Puberty, adolescence

Puberty- this is the period of a person’s life during which his body reaches biological sexual maturity. This period is called puberty and is characterized by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics (see), the final formation of the genital organs and gonads. The time of onset of puberty depends on many factors - nationality, climatic conditions, nutrition, living conditions, gender, etc. On average, in boys it begins at the age of 15-16 years, in girls from 13-14 years and ends at the age of 20 and 20, respectively. 18 years old. It should be emphasized that there are significant individual deviations in the timing of the onset of puberty. Physiologically, this period is characterized by the maturation and onset of functioning of the gonads. In the adrenal cortex, androgens begin to be intensively produced (see), the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins increases (see Gonadotropic hormones), which accelerates the development of the gonads. In girls, with increased function of the ovaries, which produce, the mammary glands, external and internal genital organs: uterus, labia begin. At the age of 14-15 years, sometimes earlier, the formation of the menstrual cycle occurs (see). An objective criterion for the maturity of the gonads is menstruation in girls and (see) in boys. The most common sequence of appearance of sexual characteristics is presented in the table.

The sequence of appearance of signs of puberty

Age in years	Signs of puberty
	girls	boys
8	The pelvis becomes wider, the hips become rounded
9	Increased secretion of sebaceous glands
10-11	Beginning of mammary gland development	Beginning of growth and testicles
12	Appearance of hair on the genitals, enlargement of the genitals	Growth of the larynx
13	Alkaline reaction vaginal secretion becomes sharply acidic	Enlargement of testicles and penis. Slight appearance of hair on the genitals. Beginning of formation male type
14	The appearance of menstruation and the appearance of hair in the axillary depressions	Voice change (breaking), slight increase (swelling) mammary glands
15	Pronounced changes in the size of the pelvis and its proportions according to the female type	scrotum, the appearance of a mustache and the appearance of hair in the axillary cavities. Significant enlargement of the testicles
16-17	Menstruation occurs regularly, with ovulation (see).	Increased hair growth on the face and body; male type of pubic hair. The appearance of wet dreams
18-19	Skeletal growth stops	Slower skeletal growth

Often normal puberty occurs in a slightly different sequence. In these cases, it is sometimes very difficult to find a clear boundary between normality and pathology. One of the reasons for such deviations is violations hormonal systems, in other cases, the constitutional characteristics of a teenager during puberty, as well as psychogenic factors that can cause pronounced endocrine disorders, acquire a certain significance. It is extremely important to take these cases into account, since the irrational use of hormonal drugs during treatment can lead to significant damage to many systems. During puberty, small temporary deviations are sometimes observed, that is, variations in the normal development process. They are regarded as physiological phenomena. Girls may experience significant growth of the mammary glands (macromastia), and precocious puberty does not occur. Physiological variations of puberty also include juvenile uterine bleeding, amenorrhea (see). Often observed painful menstruation accompanied by headaches, vomiting, and weakness. These disorders are usually observed in girls with an unstable nervous system. Boys may have slight enlargement of the mammary glands (pubertal gynecomastia), which goes away completely.

Late(pubertas tarda) is considered puberty, observed in girls at 18-20 years old, in boys at 20-22 years old. For this pathology, therapeutic measures should be aimed at improving living conditions, nutrition and the introduction of male and female sex hormones and drugs containing pituitary gonadotropic hormones. Delayed sexual development and stunted growth are observed with infantilism (see). Underdevelopment of the reproductive apparatus and the absence of sexual characteristics of a given sex - hypogenitalisl (see) - are caused by dysfunction endocrine glands and above all the pituitary gland.

Early(pubertas praecox) is considered to be puberty, which occurs in girls under 8 years of age, in boys under 10 years of age and is characterized by premature appearance secondary sexual characteristics, rapid development of the genital organs and accelerated growth. In boys, this manifests itself in accelerated growth, and then an early cessation of growth (which subsequently leads to short stature), rapid growth of the genitals and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics (hair growth, low timbre of voice, pronounced skeletal muscles). Wet dreams are also possible. In girls, growth accelerates, and then growth stops early, becomes wide, and the size of the uterus and ovaries increases. There are cases of menstruation in preschool age.

Early puberty in combination with accelerated growth, but a sharp disproportion of the skeleton, short stature and mental retardation is defined as macrogenitosomia praesox.

The question is closely related to the problem of puberty. This is a system of medical and pedagogical influences on adolescents with the aim of instilling in them certain norms of behavior in sexual life. The goal of sex education is to create a physically healthy generation, sex life which must be subject to the moral norms of our society. The joint education and upbringing of boys and girls, their early involvement in public life, the combination of education with industrial work, and widespread development among young people create the basis for reasonable family education.

Puberty (lat. pubertas) is the process of growth and differentiation of the gonads, genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics. Puberty occurs with complex changes in the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular and other systems of the body, as well as in physical development, and ends with the onset of puberty.

The hypothalamic region, which is in an inextricable functional relationship with the pituitary gland, plays a major role in puberty. During puberty, the activity of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland noticeably increases, and the content of androgens and estrogens in the blood and urine increases. Estrogens synthesized by the ovaries cause enlargement of the uterus, vagina, labia minora, mammary glands and keratinization of the vaginal epithelium. Androgens cause sexual hair growth, growth of the penis and scrotum in boys, and the clitoris and labia majora in girls. Sex hormones, especially androgens, stimulate growth and differentiation bone tissue, contribute to the closure of growth zones, enhance muscle development. In these processes, the protein-anabolic effect of sex hormones is manifested. Relationship between various systems regulating puberty is shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Diagram of the relationships between various systems regulating growth and sexual development (from Gyllensvärd, according to Wilkins).

Puberty begins earlier in girls than in boys. During this period, urinary excretion of estrogens and gonadotropins increases noticeably in girls, and androgens in boys. Recently, in all countries, the timing of the onset of puberty has shifted to an earlier period. Thus, according to the observations of V.S. Gruzdev dating back to 1894, menstruation began at 15 years 8 months; Currently (1965) they usually begin at 13-14 years of age. In boys, the date of puberty is determined by the first ejaculations. The onset and duration of puberty depend on family (constitutional) characteristics, body structure and conditions external environment(food, climate, living conditions, etc.). Puberty begins in girls from 8-11 and usually lasts until 17 years, in boys - from 10-13 and up to 19 years.

