home Adviсe Schedule of routine vaccinations. Child vaccination calendar. Features of vaccination calendars in foreign countries

Schedule of routine vaccinations. Child vaccination calendar. Features of vaccination calendars in foreign countries

In 2014, by order of the Ministry of Health, a new national calendar was approved preventive vaccinations. This vaccination calendar includes vaccination against pneumococcal infection with a two-time administration of the vaccine to a child from the age of two months.

Also, in the preventive vaccination calendar, the circle of people for whom vaccination against influenza is carried out has been expanded. Flu vaccinations are now also given to pregnant women.

Before carrying out preventive vaccination, the doctor must explain to the parent the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, and in case of refusal of vaccination - possible consequences such a refusal.

Informed voluntary consent to medical intervention or refusal of such intervention is mandatory in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in Russian Federation"

All persons who are required to receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor.

According to the Appendix to the order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated March 21, 2014 No. 125n “ About approval national calendar preventive vaccinations and a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.”

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccination and revaccination	Note
Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) before BCG vaccination	Hepatitis B	First vaccination	The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months from the start of vaccination), with the exception of children at risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis In which it is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - 12 months after the start of vaccination).
Newborns (3-7 days)	Tuberculosis	Vaccination	Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for gentle primary vaccination (BCG-M); in constituent entities of the Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients around the newborn - the vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG).
1 month	Hepatitis B	Second vaccination	according to the 0-1-6 scheme for all children Vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used
2 months	Hepatitis B	Third vaccination	according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme for children from risk groups Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (born from mothers who are carriers of HBsAg, patients with viral hepatitis B or who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for markers of hepatitis B, who use drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis). Vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used
2 months	Pneumococcal infection	First vaccination
3 months	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	First vaccination
3 months	Polio	First vaccination
3 months	Haemophilus influenzae infection	First vaccination	Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to to risk groups(with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to severe increased danger hemophilus influenzae disease; with oncohematological diseases and/or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; children born to mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV infection; children in orphanages
4.5 months	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	Second vaccination
4.5 months	Polio	Second vaccination	The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a polio vaccine (inactivated, that is, killed or non-living).
4.5 months	Pneumococcal infection	Second vaccination
4.5 months	Haemophilus influenzae infection	Second vaccination
6 months	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	Third vaccination
6 months	Polio	Third vaccination	Third vaccination and subsequent ones; children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).
6 months	Hepatitis B	Third vaccination	According to the 0-1-6 scheme for all children Vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used
6 months	Haemophilus influenzae infection	Third vaccination	Vaccination is carried out for children at risk
12 months	Hepatitis B	Fourth vaccination	According to the 0-1-2-12 scheme for children at risk Vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used
12 months	Measles, rubella, mumps	Vaccination
15 months	Pneumococcal infection	Revaccination
18 months	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	First revaccination
18 months	Polio	First revaccination	Revaccinations against polio are given to children with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (live);
18 months	Haemophilus influenzae infection	Revaccination	Vaccination is carried out for children at risk
20 months	Polio	Second revaccination	Revaccinations against polio are given to children with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (live);
6 years	Measles, rubella, mumps	Revaccination
6-7 years	Diphtheria, tetanus	Second revaccination	The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens
6-7 years	Tuberculosis	Revaccination	Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (BCG).
14 years	Diphtheria, tetanus	Third revaccination	The third revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens.
14 years	Polio	Third revaccination	Revaccinations against polio are given to children with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (live);
Adults over 18 years old	Diphtheria, tetanus	Revaccination	Every 10 years from the last revaccination
Children from 1 year to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated	Hepatitis B	Vaccination	Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination
Children from 1 year to 18 and girls from 18 to 25 (inclusive)	Rubella	Vaccination	Children from 1 year to 18 years, women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who have no information about vaccinations against rubella
Children from 1 year to 18 years inclusive and adults up to 35 years old inclusive	Measles	Vaccination	Children from 1 year to 18 years inclusive and adults under 35 years of age (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles. The interval between the first and second vaccinations should be at least 3 months
Children from 6 months, students in grades 1-11, pregnant women	Flu	Vaccination	Vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used.

