Lobar pneumonia. Home care and recovery. Clinical examination of the animal upon admission
Lobar pneumonia is called acute inflammation lower respiratory tract. It mainly affects horses and cattle, but can also occur in pets.
Causes
Typically, the disease occurs when a decrease in local and general immunity and contamination of the lungs coincide in time pathogenic microorganisms. As a rule, these are resistant strains of pneumococci, diplococci, and staphylococci. These types of bacteria are also found in healthy animals, but due to natural resistance to infectious diseases, they do not suffer from pneumonia.
In addition, pneumonia can be caused by a stressful situation that has caused the animal’s body to deplete all its reserves. For example, if you give cold water to a horse that is hot from running, or transport cattle from a warm room to a damp one. Another factor is hot or poisonous gas, which damages the bronchi and especially the lungs.
Clinic
They are practically no different from humans. The disease begins acutely: with weakness, lethargy, drowsiness caused by intoxication. The body temperature rises to febrile levels, the heartbeat becomes frequent, breathing becomes shallow, and the mucous membranes become sharply moist. There is a loss of appetite.
Specific symptoms include dry barking cough, which gradually turns into wet. At this stage, you can hear fine wheezing in the lungs and crepitus. When tapping, tympanitis can be detected, then dullness of sound, and in the resolution stage - clear sound. Characteristics of lung percussion indicate the stage of the disease process. Depending on this, the unilateral or bilateral development of the pathological process is determined. To make it more likely, an x-ray is taken thoracic. In addition, sick animals exhibit purulent discharge from the nose.
If the disease is detected on time and the animal is provided with the necessary medical care, then resolution of pneumonia occurs within a week to 10 days. Usually, after medical intervention, the disease becomes abortive in nature, and recovery occurs much earlier.
Sometimes the disease is prolonged due to the animal’s reduced immunity, resistance of the pathogen to drugs, or an atypical course of the disease. Its manifestations in this case can be very diverse, the duration varies from several weeks to months. Exacerbations and relapses are possible against the background of clinical recovery.
Diagnostics
To make a diagnosis of lobar pneumonia you must:
1. History, indicating the probable cause, symptoms of the disease and previous illnesses.
2. Lab tests:
- UAC ( general analysis blood), where we will see an accelerated ESR, an increase in leukocytes due to young neutrophils, and a decrease in lymphocytes.
- Fibrin, leukocytes, altered erythrocytes, and microbes are detected in nasal exudate.
- Having received a smear in the larynx and bronchoalveolar lavage, you can culture the cells that are the causative agent of the disease.
3. Instrumental research:
- X-ray: the image shows shadows in the lungs, usually in the lower lobes, which indicates inflammatory process.
It is necessary to know the differences between lobar pneumonia and other diseases with similar symptoms. These are diseases such as swine flu, equine pleuropneumonia, rhinotracheitis and others.
It is difficult to make a prognosis for this disease, especially if medical assistance for some reason it is delayed.
Treatment
First of all, sick animals are isolated from healthy ones, and the room where they were kept is disinfected.
Sick animals change their diet, add more vitamins, proteins, fats, and provide animals with unlimited access to water.
From medicines antibiotics are prescribed that target typical pathogens. But at the same time, a smear is taken for inoculation on a nutrient medium to check the susceptibility of the flora to the medicine. If necessary (lack of effect, deterioration of general condition), the antibiotic is changed. In parallel with this, local remedies are used, such as rubbing the animal’s chest with turpentine or mustard alcohol, antiallergic measures, and lowering the temperature (if necessary). Mucolytics and expectorants are good at accelerating the resolution of the inflammatory process. They remove accumulated exudate and prevent congestion in the lungs, which can prolong the disease.
If intoxication increases, then to maintain the body it is necessary to inject a hypertonic solution of glucose with vitamin C intravenously, and in order to prevent coma, insulin is injected at the same time.
In cases where maintenance therapy is necessary, for example, concomitant chronic heart or liver diseases, drugs are prescribed in therapeutic doses.
Prevention
It is necessary to observe a work and rest schedule, carefully monitor your pet’s area and, if necessary, supplement it with vitamins to strengthen the immune system. Regular vaccinations and examinations by a veterinarian will also be useful.
Inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) occurs in all animal species. Depending on the causes and clinical signs, two forms of pneumonia are distinguished: catarrhal and lobar, or fibrinous. In most cases, catarrhal pneumonia develops due to microbronchitis. It is one of the most common diseases of animals, especially young animals (calves and piglets).
Lobar pneumonia is most often infectious in nature.
Causes. Catarrhal pneumonia may be due various reasons. First of all, these include colds caused by drafts, keeping animals in wet and cold weather on pastures, watering hot animals cold water, swimming and long stay them uncovered in the cold or wind.
One of the very common causes of the disease, which deserves serious attention, is the inept, forced administration of drugs to animals, as well as the entry of foreign bodies into the bronchi due to swallowing disorders and vomiting. In these cases, inflammation of the bronchi and lungs occurs, called aspiration bronchopneumonia. When pyogenic and putrefactive microbes enter the lungs, pneumonia is often complicated and ends in purulent-putrefactive decay lung tissue. This process is called gangrene of the lungs.
In young animals, the cause of pneumonia is various errors and violations of the conditions of their maintenance, namely: keeping young animals in poorly equipped, dirty, damp, stuffy rooms, lack of provision of young animals with good, dry bedding, complete feed and mineral supplements.
Excessively high air humidity in combination with sharp temperature fluctuations is especially unfavorable. Inhalation of such air leads to disruption of gas exchange in the lungs and oxygen starvation of the body, while hypothermia of the body, alternating with overheating, leads to various colds, including the respiratory system. Pneumonia can also be caused by young animals lying for long periods of time on cold, damp soil during walks and grazing, as well as on damp, cold floors and wet bedding.
Vitamin starvation, especially hypo- and avitaminosis A, lack of walks in the fresh air, and partly the practice of drinking calves from a bucket (pneumonia due to inhalation and entry of milk into the lungs) also play a large role in the occurrence of pneumonia in young animals.
Croupous, or fibrinous, pneumonia is often observed in infectious diseases (contagious pleuropneumonia, general pneumonia, swine fever, hemorrhagic septicemia, etc.). Sometimes lobar pneumonia also occurs due to the introduction of mold fungi and certain types of worms (dictyocaulosis, etc.) into the lungs.