During puberty, a hypertensive reaction and a hypotonic state, pulse lability, acrocyanosis, Trousseau spots, orthostatic albuminuria, spontaneous hypoglycemia, and sometimes mental disorders may be observed. The degree of puberty is judged by secondary sexual characteristics - hair growth on the pubis (11-13 years) and in the axillary region (12-15 years), in girls, in addition, by the timing of the onset of menstruation and the development of the mammary glands (10-15 years) , as well as using radiographs of the hand and distal ends of the forearm bones. The onset of puberty corresponds to ossification of the sesamoid bone, then synostosis appears in the first metacarpal bone and terminal phalanges; At the end of puberty, complete synostosis of the epiphyses of the radius and ulna occurs. It is necessary to be careful when assessing the degree of puberty in boys based on the size of the external genitalia, since their growth is often somewhat delayed.

Precocious puberty(pubertas praecox) can be true or false. When true, there is a relationship between the hypothalamic-pituitary region, the gonads and the adrenal glands. There are constitutional (essential) and cerebral forms of true puberty.

The constitutional form is almost always observed in girls and is apparently due to family predisposition. Secondary sexual characteristics appear early, even from birth, but more often at 7-8 years, and menstruation - at 8-10 years. Menstruation is ovulatory. In boys, secondary sexual characteristics can appear as early as 9-11 years of age, less often earlier. There is macrogenitosomia (premature enlargement of the external genitalia). At 12-13 years of age, puberty ends.

Initially, children with precocious puberty are ahead of their peers in physical development. However, later, due to the closure of growth zones, some of them develop short stature and disproportion - the lower limbs are relatively short in relation to the body (Fig. 2). The mental development of such children is often consistent with their age, and if it lags behind, then by approximately 2 years. In girls, urinary excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen reaches puberty levels. The content of 17-ketosteropds in daily urine exceeds the age norm. With tumors of the adrenal gland and gonads, the level of hormone excretion is significantly higher. A vaginal smear confirms a normal menstrual cycle.

The prognosis for the constitutional form of premature puberty is favorable. There is no treatment.

In the cerebral form of true puberty, there are lesions in the hypothalamic region (tumors, hemorrhages, congenital brain defects, encephalitis) or a tumor of the pineal gland. Currently, most researchers believe that even with tumors of the pineal gland, premature sexual development is caused by secondary changes in the hypothalamus due to internal hydrocephalus. Children experience early and rapid development of genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics. Mature Graafian follicles and the corpus luteum appear in the ovaries. Interstitial cells form in the testes and spermatogenesis occurs. The content of gonadotropins, estrogens, and 17-ketosteroids in the urine corresponds to the pubertal period.

Precocious puberty is also observed with multiple fibrous dysplasia, in which there are changes in the skeletal system, skin pigmentation and increased activity thyroid gland.

False puberty (pseudopubertas praecox) occurs when pathological changes in the adrenal glands, ovaries or testes. Ovulation and spermatogenesis are absent. After removal of the tumor, the development of secondary sexual characteristics is possible.

Delayed puberty(pubertas tarda) is characterized by late development of the genital organs and glands, as well as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. In boys it is diagnosed at 20-22 years old, in girls at 18-20 years old. Most often occurs under the influence of a constitutional (family) factor, less often due to insufficient hygienic conditions and nutritional reasons. Delayed puberty is sometimes observed up to 15-16 years of age. At the same time, physical and often mental development lags behind. The differentiation of the skeletal system also lags behind, usually by 2-4 years. In the coming years, most children will reach the same age level as their peers in sexual development.

Assessment of puberty must be carried out on the basis of a number of signs and especially radiological data on the differentiation of the skeletal system. Correspondence of ossification processes to actual age, as a rule, excludes delays in puberty.

Variations in Puberty. Premature development mammary glands (premature thelarche) in girls may be the only sign of deviation. The absence of secondary sexual characteristics, estrogenic changes in the vaginal smear and enlargement of the internal and external genitalia makes it possible to distinguish this process from true puberty. It is believed that premature telarche is based on an increased reaction of mammary gland tissue to estrogens. In the future, this reaction may disappear. No treatment required.

Boys often experience pubertal gynecomastia (see), expressed more often on the left and disappearing without treatment. Treatment with male sex hormones is contraindicated.

Premature secondary hair growth (premature pubarche) develops on the pubis, in armpits without other signs of virilization and is more often observed in girls. Only from 10-12 years of age is it combined with enlargement of the mammary glands, external and internal genital organs. Later, children develop normally. Urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids corresponds to the age norm or slightly exceeds it. Children with precocious puberty require medical supervision and should be examined periodically.

During puberty, there is sometimes an enlargement of the thyroid gland of degree II and III without dysfunction. In this case, no treatment is carried out. Often, especially in boys, acromegaloid phenomena (also physiological) develop. Possible male predominance or feminine. The prognosis is favorable. During the same period, the so-called pseudo-Freulich type of obesity is sometimes noted, somewhat similar in appearance to obesity in adipose-genital dystrophy (see). At the same time, the distribution of fat is uniform with some predominance in the chest, abdomen and thighs. Arms and legs are often shortened. Body length and bone differentiation correspond to actual age. Hypogenitalism is absent or slightly expressed. The excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in urine is normal. The basal metabolism is reduced or normal. Puberty occurs at usual terms or slightly delayed. No drug treatment is required.

During puberty, girls with symptoms of basophilism (the basophilic cells of the pituitary gland function intensely) experience female-type obesity, and stripes appear on the hips, buttocks, and breasts. Blood pressure is often elevated. However, sexual development is not impaired or even accelerated. Menstruation occurs on time, and the cycle is preserved. The prognosis, as with the types of obesity described above, is favorable.

Pubertal exhaustion is observed mainly in girls. The first symptoms: lack of appetite, abdominal pain, belching and vomiting, often repeated. The skin is dry, wrinkled. Bradycardia, muffled heart sounds, arterial hypotension, and amenorrhea are noted. Unlike pituitary cachexia, there is no atrophy of the mammary glands and hair loss. The basal metabolism is reduced. The function of the thyroid gland is not impaired. The content of 17-ketosteroids in the urine is reduced, and after the administration of ACTH it reaches normal levels. Follicle-stimulating hormone in urine is often absent or reduced. The prognosis is usually favorable. Treatment requires careful care, aminazine, protein-anabolic steroids. Methandrostenolone (or Nerobol) 5 mg per day, Nerobolil intramuscularly 25-50 mg once a week (4-6 injections).

Diagnosis, prescription of medications, especially hormones, as well as prognosis of diseases and conditions during puberty must be approached with caution.

Rice. 2. Girl 2.5 years old: early sexual and physical development (height 110 cm).