Vaccination and revaccination

Vaccination It can be either single (measles, mumps, tuberculosis) or multiple (poliomyelitis, DTP). The multiplicity tells you how many times you need to receive the vaccine to develop immunity.

Revaccination- an event aimed at maintaining immunity developed by previous vaccinations. Usually carried out several years after vaccination.

Most of Vaccinations are mandatory in our country. For workers and students of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions, vaccination is mandatory. There is a vaccination schedule for adults, which is developed in each country by the Ministry of Health. Let’s take a closer look at which vaccines are included in our country’s calendar.

Why adults need vaccinations

The vaccination calendar is developed individually in each region, based on its characteristics and capabilities. When developing, we take into account the following factors:

Epidemiological features in this zone;
Financial capabilities of the region;
Recommendations from specialists.

Vaccinations for adults can prevent epidemics of encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis, measles and many other diseases. Before the introduction of a mandatory vaccination schedule, the mortality rate was 80% higher. Compulsory vaccinations are required for the population who fall into special groups risk: old people, pregnant women, people with certain sexual characteristics (homosexuals).

Some vaccines are given to people associated with one or another type of infection, according to the specifics professional activity or hobby. Thus, vaccination against rabies and encephalitis is recommended for hunters or people working in the forest. Mandatory for measles and hepatitis are done during military service and for students in higher educational institutions. It is suggested that flu injections be given at the place of work. It is imperative to protect yourself from viral diseases medical workers and people directly associated with patients. If there are children or pregnant women in the house, then all family members must be vaccinated against measles, rubella, chicken pox, hepatitis, and meningitis. Revaccination is carried out according to the scheme, which can be seen in the photo.

The population is vaccinated in clinics at the place of residence or in the medical unit at the workplace.

The situation is more complicated with the non-working part of the population. The attending physician will remind you about the vaccination schedule, but the person must take the initiative themselves. Ampoules for seasonal diseases can be supplied to the clinic for free. Ask your doctor when you need the vaccine.

Vaccinations included in the calendar

The vaccination calendar includes vaccines that are given every year and every few years. Let's look at the mandatory vaccinations that are included in the document:

Got used to the flu

It is done once a year for people over 18 years of age. Vaccination is free for workers and students. Vaccination is carried out at work or at university. Unemployed people and retirees can get vaccinated at a local clinic.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection

Done up to 60 years of age. Risk groups include smokers, students, and pregnant women. The injection helps prevent diseases: pneumonia, meningitis. This is done at will, for a fee.

Vaccination against lichen

Workers in the forestry and livestock sectors can become ill with ringworm. At large agricultural complexes, workers are vaccinated free of charge. The rest of the population is given the injection up to 60 years of age at will.

Hepatitis B

Vaccinations are performed up to 55 years of age, once every 10 years. It is performed in local clinics free of charge. Risk groups include: pregnant women, workers in specialized medical institutions patients with diabetes mellitus.

BCG for tuberculosis

People under 35 years of age are included in the compulsory calling calendar for tuberculosis. Further, vaccination is performed at the age of 55, upon request, for a fee.

Chickenpox

Chickenpox vaccination is mandatory for people of childbearing age or if there is a child in the family. Performed upon request in the clinic.

DTP

Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus is performed in combination with DTP or separately. The vaccination schedule includes vaccinations against these diseases for people of any age. Pregnant women are offered to get vaccinated directly at the antenatal clinic. This is done with an interval of 10 years from the last revaccination.

Measles

Measles vaccination. Vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella. Measles vaccine included in calendar mandatory vaccinations any region. The injection is given to adults from 18 to 25 years of age. The male part of the population should be vaccinated in the army. Measles vaccination is also given to pregnant women in the first trimester. Measles, once in the body of a pregnant woman, can provoke irreparable changes in the development of the fetus or cause premature birth. People with weakened immune systems need vaccinations against measles and hepatitis first.

Meningitis

Vaccination against meningococcal infection. Meningitis is included in the vaccination calendar in universities and in the military service. It is done before the age of 24.