Signs. At catarrh lungs, the main signs of the disease are: general depression, decrease or complete absence loss of appetite, high body temperature, thirst, rapid and difficult painful breathing and increasing shortness of breath, sometimes accompanied by stomas, weak, rapid pulse, increasing general loss of strength. Rapid emaciation of the animal, cyanosis of visible mucous membranes, profuse serous-mucous or mucopurulent bilateral discharge from the nose and a short painful cough are also noted. When listening in the affected areas of the lungs, weakening of breathing and wheezing are observed, and later - a complete cessation of respiratory sounds; during percussion, there is a dullness of the percussion sound in the lesions.
Croupous pemmonia, in contrast to catarrhal pneumonia, develops faster, is more severe, with a constant high body temperature and increasing cardiac weakness. Croupous pneumonia is sometimes accompanied by the discharge of characteristic saffron-yellow, rust-colored discharge from the nose and very often leads to the death of animals. Lobar pneumonia should be considered a contagious disease.
Main distinctive features gangrene of the lungs are: putrefactive, foul odor exhaled air and nasal discharge, painful cough, rapidly increasing severe weakness animal and shortness of breath. When listening to the lungs, splashing and bubbling noises are noted.
Treatment. Regardless of the form of the disease, the animal must be released from work and given complete rest in a warm, spacious and clean room. It is necessary to improve nutrition, care and living conditions, and if a weak pulse appears, support the heart function by giving the animal alcohol or vodka diluted in 2-4 parts of water (large animals - 50-100 ml, small animals - 10-20 ml per dose). For catarrhal pneumonia, cupping and mustard plasters, rubbing chest turpentine with vegetable oil or ammonia mixed with water, warm wraps, as well as inhalation of water vapor with creolin or turpentine.
It is necessary to remember that in cold weather, in an unheated room, vapor inhalation cannot be prescribed, since colds and worsening of the disease process are possible, rather than improving it.
Turpentine as an expectorant can be sprinkled in the stable without heating. Large animals are given 10-15 g of streptocide orally 2 times a day, 5-10 g of ammonia with anise seed powder, etc. As directed by the veterinarian, intravenous administration of sodium sulfathiazole is also prescribed at a dose of 0.02-0.03 g per day. 1 kg of animal weight as 10% aqueous solution; 300-400 ml of 20% alcohol; 120 ml of rivanol solution diluted 1: 1000 with 40 ml of alcohol; 400 ml of 1% streptocide solution; Penicillin is administered intramuscularly for 2-4 days at a dose of 300-600 thousand action units (AU) every 6 hours.
When treating pneumonia in young animals (calves and piglets), the elimination of zoohygienic errors that caused the disease and careful attention to sick animals are especially important. Young animals are also recommended to give expectorants internally, periodically lightly rub camphor alcohol or turpentine with oil into the chest (1 part turpentine to 9 parts vegetable oil), as well as mustard plasters followed by warm wrapping of the chest.
The oral administration of acidophilus and lysozyme has a beneficial effect, which is used for 2-4 days, 0.5-1 ml per 1 kg of animal weight on an empty stomach in the morning and evening. Good therapeutic effect provide sulfazole, norsulfazole, phthalazole, prescribed orally at 0.01-0.02 g per 1 kg of animal weight 3-4 times a day.
In addition, antibiotics (streptomycin, penicillin, etc.) are widely used in the treatment of pneumonia in young animals. Streptomycin is administered intramuscularly: to calves - 30-50 thousand units every 4-6 hours for 6-7 days, to piglets - 20 thousand units per 1 kg of animal weight 3 times a day; bicillin or biomycin - for calves once in a dose of 300-500 thousand to 1 million units; penicillin for calves - 2-4 thousand units, for piglets - 3-5 thousand units per 1 kg of animal weight for 2-4 days.
It is recommended to give calves orally with milk 800 units of vitamin A per 1 kg of animal weight per day, vitamin D - 50 thousand units per calf and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - from 50 to 250 mg.
For lobar pneumonia, in particular in horses, as a specific remedy It is recommended to inject into a vein 3 g of novarsenol, diluted in 60 ml of distilled water, after preliminary subcutaneous administration heart funds. Otherwise, for the treatment of lobar pneumonia, the same methods and means are used that are used for catarrhal pneumonia.
Prevention. It is necessary to protect animals from colds, as the main predisposing cause of pneumonia, and also to observe the rules of animal hygiene in the sense of keeping, feeding and exploitation of animals. Bearing in mind that pneumonia is very often accompanied by various contagious diseases, precautions must be taken in relation to patients: until the arrival of a veterinarian, they must be isolated from healthy animals, especially with lobar pneumonia.
To prevent pneumonia in young animals, it is necessary to create proper living conditions for them and provide them with adequate feeding and good care. To do this, young animals must be housed in well-equipped, dry and bright premises. In these premises it is necessary to systematically remove manure and slurry, monitor the proper functioning of ventilation and sewerage in order to prevent dampness and high humidity in the air. Young animals should be regularly provided with walks in the fresh air, and in the summer they should be kept in camps.
In the prevention of pneumonia, the correct mode of drinking milk and providing clean drinking water after drinking milk, feeding with minerals ( salt, bone meal, chalk, etc.) and feed rich in vitamins (green grass, etc.).
In order to prevent pneumonia, it is also recommended to give acidophilus to young animals, which can replace up to half daily ration milk.
The disease is characterized by purulent inflammation of the lungs as a result of drift (metastasis) purulent onset from other pathological foci of the body. Involvement of the lungs in the pathological process can be in the form of disseminated (point) lesions and abscess.
Etiology. Basically, this is a secondary disease that occurs as a complication of septic processes of various origins: pyosepticemia, purulent inflammation uterus, wash, pharyngitis, ulcerative endocarditis, ulcers, purulent wounds, abscesses, surgical interventions.
Pathogenesis. In all cases, pyemic emboli clog certain blood vessels of the lungs with the formation of hemorrhagic infarctions and pyemic nodules (metastatic form), from which necrotic foci can arise in the lung tissue, and from their fusion lesions are formed large sizes(lung abscess).
This is usually accompanied by the development of sepsis, in varying degrees(usually severe) weakness of the cardiovascular system, loss of strength and frequent death of animals from general sepsis.
Symptoms The most typical symptoms are shortness of breath, painful cough, and refusal to feed. Subsequently, with the development of abscesses in the lungs, the animal’s condition sharply worsens, fever intensifies to 40-41°C, characterized by daily fluctuations in body temperature and sweating in most animals.
Auscultation reveals weakening of respiratory sounds, wheezing, bronchial or amphoric breathing. In cases of rupture of the abscess, the animal’s condition usually improves somewhat, and purulent or mucopurulent fluid, often foul-smelling, flows from the nose. It contains elastic fibers and particles of lung tissue. There are signs of pleurisy.