Puberty of boys is characterized mainly by the emergence in them, in the process of growing up, of the ability to perform reproductive functions and bear children.

In the age period from 11 to 13 years, the mechanisms of production of a specific hormone GnRH in the hypothalamus of the brain are activated in a young male. It should be noted that the release of this hormone in the boy’s body initially occurs exclusively at night, at the stage deep sleep. As boys progress through puberty, their dependence on sleep phases tends to decrease significantly, and the hormone begins to be secreted more and more frequently during periods of wakefulness. The result of the action of gonadoliberin is the activation of sperm production - spermatogenesis, as well as male hormones androgens. Androgens, in turn, cause a number of characteristic changes occurring in the body.

In particular, the total volume of muscle mass increases, and the bones begin to differ in the increased amount of protein they contain. As a result, the size of the body increases, and this process is not uniform, but spasmodic. IN at different ages During puberty in boys, it can occur with varying, greater or lesser degrees of intensity. Peak growth activity occurs at 12 and 15-16 years. The boy's height during this time period is able to increase by more than 10 cm per year. After 18 years, the height of a boy, who by this age is already becoming a young man, can increase by about 3 centimeters. Due to the high content of androgen hormones in the body, at some point in time, the growth zones of long bones begin to ossify, which causes a cessation of their further lengthening.

The genital organs of boys during puberty undergo developmental changes, such that the testicles and scrotum, prostate gland and seminal vesicles become larger in size, and the penis enlarges. The first ejaculations appear in boys from 12 and a half to 14 years old.

The hormone testosterone, which, along with androgens, is produced in large quantities, causes the onset of body hair growth according to the male type of hair. One of the results of the influence of androgens is that the Adam's apple, also called the “Adam's apple,” actively develops. This is accompanied by lengthening of the vocal cords, which leads to the formation of a relatively low timbre. In the process of this, “voice breaking” may occur.

Puberty of boys is a largely individual process, and although it usually occurs within certain general age limits, it often depends on many factors in each specific case. So, for example, boys of the same age can have quite a significant difference in height, degree of body hair, etc.

Puberty in boys

When boys reach puberty, the endocrine system comes to the fore in the body. A number of specific changes occurring in the child are associated with the peculiarities of its activity, in which in this case the leading role is played by the lower appendage of the brain - the pituitary gland. Hormones produced by the pituitary gland, entering the blood in large quantities, are transported to all parts of the body, acting as a stimulator of body growth and its intensive physical development. In addition, the pituitary hormones activate the functioning of the male gonads - the testes, which also begin to secrete the corresponding hormones. The period of puberty in boys is characterized by an increase in their content many times over. A reflection of this, in turn, are the changes that are happening literally before our eyes with a child in transition, adolescence.

A significant change in hormonal levels can cause the state of psycho-emotional instability inherent in many adolescents. With insufficient upbringing and when there is no internal culture, boys during puberty can show nervousness, be aggressive towards elders, and take a negativistic position towards everything that comes from them. The actions of teenagers are characterized by impulsive thoughtlessness; they are often unpredictable and contradictory.

Issues and problems related to sexual relations become of particular importance for boys during puberty. And this is not surprising, because the very essence of everything that happens at this time is to prepare the maturing organism to fulfill one of the most important purposes in human life - procreation.

Puberty in boys is a very important time for the development and formation of personality. At the same time, the teenager largely develops self-esteem and self-identification, which determines the success and nature of his socialization in the future based on the characteristics of the social roles performed by men in human society.

Age of puberty in boys

The age of puberty in boys can span a time period from 11 to 18 years. Boys generally begin puberty between the ages of 9 and 14 years. After 2-5 years from the beginning of adolescence or puberty, as this time in a child’s life is also called, the final formation of gender characteristics is completed. The external genitalia, the penis and testicles, increase in size. The processes of spermatogenesis - the maturation of sperm - are launched in the testicles, and male hormones are produced. The effect of these hormones is that secondary sexual characteristics are formed: in addition to changes occurring in the genital organs, body growth increases, male-type hair appears on it with pubic and armpit hair, and a beard begins to grow. At the age of puberty in boys, the functioning of sweat glands, which leads to increased oiliness of the skin and can cause acne.

The age at which puberty occurs in boys is determined by a number of factors, including heredity, nationality, living conditions, and nutrition.

Due to constant excessive physical stress, the onset of puberty in boys may be delayed by more late age and cause it to slow down. Over the past 100 years, there has been a trend towards a gradual decrease in the age at which puberty begins. It is generally accepted that the reason for this lies in the ongoing general improvement in living conditions and food quality. It is also possible that conditions have an influence environment.

Based on all of the above, we summarize that the age of puberty in boys, in general, decreases to a certain extent from year to year. This is greatly facilitated by eating a sufficient amount of food, which is distinguished by a balanced content of essential substances, vitamins and microelements, a high level motor activity and playing sports. For normal puberty in boys, it is also necessary to give up smoking and drugs, and inhalation of toxic fumes.

When do boys start puberty?

The age when boys begin puberty is mainly 10-12 years. However, these numbers are not a rigid constant and some kind of unambiguous unshakable standard. Under a certain set of circumstances and due to some existing factors of an individual, hereditary or social and everyday nature, the onset of puberty may be postponed to a later time. Therefore, it should not be a cause for parents to ring all the alarm bells if a child has entered puberty at 14 or even at 15 years old. There is nothing particularly out of the ordinary or supernatural about a delay of a year or two.

However, in this regard, the boy may experience anxiety and worry that he is somehow different from his peers, for example, that he is shorter than them, and he does not, like everyone else, have this fluff on his upper lip, as if indicating adulthood . In this case, he really needs the support of loved ones who need to support him and encourage him.

But sometimes it's too much late dates when boys begin puberty may indicate that some disorders are occurring. This situation requires seeking advice from specialists and prescribing appropriate corrective measures. Thus, if there is a delay in the appearance of the first signs of puberty in boys by the age of 12-13, it is worth visiting an andrologist or urologist.

Puberty Standards for Boys

Each person in his own way, of course, is unique and unique, unlike everyone else in height, weight, facial features and the totality of all other individual characteristics. In an individual way, from the beginning of life, growth and development, the transformation from a child into an adult, occurs. Equally important in this is the achievement of puberty and self-identification, in this case, as a man. After all, we all come from childhood, and this wonderful time, as well as the transitional period of puberty from childhood to adulthood, is very important. This transition occurs differently for each individual, but there are some standards for puberty in boys.

The primary criterion is the age at which the first signs appear that processes are being activated in the child’s body as a result of which the reproductive function should be updated over time. Puberty for boys begins at 11-12 years of age. 14-15 years of age is also considered to be within the normal range.