Hepatitis A vaccination

Performed up to 25 years of age. People with promiscuous sex life are at risk.

Rabies

The vaccination must be done once a year until the age of 60. According to the calendar, injection is required for: hunters, dog handlers, zoo workers, and forest rangers. Done as desired.

Encephalitis

It is carried out in three stages, once a year. To protect yourself in the summer, vaccination begins at the end of winter (January, March, June). Vaccination is paid, costs from 150 rubles.

Polio

It is done for adults who live in an area with a high epidemiological threshold.

Not all vaccines included in the schedule are mandatory. Great importance plays a territorial epidemiological threshold. So, in the southern part of Russia, polio is mandatory, in the middle zone it is optional. Mandatory vaccinations include measles, redness, and hepatitis B.

Not all drugs are compatible, so it is important to correctly draw up your personal calendar. The immunologist, based on individual examinations, will recommend which optional vaccines and when it is best to do it.

When should you refrain from vaccination?

It is necessary to refrain from vaccinations in the following cases:

ARVI or ARI disease.
Bacterial infection.
Age over 70 years.
The individual is intolerant to some components of the vaccine.
Allergy in acute form, vaccination is postponed until the disease is in remission.
Honorable insufficiency.
If the anamnesis reveals abnormalities and pathologies associated with various injections. The information is entered into a personal medical passport.

It is mandatory to vaccinate the adult population; more details in the video:

But every person must take care of his own health. The doctor will not persuade you to give an injection, since the patient’s desire is needed. Make the right decision and don’t forget, we live in a society where the health of others may depend on our decision. A well-designed calendar will help determine the exact time of vaccination at different ages.

National vaccination calendar from birth to old age Vaccination table by age from birth to 14 years Vaccination calendar for adults and children different countries Vaccination calendar: polio.
What is it used for? calcium chloride intravenously? Disinfection of disposable syringes - processing rules

The immune system of a newborn is not always able to independently resist surrounding viruses and infections. To protect your baby, it is necessary to vaccinate. The vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age is a document approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation that regulates the timing and types of free vaccinations under the compulsory health insurance program.

Vaccination is carried out by introducing antigenic material into the body, which stimulates the production of antibodies to specific viral and infectious pathogens.

Vaccination is a preventive measure that protects against certain diseases. In case of infection, it relieves painful symptoms and prevents the development of complications.

Antigenic material is a weakened version of a virus or bacterial infection that stimulates innate immune system in organism. Antibodies are produced to the introduced stimulus. Upon re-infection, antibodies immediately begin to fight the specific disease.

Vaccination according to epidemic indications

Preventive measures based on epidemic indicators are carried out for the population who live in areas with a characteristic spread of certain infections.

There is a list of epidemic zones approved by the Ministry of Health. Depending on the epidemiological situation, the regions conduct annual routine vaccination from:

Timely prevention ensures human protection from harmful, dangerous infectious diseases.

What laws regulate the voluntary nature of vaccinations?

According to paragraph 4 of the law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” vaccination is not mandatory.

Parents have the right to refuse vaccination by confirming this in writing. You can refuse preventive measures in whole or in part - at the request of the parents.

Vaccination can be resumed at any time by contacting the clinic at your place of residence (written confirmation of consent).

What are the risks of refusing vaccinations?

It is worthwhile for a person to fly from Bangladesh or Venezuela, where a real epidemic of highly toxic diphtheria is raging in the countries diphtheria bacillus, unvaccinated children and adults have a minimal chance of survival

Vaccination is considered effective preventive measure preventing infectious diseases. Unvaccinated children may have a harder time enduring infection and are more susceptible to complications..

In addition, there are some administrative restrictions:

a ban on travel to countries where stay requires certain preventive vaccinations due to the epidemiological situation;
temporary refusal of admission to educational institutions in the event of a threat of epidemic or mass infection (in the absence of vaccinations against the very disease that provokes the epidemic).