In the presence of small lesions, percussion does not establish deviations from the norm, but in the case of large lesions (abscesses), dullness or a nearby tympanic sound is observed, indicating the development of vicarious emphysema. Breaking and emptying large abscess the percussive sound may have a metallic tint. With complications in the pleura, auscultation may produce pleural friction sounds, and percussion may be painful.
Pathomorphological changes. In the lungs there are single or multiple abscesses, predominantly superficial, ranging in size from a pea to a walnut, the inner surface of which is villous, the surrounding tissue is compacted and does not contain air. Entire lobes of the lung are often hepatized, the cut surface of which is dotted with small grayish-yellow spots. Over time, they can be encapsulated in a connective tissue membrane with a curdled mass inside. The pleura in places of superficially located foci is affected by serous-fibrinous or purulent inflammation.
Diagnosis. The presence of a purulent process in the lungs* in most cases can only be assumed. It can be confused with chronic pneumonia, purulent pleurisy and other lung diseases, which themselves may be secondary.
X-ray examination has the most important diagnostic value, although for the final diagnosis of the disease all of the given clinical symptoms and the course of the disease should be taken into account.
In differential diagnostic terms, other diseases should be excluded respiratory system based on their characteristic clinical manifestations and special methods research.
Forecast. With the development of general sepsis and collapse - unfavorable. In other cases - doubtful. If it is possible to eliminate the underlying disease, the prognosis may be favorable.
Treatment. Sick animals need good maintenance; they are prescribed anti-streptococcal serum, auto-hemotherapy, immune drugs, ASD-2, subcutaneous hydrolysates, antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs are administered orally. Heat in all forms and cardiac medications are indicated on the chest.
Prevention follows from the etiology and consists mainly of preventing lung diseases and timely treatment sick animals.
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1. Protocol№ 1
02/6/2013 Oryol Veterinary and Sanitary Plant
Autopsy of the corpse of a bull calf, aged 2 months, black-and-white breed, owned by CJSC AIC “Orlovskaya Niva” JV Saburovo.
The autopsy was performed in the sectional hall of the veterinary and sanitary plant by Professor of the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Belkin B.L. February 06, 2013 in the presence of 4th year students of the Oryol State Agrarian University.
Anamnestic and clinical data are unknown.
External inspection.
1) The corpse of a black-motley bull-calf, black-and-white color, medium fatness, correct physique, weighing about 65 kg.
2) The eyes are not tightly closed, the eyelids are without visible damage, eyeball slightly sunken, the cornea is transparent. The conjunctiva is pale red and smooth. The pupil is dilated. Ear canals clean. The condition of the nasal passages, the circumference of the nostrils and the shape of the nose are anatomically correct. The anus is closed, not dirty, and there is no discharge.
3) The skin is dry, elastic. The coat is thick, of moderate length, smooth, and adheres well to the skin. The subcutaneous tissue is devoid of fatty deposits, there are no hemorrhages, there are cadaveric spots on the left side.
4) The volume of skeletal muscles is slightly reduced, maklaks practically do not protrude. The consistency of the muscles is elastic, the color is dark red, the pattern of the fibrous structure is pronounced.
5) The bones are hard, the movable joints are not deformed. Articular surfaces bones are smooth, shiny, white. The tendons are not damaged, strong, white.
6) Rigor mortis in the skeletal muscles is weakly expressed, on the left side there are small rigor spots in subcutaneous tissue. There is no cadaveric decomposition.
Internal inspection.
7) The abdominal cavity contains a small amount clear liquid. Position of the abdominal organs: anatomically correct. The serous covers are white, smooth, dull, and moist.
8) The position of the thoracic cavity organs is anatomically correct. There is no fluid in the chest.
Blood, hematopoietic and immune organs.
9) There is no blood supply to the internal organs. Blood that has not coagulated is reddish-dark in color.
10) Lymph nodes: superficial (submandibular, prescapular, patellar, external inguinal) - oval in shape, flabby consistency, slightly enlarged, no blood supply, gray-red in color when cut, juicy; mesenteric and internal inguinal The lymph nodes: not enlarged, without edema, gray color on the section.
11) The spleen is not enlarged in volume, the edges are sharp, of a softish consistency, the capsule is not tense, brown-red in color, the edges converge on the cut, tissue scraping is insignificant.
12) Bone marrow is dark red in color, moderately juicy, and has a jelly-like consistency.
13) The tonsils are enlarged and reddish in color.
Cordially - vascular system.
14) There is no a large number of clear liquid. The serous membrane is smooth, shiny, pale gray in color.
15) The heart is round - oval in shape, the apex of the heart is blunt, the ventricles are filled with well-coagulated blood, the patency of the valves is preserved. The valves are shiny, smooth, the semilunar valves are thin, transparent; the myocardium is gray-red in color, flabby consistency, the endocardium is smooth and shiny. There is no epicardial fat.
16) The aorta and pulmonary artery are elastic, the inner membrane is gray-white, smooth, shiny.
Respiratory system.
17) Nasal cavity: contains a significant amount of mucus, the mucous membrane is dark pink, reddened in places, swollen.
18) Larynx, trachea, bronchi: cartilage is intact, the contents are a small amount of mucus, the mucous membrane is moist, smooth, shiny, pale pink. There are also streaky hemorrhages and foamy fluid on the larynx.
19) The marbling of the lung is clearly expressed, the costal and pulmonary pleura are fused, fibrin overlays are clearly visible. The cranial part of the right lung has a dense consistency. There is no fluid in the lungs.
Digestive organs.
20) Oral cavity ajar, the bite is correct, the tongue is bitten, the mucous membrane is pale pink, moist. Throat: the mucous membrane is pinkish in color, folding is pronounced, there is no content, the mucus is insignificant. Esophagus: pinkish mucosa, smooth, shiny, moist, pronounced folding, no contents, little mucus.
21) Stomach: the scar contains curdled clots of casein and a significant amount of mucus; the mesh and the book are empty, contain a small amount of turbid liquid, the mucous membranes of the proventriculus are gray-green in color, easily exfoliate from the submucosal layer; the abomasum is significantly filled with milk clots and a dirty gray liquid, the mucous membrane is reddened in places with hemorrhages. Throughout the mucous membrane and in the contents of the abomasum contains a large amount of cloudy viscous mucus.
22) B small intestine a small amount of feed masses is gray - Green colour. The mucous membrane is pale, covered with mucus. In the large intestine, the caecum and colon are filled with a liquid mushy mass, the mucous membrane is pale red, the mucus is insignificant; in the rectum feces mushy, greenish in color, the mucous membrane is pale gray.