The penis grows from 3-3.5 cm to 3.8 cm from the age of 7 until the onset of puberty, and at the age of 13 it is 6.3 cm, respectively.

At the age of 15, the size of the testicles usually increases to 4 cm, and the penis reaches 6.7 centimeters.

Another indicator is the appearance of hair on the body. Initially, hair grows on the pubis, and by the age of 14-15 - in the armpits. At the same time, the growth of youthful fluff on the chin and above is noted. upper lip.

Around the same time, by the age of 14, wet dreams often begin to appear.

During puberty, boys experience two major growth spurts. At the age of 10-11, a child can stretch 10 cm. By the age of 13, an additional 7 to 8 centimeters may be added.

The standards for boys' puberty, of course, are approximate and very average indicators. Some variability is certainly possible and in some cases even inevitable. But differences do not necessarily and do not in every case indicate the presence of serious deviations in the development of the child. Unless, of course, their sizes are too out of the ordinary.

Stages of puberty in boys

During puberty, boys undergo various stages of puberty one after another. Often, right up to the very moment when the child begins to show the first signs of beginning to form prerequisites for the fact that in the future he will acquire the ability to perform the reproductive function, his overall development is stable and uniform. In this case, there are no obvious and significant changes in hormonal levels. All processes associated with puberty in boys generally reach their peak of activity two years later than in young representatives of the fair sex. Noticeable changes occurring in boys become apparent only after they reach 12-13 years of age.

According to many andrologists, how strong the sexual constitution of the future man will be is determined primarily by how early age The boy's puberty began. Regarding this statement, however, it is necessary to make a note that it is valid only when the child does not have any disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system.

The main signs of emerging adulthood include enlargement of the penis, which begins around the age of 11. The beginning of active restructuring of the body is also evidenced by the beginning of an increase in the size of the testicles at 11-12 years of age.

At the age of 12-13, boys begin to grow pubic hair during puberty. At first, the shape of the hair growth is similar to a diamond, and later, from the age of 17-18, hair growth is added to the area internal surfaces hips Subsequently, complete body hair growth occurs according to the male type of hair. Facial hair in the form of the first soft fuzz above the upper lip first appears at 13-14 years of age. At 15-16, some teenagers can sport a fairly obvious and expressive mustache. The appearance of a full beard should be expected by the age of 17-18.

This phenomenon, characteristic of the puberty period of boys, is “voice breaking,” which mutates due to the fact that the thyroid cartilage in the larynx develops into “ adam's apple"Appears at 13-14 years of age. As a rule, the Adam's apple becomes fully formed by the age of 17. At this age, the young man already acquires his own voice with a characteristic masculine timbre.

The production of male germ cells - the processes of spermatogenesis - starts from the age of 14-15, which is accompanied by cases of involuntary ejaculation - wet dreams.

The stages of puberty in boys come to an end between the ages of 16 and 20. However, the onset of puberty does not automatically mean that the young man can definitely be considered fully psychologically mature. Psychological maturity and personality formation occurs and occurs somewhat later.

Signs of puberty in boys

Signs of puberty in boys are manifested in a number of specific changes that take place during puberty and are reflected both in their external manifestations and affecting the functioning of various organs and systems of the body.

A boy’s body grows rapidly during puberty, the child becomes taller, and his overall muscle mass increases. The width of the shoulder girdle increases, the figure begins to acquire proportions characteristic of the male body. Genital organs – the penis and testicles increase in size.

Gradually, hair forms on the body, starting from the groin area, scrotum, armpits, and subsequently throughout the body. Then hair appears on the face. At first, a few hairs may appear in the corners of the upper lip and on the upper part of the cheeks. Over the course of a year after this, youthful fuzz will also appear above the upper lip in the middle.

During puberty, boys may develop skin problems. Due to the rampant hormones in the body, the functioning of the sweat and sebaceous glands unfavorably changes, which causes increased fat content skin. And this, in turn, can provoke the appearance of pimples and blackheads on the body and face.

Increase in size vocal cords and the throat muscles develop, and in addition to this, the formation of the Adam’s apple – the “Adam’s apple” – occurs, which acts as a cause of voice breakage and coarsening. This process begins at the age of about 13 years and after a two-year period leads to the final formation of the voice.

In addition to the above changes that a boy’s body undergoes during puberty, it is also necessary to bring in those characteristic features that are characteristic of the psycho-emotional state during this difficult period of a child’s life path. The central nervous system is in an extremely excitable state, behavioral reactions can often be unpredictable and extremely contradictory.

These signs of puberty in boys are caused by the rapid pace of both the restructuring of the entire organism that occurs, as well as by a change in the entire sense of self and a new assessment of oneself in the light of many factors associated with the process of achieving puberty. It can be very difficult for a boy who finds himself on the path of transforming from a child into a man to adapt to them, and therefore understanding and support from parents and loved ones is very important.

Early puberty in boys

We can say that early puberty occurs in boys mainly based on the fact that the first pubertal signs are observed in a child before he has reached the age of 9.

Just like delayed sexual development, premature onset of puberty is a compelling argument in favor of consulting a doctor without delaying this issue. Suspicion in this context should be caused by the fact that there are increased testicular sizes, abnormal fast growth body growth exceeding the average age norm, the appearance of acne on the skin, pubic and armpit hair growth, facial hair growth, as well as a child’s voice that is too low and rough, breaking.

If a boy enters puberty too early, its main causes may be the presence of abnormal development of the genital organs, dysfunction of the thyroid gland, tumor formations in the brain, the consequences of head injuries, complications due to infectious diseases, such as encephalitis and meningitis, as well as other structural brain disorders.

This is mainly justified by the fact that it is the pituitary gland and hypothalamus that take part in the regulation of hormonal secretion by the peripheral sex glands. In addition, some hereditary factors can lead to early puberty in boys. The likelihood of premature puberty is so high when a child has excessive body weight.

As main negative consequence Early puberty in boys can be called the fact that during it the child stops growing. This happens due to the fact that sex hormones have such a negative effect on the bones that the growth zones are closed - those areas that provide an increase in length. Because of this, boys who become sexually mature too early are significantly inferior in height to their peers.

Early puberty in boys can be successfully treated with modern medical means. A necessary condition The only thing is to promptly identify the signs of such a process and select the appropriate methods. Medical intervention is directed depending on established reasons against the underlying disease, or special drugs may be prescribed that inhibit the secretion of sex hormones until the growth processes are completed.