According to statistics, the level of vaccination is low, the lack of developed immunity from terrible diseases, diphtheria, measles, etc. – a nationwide problem, says the candidate medical sciences, pediatrician with 30 years of experience Evgeniy Olegovich Komarovsky. We act, as the old proverb says, “until the thunder strikes, a man crosses himself”: people begin to think and change when they see real human deaths.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia for children under 1 year of age

The baby receives some vaccinations already in the maternity hospital. Subsequent vaccination is carried out in the children's clinic. Immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation according to the 2018 vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age is carried out in accordance with Federal laws:

“On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998 N 157-FZ;
“Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 N 5487-1;
“On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ.

Routine vaccinations are carried out in all regions, regardless of population size. Immunoprophylaxis is aimed at combating 11 infectious diseases.

Approved vaccination schedule for children under one year of age:

Child's age	From what disease	Vaccine name
First 24 hours of life	I vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
On days 3-7 of life	Vaccination against tuberculosis	BCG, BCG-M
1 month	II vaccination against hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
2 months	III vaccination against hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
2 months	I vaccination against pneumococcal infection	Pneumo-23, Prevenar 13
3 months	I vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus
	I vaccination against polio	Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim
	I vaccination against hemophilia, given to children at risk	HIB Act, Hiberix, Pentaxim
4.5 months	II vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus	ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, DTP, Infanrix
	II vaccination against hemophilia, given to children at risk	HIB Act, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	II polio vaccine	Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim
	II vaccination against pneumococcal infection	Pneumo-23, Prevenar 13
6 months	III vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus	ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, DTP, Infanrix
	III vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Euvax B, Regevak B
	III polio vaccine	Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim
	III vaccination against hemophilia, given to children at risk	HIB Act, Hiberix, Pentaxim
12 months	Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps	Priorix,MMP-II
12 months	IV vaccination against viral hepatitis B (given to children at risk)	Euvax B, Regevak B

The schedule of preventive vaccinations for children under 14 years of age can be found.

5 rules for preparing for vaccination

For the procedure to be successful, parents must know several rules for preparing children for vaccination.

It is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the vaccine and the number of complicated reactions in children who have taken the drug previously. The vaccine must be certified and meet regulatory requirements. Parents can freely obtain such information at the clinic.
The venue plays an important role for a safe vaccination procedure. The vaccination room must be equipped with antishock therapy. Vaccination is carried out with disposable sterile materials (syringes, gloves) in compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards.
Before the procedure, the pediatrician examines the child. The doctor identifies or eliminates contraindications to the procedure. If necessary, sends a small patient for tests to clarify the diagnosis. If upon examination no abnormalities or pathologies are identified, the doctor allows for vaccination.
If a child is prone to allergies, then 2 weeks before vaccination it is necessary to exclude contact with a possible irritant. Avoid overheating and hypothermia. It is recommended to visit often fresh air(about the features of the organization), regularly carry out hygiene procedures.
It is strictly prohibited to introduce new foods into complementary foods before vaccination., start hardening. Must be observed set mode sleep, nutrition. If the baby is on breastfeeding, then the mother must follow a diet; prohibited foods must not be consumed.

When and for what reasons should it not be carried out?

It is forbidden to vaccinate a sick child. Even minor symptoms various ailments are the reason for the postponement.

Is it possible to postpone vaccination dates: consequences

If there are contraindications, you should not strive to carry out the procedure exactly within the time limits given in the 2018 vaccination calendar.

Vaccination dates can be postponed. The attending physician determines when the child needs to be vaccinated for the procedure to be effective. Negative consequences There is no harm from non-compliance with the schedule; the main thing is to resume vaccination after the doctor lifts the restrictions.

Side effects after administration of the vaccine

If such symptoms occur, you should seek help from qualified specialists

Depending on the individual sensitivity of the body and other accompanying factors, some children have difficulty with vaccination.

The reaction is divided into two groups - natural and unwanted.

Natural include: swelling, itching, local redness skin at the injection site, sometimes the child feels general malaise, the symptoms disappear within 1-2 days after the procedure.