23) Liver: the gallbladder is filled with bile, the patency of the bile duct is preserved, the bile is thick, viscous yellow-green in color. The liver is not enlarged, has a soft consistency, is evenly colored, dark blood flows down the cut, the lobulation is smoothed, the tissue scraping is significant.
24) Pancreas: elastic consistency, gray-pink color with a well-defined lobular structure.
Urogenital organs.
25) Kidneys: the fat capsule is moderately expressed, its own capsule is easily removed. The kidneys are slightly enlarged, soft in consistency, Brown, the edges of the incision converge, the surface of the incision is smooth, on the incision the border of the cortical and medulla layers is smoothed, the scraping is significant, tissue. The mucous membrane of the renal pelvis and ureters is gray-red in color.
26) Bladder: not full of urine, light yellow in color, cloudy, with an admixture of grayish-white flakes in a small amount; the mucous membrane is gray-pink in color.
27) The genitals are developed according to age.
Pathological diagnosis:
1) Lobar pneumonia
2) Dilatation of the right ventricle
3) Granular kidney dystrophy
4) Acute catarrhal rhinitis
Croupous pneumonia
Croupous pneumonia(Pneumoniacrouposa) - acute inflammation of the lungs, characterized by high fever and profuse sweating of fibrinous exudate into the alveoli and bronchioles. The disease is observed in all types of farm animals. More common in horses.
Etiology
Weakening of the body under unsatisfactory feeding and maintenance conditions and thereby creating favorable conditions for the pathogenic effects of various microorganisms (pneumococci, etc.), allergic reactions. Stages of lobar pneumonia: flush (inflammatory hyperemia), red hepatization, gray hepatization, resolution.
Pathogenesis
When extra- and interoreceptors are exposed to unfavorable factors, a number of deviations occur. The neurovascular reaction is disrupted, phagocytic protective forces and immunobiological processes are reduced, thereby creating more favorable conditions for pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora. Microflora aerogenously or hematogenously and lymphogenously penetrates into the lower parts of the respiratory tract, contributes to the development of inflammation, which usually begins in the depths of the lobe, then quickly spreads mainly along the lymphatic pathways to the periphery and covers large areas of the lung. Pathological process develops more often in the cranial or ventral parts of the lungs, less often in the caudal lobe and even less often in the dorsal parts of the lung. The development of inflammation is characterized by stages, that is, hyperemia occurs first, then the stage of red and gray hepatization and ends with the resolution stage. In the stage of hyperemia, a strong dilation of blood vessels occurs and they overflow with blood into the epithelium of the alveoli. They are secreted into the lumen of the alveoli viscous exudate, leukocytes and red blood cells, oxygen exchange becomes difficult, urination and heat regulation are disrupted. Leukocytosis appears, eosinophils disappear. This stage lasts from several hours to a day. In the second stage - red hepatization - the exudate coagulates, the lung tissue thickens and takes on the appearance of a liver. Through the affected area, the flow of oxygen into the blood and the release of carbon dioxide from the blood are stopped. In addition, the use of oxygen by tissues, the oxidation of carbons, and their entry into the brain are reduced. As a result of the current conditions, oxygen deficiency sharply manifests itself, intoxication increases, and body temperature rises to an even greater extent, despite significant heat transfer. In the blood, the amount of intermediate breakdown products, unconducted bilirubin and leukocytes increases. Part of the uncoagulated exudate and lysis products enters the respiratory tract of healthy areas of the lung, irritates them and is released in the form of a saffron-yellow discharge. In the stage of gray hepatization, the coagulated exudate under the influence of leukocytes and other factors undergoes fatty degeneration, intoxication, the formation of unconducted bilirubin and the penetration of the latter into tissues increase, and the discharge of saffron-yellow discharge from the nose increases. When fatty degeneration reaches high degree, the lung tissue acquires a yellow color. Some authors call this stage the stage of yellow hepatization. In the stage of yellow hepatization, intoxication and fever reach their maximum degree (critical condition). The second and third stages last for 2 days. In patients during the development of croupous pneumonia, the pulmonary respiration, which leads to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood by 30-50%. At the same time, the absorption of oxygen by tissues decreases, which leads to worsening hypoxia, disruption of redox processes in organs and tissues, and an increase in intermediate decomposition products. In the blood, the amount of albumin, beta and gamma globulins, tryptophan, eosinophils decreases, reserve alkalinity and pH decrease, the number of red blood cells, sugar, and carbon dioxide increases. In the resolution stage, increased liquefaction of the exudate occurs under the influence of lipolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes; a large number of lysis products are absorbed into the blood and released through the respiratory tract, the flow of air into the alveoli is restored, the epithelium is regenerated, urination increases, the number of eosinophils and chlorine in the blood increases and the content of other substances is normalized. The authorization process takes up to 7 days. Sometimes with croupous pneumonia one of the characteristic symptoms. Therefore, six atypical forms of the disease are distinguished: abortive, which occurs in strong animals and lasts 1-2 days; creeping when the process spreads in the lungs; recurrent, re-developing in recovered animals; senile; central, when the process is localized in the center of the lung; massive, capturing the entire share. Symptoms The disease begins with a rapid rise in body temperature to 41-42 °C, depression of the general condition, and a sharp drop in productivity. Patients cough. A saffron-yellow discharge is released from the nasal openings, starting from the second day of illness until the 2-3rd day of the resolution stage. There is a significant increase in cardiac impulse and increased heart rate. Relationship between quantity breathing movements and pulse waves instead of 1: 2-3 (in healthy animals) is 1:1. When auscultating the chest in the stage of congestion, crepitus and hard vesicular breathing are heard in the affected areas, mainly in the lower third, less often in the middle third of the chest . In the stage of hepatization, there are no respiratory sounds, a weak bronchial breathing. At the stage of resolution of the process, when the alveoli are freed from exudate, crepitation noises reappear, changing after 1-2 days vesicular respiration. The percussion sound changes in accordance with the stages of the inflammatory process: in the stage of influx - tympanic, in the stage of hepatization - dull or dull, in the stage of resolution - tympanic. With fluoroscopy, foci of darkening are found at the site of the affected lobe, and with radiography, clearing is found. Changes in the cardiovascular system occur from the first days of the disease. An increase in body temperature by 1°C is accompanied by an increase in heart rate by 10-20 waves per minute. The pulse becomes full, at this time the heartbeat also increases. Heart sounds are clear, but amplified, especially the second one on the pulmonary artery. In cases of prolonged illness or complications, the pulse quickens, becomes weaker and softer. The veins become more tortuous and filled with blood, the mucous membranes have a bluish tint, and if the liver is damaged, they become jaundiced. Often, during a period of critical temperature drop, it develops vascular insufficiency: drops sharply muscle tone, peripheral veins become empty, visible mucous membranes turn pale, the temperature of the peripheral parts of the body decreases, the pulse becomes thready, heart sounds weaken, and blood pressure drops. During this period they disappear conditioned reflexes, reflexes of the skin and cornea decrease. Animals have decreased appetite and slowed peristalsis. Gastritis and coprostasis are often observed. Diuresis in the first days of the disease is significantly reduced, and with the onset of the resolution stage it is noticeably increased. Change accordingly physicochemical characteristics urine. In the first days of illness, urine has a high relative density (above 1.036), traces of protein are found in it, and the chloride content is reduced. In the resolution stage, the relative density of urine decreases, protein disappears, and the amount of chlorides increases. The urine reaction of herbivores in severe condition is slightly acidic, and during the recovery period it is alkaline.