Delayed puberty in boys

Delayed puberty in boys is generally diagnosed if, after reaching the age of 14, the child has no signs indicating the onset of puberty.

This fact, however, does not mean that it should arouse suspicion that it is provoked by the presence of any anomalies in development. And perhaps it is determined by certain genetic characteristics, the hereditary predisposition of all or most male representatives of any particular family to a late development of their ability to bear children. This phenomenon is quite common and is known as constitutional delay of physical and puberty. Puberty of boys in this case is preceded by a period with an absolutely normal growth rate, the intensification of which and the appearance of features characteristic of puberty can begin only by the age of 15.

The puberty of boys can be delayed by the presence of diseases that cause significant hormonal imbalances. This may occur due to a tumor affecting the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, the appendages of the brain responsible for the processes of puberty. Sexual development can be hampered by an insufficient amount or complete cessation of the production of hormones important for the growth of genital organs - gonadotropins. With a number chronic diseases kidneys, diabetes mellitus, etc., puberty is also often delayed.

With delayed sexual development in boys, with relatively long upper and lower limbs, there is a frail build, a high waistline, and in body proportions the width of the hips exceeds the width of the shoulders. There is underdevelopment of the genital organs, the penis is very small in size, the scrotum does not droop, there is no pubic and armpit hair, and no emissions occur.

If there is a delay in puberty in boys, you need to keep in mind that it is fraught with at least aggravation of the psycho-emotional state of a teenager with this problem, and in the future threatens infertility. However, treatment does not present any particular difficulties if the causes are identified in a timely manner and the necessary medical measures are prescribed. In adolescence, it can be dealt with within 2-3 months.

Late puberty in boys

Late puberty in boys, in some cases, may not be directly related to any developmental abnormalities, but rather represent the norm within some individual families, in which puberty in men, as a rule, begins later than in age, which is general averaged norm. This is a general trend for such a family and puberty of boys, starting somewhat later, then occurs at a completely normal rate of growth and development.

There are a number characteristic features, on the basis of which it becomes possible to state late onset puberty in boys. The most obvious and obvious difference between such children is their hypostatus - that is, the fact that they are generally shorter in height than their peers. The next symptom is that when the boy reached the age of 15, his testicles did not enlarge. We can also talk about late puberty in boys based on the fact that by these years there is no growth of pubic hair.

Late puberty in boys can be caused by the presence of certain chromosomal abnormalities in the child, in particular Klinefelter syndrome. Given this genetic disease to the male chromosome set XY is attached to the female sex chromosome Y in a single quantity or several at once. As a result, all sorts of dysfunctions of the endocrine system appear, one of the manifestations of which is a decrease in the production of male sex hormones in the testicles. Tumor damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus - a zone in the brain that is associated with the processes of puberty, provokes a decrease in the number of gonadotropins, under the influence of which occurs active growth genitals.

So, late puberty in boys occurs due to heredity, as well as against the background of a number of diseases with impaired hormonal balance in the body, which is reflected in the slowdown in body growth and development of the genital organs of boys. When the onset of puberty occurs at a slightly later time than at an age that is considered normal, and then proceeds at a normal pace, this often may not require special correction. Medical measures in the event of an abnormal delay in the child’s entry into puberty are primarily limited to treating the underlying disease that caused it.

The running of time cannot be stopped; its inexorable movement is especially noticeable when children begin to grow up. Until recently, the son was happy with his mother’s hugs and responded enthusiastically to her kisses, but now he has become rude and restrained. The most important period has arrived - puberty in boys, which appears a little later than in girls, but is just as inevitable. The body of a teenager has to experience a colossal load, because along with physical changes, colossal psychological changes occur.

What is puberty

Puberty is characterized by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. During normal development, the body reaches the phase of biological puberty. Signs of puberty manifest themselves externally as rapid body growth, the pubis and armpits become covered with hair, but then boys and girls continue to grow up each in their own way, turning into men and women. Hormones make themselves felt, and therefore, in addition to the average statistical norm, early, late development and a significant delay in puberty occur.

When does adolescence begin and how long does it last for boys?

The changes that are taking place can confuse or even frighten a teenager, because the process of puberty begins at the age of 10 or a little later. For now, all the most important things were laid down at the level of the pituitary gland, preparing the boy’s body for the changes that would ultimately turn him into a man. But with a brittle voice, increased work of the sweat glands, enlargement of the testicles, penis, muscle mass and the appearance of a number of other signs comes the period of puberty, which lasts up to 18 and sometimes 20 years.

Prepubertal period

The development of a child at this stage is not much different from the maturation of peers. From the moment of birth until the day the son goes to school, parents have almost no problems with upbringing, and health issues are often associated with colds. After smooth growth, muscle mass may also gradually appear, but by the age of 10, the body has already laid down future changes. If there is no delay, then the prepubertal period is replaced by the next stage of development.

Puberty

From about the age of ten, those changes begin to occur when the boy grows up and begins to turn into young man. The amount of hormones produced causes rapid growth with the simultaneous development of the gonads. Gaining momentum, the process inevitably leads to the fact that the teenage penis increases along with the size of the testicles. By the age of 15, upon examination, hair growth is noticeable in the armpits and pubic area; external signs are the appearance of mustaches and acne, and the puberty period ends at about 20 years of age.

Features of sexual characteristics in adolescence in boys

Hormonal changes in the body affect the growth of not only hair, but also genital organs. A boy's penis grows until he is about 16 years old, and spontaneous or nocturnal emissions appear. An increase in male hormones affects the development of muscles, skeletal bones, especially shoulder joint. Voice mutation, the so-called voice break in boys, is considered one of the most obvious signs of the important process of puberty. ABOUT proper development indicates the appearance of acne, hair on the face, chest, thighs, groin area, armpits.

Primary

The presence of these signs is determined genetically, and they are nothing more than genitals. The formation of the prostate, scrotum, vas deferens, penis, testicles occurs at the stage of intrauterine development. Early puberty can speed up the process of transformation into a young man, but one way or another, any development occurs under the control of hormones.

Secondary

This group of features has an equally important role. Nature assigns a different mission to secondary sexual characteristics - determining sexual maturity and attracting a partner, because they do not directly participate in reproduction. What characterizes their appearance? Voice mutation in boys, male-pattern hair growth, rapid growth, broad shoulders, erection and Adam's apple.

Boys' height

If the process of puberty in boys is not disrupted, then a sure sign that the child has begun to grow up is rapid growth. Feature During this period, the process does not go smoothly, but in jumps, which sometimes causes health problems. In front of everyone individual characteristics the body's most fast period growth occurs in the period from 12 to 16 years, when a boy can stretch 10 cm per year and lose a lot of weight. After reaching adulthood, young men almost stop growing and can stretch a maximum of another 3 cm.