Undesirable consequences:

increase in body temperature to 39 degrees and above (they will come to the rescue);
anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing). You especially need to be careful with children who have been diagnosed with;
afebrile seizures with normal temperature bodies;
neurological disorders.

conclusions

Health must be maintained from birth; vaccination is a preventive measure to prevent certain diseases. No one is responsible for the health and well-being of children except their parents, so the issue of vaccination should be approached with a cool mind.

Before carrying out procedures, familiarize yourself with all aspects, weigh the pros and cons, and take responsibility for possible further consequences.

Many vaccines are not included in the Russian national vaccination calendar. Why are they needed and who are they shown to?

The national vaccination calendar provides not only that the vaccines included in it must be given to everyone, but also guarantees from the state that every citizen can receive them for free. In addition, there are many vaccines that are used when indicated. Let's consider those that are most often used in children.

Chickenpox

In Russia, it is traditionally believed that you have to get chickenpox in childhood. This happens to the vast majority of children, because the contagiousness of this disease reaches one hundred percent. But few people know that after recovery, the chickenpox virus does not disappear from the body, but remains dormant in nerve roots spinal cord. Subsequently, in many people, the dormant virus is activated when immunity decreases and causes a very unpleasant painful disease known as “shingles.”

In most cases, chickenpox in children is mild. The mortality rate from it in people aged 1 to 14 years does not exceed two cases per hundred thousand cases. But adults suffer more, the mortality rate among them already reaches 6/100,000, and the number of complications and severity of the disease is much higher. In newborns, chickenpox is especially severe, the mortality rate reaches 30% and the risk of complications is high.

Complications of chickenpox may include viral pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and, much more often, bacterial infections skin that appears at the site of scratched blisters.

Chickenpox is also dangerous for pregnant women - the virus can cause miscarriage and complications for the fetus. With a 1–2% chance, if the mother is infected in the first trimester, the child may be born with shortened fingers, congenital cataract, underdeveloped brain and other problems. It is also possible to develop intrauterine infection chickenpox virus, and the baby may develop signs of “shingles” after birth.

Chickenpox is especially dangerous among people with severely reduced immunity. These include: HIV carriers, children with blood diseases (leukemia, leukemia), children and adults after a course of anti-cancer chemotherapy, people with a removed spleen.

These are all the reasons why chicken pox They are already being vaccinated in many countries, including the USA and Europe. Based on this, it is advisable for the following people to be vaccinated against chickenpox:

- children from families in which parents plan next pregnancy, provided that the mother did not have chickenpox in childhood;
- women planning pregnancy and have not had chickenpox, 3 months before the expected date of conception;
- in families where there are patients after chemotherapy or HIV carriers;
- people who have not had chickenpox and are in contact with patients of the listed groups;
- all adults who did not have chickenpox in childhood;
- For emergency prevention chickenpox after contact with a sick person: the vaccine administered within 72 hours can prevent the development of the disease.

Two vaccines are registered in Russia: Okavax and Varilrix. Age of use: from 1 year. For children from 1 to 13 years old, one dose of the vaccine is enough; for adults, to achieve lasting immunity, it is advisable to administer two doses with an interval of 6–10 weeks.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection

This infection is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b. It is quite widespread among people and only in some cases causes disease. Newborns are primarily susceptible to infection; children over 5 years of age and adults do not develop the disease.

Haemophilus influenzae is transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets. This is one of the causes of meningitis in young children, with a mortality rate of 3–6%. Those who recover often experience permanent brain and nerve damage. Another dangerous option for the development of hemophilus influenzae infection is epiglottitis - swelling of the larynx, leading to suffocation.

The development of vaccination against hemophilus influenzae in the early 90s made it possible to reduce the incidence and frequency of complications several times. The recommended age for first vaccination is 2 months.

Several vaccines against hemophilus influenzae are registered in Russia: Act-Hib, Hiberix, and it is also part of combination vaccines Pentaxim and Infanrix-hexa.

Meningococcal infection

Meningococcus is one of the main pathogens epidemic meningitis in children and adults. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. The meningococcal vaccine is not included in the national calendar, but it is necessary in the event of an epidemic or in contact with a sick person to prevent secondary cases. If in kindergarten, school, or at a neighbor's entrance, a child becomes ill with meningococcal meningitis, then it is advisable to use this vaccine for prevention.