Morphological and biochemical composition blood changes: significant leukocytosis is noted, a nuclear shift to the left to young, rarely to myelocytes; the number of eosinophils decreases and the number of monocytes increases. ESR in the first days of the disease is slowed down, and in the resolution stage it is accelerated. The total amount of protein in the first three stages is increased to 8.5% due to an increase in the globulin fraction, the content of bilirubin also increases to 30 mg%, lactic acid - to 20 mg%; the maintenance of chlorides and a reserve alkalinity of blood decrease. With the resolution of the process, the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood is restored.
Flow
The duration of the disease depends on the conditions of detention, feeding of the animals, the condition of the body, the timeliness and completeness of treatment. Timely initiation of treatment for good conditions maintenance and feeding often interrupts the process at the first stage of its development. In most cases, the disease lasts 14-15 days, and sometimes more. The latter happens when the disease becomes more complicated exudative pleurisy, hepatitis, in advanced cases - purulent pneumonia or gangrene of the lungs and ends in death.
The prognosis depends on the condition of the body, the location of the lesion and the duration of the course. More favorable for abortive forms of pneumonia, less favorable for lesions of the upper third of the lung and near the diaphragmatic area.
Pathological changes
Each stage of development is accompanied by characteristic pathomorphological changes. The flushing stage is characterized by hyperemia, blood stasis, and slight sweating. serous fluid into the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lung tissue. The affected lobe of the lung is slightly enlarged, dark red in color, rather dense; in the lumen of the pulmonary alveoli, in addition to serous fluid, there is a small amount of red blood cells. The stage of red liver is accompanied by further sweating of fluid, rich in protein and erythrocytes. The alveoli are completely filled with a coagulated red mass. The affected lobe of the lung is airless and resembles the liver in consistency and color. In the stage of gray hepatization, fibrinous exudate contains a large number of leukocytes and rejected alveolar epithelium. In the stage of gray hepatization, the lung tissue is dense, yellow in color; in the lumen of the bronchi, a large amount of dense and a small amount of liquid mass of saffron-yellow color is found. The resolution stage begins from the moment the inflammatory phenomena fade away. At this time, the alveoli are filled with yellow exudate, in some cases growths are found connective tissue(carnification) and death of the alveolar.
Diagnosis
corpse calf lobar pneumonia
Diagnosis of lobar pneumonia is based on identifying its characteristic clinical signs. These include a rapid rise in body temperature, a constant type of fever, a large focus of dullness, bilateral nasal discharge of a saffron-yellow color, and a staged process. At the same time, studies are carried out to diagnose atypical lobar pneumonia. In all cases of manifestation of lobar pneumonia, a thorough analysis of the epizootic situation and differentiation of lobar pneumonia from peripneumonia, bronchopneumonia, pleurisy and pericarditis is necessary.
Treatment
During treatment, the following objectives are set: to provide the sick animal with the necessary nutrients, reduce oxygen deficiency, delay the development of pathogenic microflora, create an outflow of blood from the affected part of the lung, normalize neurotrophic processes in these areas, promote the resorption and removal of accumulated exudate and eliminate symptoms, talking about a critical condition of the body. To complete the assigned tasks, sick animals are placed in rooms with clean, dry and warm air. Mixed grass hay is included in the diet High Quality, complicated and yeasted feeds, infusion of pine needles in small quantities. Warming compresses, warm wraps, mustard plasters, cupping, rubbing, skin, blocking nerve nodes and trunks with novocaine help to relieve the processes. A. M. Kolesov (1945) proposed a treatment regimen for lobar pneumonia in horses, which can also be used for large cattle. Treatment according to his method depends on the stage of pneumonia: at the stage of influx, rest is created, novarsenol is administered intravenously - 0.01 g per 1 kg of body weight (in isotonic sodium chloride solution), 10% calcium chloride solution - 200-250 ml, prescribed mustard plasters; in the stage of red and gray hepatization - novarsenol (second administration), mustard plasters or cups, rubbing the chest with irritating liniments, 20% camphor oil -20 ml 3 times a day or 10% caffeine - 20-30 ml subcutaneously, in vein 5% glucose solution - 400-600 ml and subcutaneous insulin 0.5 units. per 1 kg of body weight; in the resolution stage, expectorants are given: ammonium chloride - 7-15 g, sodium hydrocaroonate - 20 g 3 times a day and diuretics: orally - juniper berries - 20-50 g, furosemide - 0.4, diacarb - 1.5-2, timisol - 5-10, hypothiazide - 0.25-0.5, potassium acetate (potassium acetate) - 25-60, bearberry leaves - 15-20, orthosiphon leaf - 30-35. hexamegalenetetramine (urotropine) orally and intravenously, 5-10 g 2 times a day for 3-4 days. Short walks are useful at this time. Satisfactory results have been obtained from the use of norsulfazole, which is administered orally at a dose of 5-12 g (0.05 g per 1 kg of body weight) 4-5 times a day. Soluble norsulfazole (sodium salt of norsulfazole) is administered intravenously at 0.02-0.06 g per 1 kg of body weight 2-3 times a day for 4-5 days in a row until body temperature subsides. Good action sulfadimezine has an effect when administered orally after 4 hours at 0.08 g per 1 kg of body weight, on the 3-4th day of treatment - 0.02 after 6 hours, on the 5th day - but 0.01 g after 8 hours. Sulfonamide drugs are combined with antibiotics (penicillin, bicillin-3, streptomycin, terramycin) or broad-spectrum antibiotics are used (streptomycin, tetracycline, neomycin sulfate, erythromycin). When using antibiotics without prolongators, it is recommended to administer them 4-5 times a day for 4-6 days until the main symptoms of the disease are eliminated; when using antibiotics with prolongators, they can be administered after 8-12-48-120 hours. It is useful to combine antibiotic therapy with novocaine blockade of the stellate ganglion - 0.25-0.5% solution of novocaine in a dose of 0.5-1 ml per 1 kg of body weight or intravenous administration of 0.5-1% solution of novocaine 30-50 ml 2-3 days in a row once a day, some recommend administering it once every 3-4 days. Along with sulfonamides and antibiotics, mustard plasters, cupping, diathermy, and UHF are used. To accelerate the course of the disease, use calcium chloride or calcium gluconate. Oxygen therapy and intravenous administration glucose with ascorbic acid (0.5 ml of 40% glucose solution and 7 mg of ascorbic acid) and subcutaneous insulin 0.5 units. per 1 kg of body weight. Oxygen is administered through a special mask or subcutaneously into the chest area in an amount of 10-12 liters. At the resolution stage, expectorants are prescribed: ammonium chloride - 7-15 g per day, if there is no intestinal catarrh, or sodium bicarbonate - 15-30 g.