Precocious puberty

It is customary to talk about this phenomenon - false or true - if the boy has not yet reached the age of 10. Externally, early sexual development can be judged by the facts that the boy looks older than his peers, the first pimples appear, and body odor changes. If the right and left eggs develop, this is the true beginning of the process. If they remain immature, this means that early puberty is false.

Psychology of a teenager

Along with serious physiological changes in the body, a teenager has to overcome problems psychological nature. The appearance of acne on the face, hard work sweat glands require more careful attention to the issue of hygiene, which can cause irritation in a teenager. External changes and angularity take time to adapt, but it is difficult for a child to cope with this, especially if he becomes an object of ridicule at school.

Shyness, shyness, withdrawal into oneself, exaggeration of even an insignificant fact, for example, an unsuccessful photo - all this is a manifestation psychological signs growing up. When girls get their period, boys' reproductive system also reaches a new level of physiological development. Since puberty is associated with the desire to gain more freedom in one’s actions, parents need to tell the boy about contraceptive methods.

Psychologically, puberty in a teenager can manifest itself as unmotivated aggression, frequent mood swings, irritability and depression, and harsh statements or criticism can push them to rash actions. It is necessary to continue raising a teenager, only adults need to create a favorable atmosphere, show tolerance, wisdom, and be tactful, so that the period of puberty ends for the boy with the formation of a beautiful male figure and a correct understanding of worthy behavior.

Video about puberty in teenage boys

Puberty is the time during which growing boys or girls go through the process of puberty. Puberty includes a series of physical stages or steps that lead to the achievement of fertility and the development of so-called secondary sexual characteristics, physical features associated with growing up (for example, growth of pubic hair). While puberty involves a series of biological or physical changes, puberty can also have an impact on an adolescent's psychosocial and emotional development.

Puberty (puberty) facts

• Puberty is the period of puberty and the achievement of fertility.
• The time at which puberty begins varies greatly among adolescents; however, puberty typically occurs in girls between the ages of 10 and 14 years, and in boys between the ages of 12 and 16 years.
• Both genetic and environmental factors, is probably involved in the timing of puberty.
• Fat and/or body composition may play a role in regulating the onset of puberty.
• Puberty is associated with the development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth.
• Some medical conditions may worsen or become apparent during puberty.
• Early puberty is puberty that occurs earlier than usual. It is more common in girls than in boys.

When does puberty occur?

The onset of puberty is quite individual. Puberty for girls usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 14, while puberty for boys usually occurs later, between the ages of 12 and 16; In some regions, girls begin puberty earlier, at around 9 years of age, meaning that puberty lasts from approximately 9 to 14 years of age.

Adolescent girls are reaching puberty today at an earlier age than in the past. Nutritional and other environmental factors may be responsible for this change in the timing of puberty. For example, the average age for girls to menstruate in 1900 was 15 years old; today it has dropped to 12 and a half years.

What determines when puberty begins? Why does puberty occur?

The time of onset of puberty cannot be predicted down to the day; most likely, it is determined by a number of factors. One theory suggests that reaching a critical body weight may play a role in the onset of puberty. It has been suggested that the increase in childhood obesity may be due to the general early onset of puberty in the general population in recent years.

Leptin, a hormone produced by fat cells (adipocytes) in the body, has been proposed as one possible “mediator” of puberty. In animal studies, artificial leptin deficiency delayed the onset of puberty, but puberty was activated once leptin was administered to the animals. In addition, girls with more high concentrations hormone leptin is known to have an increased percentage of body fat and more early start puberty than girls with low level leptin. Blood leptin concentrations are known to be associated with puberty in boys and girls.

Leptin, however, is likely only one of several influences on the hypothalamus, an area of ​​the brain that releases a hormone known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn signals the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone. hormone (FSH). The secretion of LH and FSH by the pituitary gland is responsible for sexual development.

Genetic factors are likely involved in the timing of puberty. In addition, a gene has been identified that appears to be critical for the normal development of puberty. A gene known as GPR54 encodes a protein that appears to have an effect on the secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus. Individuals who do not have a working copy of this gene are not able to boast the usual puberty for their age.

What other changes in the body occur during puberty in boys and girls?

Puberty is usually accompanied by a rapid increase in height, known as a growth spurt, which typically lasts for two to three years. About 17%-18% of an adult's height is achieved during puberty. Although height gain affects the trunk and limbs, growth in the limbs usually occurs first. The growth spurt typically occurs earlier in girls than in boys; they show their true growth spurt on average about two years before boys. In girls, the growth spurt usually precedes the onset of menstruation by about six months.

Bone growth and mineralization during puberty

Puberty is accompanied by bone growth and an increase in bone density in boys and girls. In girls, bone mineralization peaks around the start of menstruation, after the time of peak growth rate (growth spurt). Research has shown that bone width increases first, then bone mineral content, and finally bone density. Because of the discrepancy between the timing of bone growth and the achievement of full bone density, adolescents may be at increased risk of fractures during puberty.

Weight changes during puberty

Changes in weight and body composition occur in both boys and girls. Adolescent girls have a higher percentage of body fat than boys, with a redistribution of fat in relation to the upper and lower parts of the body. While boys, along with an increase in fat, also demonstrate rapid muscle growth. By the end of puberty, boys have muscle mass that is approximately one and a half times greater than girls of comparable height.

Other changes during puberty

Maturation of cardio-vascular system and lungs leads to an increase in the performance of these organs, associated with a general increase in endurance and strength. These changes are more pronounced in boys than in girls.

What medical conditions are associated with early or late puberty?

Precocious puberty

Early puberty is medical term for puberty that occurs earlier than usual. While medical workers While there is no complete agreement on the age of definition of precocious puberty, many doctors believe that medical evaluation for precocious puberty should be performed if breast or pubic hair development occurs before the age of 6-7 years. Boys who show signs of developing secondary sexual characteristics before age 9 are also considered to have precocious puberty. Precocious puberty can be associated with psychological difficulties that can affect a child's emotional development.

Precocious puberty is much more common among girls than boys. Many girls experience precocious puberty in the absence of any disease or condition. In boys, however, precocious puberty is more likely to be related to underlying medical problem. While in many cases the exact cause of precocious puberty is difficult to determine, a small number of cases are associated with abnormalities of the ovaries or testes, thyroid gland or other hormonal problems, genetic conditions, tumors or injuries and infections of the brain.