The vaccine will also be useful for those people who travel to hot countries, especially Africa and India. Meningococcus occurs quite often there and the likelihood of getting sick is much higher than at home.

One vaccine is registered in Russia: Meningo A+S. It is suitable for children over 18 months and adults. Repeated vaccination is not required, immunity is formed after 5 days and reaches a maximum by 10 days. Immunity lasts about 3 years.

Pneumococcus

Pneumococcus is a nonspecific bacteria that can cause the most various diseases. Among them, the most common are pneumococcal pneumonia, bronchitis, acute otitis media(ear inflammation) and meningitis. This bacterium can live in the human nasopharynx without causing any symptoms, and only manifests itself when the immune system is weakened. The percentage of pneumococcal carriers in groups can reach up to 70%.

In young children, pneumococcus is especially likely to cause otitis media. Almost all children under 5 years of age experience this disease at least once; it is common cause hearing loss.

Vaccination against pneumococcus is not indicated for everyone, but only for people at risk, which include seriously ill and frequently ill children. Vaccination can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections by 2 times and reduce the number of pneumonia by 6 times.

One vaccine is registered in Russia: Pneumo-23. It is intended for children from 2 years of age and adults, the course consists of one vaccine. Duration of immunity is 3–5 years.

Human papillomavirus

It is recommended to vaccinate girls from the age of 9 against this far from childhood infection. Why is this necessary?
Human papillomavirus is one of the most common sexually transmitted viruses. There are about 40 types of it. Most of them do not cause any symptoms and go away on their own, some may cause genital warts. But most importantly, certain types of viruses have been proven to cause cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of death cancer among women all over the world. It can take ten or more years from the moment of infection with the virus to the first manifestations. The main route of transmission is through sexual contact. If the mother is infected with the virus, she can pass it on to the child during childbirth, and then the newborn develops condylomas of the upper respiratory tract. There is no cure for human papillomavirus infection. However, it can be effectively prevented through vaccination.

The HPV vaccine has long been used in many countries, including the United States and some European countries. It contains an inactivated (weakened) virus, which by itself cannot cause the disease. The 4 most widespread types of the virus were selected for the vaccine, two of which are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases, and the other two for 90% of genital warts. It is assumed that protective immunity should last a lifetime.

Thus, the vaccine theoretically protects against cervical cancer with a probability of about 70%. Therefore, vaccination does not cancel preventive examinations by a gynecologist and screening tests for cancer, since the probability still remains. It is the mass and “population” of vaccinations that will help prevent the majority (70% or more) of cases of cervical cancer.

For maximum effectiveness of the vaccine, it must be administered to girls before their first sexual contact, that is, before the first possible encounter with the virus. If the vaccine is administered after infection with the virus, it will not be effective for of this type, but is effective against types that the body has not yet encountered. This is why doctors recommend starting vaccinations at 11 years of age or earlier. After the age of 26 years, the vaccine is not used for universal immunization.

Two vaccines are registered in Russia:
"Gardasil" - contains components against four types of virus: 6, 11 (condylomas), 16 and 18 (cancer).
"Cervarix" - contains components against two types of viruses responsible for the development of cancer: 16 and 18.

To develop lasting immunity, you must complete a course of three intramuscular injections: on the first day, after two months and after 6 months. A shortened course is possible: repeated doses are administered after 1 and 3 months. If the third dose is missed, it can be given without loss of effectiveness for up to a year after the first.

What to choose?

What vaccines are suitable and necessary for you and your child personally? Your doctor will help you figure this out. One thing is clear: you should not neglect the opportunity to prevent the disease, because complications of childhood diseases can manifest themselves and be reflected in the future. On the other hand, for consultation it is best to choose a competent specialist who has relevant knowledge from the experience of world medicine.