Cardiac activity is supported with camphor. It is administered in oil solutions (20%) subcutaneously to large animals in a dose of 20 ml 2-3 times a day. Cordiamine is prescribed subcutaneously in 10-20 ml (25% solution). In case of vascular insufficiency, adrenaline (1:1000) - 1-5 ml is administered intravenously, norepinephrine (1:500-1:1000) -2-5 ml in 100 ml of 5% glucose solution, mezaton, 1% - solution - 3 - 10 ml subcutaneously or intramuscularly. In prolonged cases, autohemotherapy is used - 30-50 ml daily for 4 - 5 days. At high body temperatures, antifibrin is given orally - 15-30 g, phenacytin - 15-25, latophenine - 10-15 g, a short-term cold shower followed by rubbing the body, warm wrapping and keeping the patient in a room with an air temperature of about 20 ° C. If the animal coughing, he is prescribed morphine subcutaneously, dionin - orally 0.2-0.3 g 1-2 times a day, omnopon - subcutaneously 0.2-0.3 g 2 times a day.
Prevention
Hypothermia, overwork, overcrowding, and strong exposure to irritating substances on the respiratory tract should not be allowed. Make sure your diet includes the necessary nutrients and catalysts, to prevent strong stimulation of the nervous system, oversaturation of the air with microflora and saprophytes, and rapid mixing of young animals from different farms.
Bibliography
1. Belkin B.L. Pathoanatomical diagnosis of animal diseases (with the basics of forensic veterinary examination) / B.L. Belkin, V.S. Prudnikov. - 2nd ed., add. - Orel: Orel State Agrarian University Publishing House, 2012. - 388 p.
2. Zharov A.V. Pathological anatomy of farm animals / A.V. Zharov - ed. reworked and additional - M.: Kolos, 2006. - 667 p.
3. Zharov A.V. Forensic veterinary medicine / A.V. Zharov. - M.: Kolos, 2001. - 264 p.
4. Kokurichev P.I. Fundamentals of forensic veterinary examination / P.I. Krkurichev, M.A. Dobin. - M.: Kolos - 264 p.
5. Salimov V.A. Workshop on pathological anatomy of animals / V.A. Salimov. - M.: Kolos, 2003 - 189 p., ill.
6. Shcherbakov G.G. Internal diseases of animals / G.G. Shcherbakov, A.V. Korobov. - St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2002. - 736 p.
7. Handbook of diseases of farm animals / D.D. Butyanov [and others]. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Harvest, 1990. - 352 p.
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Lobar pneumonia (Pneumonia crouposa) is an acute febrile disease characterized by acute lobar (fibrinous) inflammation, involving entire lobes of the lung, with pronounced allergy symptoms and typical changes in the stages of the fibrinous process.
Lobar pneumonia affects mainly horses, less often sheep and young cattle. Among animals of other species, lobar pneumonia is rarely recorded. In emaciated and weakened animals, lobar pneumonia occurs in an atypical form and is more similar to catarrhal bronchopneumonia. IN last years in specialized farms for raising heifers and fattening calves, a significant increase in the incidence of disease in calves is recorded 1-3 one month old serous-fibrinous and fibrinous-purulent pneumonia.
Etiology. In the occurrence of lobar pneumonia in animals, the main role belongs to two factors: allergic condition organism and pathogenic microflora. Lobar pneumonia in animals can be caused by various gram-positive, gram-negative microorganisms, virulent strains of pneumococci, diplococci, mycoplasma, chlamydia, pasteurella, fungi, and viruses. Pneumonia in animals can be caused by microbial association. When conducting a study of nasal discharge, tracheal contents and material from pneumonic areas of the lungs in a veterinary laboratory, staphylococci, streptococci, pasteurella, chlamydia and other microbes are isolated. At the same time, the listed microorganisms can sometimes be isolated from healthy animals.
Many researchers associate the occurrence of lobar pneumonia with increased allergic reaction organism caused by a strong irritant - stress. This condition in animals can develop after sudden hypothermia of a horse that is hot after a competition, driving sheep in hot weather through cold mountain rivers, or quickly transferring cattle from a warm, stuffy room to a damp and cold one.
Pathogenesis. As a result of the influence of factors unfavorable for the animal on the receptor apparatus of the respiratory organs, a number of deviations occur in the animal’s body. In the body of a sick animal, a disturbance in the neurovascular reaction occurs, phagocytic protective forces and immunobiological processes are reduced, as a result of which more favorable conditions are created in the body for the development of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora. The main route of infection of the respiratory tract is aspiration of nasopharyngeal secretions, the aerogenic route, or hematogenous and lymphogenous transfer of microorganisms from extrapulmonary foci to the lower respiratory tract. In this case, inflammation develops, which usually begins in the depths of the lobe; inflammation, mainly through the lymphatic tract, quickly spreads to the periphery of the lung, capturing large areas of the lung. In animals, lobar inflammation most often develops in the cranial or ventral parts of the lungs, less often in the caudal lobe and even less often in the dorsal parts of the lung.
In the development of pneumonia, disturbances in the local lung defense system, incl. decrease in mucopillar clearance, activity of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, secretory immunoglobulins.
Damage to local defense mechanisms against the background of a decrease in the resistance of the animal’s body creates favorable conditions for the activation of the microbial flora and the occurrence of pneumonia.
Croupous pneumonia is characterized by pronounced stages (first, hyperemia occurs in the lungs, then the stage of red and gray hepatization and ends with the stage of resolution).