Precocious puberty can be treated by treating the underlying condition that is responsible for the condition or by reducing high levels sex hormones with drugs known as GnRH agonists, which block the production of sex hormones to stop sexual development.

Delayed puberty

Delayed puberty is a late onset of puberty. Puberty is generally considered delayed if there is no increase in testicular volume in boys before age 14 and no breast development in girls before age 13½. Sometimes, delayed puberty is usually a hereditary trait, and after some delay, adolescents begin to develop normally. This is sometimes called constitutional delay and is responsible for the vast majority of cases of delayed puberty. Constitutional delay, which affects both growth and the achievement of puberty, is much more common in boys than in girls.

Chronic diseases such as diabetes or cystic fibrosis can also delay puberty. Genetic conditions, pituitary or thyroid problems, ovarian or testicular problems, malnutrition are other causes of delayed puberty. Many girls who have too little body fat also experience a delay in the onset of puberty, as a certain amount of fat appears to be required for the onset of puberty. Female athletes may also experience a delay of up to one year or more in the onset of menstruation compared to average girls.

Denial of responsibility: The information presented in this article about puberty , is intended for the reader's information only. It cannot be a substitute for consultation with a medical professional

It is a complex of biological and physiological changes associated with the development of sexual and somatic functions. It is believed that puberty in boys begins at about twelve years of age and ends at seventeen years of age. Under the influence of hormones, teenagers turn into men. The changes affect not only the physiological side, but also psychological aspect. The emotional and intellectual areas usually continue to develop until age twenty-two.

Physiological signs of puberty in boys

Puberty is associated with increased growth and increased body weight. It often happens that a boy grows three centimeters in a few months. Rapid growth usually continues until age eighteen. When puberty begins in boys, the gonads and genitals become enlarged. The prostate gland and seminal vesicles also become larger and begin to function. Their active work manifests itself in erections and emissions. The latter includes involuntary ejaculation. This phenomenon is normal physiological process and indicates that the functioning of the genital organs has begun.

External sexual characteristics

The transitional period of puberty in boys is manifested in increased hair growth in the groin area (wedge-shaped type), armpits and on the face. If a teenager has female appearance growth, then you need to consult an endocrinologist. The changes also affect the voice of teenagers. Gradually he becomes rude and low. This is due to an increase in the size of the larynx and ossification of some of its areas. Under the influence of hormones, the smell of boys' sweat becomes more pungent, the skin becomes oily, prone to acne. During this period, you need to pay special attention to personal hygiene.

Musculoskeletal system

The puberty period in boys affects changes in the figure - the pelvis stretches slightly, remains narrow, and the shoulders become wider. Teenagers often look awkward because various fabrics grow unevenly. The bones increase in size first, the muscles next, and then the nerve fibers and blood vessels. In parallel with the growth of the skeleton and muscles, physical strength increases, which initially lags behind muscle development. Parts of the body develop inharmoniously, first the feet and hands are stretched, then the limbs, and lastly the shape of the face and torso changes. The body shortens lower jaw increases in size. The shape of the head is least susceptible to changes, since the skull and brain development precede the rest of maturation.

The main problems in boys are associated with temporary disturbances in motor coordination. The phenomenon can be explained by an overestimation of one’s own motor abilities, which is based on the unusually large size of the body, and stiffness is characteristic. Coordination is affected by the gradual increase in muscle strength. This sequence ensures consistent work various groups muscles.

Psychological characteristics of teenagers

Puberty is not easy for boys. Many people don’t want to show photos at this time. The teenager looks clumsy, with excessively long limbs, disproportionate. Often guys start slouching to avoid attention to themselves. More confident teenagers begin to look for their own style in order to please the opposite sex. Often at this time the teenager enters into sex life. Until this point, it would be useful to jointly discuss all the consequences of promiscuity.

The most difficult thing on the way to adult life is puberty in boys. Psychology describes an extremely unstable nervous system teenagers A teenager is accompanied by frequent mood swings; he can plunge into depression over a trifle, or he can react aggressively to a seemingly harmless joke. Teenagers are categorical in their opinions, they tend to act thoughtlessly, following the will of emotions. Physical and mental illness is expressed in frequent whims and pugnacity. Boys can simultaneously experience hatred for the world around them and for themselves. Added to the contradictory state is an attraction to forbidden actions. Puberty in boys is accompanied by feelings of loneliness and misunderstanding. Parents need to adhere to a special line of behavior in times of crisis, since one careless word can lead to unpleasant consequences.

The intellectual development of puberty boys is actively aimed at finding their place in society. The teenager strives for independence and criticizes many topics. During this period, the formation of character, perception of the surrounding world, one’s image and line of behavior occurs. The teenager is already able to abstract mental operations from objects; thinking reaches the phase of formal operations, so he often begins to reach for general formulas and theories. The teenager thinks about his own theories of happiness, politics, and philosophy. During puberty, a boy begins to perceive the world from the point of view of ways of changing it. He is trying to formulate his life program, depending on his chosen goal in the future. With her, the teenager enters the adult world, encountering obstacles along the way, and gradually socializes.

Puberty in boys includes active development of imagination. Teenagers carefully guard their fantasies. There is a development of self-awareness. The boy begins to look for the reasons for his behavior and analyzes the further development of his actions. This neoplasm promotes understanding not only of oneself, but also of other people during puberty in boys.

Age, psychology, crisis 13 years

This is a period of increased fatigue and decreased performance. Due to lack of maturity, a thirteen-year-old teenager cannot understand what is happening to him. Misunderstanding is expressed in increased excitability and motor restlessness. Defending one's independence, characteristic of this time, begins during puberty in boys. The age at which the crisis ends is fifteen years. At this transitional moment, increased sensitivity, hot temper, and sometimes demonstrative behavior often appear. Boys are different due to hormones frequent changes mood and a violent outburst of emotions. For example, an hour ago he could be crying because they didn’t buy him a game, but now he’s screaming and swearing because he’s being told to clean his room and doesn’t remember the game. Bursts of increased motor activity are replaced by complete exhaustion, fatigue sets in quickly. Increased fatigue is associated with a frequent complaint from parents about the “laziness” of their offspring. Thirteen-year-olds cannot do monotonous work; their attention and patience only last ten minutes. Work efficiency and productivity decline sharply, and the number of errors in actions increases. The negative phenomenon is mainly associated with perestroika motor system. Changes in functioning are also observed in fine motor skills, which leads to deterioration in handwriting. Sloppiness characterizes the puberty period.