The Russian calendar of preventive vaccinations today is one of the most complete in the world. If you look at the 2018 vaccination calendar, you can see some innovations and changes. In particular, great attention vaccination against viral hepatitis is given. This schedule of vaccinations for children is used throughout the Russian Federation; exceptions may be regions with increased epidemiological indicators for a particular infection. Every year, the national vaccination calendar is reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Health. As a result of the careful work of sanitary doctors, significant changes may be made to the preventive vaccination calendar. They take into account the realities of the current time and must be applied in practice.

The national vaccination calendar for 2018 was no exception - when compiling it, complex forecasts for an increase in the number of carriers were taken into account dangerous infections. In this regard, the national calendar of preventive vaccinations was supplemented with the resolution part of vaccinations for epidemiological indications.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children under one year of age for 2018 in Russia (with table)

Further on the page is presented new calendar preventive vaccinations for 2018 in an easy-to-use form. Looking at the vaccination calendar for children for 2018, every mother will be able to determine the time when vaccination is necessary. Also, the national calendar of preventive vaccinations 2018 will indicate the revaccination period, which should be strictly observed for correct formation immunity.

Particular attention should be paid to the vaccination calendar for children under one year of age - this category of babies is most vulnerable to various infections. The vaccination calendar in Russia undergoes some changes every year, therefore, if vaccination began a year earlier, it continues according to the standard schedule. The new national vaccination calendar in Russia begins to operate in January and applies to everyone who is vaccinated for the first time.

Table: national vaccination calendar for 2018

Below is a table of the 2018 vaccination calendar, which presents all necessary information. The vaccination calendar in the table is accompanied by explanations of the procedure for vaccination.

	Name of vaccination	The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations
Newborns in the first 24 hours of life	First vaccination against viral	It is carried out on newborns, including those from risk groups: those born to mothers who are carriers of HBsAg; patients with viral hepatitis B or who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy; who do not have test results for hepatitis B markers; drug addicts, in families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis (hereinafter referred to as risk groups).
Newborns on the 3rd - 7th day of life	Vaccination against tuberculosis	Vaccines are administered to newborns to prevent tuberculosis (for gentle primary immunization) in accordance with the instructions for their use. In subjects of the Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients in the newborn’s environment, a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis.
Children at 1 month	Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group, including from risk groups.
Children at 2 months	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children at risk.
Children at 3 months.		It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children from 1 year to 18 years old, who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, and girls from 18 to 25 years old, who have not been sick, not previously vaccinated
Children from 6 months, students in grades 1-11; students of higher professional and secondary professional educational institutions; adults working in certain professions and positions (workers of medical and educational institutions, transport, public utilities, etc.); adults over 60 years old	Flu vaccination	Carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines annually for these categories of citizens
Children aged 15-17 years inclusive and adults up to 35 years of age		Immunization against measles for children aged 15-17 years inclusive and adults under the age of 35 who have not been vaccinated previously, have no information about vaccinations against measles and have not had measles before, is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines twice with an interval of at least 3 -x months between vaccinations. Persons previously vaccinated once are subject to a single immunization with an interval of at least 3 months between vaccinations.

Immunization within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations is carried out with medical immunobiological preparations registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for use.

If the timing of immunization is violated, it is carried out according to the schedules provided for in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and in accordance with the instructions for the use of drugs. It is allowed to administer vaccines (except for vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis), used within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, on the same day with different syringes in different areas bodies.

National vaccination calendar for epidemic indications for 2018 with a table

The vaccination calendar for epidemic indications begins to operate in conditions of the threat of the development of an epidemic of a particular disease. In the table below, the national vaccination schedule is accompanied by special instructions in this regard. The national vaccination calendar for 2018 in the table takes into account the bulk of contact infections, including those transmitted from blood-sucking insects.