The first stage (stage of inflammatory hyperemia, hot flash). At this stage there is a strong expansion blood vessels and their overflow with blood, desquamation of the alveolar epithelium. This stage in an animal it lasts from several hours to a day. Viscous exudate, leukocytes and erythrocytes are released into the lumen of the alveoli, the exchange of oxygen in the animal is hampered, urination and heat regulation are impaired.
In the second stage (red hepatization stage), the exudate in the alveoli, infundibulae and bronchioles coagulates, the lung tissue thickens and takes on the appearance of a liver. Through the affected area of the lung, the flow of oxygen into the blood and the release of carbon dioxide from the blood stops.
In the second stage, the use of oxygen by tissues, the oxidation of carbons, and the flow of glucose into the brain decreases. As a result of all this, oxygen deficiency sharply manifests itself in the animal’s body, intoxication increases, despite significant heat transfer, and a further increase in body temperature occurs. In the blood of a sick animal, the amount of intermediate breakdown products, unconverted bilirubin and leukocytes increases. Part of the uncoagulated exudate and lysis products enters the respiratory tract of healthy areas of the lung, causing their irritation, and is released from the nose in the form of a saffron-yellow discharge.
Third stage (gray hepatization stage). The coagulated exudate, under the influence of leukocytes and other factors, undergoes fatty degeneration, intoxication increases, the formation of unresolved bilirubin and the penetration of the latter into tissues, and the secretion of saffron-yellow discharge from the nose increases. When fatty degeneration reaches a high degree, the lung tissue itself becomes yellow in color. Because of this, some scientists sometimes call this stage the yellow hepatization stage. At this stage, the increase in body temperature and intoxication of the body reach the maximum degree in the sick animal. The second and third stages in sick animals last 2 days.
During the development of lobar pneumonia in a sick animal, pulmonary respiration is disrupted, and the amount of oxygen in the blood of the sick animal decreases by 30-50%. At the same time, the absorption of oxygen from the blood by tissues in the body decreases, which leads to worsening hypoxia, disruption of redox processes in tissues and organs, and the amount of intermediate decay products in the body increases. In the blood, the amount of albumin, beta and gamma globulins, tryptophan, and eosinophils decreases, reserve alkalinity and blood pH decrease, and the number of red blood cells, sugar, and carbon dioxide increases.
Fourth stage (resolution stage). At this stage, under the influence of lipolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes, the exudate liquefies. A large number of lysis products are absorbed into the blood and released through the respiratory tract, the flow of air into the alveoli is restored, the epithelium is regenerated, the animal’s urination increases, and the number of eosinophils and chlorine in the blood increases. The resolution process in the body of a sick animal lasts up to 7 days.
In some animals with lobar pneumonia, one of the characteristic symptoms disappears. Therefore, six additional atypical forms of the disease are identified: abortive, which occurs in strong animals and occurs within 1-2 days; creeping when the process spreads in the lungs; recurrent, re-developing in recovered animals; senile; central, when the inflammatory process is localized in the center of the lung; massive, capturing the entire share.
Clinical picture. In most animals, lobar pneumonia is acute. The disease in animals begins with severe chills, a rapid rise in body temperature to 41-42°C, severe depression and weakness, increased breathing and mixed shortness of breath. The animal's productivity drops sharply. On clinical examination, the mucous membranes of a sick animal are hyperemic and icteric. Sick animals cough, starting from the second day of illness and until the 2-3rd day of the resolution stage, a saffron-yellow discharge is released from the nasal openings. The heartbeat is increased, the pulse is accelerated, hard; vascular filling is increased. The ratio between the number of respiratory movements and pulse waves instead of 1:2-3 (in healthy animals) becomes 1:1. During the flushing stage, when auscultating the lungs in the affected areas, we listen to hard vesicular breathing and sounds of crepitus. In the stage of hepatization, there are no respiratory sounds during auscultation; we can detect weak bronchial breathing. At the stage of resolution of the process, when the alveoli are freed from exudate, during auscultation we again listen to the sounds of crepitus, which after 1-2 days are replaced by vesicular breathing. When percussing the lungs in the stage of inflammatory hyperemia, we get a loud sound with a tympanic tint; in the stage of hepatization, the sound becomes dull or dull in a large part of the lung (more often than one). A dull sound during percussion in animals is heard by a veterinarian behind the shoulder blades and in a caudal direction from it. In the resolution stage, the tympanic shade of the pulmonary sound appears again.
At the site of the affected lobe, fluoroscopy reveals foci of darkening, and radiography reveals clearing.
At the onset of the disease, there is a slight increase in heart rate that does not correspond to body temperature (with an increase in temperature by 2-3°C, the pulse increases by 10-15 beats). This situation is typical for lobar pneumonia. Subsequently, as pneumonia develops, veterinary specialists note a significant increase in heart rate, arrhythmia and symptoms of myocarditis. In cases of prolonged illness or complications, the pulse quickens, becomes weaker and softer. The veins become more tortuous and filled with blood.
In this case, the degree of cardiac dysfunction usually corresponds to the degree of lung damage. Sometimes, during a period of critical drop in temperature, a sick animal develops vascular insufficiency: muscle tone drops sharply, peripheral veins become empty, visible mucous membranes become pale, peripheral parts of the body are cold, the pulse becomes thready, heart sounds are weakened, and a fall occurs. blood pressure. When examining an animal, its conditioned reflexes disappear, and the reflexes of the cornea and skin decrease.
A sick animal has a decreased appetite, peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract is slow, gastritis and coprostasis are recorded. Diuresis in the hepatization stage is reduced, and with the onset of the resolution stage it increases. When examining the blood, we find a sharp neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, lymphopenia, anesinophilia and monopenia, a decrease in the number of platelets and red blood cells. With the resolution of lobar pneumonia, the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood is restored.
With an atypical course of the disease, which more often occurs in cattle, sheep, weakened and emaciated animals, the clinical symptoms of lobar pneumonia are very diverse. The duration of lobar pneumonia can vary from several days to several weeks. Fever during illness can become remitting. Animals, after apparent recovery, often experience relapses of the disease.
Flow. The duration of lobar pneumonia depends on feeding conditions, maintenance, body condition, timeliness of treatment started and compliance with the course of treatment.
Timely treatment under good living conditions and proper feeding can interrupt the inflammatory process in the lungs at the first stage of its development. In practice, most cases of lobar pneumonia last for 14-15 days, and sometimes more. A longer course of the disease occurs with complications of the disease: exudative pleurisy, hepatitis, gangrene of the lungs, degenerative changes in the heart and kidneys, encephalitis.
