

Forecast

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms can have a different prognosis. It all depends on the type of mushroom, the severity of intoxication, the state of health, and the age of the victim. Children and the elderly suffer from poisoning the worst. Therefore, the consumption of mushrooms in any form is strictly contraindicated for them.

The prognosis is the most unfavorable for poisoning with toadstool: the mortality rate ranges from 50 to 100%. The patient's condition sharply worsens, hemorrhagic manifestations and hypoglycemia, a decrease in the prothrombin index are observed, which are extremely unfavorable prognostic signs. Late diagnosis and untimely treatment significantly aggravate the situation.

If the poisoning occurred due to eating other poisonous mushrooms, the results of treatment will be more favorable. Mild degree intoxication will not lead to death, especially if the necessary measures are taken and therapy is carried out. The rehabilitation period can range from 2 to 4 weeks, and in more severe cases – up to several months. The main task is to restore the functioning of the liver and other organs with the help of modern methods detoxification.

It is important to know!

Onychomycosis - fungal infection nail plates, widespread among the population of all countries of the world. The causative agents of onychomycosis are dermatophyte fungi - most often Trichophyton rubrum, less often Trichophyton mentagrophytes (var. interdigitale) and Epidermophyton floccosum.