Name of vaccination		Timing of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications
Against tularemia	The population living in territories enzootic for tularemia, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, drainage, construction, other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expeditionary, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of tularemia	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against the plague	Population living in areas enzootic for plague. Persons working with live cultures of the plague pathogen	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against brucellosis	In goat-sheep type outbreaks there are persons performing the following work: on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where livestock diseases with brucellosis are registered; for the slaughter of livestock suffering from brucellosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it. Livestock breeders, veterinarians, livestock specialists in farms enzootic for brucellosis. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of brucellosis	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against anthrax	Persons performing the following work: livestock workers and other persons professionally engaged in pre-slaughter livestock maintenance, as well as slaughter, skinning and cutting of carcasses; collection, storage, transportation and primary processing of raw materials of animal origin; agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expeditionary on enzootic anthrax territories. Laboratory workers working with material suspected of being infected with anthrax	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against rabies	WITH for preventive purposes immunize persons at high risk of contracting rabies: laboratory workers working with street rabies virus; veterinary workers; huntsmen, hunters, foresters; persons performing work on catching and keeping animals	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against leptospirosis	Persons performing the following work: procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms located in areas enzootic for leptospirosis; for the slaughter of livestock with leptospirosis, procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from animals with leptospirosis; on catching and keeping stray animals. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of leptospirosis	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
	The population living in territories enzootic for tick-borne viral encephalitis, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expeditionary, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of tick-borne encephalitis. Persons visiting enzootic tick-borne encephalitis territories for the purpose of recreation, tourism, work in summer cottages and gardens	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against Q fever	Persons performing work on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where diseases of Q fever are registered in livestock. Persons performing work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in enzootic areas with Q fever. Persons working with live cultures of Q fever pathogens	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against yellow fever	Persons traveling abroad to enzootic countries yellow fever areas. Persons handling live cultures of yellow fever pathogen	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against cholera	Persons traveling to cholera-prone countries. Citizens of the Russian Federation in case of complications of the sanitary and epidemiological situation regarding cholera in neighboring countries, as well as on the territory of the Russian Federation	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against typhoid fever	Persons engaged in the field of municipal improvement (workers servicing sewer networks, structures and equipment, as well as enterprises for sanitary cleaning of populated areas - collection, transportation and disposal of household waste). Persons working with live cultures of typhoid pathogens. Population living in areas with chronic water epidemics of typhoid fever. Persons traveling to hyperendemic regions and countries for typhoid fever. Contact persons in areas of typhoid fever according to epidemiological indications. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass immunization of the population is carried out in the threatened area	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
	Persons at occupational risk of infection (doctors, nursing staff, public service workers employed in enterprises Food Industry, in organizations Catering, as well as servicing water supply and sewerage facilities, equipment and networks. Persons traveling to disadvantaged regions and countries where outbreaks are registered. Contacts in foci of hepatitis A	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against shigellosis	Workers of infectious diseases hospitals and bacteriological laboratories. Persons engaged in the field of public catering and municipal improvement. Children attending children's institutions and going to health camps (as indicated). According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass immunization of the population is carried out in the threatened area. Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal rise in the incidence of shigellosis	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against meningococcal infection	Children, adolescents, adults in outbreaks caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Vaccination is carried out in endemic regions, as well as in the event of an epidemic caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against measles	Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been sick, not vaccinated and have no information about preventive vaccinations against measles, vaccinated once without age restrictions	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against hepatitis B	Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against hepatitis B	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against diphtheria	Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against diphtheria	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
	Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against mumps	In accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines
Against polio	Contact persons in foci of polio, including those caused by wild poliovirus (or if the disease is suspected), are subject to vaccination:
	children from 3 months to 18 years	One time
	health workers	One time
	Children who arrived from countries (territories) endemic (unfavorable) for polio from 3 months. up to 15 years
	Persons without a fixed place of residence (if identified) from 3 months. up to 15 years	Once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if there are none)
	Persons who have been in contact with people arriving from countries (territories) endemic (unaffected) with polio, from 3 months of life without age restrictions	One time
	Persons working with live poliovirus, with materials infected (potentially infected) with wild poliovirus without age restrictions. Immunization against polio according to epidemic indications is carried out with the oral polio vaccine. Indications for immunization of children with oral polio vaccine for epidemic indications are registration of a case of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus, isolation of wild poliovirus in bioassay materials from people or objects environment. In these cases, immunization is carried out in accordance with the resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children subject to immunization, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation	Once upon hiring

Introduction allowed inactivated vaccines, used within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications and the national calendar of preventive vaccinations on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body.

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