The prognosis of the disease depends on the condition of the body, the location of the lesion and the duration of the course. A more favorable prognosis occurs when the disease is complicated by exudative pleurisy, hepatitis, a less favorable prognosis occurs when the upper third of the lung and near the diaphragmatic area are affected.
Pathological changes. Each stage of development of lobar pneumonia is characterized by its own pathological changes.
The first stage is accompanied by hyperemia, blood stasis, slight leakage of fluid into the alveoli and interstitial space of the lung tissue. The affected lobe of the lung is slightly increased in volume, has a dark red color, feels rather dense to the touch, and in the lumen of the pulmonary alveoli, in addition to serous fluid, contains a small amount of red blood cells.
In the red hepatization stage, the alveoli are completely filled with a coagulated red mass. The affected lobe of the lung is airless and resembles the liver in consistency and color.
In the stage of gray hepatization, fibrinous exudate contains a large number of leukocytes and reflexed alveolar epithelium.
In the stage of yellow hepatization, the lung tissue is dense and has a yellow tint; in the lumen of the bronchi we find a large amount of dense and a small amount of liquid mass of saffron-yellow color.
The resolution stage is characterized by the filling of the alveoli with yellow exudate; in some dead animals we find growth of connective tissue and death of the alveolar tissue.
Diagnosis Lobar pneumonia is diagnosed on the basis, as is customary among doctors, of the “gold standard” - high constant fever, cough, sputum, severe neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, leukopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate. X-rays reveal extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas of the pulmonary field. At the same time, the intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization.
Differential diagnosis. When conducting differential diagnosis The veterinarian must first of all exclude acute infectious diseases that occur with damage to the lungs: contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, infectious pneumonia of sheep and goats, mycoplasmosis and others. For this purpose, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the epizootic situation and a set of special laboratory diagnostic studies, including isolation from exudate and identification of microbial pathogens.
Lobar pneumonias are excluded from lobar pneumonia by the fact that they occur with less pronounced symptoms of lung damage, and they do not have the staged development of the disease characteristic of lobar pneumonia.
We exclude pleurisy, hydrothorox and pneumothorax by auscultation, percussion and the absence of high body temperature in the sick animal. In doubtful cases it is necessary to carry out X-ray examination or make a diagnostic puncture pleural cavity(thoracentesis).
The prognosis for lobar pneumonia is usually cautious, and if there is a delay in providing the animal with qualified veterinary care often unfavorable.
Treatment. Veterinary specialists should consider animals that have symptoms inherent in lobar pneumonia as suspicious for a particular infectious disease. Based on this, such animals must be promptly isolated in a separate room or isolation room, and the room where the animals were must be thoroughly disinfected.
When organizing the treatment of an animal with lobar pneumonia, a veterinary specialist should set himself the following tasks:
- provide the sick animal with an easily digestible, complete diet.
- reduce oxygen deficiency.
— delay the development of pathogenic microflora in the lung tissue.
- create an outflow of blood from the lung tissue affected by inflammation.
- normalize neurotrophic processes in the affected lung tissue.
- take measures to resolve and remove accumulated exudate.
In summer, in good calm weather, it is better for owners of sick animals to keep them under shady canopies or in the shade of trees. Herbivores are given fresh green grass and vitamin hay in their diet. The water should be at room temperature. The diet of carnivores should consist of strong meat broth, finely chopped pieces of fresh meat.
Treatment of a sick animal begins with active antibacterial therapy, from the first hours of illness, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamide drugs are used.
Novarsenol is administered intravenously to a sick animal in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until complete clinical recovery at a dose of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal body weight. Miarsenol is used intramuscularly in the same doses.
Antibiotics after titration of pulmonary exudate for sensitivity in a veterinary laboratory - penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, terramycin, oxytetracycline, neomycin sulfate and others are administered intramuscularly 3-4 times a day for 8-10 days in a row at a dose of 5000-7000 U/kg, Bicillin-3, 5. Recently, they have also been used modern antibiotics cephalosporin series.
Sulfonamide drugs (norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, etazol, sulfadimethatoxin and others) are administered to sick animals with food 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days in a row at a rate of 0.02-0.03 g/kg.
At the same time with antibacterial drugs pathogenetic therapy is used for sick animals: unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes (alternately every other day on the right and left sides), rubbing the chest wall with turpentine or 5% mustard alcohol; for calves and small animals, jars are placed on the lateral surfaces of the chest wall. As antiallergic therapy, intravenous injections of sodium thiosulfite are used daily for 5-6 days in a row at the rate of 300-400 ml of a 30% aqueous solution per administration to a large animal (cow, horse), 10% calcium chloride solution at 100-150 ml per administration ( cow, horse).
To relieve intoxication in a sick animal, a 20-40% solution of glucose with ascorbic acid, a 10% solution of sodium chloride or hexamethylenetetramine in therapeutic doses is injected intravenously. At the same time for normalization carbohydrate metabolism and reduce intoxication, insulin is administered simultaneously with the glucose solution.
Cardiac support plays a significant role in the successful treatment of lobar pneumonia; when symptoms of cardiovascular failure develop, injections are used in sick animals camphor oil, caffeine, camphor-alcohol solutions, strophanthin, cordiamine, and adrenaline are administered intravenously in therapeutic doses. When oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) develops, oxygen therapy is administered.
In the resolution stage, expectorants are used for a sick animal: ammonium chloride 7-15g, sodium bicarbonate -20g 3 times a day, and diuretics - juniper berries - 20-50g, furosemide - 0.4, diacarb -1.5-2, timisol - 5-10, hypothiazide - 0.25 - 0.5, potassium acetate -25-60, bearberry leaves -15 -20, hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine) orally and intravenously 5-10 g 2 times a day for 3-4 days.
When treating sick animals, autohemotherapy, diathermy, ultra-high-frequency therapy, warm wrapping of the chest, heating the chest with incandescent lamps and other means are used.
At high body temperatures, antifibrin is given internally - 15-30g, phenacytin - 15-25g, latophenine - 10-15g. A sick animal can be given a short-term cold shower, followed by active rubbing of the body, warm wrapping and keeping the patient in a room with an air temperature of about 20°C.
For large animals (horses), alcohol therapy is used (33% alcohol in a vein up to 200 ml).
After clinical recovery, the animals are kept in a hospital for at least 7-10 days under the constant supervision of a veterinary specialist. During this period, horses are released from work and training.
Prevention. Prevention of lobar pneumonia is based on strengthening the body's resistance, compliance by animal owners with the technology of keeping and proper use of sports and working horses. Owners should not allow animals to become hypothermic, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transportation. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in cold winds or drafts. Animal owners must comply with the deadlines and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes.