In boys, the age of thirteen is associated with the development logical thinking, which results in increased criticism. He does not take the words of adults on faith and demands proof that they are right. Boys begin to pay attention to their feelings and experiences; it is not uncommon that at this age they begin to write poetry or keep a diary. One of the symptoms of the thirteen-year-old crisis is pronounced negativism. The phenomenon is associated with the desire to deny traditional views, the teenager becomes withdrawn and can often be seen thoughtful.

Premature ripening

In boys, this is a rather rare occurrence. Usually the beginning of the maturation process is included in the standard framework. The earliest period of development is ten years, and the latest is fourteen. Boys have narrower shoulders and a wider pelvis than their peers. Premature ripening characterized by strong sexual urges in childhood. There are often cases when, along with this phenomenon, True precocious puberty is caused by three reasons: disturbances in the functioning of the hypothalamus, the influence past diseases brain, idiopathic form. Timely treatment is necessary as children stop growing prematurely.

Later development

Boys with a late onset of puberty generally have long legs and a short torso. The main symptoms are the absence of pubic hair growth at the age of fifteen, and the genitals by the age of thirteen. Delayed maturation can be caused by diseases associated with pathologies in the structure of chromosomes, for example, Klinefelter syndrome. The presence of diabetes mellitus, anemia, renal failure or action tumor processes in the brain. A decrease in hormone stimulation affects the timeliness of development. The cause of temporary deviations may be a hereditary factor. If one of the parents had delayed puberty, then the possibility of passing on developmental characteristics increases.

Hypothalamic syndrome

This disease occurs quite often in boys during puberty. This is an age-related restructuring of the body with a disorder of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and other endocrine glands. in boys it usually develops by the age of sixteen. The development of the disease is influenced by neuroinfections, stress, pregnancy pathology, traumatic brain injury, changes in the functioning of the thyroid gland, radiation, and so on. Against the background of the syndrome, hyperproduction of corticosteroids and cortisol is noticeable. The latter causes a decrease in insulin sensitivity, which can lead to the development of diabetes mellitus and the formation of atherosclerosis. As the disease progresses, stretch marks appear on the body - pink stripes.

Boys suffering from the syndrome begin to eat a lot in the evenings and at night, which is associated with the onset of activity (vagus), which stimulates the work of insulin. Over time, obesity appears and the mammary glands enlarge. Patients drink a lot, complain of frequent headaches, and get tired quickly. Hypothalamic syndrome of puberty in boys causes a decrease in academic performance and an increase in the manifestation of negative emotions. Because of the caustic attacks of others about them appearance sufferers may become depressed.

Patients usually have tall stature, obese limbs, wide pelvis, round plump face. The skin is delicate and prone to sunburn. Hair is generally prone to loss and is greasy. Patients with hypothalamic syndrome are distinguished by soft, delicate hands, with long fingers and thin nails. When the function of the thyroid gland decreases, drowsiness, slow reaction, and chilliness are observed. Boys affected by the syndrome suffer from excessive sweating, hot flashes, nausea, fever, and so on.

One of the forms of hypothalamic syndrome is juvenile basophilism. The disease causes obesity, enlarged mammary glands, and high growth compared to peers. Puberty can be either premature or delayed. In the first case, boys are hypersexual and prone to early sexual intercourse.

Under the influence of stress, the syndrome can worsen and lead to various crises. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gynecomastia, and peripheral atherosclerosis may develop. At timely treatment in most cases recovery is observed. The syndrome usually regresses with age. With a decrease in body weight, stretch marks turn white and become less noticeable. With proper correction, all symptoms disappear by 20-25 years.

Diseases of puberty

One of the most common diseases is osteochondropathy. The negative phenomenon is associated with a lack of calcium in rapidly growing bones. Due to the shortage important element, teenagers complain of pain in their knees and ankles. Excess calcium also brings problems. It can be deposited in the kidneys in the form of salts, which leads to urolithiasis or pyelonephritis.

Problems with the functioning of the adrenal glands can begin during puberty in boys. Diseases associated with these disorders lead to the development of hypertension and early atherosclerosis. The work of the adrenal glands also affects cardiac activity. If abnormalities occur, arrhythmia may occur, sharp fluctuations blood pressure, headache. During puberty, disturbances in the endocrine system may occur. The reason for contacting an endocrinologist is mainly premature sexual development or its delay. During the examination, violations may not be detected, then the teenager and parents should be patient.

During puberty, two more opposing diseases occur - pubertal obesity and wasting. In the first case, there is excessive deposition of fat on the abdomen and thighs. The suffering teenager is characterized by lethargy, lack of initiative, and prefers a sedentary lifestyle. Sexual development usually normal, average or above average height. The cause of obesity is the activity of the basophilic elements of the anterior pituitary gland. Usually the disease does not require special treatment, but examination and observation are mandatory. As for pubertal exhaustion, the disease is also associated with a disorder of the pituitary gland and is more common in girls.

Finally

In addition to somatic diseases, psychological disorders can also develop during puberty in boys. Age and signs of disease are different. Often the impetus for the development of the disorder is a teenager’s overly critical attitude towards himself, his appearance, as well as increased sensitivity to ridicule. For example, depersonalization disorder involves anxiety about changes in the body. The teenager experiences a feeling of alienation and anxiety due, for example, to an enlarged hand. Doubts arise about the veracity of sensations, sometimes about the reality of one’s own personality. Teenagers describe their state as if all actions take place in a dream, sounds are heard muffled. This is associated with the development of certain rituals in order to verify the reality of one’s existence. Another disorder associated with changes in the perception of the environment is derealization. In this case, people are perceived as inanimate objects, and the sizes and shapes of objects are distorted. The condition is characterized by depression, obsessive thoughts, fears, memory impairment.

Changes in the body can lead to the development of complexes and even a crisis. Thus, the disease dysmorphophobia is expressed in obsessive fear defect in appearance (apparent or imaginary). The sufferer begins to lead a secluded lifestyle and carefully disguises the deficiency. The teenager is in depressed state, is constantly dissatisfied with his appearance. The disorder may lead to deliberate harm to one's body in order to self-deliverance from a defect.

Despite the desire of adolescents for independence, for open negativism, disobedience, and sometimes aggression, they remain children even during puberty. In boys, age and behavior psychology are interconnected. But every teenager needs to be listened to and his problems correctly perceived. By jointly solving problems with parents, disastrous consequences can be avoided. The family should always remain a safe place where a teenager can take a break from adversity and be accepted for who he is. It should be remembered that during puberty, most diseases, both somatic and psychological, can be prevented or cured without special effort. To do this, you need to be attentive to what the boy says about himself and monitor his behavior.